Nonchord tone - Wikipedia

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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_notes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing notes">Passing notes</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>A <b>nonchord tone</b> (<b>NCT</b>), <b>nonharmonic tone</b>, or <b>embellishing tone</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</a> in a piece of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a> that is not part of the implied or expressed <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> set out by the <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> framework. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Chord_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord tone">chord tone</a> is a note that is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic function">functional</a> chord. Nonchord tones are most often discussed in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, but the term can also be used in the analysis of other types of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal music</a>, such as Western <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. </p><div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:310px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/l/tlipq3dimysldp48wwkl45wlk3m5oh0/tlipq3di.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/l/tlipq3dimysldp48wwkl45wlk3m5oh0/tlipq3di.png" width="295" height="174" alt=" { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \tempo "Allegro moderato" \clef treble \key c \major \time 6/8 \voiceOne g8( c b^\markup { p } a d c^\markup { p } \acciaccatura { c } b a^\markup { n } b c4 e8) } \new Voice \relative c' { \voiceTwo e4.\p f~ f e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 6/8 <c g'>4. <c g'>~->_\markup { \center-align { ped } } <c g'>_\markup { \center-align { ped } } <c g'> } >> >> } "><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/l/tlipq3dimysldp48wwkl45wlk3m5oh0/tlipq3di.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/l/tlipq3dimysldp48wwkl45wlk3m5oh0/tlipq3di.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nonchord tones in <a href="/wiki/Schumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumann">Schumann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Album_for_the_Young" title="Album for the Young">"Reaper's Song", Op. 68, No. 18</a>: two passing tones (p), one neighbor tone (n), and a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal point</a> (ped).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004189_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004189-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>Nonchord tones are often categorized as <i>accented non-chord tones</i> and <i>unaccented non-chord tones</i> depending on whether the dissonance occurs on an accented or unaccented <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> (or part of a beat). </p><p>Over time, some musical styles assimilated chord types outside of the common-practice style. In these chords, tones that might normally be considered nonchord tones are viewed as chord tones, such as the seventh of a <a href="/wiki/Minor_seventh_chord" title="Minor seventh chord">minor seventh chord</a>. For example, in 1940s-era <a href="/wiki/Bebop_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bebop jazz">bebop jazz</a>, an F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> played with a C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><sup> 7</sup></span> chord would be considered a chord tone if the chord were analyzed as C<sup>7(<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>11)</sup>. In European classical music, "[t]he greater use of dissonance from period to period as a result of the dialectic of linear/vertical forces led to gradual normalization of <a href="/wiki/Ninth_chord" title="Ninth chord">ninth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_chord" title="Eleventh chord">eleventh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth chord">thirteenth chords</a> [in analysis and theory]; each additional non-chord tone above the foundational triad became frozen into the chordal mass."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Theory"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Unaccented"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Unaccented</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Anticipation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anticipation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Neighbor_tone"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neighbor tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Escape_tone"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Escape tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Passing_tone"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Passing tone</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Accented_non-chord_tones"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Accented non-chord tones</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Passing_tone_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Passing tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Neighbor_tone_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neighbor tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Suspension_and_retardation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Suspension and retardation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Appoggiatura"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Appoggiatura</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Nonharmonic_bass"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Nonharmonic bass</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Involving_more_than_three_notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Involving more than three notes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Changing_tones"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Changing tones</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pedal_point"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pedal point</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Chromatic_nonharmonic_tone"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Chromatic nonharmonic tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:340px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Lassus_-_Beatus_vir_in_sapientia%2C_mm_23-24.mid"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/b/lbrveh1orthju6trsxf2u5quxyzk59d/lbrveh1o.png" width="333" height="116" alt=" { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs" \clef treble \time 4/2 \relative c'' { \clef treble \time 4/2 b2 c1 bes2 a1 g2 a } >> \new Staff << \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs" \clef treble \time 4/2 \new Voice \relative c' { r2 e f g~ g ^\markup { \center-align { "prep. sus. res." } } f e d4 e } >> >> >> } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 333px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/b/lbrveh1orthju6trsxf2u5quxyzk59d/lbrveh1o.png" data-alt=" { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs" \clef treble \time 4/2 \relative c'' { \clef treble \time 4/2 b2 c1 bes2 a1 g2 a } >> \new Staff << \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs" \clef treble \time 4/2 \new Voice \relative c' { r2 e f g~ g ^\markup { \center-align { "prep. sus. res." } } f e d4 e } >> >> >> } " data-width="333" data-height="116"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/r/i/riuw41xc11ai9jcdnlfbjlwqsfcaqqd.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/r/i/riuw41xc11ai9jcdnlfbjlwqsfcaqqd.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 2-3 suspension in <a href="/wiki/Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassus">Lassus</a>'s <i>Beatus vir in sapientia</i>, mm. 23–24, showing the <a href="/wiki/Preparation_(music)" title="Preparation (music)">preparation</a>, suspension (a type of nonchord tone), and <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(music)" title="Resolution (music)">resolution</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Chord and nonchord tones are defined by their membership (or lack of membership) in a chord: "The pitches which make up a chord are called <i>chord-tones</i>: any other pitches are called <i>non-chord-tones</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also defined by the time at which they sound: "<i>Nonharmonic tones</i> are pitches that sound along with a chord but are not chord pitches."<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if an excerpt from a piece of music implies or uses a C-major chord, then the notes C, E and G are members of that chord, while any other note played at that time (e.g., notes such as F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>) is a nonchord tone. Such tones are most obvious in <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonic</a> music but occur at least as frequently in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal music</a>. </p><p>According to <i>Music in Theory and Practice,</i> "Most nonharmonic tones are <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> and create <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</a> of a second, fourth or seventh",<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are required to <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(music)" title="Resolution (music)">resolve</a> to a chord tone in conventional ways. If the note fails to resolve until the next change of harmony, it may instead create a <a href="/wiki/Seventh_chord" title="Seventh chord">seventh chord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extended_chord" title="Extended chord">extended chord</a>. While theoretically in a three-note chord, there are nine possible nonchord tones in <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>, in practice nonchord tones are usually in the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>. Augmented and diminished intervals are also considered dissonant, and all nonharmonic tones are measured from the <a href="/wiki/Bass_note" title="Bass note">bass note</a>, or lowest note sounding in the chord except in the case of nonharmonic bass tones.<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonharmonic tones generally occur in a pattern of three pitches, of which the nonharmonic tone is the center:<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Chord tone</td> <td>–</td> <td>Nonchord tone</td> <td>–</td> <td>Chord tone </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preparation_(music)" title="Preparation (music)">Preparation</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Dissonance</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(music)" title="Resolution (music)">Resolution</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Nonchord tones are categorized by how they are used. The most important distinction is whether they occur on a strong or weak <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> and are thus either accented or unaccented nonchord tones.<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also distinguished by their direction of approach and departure and the voice or voices in which they occur and the number of notes they contain. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Unaccented">Unaccented</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unaccented" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticipation">Anticipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anticipation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An <i>anticipation</i> (ANT) occurs when this note is approached by <a href="/wiki/Step_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Step (music)">step</a> and then remains the same. It is basically a note of the second chord played early. In the example below, the dissonant B in bar 1 is approached by step and resolves when that same pitch becomes a chord tone in bar 2. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b2xhy1hvijuouji2xrx18qerheqwzso/b2xhy1hv.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b2xhy1hvijuouji2xrx18qerheqwzso/b2xhy1hv.png" width="146" height="116" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red b b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 g' \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b2xhy1hvijuouji2xrx18qerheqwzso/b2xhy1hv.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red b b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 g' \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="146" data-height="116"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b2xhy1hvijuouji2xrx18qerheqwzso/b2xhy1hv.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b2xhy1hvijuouji2xrx18qerheqwzso/b2xhy1hv.