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<span>Political parties and elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Federal District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Republic_(1889–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Republic_(1889–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Old Republic (1889–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Republic_(1889–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vargas_years_(1930–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vargas_years_(1930–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vargas years (1930–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vargas_years_(1930–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populist_years_(1946–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populist_years_(1946–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Populist years (1946–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populist_years_(1946–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Republic_(1985–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Republic_(1985–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>New Republic (1985–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Republic_(1985–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collor_government_(1990–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collor_government_(1990–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Collor government (1990–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collor_government_(1990–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itamar_government_(1992–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itamar_government_(1992–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Itamar government (1992–1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itamar_government_(1992–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FHC_government_(1995–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FHC_government_(1995–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>FHC government (1995–2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FHC_government_(1995–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lula_government_(2003–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lula_government_(2003–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Lula government (2003–2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lula_government_(2003–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rousseff_government_(2011–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rousseff_government_(2011–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Rousseff government (2011–2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rousseff_government_(2011–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michel_Temer_government_(2016–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michel_Temer_government_(2016–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Michel Temer government (2016–2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michel_Temer_government_(2016–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jair_Bolsonaro_government_(2019–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jair_Bolsonaro_government_(2019–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Jair Bolsonaro government (2019–2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jair_Bolsonaro_government_(2019–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Lula_government_(2023–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Lula_government_(2023–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Second Lula government (2023–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Lula_government_(2023–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14.1</span> <span>2023 Brazilian Congress attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political corruption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_corruption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political corruption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operação_Lava_Jato_(Operation_Car_Wash)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operação_Lava_Jato_(Operation_Car_Wash)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Operação Lava Jato (Operation Car Wash)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operação_Lava_Jato_(Operation_Car_Wash)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organization_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International organization participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Brazil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="سياسة البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliyan%C4%B1n_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurulu%C5%9Fu" title="Braziliyanın dövlət quruluşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braziliyanın dövlət quruluşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_y_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Brasil" title="Gobierno y política de Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno y política de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سیاست در برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست در برزیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_au_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Politique au Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique au Brésil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_do_Brasil" title="Política do Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Política do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="פוליטיקה של ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილიის პოლიტიკური სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზილიის პოლიტიკური სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilijos_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Brazilijos politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazilijos politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကဏ္ဍ:ဘရာဇီးနိုင်ငံ၏ နိုင်ငံရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကဏ္ဍ:ဘရာဇီးနိုင်ငံ၏ နိုင်ငံရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasils_politiske_system" title="Brasils politiske system – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasils politiske system" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="د برازیل سیاسي نظام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برازیل سیاسي نظام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Brazylii" title="Ustrój polityczny Brazylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Brazylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_do_Brasil" title="Política do Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_Braziliei" title="Politica Braziliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politica Braziliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Государственный строй Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный строй Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilian_politiikka" title="Brasilian politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilian politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Державний лад Бразилії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний лад Бразилії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="巴西政治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴西政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politics of Brazil</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Política do Brasil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil">Coat of arms of Brazil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Palace" title="National Congress Palace">National Congress Palace</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_(politician)" title="Rodrigo Pacheco (politician)">Rodrigo Pacheco</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the Federal Senate</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lira" title="Arthur Lira">Arthur Lira</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Direct popular vote</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">Cabinet of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second cabinet of Lula da Silva">Second cabinet of Lula da Silva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data">37</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Courts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Brazil" title="Federal courts of Brazil">Federal