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After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World
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style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Afghanistan-women-burqas-scaled-e1660535062263.jpg?fit=2560%2C1011&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p><p class="date">August 15, 2022</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-82665" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-82665" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-82665" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghan-taliban/" rel="tag">Afghan Taliban</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghanistan/" rel="tag">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/anniversary-of-the-fall-of-kabul/" rel="tag">Anniversary of the Fall of Kabul</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender/" rel="tag">Gender</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-and-security/" rel="tag">Gender and security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/humanitarian-assistance/" rel="tag">humanitarian assistance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/" rel="tag">Local Voices</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sanctions/" rel="tag">sanctions</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/terrorism/" rel="tag">terrorism</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p><p class="date">August 15, 2022</p></div><p><em>Editor’s note: To mark the one-year anniversary of the Taliban’s second takeover of Afghanistan, </em>Just Security<em> is publishing a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/anniversary-of-the-fall-of-kabul/">series</a> of essays on the developments of the last year and the prospects for the future of Afghanistan. The series will continue over the coming weeks, and feature voices from Afghan civil society, U.S. national security experts, international human rights experts, and others.</em></p> <p>The recent <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-announce-death-top-al-qaeda-leader-al-zawahiri-sources-say-rcna41046">killing</a> of al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri in a U.S. drone strike on a Taliban-linked guest house in the heart of Kabul brings the disastrous first year of the militant group’s control since August 2021 full circle. Zawahiri’s presence under Taliban eyes (the guest house was owned by U.S.-designated terrorist Sirajuddin Haqqani, the Taliban government’s interior minister and deputy to the group’s reclusive Emir) demonstrates that the militants continue to shelter several terrorist organizations. Clearly, they are allowing the territory of Afghanistan under their control to be used for planning and carrying out terrorist attacks in the country and beyond.</p> <p>With this last blow, the Taliban has demonstrated that it has no qualms about breaking all of its <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/evacuation-flights-resume-as-biden-defends-afghanistan-pullout">major promises</a> of the <a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf">Doha agreement</a>, from respect for women’s rights and inclusive governance to a <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/taliban-announces-amnesty-urges-women-to-join-government">general amnesty</a> for those who worked for the ousted government and a <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/08/us-warns-taliban-abide-doha-peace-agreement">guarantee</a> that Afghanistan won’t again become a safe haven for terrorists. While the Biden administration and international partners were celebrating the elimination of al-Zawahiri, anyone who has become an apologist for the Taliban should be embarrassed at the utter abrogation of an <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-taliban-peace-deal-agreement-afghanistan-war">agreement</a> that was supposed to bring peace rather than privation to Afghanistan.</p> <p>The dramatic events since the fall of the government of Afghanistan to the Taliban on Aug. 15, 2021, is nothing short of a human tragedy. Sadly, the hard-earned progress achieved over the previous two decades with their international partners has been lost, from access to education and health to rights and liberties, freedom of the press, and the foundation of a free and democratic society.</p> <p>Openly and systematically, the Taliban have sought to erase women and girls from every sphere of public life. The ban on girls’ secondary schools makes Afghanistan the only country in the world where girls are not legally allowed to receive secondary education. Amnesty International recently described conditions for women and girls in Afghanistan as “<a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/5685/2022/en/">death in slow motion</a>.” Richard Bennett, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/human-rights-council-holds-urgent-debate-human-rights-women-and-girls">reports</a> that Afghan women and girls are subject to violations such as forced, early, and child marriages; restrictions on attire and freedom of movement; exclusion from education and public life; and barriers to employment. <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14946.doc.htm">Decree by decree</a>, the Taliban continue to <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82651/the-best-way-to-mark-the-anniversary-of-taliban-takeover-launch-a-global-campaign-against-gender-apartheid-in-afghanistan/">eliminate women’s rights</a>, with the <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117762">most recent</a> on May 5 forcing women to cover themselves with the hijab or burqa, and stay home except in the case of an emergency or another urgent matter.