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a></i> is the late Renaissance precursor to the <a href="#Anticipation">anticipation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though today it refers to a <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Portamento.mid"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/n/knig96d9nnxcrz3ucvk1ahtmbymswg7/knig96d9.png" width="272" height="115" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/2 \partial2 d2~ d c4 d e f g e } >> \new Staff << \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/2 \partial2 b2~ b4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red a a2 g e } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 272px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/n/knig96d9nnxcrz3ucvk1ahtmbymswg7/knig96d9.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/2 \partial2 d2~ d c4 d e f g e } >> \new Staff << \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/2 \partial2 b2~ b4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red a a2 g e } >> >> " data-width="272" data-height="115"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/i/w/iw3r805ab6x1fxtp52snv12exiixigs.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/i/w/iw3r805ab6x1fxtp52snv12exiixigs.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbor_tone">Neighbor tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neighbor tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A <i>neighbor tone</i> (NT) or <i>auxiliary note</i> (AUX) is a nonchord tone that passes stepwise from a chord tone directly above or below it (which frequently causes the NT to create dissonance with the chord) and resolves to the same chord tone: </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/a/ca6e0pz0ngh1m9q2hzy1pkbaa4l5l9n/ca6e0pz0.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/a/ca6e0pz0ngh1m9q2hzy1pkbaa4l5l9n/ca6e0pz0.png" width="146" height="118" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d c2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/a/ca6e0pz0ngh1m9q2hzy1pkbaa4l5l9n/ca6e0pz0.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d c2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="146" data-height="118"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/a/ca6e0pz0ngh1m9q2hzy1pkbaa4l5l9n/ca6e0pz0.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/a/ca6e0pz0ngh1m9q2hzy1pkbaa4l5l9n/ca6e0pz0.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>In practice and analysis, neighboring tones are sometimes differentiated depending upon whether or not they are lower or higher than the chord tones surrounding them. A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones is called an <i>upper neighboring tone</i> or an <i>upper auxiliary note</i> while a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones is a <i>lower neighboring tone</i> or <i>lower auxiliary note</i>. However, following <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker" title="Heinrich Schenker">Heinrich Schenker</a>'s usage in <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Composition" title="Free Composition">Free Composition</a></i>, some authors reserve the term "neighbor note" to the lower neighbor a <a href="/wiki/Half_step" class="mw-redirect" title="Half step">half step</a> below the main note.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German term <i>Nebennote</i> is a somewhat broader category, including all nonchord tones approached from the main note by step.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escape_tone">Escape tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Escape tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An <i>escape tone</i> (ET) or <i>echappée</i> is a particular type of unaccented incomplete neighbor tone that is approached stepwise from a chord tone and resolved by a skip in the opposite direction back to the harmony. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/4/6447jjp7psatv8meulfubjblb97q9bg/6447jjp7.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/4/6447jjp7psatv8meulfubjblb97q9bg/6447jjp7.png" width="145" height="118" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 g' \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/4/6447jjp7psatv8meulfubjblb97q9bg/6447jjp7.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 g' \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="145" data-height="118"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/4/6447jjp7psatv8meulfubjblb97q9bg/6447jjp7.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/4/6447jjp7psatv8meulfubjblb97q9bg/6447jjp7.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passing_tone">Passing tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Passing tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A <i>passing tone</i> (PT) or <i>passing note</i> is a nonchord tone prepared by a chord tone a step above or below it and resolved by continuing in the same direction stepwise to the next chord tone (which is either part of the same chord or of the next chord in the harmonic progression). </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/9/n9bijh96kdk5txab72k7qwzrfr0y1pe/n9bijh96.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/9/n9bijh96kdk5txab72k7qwzrfr0y1pe/n9bijh96.png" width="146" height="120" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d e2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/9/n9bijh96kdk5txab72k7qwzrfr0y1pe/n9bijh96.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp c4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red d e2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e2 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>2 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="146" data-height="120"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/9/n9bijh96kdk5txab72k7qwzrfr0y1pe/n9bijh96.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/9/n9bijh96kdk5txab72k7qwzrfr0y1pe/n9bijh96.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Where two nonchord tones are before the resolution they are <i>double passing tones</i> or <i>double passing notes</i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Accented_non-chord_tones">Accented non-chord tones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accented non-chord tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passing_tone_2">Passing tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Passing tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A tone that sits between two chord tones and is between them. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/d/dd3vxph9mryps3i2cija0wj8enmrr9l/dd3vxph9.