courts of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Roberto_Barroso" title="Luís Roberto Barroso">Luís Roberto Barroso</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)">Superior Court of Justice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data">Maria Thereza Moura</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Brazil" title="List of presidents of Brazil">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin" title="Geraldo Alckmin">Geraldo Alckmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Brazil">Attorney General of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Council_(Brazil)" title="National Defense Council (Brazil)">National Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Council of the Republic (Brazil)">Council of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_institutions_of_Brazil" title="List of federal institutions of Brazil">Federal institutions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Presidential line of succession</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/57th_Legislature_of_the_National_Congress" title="57th Legislature of the National Congress">57th Legislature</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_in_Brazil" title="List of senators in Brazil">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the Federal Senate</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_Contas_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Tribunal de Contas da União">Federal Court of Audits</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_Supreme_Federal_Court_(Brazil)" title="List of ministers of the Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)">list</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Federal_Court" title="President of the Supreme Federal Court">President of the Supreme Federal Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Justice" title="National Council of Justice">National Council of Justice</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Common Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)">Superior Court of Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Court of Justice (Brazil)">Courts of Justice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Federal_Courts" title="Regional Federal Courts">Regional Federal Courts</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>Specialized Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Labor_Court" title="Superior Labor Court">Superior Labor Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Labor_Courts" title="Regional Labor Courts">Regional Labor Courts</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Electoral_Court" title="Superior Electoral Court">Superior Electoral Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Electoral_Courts" title="Regional Electoral Courts">Regional Electoral Courts</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Military_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Military Court">Superior Military Court</a> <dl><dd>Military Courts of Justice</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">history</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Code" title="Brazilian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_Labor_Laws" title="Consolidation of Labor Laws">Consolidation of Labor Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_laws_in_Brazil" title="Anti-discrimination laws in Brazil">Anti-discrimination laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Brazil" title="Gun control in Brazil">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brazil">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Copyright law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">States</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Brazil)">State governors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Brazilian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states">State Assemblies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/State_Senator_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Senator (Brazil)">State deputies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">Municipalities</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of Brazil">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Brazil" title="Mayors in Brazil">Mayors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_municipal" title="Câmara municipal">Municipal Chambers</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_the_Federal_District" title="Legislative Chamber of the Federal District">Legislative Chamber</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/District_deputy" title="District deputy">District deputies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territories_of_Brazil" title="Federal territories of Brazil">Territories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Brazil" title="Electoral system of Brazil">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Brazil" title="Electronic voting in Brazil">Electronic voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Recent elections</b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_general_election" title="2014 Brazilian general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2012_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2012 Brazilian municipal elections">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2016 Brazilian municipal elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2020 Brazilian municipal elections">2020</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1993_Brazilian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum">1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Brazilian_firearms_and_ammunition_referendum" title="2005 Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Acre_time_zone_referendum" title="2010 Acre time zone referendum">2010</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil">list</a>)</small> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Vieira" title="Mauro Vieira">Mauro Vieira</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions of Brazil">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions in Brazil">in Brazil</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_passport" title="Brazilian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Brazilian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Brazil" title="Visa policy of Brazil">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_United_Nations" title="Brazil and the United Nations">Brazil and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office_(Brazil)" title="Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)">Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_order_of_precedence" title="Brazilian order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Template:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Brazil</b> take place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. The political and administrative organization of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> comprises the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">federal government</a>, the 26 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">states</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">federal district</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a>. </p><p>The federal government exercises control over the <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a> and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the President, advised by a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">cabinet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested upon the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, a two-chamber legislature comprising the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Federal Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judicial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial power">Judicial power</a> is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)">Superior Court of Justice</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Brazil" title="Federal courts of Brazil">Superior Courts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Council">National Justice Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Federal_Courts" title="Regional Federal Courts">Regional Federal Courts</a>. </p><p>The states are <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">sub-national entities</a> with their own governments that, together with the other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil knows also two elements of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, stated in Article 14.