</p> <p>The Taliban also have tightened civic space in general, suppressing essential voices by creating an environment of fear and intimidation. With each passing day, disturbing reports emerge of threats, intimidation, assaults, arbitrary arrests, forced confessions, abductions, torture, enforced disappearances, house searches, and killings of activists standing for their rights in the face of repression and extremism. The <a href="https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_human_rights_in_afghanistan_report_-_june_2022_english.pdf">latest report</a> from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, though not nearly critical enough, outlines the disturbing pattern of human rights violations by the Taliban, despite a drop in civilian casualties since large-scale fighting and suicide attacks ended with the Taliban’s military takeover. In addition to continuing “unacceptable levels of harm as a result of indiscriminate attacks targeting civilians,” mostly by the Islamic State (ISIL-KP), UNAMA “has documented persistent allegations of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests and detentions, and torture and ill-treatment carried out” by Taliban authorities. The organization also cited measures “to stifle debate, curb dissent and limit the fundamental rights and freedoms of Afghans. Women and girls, in particular, have been subjected to severe restrictions,” UNAMA reported.</p> <p><strong>Access and Accountability</strong></p> <p>The extent of violations is likely even greater than reported, due to lack of access by monitors to certain locations where so many such violations are likely taking place, including in <a href="https://www.news18.com/news/world/taliban-shoot-dead-young-man-display-his-body-to-the-public-in-afghanistans-andarab-5610079.html">Panjshir, Parwan, Kapisa, Baghlan, Takhar, Saripul, Samangan, and Nangarhar provinces</a>. Furthermore, accountability for violations is non-existent. Under the Taliban, it has become extremely difficult, even life-threatening, to seek redress, file a complaint, or document abuses in a climate defined by fear, impunity, and untamed exercise of power. A recent and notable victim of the Taliban’s campaign of intimidation was <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-accuse-journalist-of-lying-force-tweeted-apology-/6669245.html">an Australian journalist who was threatened</a>, detained, and forced to confess to conspiring against the Taliban’s “emirate.”</p> <p>The Taliban are known for implementing <a href="https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/taliban-evictions-uzbeks-turkmen/31601904.html">discriminatory policies</a> vis-à-vis other ethnic groups, particularly in the central and northern provinces. Alleged <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/un-says-taliban-interfering-with-aid-resisting-cash-plan-2022-06-23/">resistance to and interference with humanitarian assistance</a> and attempts to exert undue influence over organizations delivering such assistance also is deeply worrying.</p> <p>The international community’s response, lamentably, has been exceedingly weak. In April, one of us <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81197/time-for-the-international-community-to-get-serious-about-protecting-human-rights-in-afghanistan/">argued</a> that, while the international community professes outrage over the situation in Afghanistan, it has failed to prevent escalating abuses or to take steps necessary to investigate and collect evidence for future accountability efforts. The result undermines the credibility of any U.S. and international efforts on human rights.</p> <p>More recently, there have been <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82322/from-talk-to-action-addressing-the-appalling-womens-rights-crisis-in-afghanistan/">signs of a renewed international willingness </a>to take action against the Taliban’s violations of fundamental human rights. This was particularly the case with the June decision of the U.N. Security Council to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/un-security-council-stops-travel-two-taliban-education-ministers-2022-06-21/">remove a travel-ban exemption</a> for two senior Taliban members and the U.N. Human Rights Council’s <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/human-rights-council-holds-urgent-debate-human-rights-women-and-girls">urgent debate</a> and resolution on the human rights of women and girls in Afghanistan.</p> <p>But the measures the international community has undertaken so far cannot lead to effective changes on the ground for the conditions that have deteriorated so precipitously for men, women, and children in Afghanistan. So, what else should be done?</p> <p><strong>More Action Needed</strong></p> <p>The international community continues to come across as too hesitant to clearly and unequivocally condemn the Taliban’s crimes and take action. The international community should hold the Taliban accountable for human rights and humanitarian law violations and abuses by employing the measures listed below and applying further pressure on them to comply. It should also make clear to the Taliban that respect for the human rights of all Afghans is indispensable to the emergence of stable and legitimate governance and is the benchmark for any future international engagement, including in the delivery of financial, economic, and development aid.</p> <p>First, the U.N. Human Rights Council should create a Commission of Inquiry to investigate violations and abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law in the context of the Taliban’s unlawful takeover of Afghanistan. The council has established a number of <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-is">such commissions</a>, including for <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113292">Ukraine</a> in March of this year, and on Syria in March 2011, for example. Yet, as we <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81197/time-for-the-international-community-to-get-serious-about-protecting-human-rights-in-afghanistan/">noted</a> in April, the Human Rights Council <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/afghanistan-shameful-failure-of-unhrc-special-session-to-address-escalating-human-rights-and-humanitarian-crisis/">failed</a> to take such a step for Afghanistan either during its<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/special-sessions/session31/31st-special-session#:~:text=The%20online%20system%20of%20inscription,2%20p.m.%20(Geneva%20time)."> Special Session on Afghanistan</a> on Aug. 24, 2021, in the immediate aftermath of the Taliban takeover, or in its <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session48/regular-session">48th regular session</a> in September and October 2021.