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/d/dd3vxph9mryps3i2cija0wj8enmrr9l/dd3vxph9.png" width="186" height="105" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red f2 e } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 c } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/d/dd3vxph9mryps3i2cija0wj8enmrr9l/dd3vxph9.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red f2 e } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 c } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="186" data-height="105"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/d/dd3vxph9mryps3i2cija0wj8enmrr9l/dd3vxph9.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/d/dd3vxph9mryps3i2cija0wj8enmrr9l/dd3vxph9.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbor_tone_2">Neighbor tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neighbor tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A neighbour tone is where there is a step up or down from a note (or chord tone) and then move back to the original note.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/a/rayvaj76nqd6i28e6c5hti8mz4kxpa0/rayvaj76.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/a/rayvaj76nqd6i28e6c5hti8mz4kxpa0/rayvaj76.png" width="186" height="105" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red a2 g } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/a/rayvaj76nqd6i28e6c5hti8mz4kxpa0/rayvaj76.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red a2 g } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 e } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <c g'> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="186" data-height="105"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/a/rayvaj76nqd6i28e6c5hti8mz4kxpa0/rayvaj76.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/a/rayvaj76nqd6i28e6c5hti8mz4kxpa0/rayvaj76.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_and_retardation">Suspension and retardation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Suspension and retardation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Suspension"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Endeavor, moreover, to introduce suspensions now in this voice, now in that, for it is incredible how much grace the melody acquires by this means. And every note which has a special function is rendered audible thereby.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Johann Joseph Fux</a> (1725)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>A <i>suspension</i> (SUS) (sometimes referred to as a <i>syncope</i><sup id="cite_ref-Jonas96_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonas96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) occurs when the harmony shifts from one chord to another, but one or more notes of the first chord (the preparation) are either temporarily held over into or are played again against the second chord (against which they are nonchord tones called the <i>suspension</i>) before resolving downwards to a chord tone by step (the resolution). The whole process is called a <i>suspension</i> as well as the specific nonchord tone(s). </p><p>Suspensions may be further described with two numbers: (1) the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a> between the suspended note and the <a href="/wiki/Bass_note" title="Bass note">bass note</a> and (2) the interval between the resolution and the bass note. The most common suspensions are 4–3 suspension, 7–6 suspension, or 9–8 suspension. Note that except for the 9–8 suspensions, the numbers are typically referred to using the <a href="/wiki/Simple_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple interval">simple intervals</a>, so for instance, if the intervals are actually an 11th and a 10th (the first example below), one would typically call it a <i>4–3 suspension</i>. If the bass note is suspended, then the interval is calculated between the bass and the part that is most dissonant with it, often resulting in a 2–3 suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004172_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004172-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/u/kuf0sn6t1rxhf9ml4trnnfitpc37qum/kuf0sn6t.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/u/kuf0sn6t1rxhf9ml4trnnfitpc37qum/kuf0sn6t.png" width="570" height="132" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 4 – 3" } b2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 7 – 6" } b2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 9 – 8" } b2 c1 d^\markup { " 2 – 3" } } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d e d e d e d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s g f g g g g } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" c, d \bar "||" c b \bar "||" c_~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 570px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/u/kuf0sn6t1rxhf9ml4trnnfitpc37qum/kuf0sn6t.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 4 – 3" } b2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 7 – 6" } b2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 9 – 8" } b2 c1 d^\markup { " 2 – 3" } } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d e d e d e d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s g f g g g g } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" c, d \bar "||" c b \bar "||" c_~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="570" data-height="132"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/u/kuf0sn6t1rxhf9ml4trnnfitpc37qum/kuf0sn6t.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/u/kuf0sn6t1rxhf9ml4trnnfitpc37qum/kuf0sn6t.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Suspensions must resolve downwards. If a tied note is prepared like a suspension but resolves upwards, it is called a <i>retardation</i>. Common retardations include 2–3 and 7–8 retardations. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/6/f6t82why1e1fbzgkjttdn7397sj24zt/f6t82why.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/6/f6t82why1e1fbzgkjttdn7397sj24zt/f6t82why.png" width="313" height="120" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 2 – 3" } d2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 7 – 8" } d2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d e d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <b g'> \bar "||" <c g'> <d f> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 313px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/6/f6t82why1e1fbzgkjttdn7397sj24zt/f6t82why.