<sup id="cite_ref-DD-Navi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD-Navi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislative assemblies supervise the activities of the Executive power of the states and municipalities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a> are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>, comprising a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_Municipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Câmara Municipal">legislative body</a>, also directly elected by the people. </p><p>Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coalition_presidentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition presidentialism (page does not exist)">coalition presidentialism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> rated Brazil as a "flawed democracy" in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil was 2023 the 13th most electoral <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremo_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supremo_Brasil.jpg/220px-Supremo_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supremo_Brasil.jpg/330px-Supremo_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supremo_Brasil.jpg/440px-Supremo_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil has had seven <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a> – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Emperor Pedro I</a>. It was monarchic, hereditary, and highly centralized, permitting suffrage only to property-holders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">Constitution of 1891</a> – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not permitted to vote.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">Constitution of 1934</a> – when <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> came to power in 1930, he canceled the 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a> of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was indirectly elected president by the Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1937" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1937">Constitution of 1937</a> – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 and two years later (November 10, 1937) used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed <i>the Polish,</i> (because it was said to have been inspired by a Polish constitution), written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Campos_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Campos (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Francisco Campos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of 1946</a> – in October, 1945, with World War II over, a civil-military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Assembly wrote a democratic constitution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of 1967</a> – after the 1964 coup d'État against <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, the military dictatorship passed the <i>Institutional Acts</i>, a supraconstitutional law. This strongly undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of 1988</a> – the current constitution, drafted in the process of redemocratization. It is marked by a reaction to the military dictatorship, guaranteeing individual rights, it is also more expansive than a typical constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">List of political parties in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congresso_brasileiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Congresso_brasileiro.jpg/220px-Congresso_brasileiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Congresso_brasileiro.jpg/330px-Congresso_brasileiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Congresso_brasileiro.jpg/440px-Congresso_brasileiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a>, the national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> and the only in <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> format</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG/220px-Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG/330px-Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG/440px-Palacio_do_Planalto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided between internationalist <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statist</a> nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group consists of politicians arguing that internationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">economy</a> is essential for the development of the country, while the latter rely on <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a>, and protection of <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ridenti, who cites the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> administration as an example of the first group and the <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> administration as an example of the second, "we have it cyclically".<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lula's <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a> tended to the statist nationalist side, although there are <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatizing</a> forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</a> tended to favor the international private market side by taking <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> policies as with the global <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Brazil)" title="Third Way (Brazil)">Third Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lula compares himself with <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, presidents seen as statist nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2017, 16,668,589 Brazilians were affiliated with a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest parties are <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">MDB</a> (which accounts for 14.4% of affiliated voters), the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">PT</a> (9.5% of affiliated voters), and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">PSDB</a> (8.7% of affiliated voters).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the scenario is that the country has more than 30 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">PL</a>), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Liberty_Party" title="Socialism and Liberty Party">PSOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Cause_Party" title="Workers' Cause Party">PCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="United Socialist Workers' Party">PSTU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">PCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Brazil)" title="Popular Unity (Brazil)">UP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">PCdoB</a>, left parties like <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">PT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Socialist_Party" title="Brazilian Socialist Party">PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Brazil)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)">PDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Brazil)" title="Green Party (Brazil)">PV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_Network" title="Sustainability Network">Rede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidariedade" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidariedade">Solidariedade</a> and center-left like <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">PSDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_of_National_Mobilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of National Mobilization">PMN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cidadania" title="Cidadania">Cidadania</a>. Ten parties declare themselves as the center: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">MDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Brazil,_2011)" title="Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)">PSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_(Brazil)" title="Act (Brazil)">Agir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Brazil)" title="Christian Democracy (Brazil)">DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Social_Order" title="Republican Party of the Social Order">PROS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avante_(political_party)" title="Avante (political