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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meervoud_van_verhewendheid" title="Meervoud van verhewendheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meervoud van verhewendheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نحن الملكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحن الملكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%BC%D1%8B%C2%BB" title="Аўтарскае «мы» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтарскае «мы»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_Majestatis" title="Pluralis Majestatis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pluralis Majestatis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_majest%C3%A0tic" title="Plural majestàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plural majestàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_plur%C3%A1l" title="Majestátní plurál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Majestátní plurál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_Majestatis" title="Pluralis Majestatis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pluralis Majestatis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πληθυντικός ευγενείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληθυντικός ευγενείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_mayest%C3%A1tico" title="Plural mayestático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plural mayestático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiestatezko_plural" title="Maiestatezko plural – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maiestatezko plural" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous_de_majest%C3%A9" title="Nous de majesté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nous de majesté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_maiestatis" title="Pluralis maiestatis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pluralis maiestatis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_majestatic" title="Plural majestatic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plural majestatic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurale_maiestatis" title="Plurale maiestatis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plurale maiestatis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_diraja" title="Kami diraja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kami diraja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" title="Pluralis majestatis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pluralis majestatis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8E%B3%E3%81%AE%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B0" title="尊厳の複数 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尊厳の複数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongelig_flertall" title="Kongelig flertall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongelig flertall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_maiestatis" title="Pluralis maiestatis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pluralis maiestatis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_majest%C3%A1tico" title="Plural majestático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plural majestático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" title="Pluralis majestatis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pluralis majestatis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" title="Pluralis majestatis – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pluralis majestatis" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninkaallinen_me" title="Kuninkaallinen me – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuninkaallinen me" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" title="Pluralis majestatis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pluralis majestatis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralis_maiestatis" title="Pluralis maiestatis – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pluralis maiestatis" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%9A%B4%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8" title="尊嚴複數 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尊嚴複數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%9A%B4%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8" title="尊嚴複數 – 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of a first-person plural pronoun to refer to a single person</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song by Silversun Pickups, see <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_We" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal We">The Royal We</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Royal_we" title="Special:EditPage/Royal we">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Royal+we%22">"Royal we"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Royal+we%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Royal+we%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Royal+we%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Royal+we%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Royal+we%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Jul-Greg-George-II-1750.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Document of 1750 signed by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>, using the royal we in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Gegeben auf Unserm Palais zu St. James den 3/14ten April des 1750ten Jahres Unsers Reiches im Dreÿ und Zwantzigstem. George R</i> ("Issued in Our Palace of St. James, on 3rd/14th April in the 1750th year in the three and twentieth of Our Reign. George <a href="/wiki/Rex_(title)" title="Rex (title)">R</a>")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeologia_cantiana_(1859)_(14779402855).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg/220px-Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg/330px-Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg/440px-Archaeologia_cantiana_%281859%29_%2814779402855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Latin document of 1249–50 issued by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>; he uses the phrase <i>Mandamus vobis</i> ("We command you").</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png/220px-Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png/330px-Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png/440px-Sam-mostyn-gg-commission.png 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>2024 Commission of Australian Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a>, issued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>royal <i>we</i></b>, <b>majestic plural</b> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pluralis majestatis</i></span>), or <b>royal plural</b>, is the use of a plural <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> (or corresponding <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>-inflected verb forms) used by a single person who is a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> or holds a high office to refer to themself. A more general term for the use of a <i>we</i>, <i>us</i>, or <i>our</i> to refer to oneself is <i><a href="/wiki/Nosism" title="Nosism">nosism</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> had been asked to arbitrate a boundary dispute between <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> issued the adjudication of the requested arbitration, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_of_the_Andes_Boundary_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case">Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case</a>. The sentence following the preamble of the award begins as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><u>We</u>, Edward</span>, by the grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, etc., etc., have arrived at the following decisions upon the questions in dispute, which have been referred to <u>Our</u> arbitration, ...</p></blockquote> <p>In this quotation, underlining has been added to the words that exemplify the use of the majestic plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_usage">Western usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The royal <i>we</i> is commonly employed by a person of high office, such as a monarch or other type of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>. It is also used in certain formal contexts by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and university <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rectors</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Longchamp">William Longchamp</a> is credited with its introduction to England in the late 12th century, following the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_of_Apostolic_Briefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery of Apostolic Briefs">Chancery of Apostolic Briefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the public situations in which it is used, the monarch or other dignitary is typically speaking not only in their own personal capacity but also in an official capacity as leader of a nation or institution. In the grammar of several languages, plural forms tend to be perceived as deferential and more polite than singular forms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In diplomatic letters, such as <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letters of credence</a>, it is customary for monarchs to use the singular first-person (<i><a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a></i>, <i>me</i>, <i>my</i>) when writing to other monarchs, while the majestic plural is used in royal letters to a president of a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-satow1932_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow1932-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>, the sovereign discharges their <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)#Examples_of_military_and_naval_commissions" title="Commission (document)">commissions to ranked military officers</a> in the capacity of <i>we</i>. Many official documents published in the name of the monarch are also presented with royal <i>we</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamations</a>, etc. </p><p>Popes have historically used the <i>we</i> as part of their formal speech, for example as used in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Notre_charge_apostolique" title="Notre charge apostolique">Notre charge apostolique</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></span>, and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i></span>. Since <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>, however, the royal <i>we</i> has been dropped by popes in public speech, although formal documents may have retained it. Recent important papal documents still use the majestic plural in the original Latin but are given with the singular <i>I</i> in their official English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, was met with disdain by some in the press for using the royal <i>we</i> when announcing to reporters that she had become a grandmother in her "<a href="/wiki/We_have_become_a_grandmother" title="We have become a grandmother">We have become a grandmother</a>" statement.