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 2 – 3" } d2 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2^\markup { " 7 – 8" } d2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d e d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <c g'>1 <b g'> \bar "||" <c g'> <d f> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="313" data-height="120"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/6/f6t82why1e1fbzgkjttdn7397sj24zt/f6t82why.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/6/f6t82why1e1fbzgkjttdn7397sj24zt/f6t82why.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Decorated suspensions are common and consist of <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamentos</a> or double eighth notes, the second being a lower neighbor tone. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/h/1h6xbxqz07ocrzduh9hzuvd3bvid4en/1h6xbxqz.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/h/1h6xbxqz07ocrzduh9hzuvd3bvid4en/1h6xbxqz.png" width="226" height="105" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c4 b8 a b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/h/1h6xbxqz07ocrzduh9hzuvd3bvid4en/1h6xbxqz.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 c1^~ \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c4 b8 a b2 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="226" data-height="105"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/h/1h6xbxqz07ocrzduh9hzuvd3bvid4en/1h6xbxqz.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/h/1h6xbxqz07ocrzduh9hzuvd3bvid4en/1h6xbxqz.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>A chain of suspensions constitutes the fourth species of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>; an example may be found in the second movement of <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Concerto_(Corelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Concerto (Corelli)"><i>Christmas Concerto</i></a>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/h/4hna2429flp1wkcnvkjm1znbookcllj/4hna2429.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/h/4hna2429flp1wkcnvkjm1znbookcllj/4hna2429.png" width="796" height="403" alt=" { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \tempo Allegro \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. I" \relative c''' { \clef treble \key g \minor \time 4/4 g2 a bes4 g2 fis4 g4 bes2 a4 bes2 c d4 bes2 a4~ a g2 fis4 g4. a8 fis d g4~ g fis g } >> \new Staff << \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. II" \relative c''' { \clef treble \key g \minor \time 4/4 r4 g2 fis4 g2 a bes c d4 bes2 a4 r d c2 bes2 a4 d,~ d8 g, c2 bes4 a2 g4 } >> \new Staff << \relative c' { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vcl." \clef bass \key g \minor \time 4/4 r8 g bes g c a d d, g g, bes g c a d d, g bes' d bes es c f f, bes bes, d bes es c f f, bes bes' d bes e, c' fis, d' g, a bes c d c d d, es d es c d fis g bes, c a d d, g r } >> >> >> } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 796px;height: 403px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/h/4hna2429flp1wkcnvkjm1znbookcllj/4hna2429.png" data-alt=" { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \tempo Allegro \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. I" \relative c''' { \clef treble \key g \minor \time 4/4 g2 a bes4 g2 fis4 g4 bes2 a4 bes2 c d4 bes2 a4~ a g2 fis4 g4. a8 fis d g4~ g fis g } >> \new Staff << \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. II" \relative c''' { \clef treble \key g \minor \time 4/4 r4 g2 fis4 g2 a bes c d4 bes2 a4 r d c2 bes2 a4 d,~ d8 g, c2 bes4 a2 g4 } >> \new Staff << \relative c' { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vcl." \clef bass \key g \minor \time 4/4 r8 g bes g c a d d, g g, bes g c a d d, g bes' d bes es c f f, bes bes, d bes es c f f, bes bes' d bes e, c' fis, d' g, a bes c d c d d, es d es c d fis g bes, c a d d, g r } >> >> >> } " data-width="796" data-height="403"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Corelli,_Christmas_Concerto,_2nd_movement.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Corelli%2C_Christmas_Concerto%2C_2nd_movement.wav/Corelli%2C_Christmas_Concerto%2C_2nd_movement.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Corelli%2C_Christmas_Concerto%2C_2nd_movement.wav/Corelli%2C_Christmas_Concerto%2C_2nd_movement.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Corelli%2C_Christmas_Concerto%2C_2nd_movement.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></span></span></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appoggiatura" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An <i><a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">appoggiatura</a></i> (APP) is a type of accented incomplete neighbor tone approached skip-wise from one chord tone and resolved stepwise to another chord tone ("overshooting" the chord tone). </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/d/3duo6rem9877hftij1up1ywvk3af4kl/3duo6rem.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/d/3duo6rem9877hftij1up1ywvk3af4kl/3duo6rem.png" width="185" height="105" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/d/3duo6rem9877hftij1up1ywvk3af4kl/3duo6rem.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 g1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown e1 d } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemUp g1 s } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \stemDown c1 g' \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="185" data-height="105"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/d/3duo6rem9877hftij1up1ywvk3af4kl/3duo6rem.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/d/3duo6rem9877hftij1up1ywvk3af4kl/3duo6rem.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonharmonic_bass">Nonharmonic bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nonharmonic bass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Nonharmonic bass</i> notes are bass notes that are not a member of the chord below which they are written. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Elektra_chord" title="Elektra chord">Elektra chord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a nonharmonic bass from the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_of_Psalms" title="Symphony of Psalms">Symphony of Psalms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/9/m938kmgxnv2i1uih9u9n7gpng3dqa4z/m938kmgx.