party)">Avante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Brazil)" title="Podemos (Brazil)">Podemos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Woman%27s_Party" title="Brazilian Woman's Party">PMB</a>. Five parties declare themselves as center-right: <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Union" title="Brazil Union">Brazil Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">PTB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressistas" title="Progressistas">Progressistas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">PSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">PRTB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicans_(Brazil)" title="Republicans (Brazil)">Republicanos</a>. The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Brazil)" title="New Party (Brazil)">Novo</a>. When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in Brazil">Government in Brazil</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Talk:Politics of Brazil">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(April 2022)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Federal government of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg/220px-Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg/330px-Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg/440px-Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg/220px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg/330px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg/440px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Brazilian_Senate_-_2007-08-30_-2030JC012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Senate of Brazil">Federal Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> constitutional republic, based on <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The federal government has three independent <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">branches</a>: executive, legislative, and judicial. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the executive branch, headed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a>, advised by a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">Cabinet</a>. The President is both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested upon the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, a two-chamber legislature comprising the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Federal Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judicial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial power">Judicial power</a> is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)">Superior Court of Justice</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Brazil" title="Federal courts of Brazil">Superior Courts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Council">National Justice Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Federal_Courts" title="Regional Federal Courts">Regional Federal Courts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg/220px-Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg/330px-Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg/440px-Rio-PalacioTiradentes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro">Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro</a> holds the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> state.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg/220px-Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg/330px-Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg/440px-Cidade_Administrativa_MG_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pal%C3%A1cio_Tiradentes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palácio Tiradentes (page does not exist)">Palácio Tiradentes</a> holds the executive power of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> state.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 26 Brazilian <i>states</i> are semi-autonomous self-governing entities organized with complete administration branches, relative financial independence and their own set of symbols, similar to those owned by the country itself. Despite their relative autonomy they all have the same model of administration, as set by the Federal Constitution. </p><p>States hold elections every four years and exercise a considerable amount of power. The 1988 constitution allows states to keep their own taxes, set up <a href="/wiki/State_Senator_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Senator (Brazil)">State Houses</a>, and mandates regular allocation of a share of the taxes collected locally by the federal government. </p><p>The Executive role is held by the <i>Governador</i> (Governor) and his appointed <i>Secretários</i> (Secretaries); the Legislative role is held by the <i>Assembléia Legislativa</i> (Legislative Assembly); and the Judiciary role, by the <i>Tribunal de Justiça</i> (Justice Tribunal). The governors and the members of the assemblies are elected, but the members of the Judiciary are appointed by the governor from a list provided by the current members of the State Law Court containing only judges (these are chosen by merit in exams open to anyone with a law degree). The name chosen by the governor must be approved by the Assembly before inauguration. The 1988 Constitution has granted the states the greatest amount of autonomy since the Old Republic. </p><p>Each of the 26 state governors must achieve more than 50% of the vote, including a second round run-off between the top two candidates if necessary. In contrast to the federal level, state legislatures are unicameral, although the deputies are elected through similar means, involving an open-list system in which the state serves as one constituency. State level elections occur at the same time as those for the presidency and Congress. In 2002, candidates from eight different parties won the gubernatorial contest while 28 parties are represented in the country's state legislatures. The last set of elections took place in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">Municipalities of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG/220px-Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG/330px-Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG/440px-Vista_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_Anchieta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Chamber_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Municipal Chamber of São Paulo">Municipal Chamber of São Paulo</a>, the municipal legislature of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_(Ed._Matarazzo)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA_%28Ed._Matarazzo%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Palácio do Anhangabaú">Palácio do Anhangabaú</a> holds the municipal executive power of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil has no clear distinction between <i>towns</i> and <i>cities</i> (in effect, the Portuguese word <i>cidade</i> means both). The only possible difference is regarding the municipalities that have a court of first instance and those that do not. The former are called <i>Sedes de Comarca</i> (seats of a <i>comarca</i>, which is the territory under the rule of that court). Other than that, only size and importance differs one from another. </p><p>The municipality (<i>município</i>) is a territory comprising one urban area, the <i>sede</i> (seat), from which it takes the name, and several other minor urban or rural areas, the <i>distritos</i> (districts). The seat of a municipality must be the most populous urban area within it; when another urban area grows too much it usually splits from the original municipality to form another one. </p><p>A municipality is relatively autonomous: it enacts its own "constitution", which is called <i>organic law</i> (<i>Lei Orgânica</i>), and it is allowed to collect taxes and fees, to maintain a municipal police force (albeit with very restricted powers), to pass laws on any matter that do not contradict either the state or the national constitutions, and to create symbols for itself (like a flag, an anthem and a coat-of-arms). However, not all municipalities exercise all of this autonomy. For instance, only a few municipalities keep local police forces, some of them do not collect some taxes (to attract investors or residents) and many of them do not have a flag (although they are all required to have a coat-of-arms). </p><p>Municipalities are governed by an elected <i>prefeito</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a>) and a unicameral <i>Câmara de Vereadores</i> (Councillors' Chamber). In