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Western_usage">Non-Western usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-Western usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several prominent <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">epithets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Bible</a> describe the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Hebrew God</a> in plural terms: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a></i></span>, and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></i></span>. Many Christian scholars, including the post-apostolic leaders and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, have seen the use of the plural and grammatically singular verb forms as support for the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known use of this poetic device is somewhere in the 4th century AD, during the Byzantine period; nevertheless, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aaron Ember<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that Elohim is a form of majestic plural in the Torah. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> and every monarchy within <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">its cultural sphere</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Empire">Vietnam</a>), the majestic imperial pronoun was expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhèn</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:朕">朕</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Chinese language">Old Chinese</a>: *<i lang="och-Latn">lrəmʔ</i>). This was in fact the former Chinese first-person <em>singular</em> pronoun (that is, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). However, following his <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">unification of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of China">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a> arrogated it entirely for his personal use. Previously, in the Chinese cultural sphere, the use of the first-person pronoun in formal courtly language was already uncommon, with the nobility using the self-deprecating term <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">guǎrén</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">寡人</span></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lonely one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) for self-reference, while their subjects referred to themselves as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">chén</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">臣</span></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">subject</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, original meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">servant</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">slave</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), with an indirect deferential reference like <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zúxià</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">足下</span></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">below [your] foot</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), or by employing a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">deferential epithet</a> (such as the adjective <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">yú</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">愚</span></span>), <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">foolish</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). While this practice did not affect the non-Chinese countries as much since their variants of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhèn</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朕</span></span>) and other terms were generally imported loanwords, the practice of polite avoidance of pronouns nevertheless spread throughout East Asia. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For more information, see: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Korean pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_pronouns" title="Vietnamese pronouns">Vietnamese pronouns</a>.)</span> This still persists, except in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where, following the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the use of the first-person pronoun <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǒ</i></span>, which dates to the Shang dynasty oracle inscriptions as a plural possessive pronoun, is common. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Pronouns">Chinese Pronouns</a>.)</span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, the majestic plural is a common way for elder speakers to refer to themselves, and also for persons of higher social rank to refer to themselves. In certain communities, the first-person singular (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">मैं</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Hindi">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">maiṁ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'I') may be dispensed with altogether for self-reference and the plural <a href="/wiki/Nosism" title="Nosism">nosism</a> used uniformly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Islam, several plural word forms are used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> takes office, he will first take an oath, in which the Malay word for 'we', <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">kami</i></span>, would be the pronoun used. This is because His Majesty represents the other Malay Rulers of Malaysia during his reign as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">Generic <i>you</i></a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pluralis_excellentiae" title="Pluralis excellentiae">Pluralis excellentiae</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_one" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal one">Royal <i>one</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">Singular <i>they</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_IX/37-49.pdf">"The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reports of International Arbitral Awards. Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cordillera+of+the+Andes+Boundary+Case&rft.series=Reports+of+International+Arbitral+Awards&rft.pub=Office+of+Legal+Affairs%2C+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Friaa%2Fcases%2Fvol_IX%2F37-49.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, Ralph V. (May 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16980">"Longchamp, William de (<i>d</i>. 1197)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16980">10.1093/ref:odnb/16980</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Longchamp%2C+William+de+%28d.+1197%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16980&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F16980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satow1932-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satow1932_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatow1932" class="citation book cs1">Satow, Ernest Mason (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetodiplomati00satouoft"><i>A Guide to Diplomatic Practice</i></a>. London: Longmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetodiplomati00satouoft/page/37">37</a>. <q>In these letters the plural "We" and "Our" are employed instead of "I" and "My," and the letters terminate thus: "Your Good Friend." This form is used mainly for Royal letters to Presidents of Republics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Diplomatic+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Satow&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetodiplomati00satouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430185550/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/">"Ioannes Paulus PP. II: Karol Wojtyla: 16.X.1978 - 2.IV.2005"</a>. The Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/">the original</a> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ioannes+Paulus+PP.+II%3A+Karol+Wojtyla%3A+16.X.1978+-+2.IV.2005&rft.pub=The+Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Phrase Finder</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/401700.html">"We are a grandmother"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1301.htm">"On the Trinity"</a>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Trinity&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F1301.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (2007). Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B. (eds.). <i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i>. Liturgical Press. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814658567" title="Special:BookSources/9780814658567"><bdi>9780814658567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780814658567&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar: 124g, without article 125f, with article 126e, with the singular 145h, with plural 132h, 145i</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmber1905" class="citation thesis cs1">Ember, Aaron (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEUDAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Pluralis Intensivus in Hebrew</i></a> (PhD). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 207 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Pluralis+Intensivus+in+Hebrew&rft.inst=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEUDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15:9">"Surah Al-Hijr [15:9]"</a>. <i>Surah Al-Hijr [15:9]</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Surah+Al-Hijr+%5B15%3A9%5D&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Hijr+%5B15%3A9%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F15%3A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+we" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&oldid=1262601195">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&oldid=1262601195</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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