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/9/m938kmgxnv2i1uih9u9n7gpng3dqa4z/m938kmgx.png" width="93" height="129" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 <f a f' c'>1 } >> \new Staff << \relative c, { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \ottava #-1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red <bes bes'>1 } >> >> } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/9/m938kmgxnv2i1uih9u9n7gpng3dqa4z/m938kmgx.png" data-alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c' { \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 <f a f' c'>1 } >> \new Staff << \relative c, { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \ottava #-1 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red <bes bes'>1 } >> >> } " data-width="93" data-height="129"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/9/m938kmgxnv2i1uih9u9n7gpng3dqa4z/m938kmgx.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/9/m938kmgxnv2i1uih9u9n7gpng3dqa4z/m938kmgx.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Involving_more_than_three_notes">Involving more than three notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Involving more than three notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_tones">Changing tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Changing tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Changing_tones" title="Changing tones">Changing tones</a></i> (CT) are two successive nonharmonic tones. A chord tone steps to a nonchord tone which skips to another nonchord tone which leads by step to a chord tone, often the same chord tone. They may imply neighboring tones with a missing or implied note in the middle. Also called <i>double neighboring tones</i> or <i>neighbor group</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/n/anedk7hw35w0560fyclxa9i6pnay14t/anedk7hw.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/n/anedk7hw35w0560fyclxa9i6pnay14t/anedk7hw.png" width="206" height="107" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \voiceOne c2 \override NoteHead.color = #red b4 d \override NoteHead.color = #black c1 } \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceTwo a1 g } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <f c'>1 <e c'> \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/n/anedk7hw35w0560fyclxa9i6pnay14t/anedk7hw.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \voiceOne c2 \override NoteHead.color = #red b4 d \override NoteHead.color = #black c1 } \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceTwo a1 g } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <f c'>1 <e c'> \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="206" data-height="107"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/n/anedk7hw35w0560fyclxa9i6pnay14t/anedk7hw.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/n/anedk7hw35w0560fyclxa9i6pnay14t/anedk7hw.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedal_point">Pedal point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pedal point" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Another form of nonchord tone is a <i><a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal point</a></i> or <i>pedal tone</i> (PD) or <i>note</i>, almost always the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a>, which is held through a series of chord changes. The pedal point is almost always in the lowest voice (the term originates from <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> playing), but it may be in an upper voice; then it may be called an <i>inverted pedal</i>. It may also be between the upper and lower voices, in which case it is called an <i>internal pedal</i>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Pedalpoint.mid"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/m/8m82ycwsv1l3z4vb79gnx8o1ri61aa5/8m82ycws.png" width="352" height="115" alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 <d g b>2 <d f b> <c e c'> <cis e bes'> <d fis a> <es fis c'> <d g c> <d g b> } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \override NoteHead.color = #red g1~ g~ g~ g \bar "||" } >> >> "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 352px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/m/8m82ycwsv1l3z4vb79gnx8o1ri61aa5/8m82ycws.png" data-alt=" \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 <d g b>2 <d f b> <c e c'> <cis e bes'> <d fis a> <es fis c'> <d g c> <d g b> } >> \new Staff << \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 \override NoteHead.color = #red g1~ g~ g~ g \bar "||" } >> >> " data-width="352" data-height="115"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/q/a/qa8hrte5w1to3uiihg2vzslykns2l6a.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/q/a/qa8hrte5w1to3uiihg2vzslykns2l6a.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Chromatic_nonharmonic_tone">Chromatic nonharmonic tone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chromatic nonharmonic tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>A <i>chromatic nonharmonic tone</i> is a nonharmonic tone that is <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">chromatic</a>, or outside of the <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> and creates <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">half-step</a> motion. The use of which, especially <i>chromatic appoggiaturas</i> and <i>chromatic passing tones</i>, increased in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B&S217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&S217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The example below shows chromatic nonharmonic tones (in red) in the first four measures of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">Prelude No. 21, op. 28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B&S217_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&S217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Chopin_-_op._28%2C_no._21%2C_mm.1-4.mid"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/h/ghmwuyp8jnr7pi43hfg7hmi9mviavun/ghmwuyp8.png" width="627" height="184" alt=" { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \tempo "Cantabile" \clef treble \key bes \major \time 3/4 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2.5 f2.