municipalities with more than 200,000 voters, the Mayor must be elected by more than 50% of the valid vote. The executive power is called <i>Prefeitura</i>. </p><p>Brazilian municipalities can vary widely in area and population. The municipality of <a href="/wiki/Altamira,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira, Brazil">Altamira</a>, in the State of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, with 161,445.9 square kilometres of area, is larger than many countries in the world. Several Brazilian municipalities have over 1,000,000 inhabitants, with São Paulo, at more than 9,000,000, being the most populous. </p><p>Until 1974 Brazil had one state-level municipality, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Guanabara" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Guanabara">State of Guanabara</a>, now merged with <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">the State of Rio de Janeiro</a>, which comprised <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro (city)">the city of Rio de Janeiro</a> solely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_District">Federal District</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District (Brazil)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg/220px-C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg/330px-C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg/440px-C%C3%A2mara_Legislativa_do_Distrito_Federal_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_the_Federal_District" title="Legislative Chamber of the Federal District">Legislative Chamber of the Federal District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Federal District is an anomalous unit of the federation, as it is not organized in the same manner as a municipality, does not possess the same autonomy as a state (though usually ranked among them), and is closely related to the central power. </p><p>It is considered a single and indivisible entity, constituted by the seat, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">of the satellite cities</a>. Brasília and the satellite cities are governed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_Administrator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional Administrator (page does not exist)">Regional Administrators</a> individually and as a whole are governed by the Governor of the Federal District. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Throughout its modern history, Brazil has struggled to build a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and egalitarian society because of its origins as a <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> colony and the strong influence of slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire">Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div> <p>In 1822 the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Pedro de Alcântara</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a>, proclaimed independence. He was the first Emperor (Pedro I) until his abdication in 1831 in favor of his elder <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">son</a>. Due to the son's age (five years) a regency was established and the country had its first elections, though <a href="/wiki/Censitary_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Censitary suffrage">voting</a> was restricted to a minority of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Republic_(1889–1930)"><span id="Old_Republic_.281889.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Old Republic (1889–1930)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a></div> <p>In 1889, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a> declared the republic, by a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. </p><p>When the republic succeeded the empire, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>'s motto "Order and Progress" appeared on the flag of the Republic and the 1891 Constitution was inspired by Auguste Comte's <i>Course of Positive Philosophy</i> and System of Positive Politics. The Republic's beginnings were marked by "coronelism", an equivalent of the caudillism of the Spanish-speaking countries. The "old republic" (1889–1930) is also known as the "oligarchic republic".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1930, the Brazilian republic was formally a democracy, although the power was concentrated in the hands of powerful land owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vargas_years_(1930–1945)"><span id="Vargas_years_.281930.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Vargas years (1930–1945)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></div> <p>In 1930, a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> led <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> to power. For about 15 years, he controlled the country's politics, with a brief three-year constitutional interregnum from 1934 to 1937. A longer, heavier regime, the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></i> had loose ties with European <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and spanned the years 1938 to 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populist_years_(1946–1964)"><span id="Populist_years_.281946.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Populist years (1946–1964)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Brazilian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Brazilian Republic">Second Brazilian Republic</a></div> <p>Like most of Latin America, Brazil experienced times of political instability after the Second World War. When Vargas was ousted from the presidency in another bloodless coup d'état, in 1945, a new and modern constitution was passed and the country had its first experience with an effective and widespread democracy. But the mounting tension between populist politicians (like Vargas himself and, later, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a>) and the right led to a crisis that ultimately brought up the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">military coup d'état in 1964</a>, now known, through declassified documents, to have been supported by the American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)"><span id="Military_dictatorship_.281964.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">Brazilian military government</a></div> <p>In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the democratically elected president of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>. Between 1964 and 1985, Brazil was governed by the military, with a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> that comprised a pro-government <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renewal Alliance Party">National Renewal Alliance Party</a> (ARENA) and an opposition <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a> (MDB). Thousands of politicians (including former president <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>) had their political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during the government of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Republic_(1985–1990)"><span id="New_Republic_.281985.E2.80.931990.29"></span>New Republic (1985–1990)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">History of Brazil since 1985</a></div> <p>In 1985, the military were defeated in an election according to the scheme they had set up as a consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. The opposition candidate, <a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a>, was elected president, but died of natural causes before he was able to take office. Fearing a political vacuum that might stifle the democratic effort, Neves' supporters urged vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> to take the oath and govern the country. Tancredo Neves had said that his election and the demise of military régime would create a "New Republic" and Sarney's term of government is often referred to by this name. </p><p>Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> and the soaring <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a> drained the country's assets while ravaging <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> (which later turned into <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>) demonetized the currency and prevented any stability. In an attempt to revolutionize the economy and defeat inflation, Sarney carried on an ambitious "heterodox" economic plan (<a href="/wiki/Cruzado" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruzado">Cruzado</a>) in 