</p> <p>Another U.N. mechanism could be an <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-is">independent fact-finding mission</a>. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres said earlier this month that he will set up a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/04/un-to-investigate-prison-attack-that-killed-dozens-of-ukraine-prisoners-of-war">fact-finding mission</a> to look into the attack on a Donetsk prison in Ukraine that reportedly killed dozens of Ukrainian prisoners of war. And the U.N. has such a mission for <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1123822">Ethiopia</a>. A fact-finding mission could be assigned to investigate the numerous cases of war crimes committed across Afghanistan. One year after the Taliban’s takeover, it is more and more important to set up a robust mechanism to collect, consolidate, and analyse evidence of violations, document and verify information, identify those responsible, promote accountability and remedies for victims, and make recommendations for effective prevention of further violations.</p> <p>Second, as Guterres <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2021/sc14603.doc.htm">urged</a> a year ago during the Aug. 16, 2021, emergency U.N. Security Council meeting on Afghanistan as the Taliban took over, the international community must unite to ensure that Afghanistan is never again used as a platform or haven for terrorist organizations. Al-Zawahiri’s presence in Afghanistan until his death on July 30 illustrates the criticality of protecting Afghanistan from again becoming a safe haven for terrorists. The United Nations should engage the relevant U.N. Counter Terrorism entities, particularly the <a href="https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267">1267 Committee</a> that oversees sanctions related to the Islamic State group (ISIL or Da’esh) and al-Qaeda and a monitoring team to visit and monitor the situation inside Afghanistan.</p> <p>Third, the U.N. Security Council must work urgently to end the waivers of its travel ban for more senior Taliban officials, as it did unanimously for the two education officials in June, and <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/its-time-to-block-taliban-leaders-trips-abroad/">as six former U.S. ambassadors recently urged</a> at the Atlantic Council. These exemptions, originally granted in 2019 so that Taliban leaders could travel for peace talks, now allow these figures to take advantage of the benefit for business-class jaunts to foreign capitals and conferences, with the aim of seeking legitimacy and recognition.</p> <p>The Taliban’s leaders appear to be hoping the international community has forgotten the people of Afghanistan and that it is ready to abdicate its own principles for political expediency. But the people of Afghanistan, particularly the victims of human rights abuses and their families and members of the country’s debilitated civil society at home and abroad, have high expectations from the international community, including the Office of the High Representative for Human Rights, the U.N. country mission, and the Special Rapporteurs, as the Human Rights Council prepares for its 51st session in September.</p> <p>In less than a year, the people of Afghanistan and the major regional and international stakeholders have seen Afghanistan go from bad to worst in all social, economic, political and terrorism indicators. Tactical and short-sighted measures are not sufficient to prevent further worsening of the situation. Given the Taliban’s unwillingness and inability to deliver on their expressed commitments, the people of Afghanistan expect the international community to adopt a new approach that meets the moment. In a chaotic and divisive environment globally, determination and creativity under the U.N.’s leadership still could make Afghanistan a locus of international and regional cooperation for the benefit of the Afghan people and the world.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: In this picture taken on July 19, 2022, Afghan women wearing traditional burqas walk past a cemetery in Kabul. (Photo by DANIEL LEAL/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghan-taliban/" rel="tag">Afghan Taliban</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghanistan/" rel="tag">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/anniversary-of-the-fall-of-kabul/" rel="tag">Anniversary of the Fall of Kabul</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender/" rel="tag">Gender</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-and-security/" rel="tag">Gender and security</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/humanitarian-assistance/" rel="tag">humanitarian assistance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/" rel="tag">Local Voices</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sanctions/" rel="tag">sanctions</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/terrorism/" rel="tag">terrorism</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. 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Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. 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He was Deputy Foreign Minister of Afghanistan 2015-2019, and continues to serve as the Permanent Representative of the officially recognized government of Afghanistan to the U.N. in Geneva.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/">Marzia <span>Marastoni</span></a></h4><p>Marzia Marastoni is a PhD candidate in International Law at the Graduate Institute of Geneva, a Teaching Assistant in Legal and Political Theories at the University of Geneva, and a Human Rights Consultant at the Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to UN in Geneva.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C486&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/">New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/" title="Profile and articles by Cynthia Soohoo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cynthia Soohoo</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/" title="Profile and articles by Jaime M. 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