\p( d2 \acciaccatura { f8 } es4 d2. g,2.) } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key bes \major \time 3/4 \override NoteHead.color = #red \hide Stem s4 e8 s4. s4 e8 s4. s4 fis8 b s4 s4 fis8 b s4 } \new Voice \relative c, { \clef bass \key bes \major \time 3/4 bes8\<\sustainOn_[ f''^( <e g>\sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> <c c'>]\! bes8\<\sustainOn_[) <f' d'>^( <e g>\sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> bes]\! es,8\<\sustainOn_[) g'^( <fis a>\sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <d d'>]\! c8\<\sustainOn_[) <g' es'>^( <fis a>\sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <c es'>])\! } >> >> } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 627px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/h/ghmwuyp8jnr7pi43hfg7hmi9mviavun/ghmwuyp8.png" data-alt=" { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \tempo "Cantabile" \clef treble \key bes \major \time 3/4 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2.5 f2.\p( d2 \acciaccatura { f8 } es4 d2. g,2.) } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass \key bes \major \time 3/4 \override NoteHead.color = #red \hide Stem s4 e8 s4. s4 e8 s4. s4 fis8 b s4 s4 fis8 b s4 } \new Voice \relative c, { \clef bass \key bes \major \time 3/4 bes8\<\sustainOn_[ f''^( <e g>\sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> <c c'>]\! bes8\<\sustainOn_[) <f' d'>^( <e g>\sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> bes]\! es,8\<\sustainOn_[) g'^( <fis a>\sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <d d'>]\! c8\<\sustainOn_[) <g' es'>^( <fis a>\sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <c es'>])\! } >> >> } " data-width="627" data-height="184"> </span><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/b/6/b6axnnotducafvfczvszw8jggk2mw0o.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/b/6/b6axnnotducafvfczvszw8jggk2mw0o.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-harmonic_arpeggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-harmonic arpeggio">Non-harmonic arpeggio</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nonchord_tone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004189-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004189_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKostkaPayne2004">Kostka & Payne (2004)</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Debussy and the Crisis of Tonality", p. 72. Author(s): Roland Nadeau. <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Educators_Journal" title="Music Educators Journal">Music Educators Journal</a></i>, vol. 66, no. 1, (September 1979), pp. 69–73. Published by: MENC: The National Association for Music Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroepel, Bob (1993). <i>Mel Bay Creative Keyboard's Deluxe Encyclopedia of Piano Chords: A Complete Study of Chords and How to Use Them</i>, p. 8. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87166-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87166-579-9">978-0-87166-579-9</a>. Emphasis original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benward_&_Saker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benward_&_Saker_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benward & Saker (2003). <i>Music: In Theory and Practice</i>, Vol. I, p. 92. Seventh Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0">978-0-07-294262-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenwardSaker2009" class="citation book cs1">Benward, Bruce; Saker, Marilyn Nadine (2009). <i>Music in Theory and Practice</i>. Vol. II (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310188-0"><bdi>978-0-07-310188-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-310188-0&rft.aulast=Benward&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Saker%2C+Marilyn+Nadine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonchord+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabkin2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drabkin, William (2001). "Non-harmonic note". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-harmonic+note&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Drabkin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonchord+tone" class="Z3988"></span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musictheory.net/lessons/53">"Nonharmonic Tones"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nonharmonic+Tones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musictheory.net%2Flessons%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonchord+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forte (1979), p. 304.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (October 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonas96-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jonas96_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonas (1982), p. 96.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (October 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004172-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayne2004172_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKostkaPayne2004">Kostka & Payne 2004</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Kramer. "Fin-de-siècle Fantasies: Elektra, Degeneration and Sexual Science", <i>Cambridge Opera Journal</i>, vol. 5, no. 2. (July 1993), pp. 141–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Andriessen, Louis</a> & Schönberger, Elmer (2006). <i>The Apollonian Clockwork: On Stravinsky</i>. Amsterdam University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053568569" title="Special:BookSources/9789053568569">9789053568569</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B&S217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B&S217_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B&S217_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenwardSaker2009">Benward & Saker (2009)</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostkaPayne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kostka" title="Stefan Kostka">Kostka, Stefan</a>; Payne, Dorothy (2004). <i>Tonal Harmony</i> (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0072852607" title="Special:BookSources/0072852607"><bdi>0072852607</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51613969">51613969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonal+Harmony&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51613969&rft.isbn=0072852607&rft.aulast=Kostka&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Payne%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonchord+tone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 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Nonchord tone - Wikipedia