1986, which included price controls, default on the external debts and reduction of salaries. The plan seemed successful for some months, but it soon caused wholesale shortages of consumer goods (especially of easily exportable goods like meat, milk, automobiles, grains, sugar and alcohol) and the appearance of a black market in which such goods were sold for higher prices. Buoyed by the ensuing popularity from the apparent success of the plan, Sarney secured the largest electoral win in Brazilian history; the party he had just joined, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement Party</a> (PMDB), won in 26 out of 27 states and in more than 3,000 municipalities. Just after the elections, Sarney's "corrections" to the economy failed to control inflation and the public perception that he had used an artificial control of inflation to win the elections proved to be his undoing. His popularity never recovered and he was plagued by vehement criticism from most sectors of society until the end of his term. Despite popular rejection, Sarney managed to extend his term from four to five years, and exerted pressure on the Constitutional Assembly that was drafting the new constitution to abort the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">Parliamentarism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collor_government_(1990–1992)"><span id="Collor_government_.281990.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Collor government (1990–1992)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Collor_de_Mello" title="Presidency of Collor de Mello">Presidency of Collor de Mello</a></div> <p>In 1989 Fernando Collor de Mello was elected president for the term from 1990 to 1994. The elections were marked by unanimous condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a>, with all candidates trying to keep distance from him. </p><p>Collor made some very bold statements, like saying that the Brazilian industry (of which the Brazilians used to be very proud) was mostly obsolete and polluting or that defaulting the debt was equal to not paying the rent. He also took quite revolutionary measures, like reducing the number of ministries to only 12 and naming <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9lia_Cardoso_de_Mello" title="Zélia Cardoso de Mello">Zélia Cardoso de Mello</a> Minister of Economy or removing existing barriers to importing of goods. </p><p>His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and a complicated currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months. </p><p>All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collor desperately tried to resist <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Fernando_Collor" title="Impeachment of Fernando Collor">impeachment</a> by rallying the support of the youth and of the lower classes, but his call for help was answered by massive popular demonstrations, led mostly by students, demanding his resignation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itamar_government_(1992–1994)"><span id="Itamar_government_.281992.E2.80.931994.29"></span>Itamar government (1992–1994)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a></div> <p>In 1992, the vice-president, Itamar Franco, took office as president and managed to evade the most feared consequences of Collor's downfall. He had to face a country with hyper-inflation, high levels of misery and unemployment. Far-left organizations were trying to turn the anti-Collor campaign into a wider revolutionary fight to overthrow the regime. Itamar finally granted full powers to his Minister of Economy, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, so the minister could launch the <a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a>, a new economic plan that seemed to be just the same as the many unsuccessful plans launched by Sarney, Collor and their military predecessor. But the Real was a success because of <a href="/wiki/Rubens_Ricupero" title="Rubens Ricupero">Rubens Ricupero</a> and essentially because of <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Gomes" title="Ciro Gomes">Ciro Gomes</a>, according to Itamar Franco himself, and terminated inflation in a few months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FHC_government_(1995–2003)"><span id="FHC_government_.281995.E2.80.932003.29"></span>FHC government (1995–2003)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></div> <p>In 1994, Cardoso with Ricupero, <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Gomes" title="Ciro Gomes">Ciro Gomes</a> and others launched their <a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a>, a successful economic reform that managed to permanently rid the country of the excessive inflation that had plagued it for more than forty years. The plan consisted of replacing the discredited old currency (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruzeiro_(1990%E2%80%931993)" title="Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)">cruzeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruzeiro_real" title="Brazilian cruzeiro real">cruzeiro real</a>) and pegging its value temporarily to the United States dollar. Inflation – which had become a fact of Brazilian life – was cut dramatically, a change that the Brazilians took years to get used to. Because of the success of Plano Real, Cardoso was chosen by his party to run for president and, with the strong support of Franco, eventually won, beating <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, who had emerged as the favorite only one year earlier. </p><p>Cardoso's term was marked by other major changes in Brazilian politics and economy. Public services and state-owned companies were <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> (some for values supposedly too cheap according to his adversaries), the strong <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">real</a> made it easy to import goods, forcing Brazilian industry to modernize and compete (which had the side effect of causing many of them to be bought by foreign companies). During his first term, a constitutional amendment was passed to enable a sitting Executive chief to run for re-election, after which he again beat Lula in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lula_government_(2003–2011)"><span id="Lula_government_.282003.E2.80.932011.29"></span>Lula government (2003–2011)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg/220px-Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg/330px-Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg/440px-Brazilian_cabinet_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the Oval Room, Palácio do Planalto, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg/220px-1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg/330px-1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg/440px-1988-_Deforestation_rates_in_Brazil_-_Terra_Brasilis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The deforestation rate in Brazil declined significantly during Lula's first time in office, a decline that reversed in the time of Bolsonaro.<sup id="cite_ref-Axios_20221031_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axios_20221031-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TerraBrasilis_1988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerraBrasilis_1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, at his fourth attempt, Lula was elected president. In part his victory was derived from the significant unpopularity of Cardoso's second term, which failed to address economic inequality, and to an extent from a softening of his and the party's radical stance, including a vice-presidential candidate from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1985)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)">Liberal Party</a>, acceptance of an <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) agreement from the previous government administration, and a line of discourse friendly to the financial markets. </p><p>Despite some achievements in solving part of the country's biggest problems, his term was plagued by multiple corruption scandals that rocked his cabinet, forcing some members to resign their posts. </p><p>In 2006 Lula regained part of his popularity and ran for re-election. After almost winning on the first round, he won the run-off against <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin" title="Geraldo Alckmin">Geraldo Alckmin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">Brazilian Social Democracy Party</a> (PSDB), by a margin of 20 million votes. </p><p>In 2010, Lula's handpicked successor, <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>, was elected to the Presidency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rousseff_government_(2011–2016)"><span id="Rousseff_government_.282011.E2.80.932016.29"></span>Rousseff government (2011–2016)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Presidency of Dilma Rousseff">Presidency of Dilma Rousseff</a></div> <p>In 2011, Rousseff became the first woman to be elected president of Brazil. </p><p>In 2015 and 2016, many demonstrations were held against Rousseff demanding for her to be impeached because of corruption scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to studies by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Public_Opinion_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics</a> (Ibope), 70-80% of demonstrators questioned supported harsher sentences for criminal offences, and a reduction of the age of criminal responsibility to 16. Between 2010 and 2016, support for the death penalty increased from 31% to 49%, and the number of people declaring themselves conservative from 49% to 59%. </p><p>The decline in poverty and the development of the middle class during the Lula years also allowed right-wing parties to address broader segments of the electorate on economic issues. "The new lower middle class dream of being entrepreneurs and consumers" according to the Perseu Abramo Foundation. "They are very sensitive to the meritocracy rhetoric of the right and the evangelical churches, and less affected by the PT message, which is still aimed at the poor".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michel_Temer_government_(2016–2018)"><span id="Michel_Temer_government_.282016.E2.80.932018.29"></span>Michel Temer government (2016–2018)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Michel_Temer" title="Presidency of Michel Temer">Presidency of Michel Temer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jair_Bolsonaro_government_(2019–2022)"><span id="Jair_Bolsonaro_government_.282019.E2.80.932022.29"></span>Jair Bolsonaro government (2019–2022)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Lula_government_(2023–present)"><span id="Second_Lula_government_.282023.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Second Lula government (2023–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second presidency of Lula da Silva">Second presidency of Lula da Silva</a></div> <p>The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was elected for a third term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022 Brazilian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack">2023 Brazilian Congress attack</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="2023 Brazilian Congress attack">2023 Brazilian Congress attack</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_corruption">Political corruption</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operação_Lava_Jato_(Operation_Car_Wash)"><span id="Opera.C3.A7.C3.A3o_Lava_Jato_.28Operation_Car_Wash.29"></span>Operação Lava Jato (Operation Car Wash)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a></div> <p>This was a set of investigations carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">Federal Police of Brazil</a>, aimed at investigating a money laundering scheme that involved billions of reals in bribes. It resulted in more than a thousand search and seizure warrants, temporary arrests, preventive detentions and bench warrants. The operation started on March 17, 2014, and had 71 operational phases authorized, among others, by the then judge Sérgio Moro, during which more than one hundred people were arrested and convicted. It investigated crimes of active and passive corruption, fraudulent management, money laundering, criminal organization, obstruction of justice, fraudulent exchange operation and receipt of undue advantage. According to investigations and awarded claims, administrative members of the state-owned oil company Petrobras, politicians from the largest parties in Brazil, including presidents of the Republic, presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and state governors, as well as businessmen from large Brazilian companies, were involved. The Federal Police considers it the largest corruption investigation in the country's history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_conflicts">Political conflicts</h2></div> <p>Brazil is one of the most dangerous countries for militant farmworkers, with sixty-five murders of farmworkers engaged in conflicts over the right to land in 2017 alone. Between 1985 and 2017, 1,722 activists of the <a href="/wiki/Landless_Workers%27_Movement" title="Landless Workers' Movement">Landless Workers' Movement</a> were murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, at least 49 people were murdered in Brazil defending the environment against companies or landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organization_participation">International organization participation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Cooperation Council">Customs Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_of_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Group of 11 (page does not exist)">Group of 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Group of 15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_of_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Group of 19 (page does not exist)">Group of 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a></li> <li>International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpol (organization)">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Latinoamericana_de_Integraci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración">Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean">Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DD-Navi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DD-Navi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> Navigator to Direct Democracy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120035432/http://direct-democracy-navigator.org/countries/brazil/legal_designs">"Scientific overview of direct democracy procedures in Brazil"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2021">"Brazil: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Ci%C3%AAncia+Pol%C3%ADtica&rft.atitle=Presidencialismo+de+coaliz%C3%A3o%3A+conceito+e+aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=e241841&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F0103-3352.2021.34.241841&rft.aulast=Couto&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Soares%2C+And%C3%A9liton&rft.au=Livramento%2C+Bernardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fj%2Frbcpol%2Fa%2FfmVjS6nMXFZHFYBJ9jpwH9g%2F%3Flang%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf">"Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a></i>. 2023. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2022%3A+Frontline+democracy+and+the+battle+for+Ukraine&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDI-final-version-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> Barros, Ana Cláudia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI4683023-EI6578,00-PT+ainda+e+esquerda+no+Brasil+analisa+sociologo.html">"PT ainda pode ser chamado de esquerda, afirma sociólogo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610210222/http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI4683023-EI6578,00-PT+ainda+e+esquerda+no+Brasil+analisa+sociologo.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Terra Magazine. September 17, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes/2010/noticias/0,,OI4676356-EI15315,00-Lula+Os+Bornhausen+nao+podem+se+disfarcar+de+cordeiros.html">"Lula diz que o DEM precisa ser extirpado da política brasileira - Terra Brasil"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917162534/http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes/2010/noticias/0,,OI4676356-EI15315,00-Lula+Os+Bornhausen+nao+podem+se+disfarcar+de+cordeiros.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lula+diz+que+o+DEM+precisa+ser+extirpado+da+pol%C3%ADtica+brasileira+-+Terra+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.terra.com.br%2Feleicoes%2F2010%2Fnoticias%2F0%2C%2COI4676356-EI15315%2C00-Lula%2BOs%2BBornhausen%2Bnao%2Bpodem%2Bse%2Bdisfarcar%2Bde%2Bcordeiros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados">"Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados"</a>. <i>Tribunal Superior Eleitoral</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709134245/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribunal+Superior+Eleitoral&rft.atitle=Estat%C3%ADsticas+do+eleitorado+%E2%80%93+Eleitores+filiados&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tse.jus.br%2Feleitor%2Festatisticas-de-eleitorado%2Ffiliados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/apenas-um-partido-se-define-como-de-direita-no-brasil-esquerda-tem-sete/">Apenas um partido se define como de direita no Brasil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin America in the 20th century: 1889-1929, 1991, p. 314-319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm">"Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120135243/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+Marks+40th+Anniversary+of+Military+Coup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB118%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2006/fernando-collor-eleito-senador-por-alagoas-5011019">"Fernando Collor é eleito senador por Alagoas"</a>. <i>O Globo</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senadores+na+M%C3%ADdia+-+Principais+Jornais&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senado.gov.br%2Fsf%2Fnoticia%2Fsenamidia%2FprincipaisJornais%2FverNoticia1.asp%3Fud%3D20060418%26datNoticia%3D20060418%26codNoticia%3D183629%26nomeOrgao%3D%26nomeJornal%3DO%2BGlobo%26codOrgao%3D2729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axios_20221031-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Axios_20221031_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2022" class="citation web cs1">Freedman, Andrew (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/10/31/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-climate-election">"Bolsonaro's defeat is a climate turning point"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031134834/https://www.axios.com/2022/10/31/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-climate-election">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Bolsonaro%27s+defeat+is+a+climate+turning+point&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F10%2F31%2Fbrazil-lula-bolsonaro-climate-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TerraBrasilis_1988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TerraBrasilis_1988_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates">"Taxas de desmatamento (Deforestation rates)"</a>. <i>TerraBrasilis</i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029084145/http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TerraBrasilis&rft.atitle=Taxas+de+desmatamento+%28Deforestation+rates%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br%2Fapp%2Fdashboard%2Fdeforestation%2Fbiomes%2Flegal_amazon%2Frates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31899507">"Big rallies against Brazil president"</a>. 2015-03-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116235706/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31899507">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Big+rallies+against+Brazil+president&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-31899507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2017/12/07brazil-right">"Brazil's right challenges the Workers' Party, by Anne Vigna (Le Monde diplomatique - English edition, December 2017)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130232840/https://mondediplo.com/2017/12/07brazil-right">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+right+challenges+the+Workers%27+Party%2C+by+Anne+Vigna+%28Le+Monde+diplomatique+-+English+edition%2C+December+2017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2017%2F12%2F07brazil-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavavreseBridi2022" class="citation news cs1">Savavrese, Mauricio; Bridi, Carla (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-brasilia-inaugurations-c6d222207d7a5bcbb71e2b6950514a9a">"Lula sworn in as president to lead polarized Brazil"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lula+sworn+in+as+president+to+lead+polarized+Brazil&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.aulast=Savavrese&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Bridi%2C+Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-brasilia-inaugurations-c6d222207d7a5bcbb71e2b6950514a9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicas2022" class="citation web cs1">Nicas, Jack (30 October 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/world/americas/lula-election-results-brazil-bolsonaro.html">"Brazil Ejects Bolsonaro and Brings Back Former Leader Lula"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brazil+Ejects+Bolsonaro+and+Brings+Back+Former+Leader+Lula&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft.aulast=Nicas&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F30%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Flula-election-results-brazil-bolsonaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/30/americas/brazil-election-polls-open-intl/index.html">"Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 31 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+Bolsonaro+loses+bid+for+second+term+in+fiercely+contested+presidential+vote&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F10%2F30%2Famericas%2Fbrazil-election-polls-open-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et">"Le Brésil risque de subir l'une des plus grandes régressions écologiques et sociales de son histoire - Basta !"</a>. 29 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730210840/https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Br%C3%A9sil+risque+de+subir+l%27une+des+plus+grandes+r%C3%A9gressions+%C3%A9cologiques+et+sociales+de+son+histoire+-+Basta+%21&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bastamag.net%2FLe-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AFP (2017-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.fr/environnement/au-moins-200-personnes-tuees-en-2016-pour-avoir-voulu-proteger-l-environnement-176677">"Au moins 200 personnes tuées en 2016 pour avoir voulu protéger l'environnement"</a>. <i>Geo.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geo.fr&rft.atitle=Au+moins+200+personnes+tu%C3%A9es+en+2016+pour+avoir+voulu+prot%C3%A9ger+l%27environnement&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.fr%2Fenvironnement%2Fau-moins-200-personnes-tuees-en-2016-pour-avoir-voulu-proteger-l-environnement-176677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414194957/http://report.globalintegrity.org/brazil">Global Integrity Report: Brazil</a> Reports on anti-corruption efforts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://observingbrazil.com">[1]</a> Reports on political culture and political news, with a focus on transparency and good government.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308062529/http://brazilinfocus.com/">[2]</a> Essays on Brazilian politics and policies by leading intellectuals and public figures.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://geostadia.com">[3]</a> Reports on the politics and issues surrounding Brazilian soccer and the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Goertzel, Ted and Paulo Roberto Almeida, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00NZBPX8A">The Drama of Brazilian Politics from Dom João to Marina Silva</a></i> Amazon Digital Services. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4951-2981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4951-2981-0">978-1-4951-2981-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Politics of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belize" title="Politics of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Politics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Dominica" title="Politics of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Grenada" title="Politics of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guyana" title="Politics of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Honduras" title="Politics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Politics of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Politics of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Suriname" title="Politics of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uruguay" title="Politics of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Politics of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a 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