CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geologic modelling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dda2da15-51e1-4e3b-8573-7f479d452de1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geologic_modelling","wgTitle":"Geologic modelling","wgCurRevisionId":1251679817,"wgRevisionId":1034854135,"wgArticleId":869876,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Economic geology","Petroleum geology","Geology software","Scientific modeling"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Geologic_modelling","wgRelevantArticleId":869876,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5535298","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile" ,"model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1553"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg/800px-Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1035"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg/640px-Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="828"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geologic modelling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geologic_modelling rootpage-Geologic_modelling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geologic+modelling&returntoquery=oldid%3D1034854135" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geologic+modelling&returntoquery=oldid%3D1034854135" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geologic+modelling&returntoquery=oldid%3D1034854135" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geologic+modelling&returntoquery=oldid%3D1034854135" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_modelling_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_modelling_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geologic modelling components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geologic_modelling_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geologic modelling components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geologic_modelling_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structural framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rock type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoir_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoir_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reservoir quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoir_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluid_saturation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluid_saturation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fluid saturation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluid_saturation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geostatistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geostatistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Geostatistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geostatistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_Deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_Deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mineral Deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_Deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_in_Geomodelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_in_Geomodelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research in Geomodelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_in_Geomodelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_modelling_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_modelling_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geologic modelling software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologic_modelling_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geologic modelling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النمذجة الجيولوجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النمذجة الجيولوجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A9lisation_g%C3%A9ologique" title="Modélisation géologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modélisation géologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Геологічна модель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геологічна модель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Mô hình địa chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình địa chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5535298#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geologic_modelling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=edit&oldid=1034854135" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=edit&oldid=1034854135" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geologic_modelling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Geologic_modelling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&oldid=1034854135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Geologic_modelling&id=1034854135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGeologic_modelling%26oldid%3D1034854135"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGeologic_modelling%26oldid%3D1034854135"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Geologic+modelling&returnto=Geologic+modelling&oldid=1034854135&writer=rl" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5535298" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:E5890247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:E5890247 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1034854135"><bdi>E5890247</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:E5890247" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:E5890247">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/E5890247" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/E5890247">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">06:16, 22 July 2021</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 06:16, 22 July 2021 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:E5890247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:E5890247 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1034854135"><bdi>E5890247</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:E5890247" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:E5890247">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/E5890247" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/E5890247">contribs</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&diff=prev&oldid=1034854135" title="Geologic modelling">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&direction=prev&oldid=1034854135" title="Geologic modelling">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&diff=cur&oldid=1034854135" title="Geologic modelling">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&direction=next&oldid=1034854135" title="Geologic modelling">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&diff=next&oldid=1034854135" title="Geologic modelling">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg/220px-Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg/330px-Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg/440px-Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption> Geological mapping software displaying a screenshot of a structure map generated for an 8500ft deep gas & <a href="/wiki/Oil_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reservoir">Oil reservoir</a> in the Earth field, <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermilion Parish">Vermilion Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erath,_Louisiana" title="Erath, Louisiana">Erath, Louisiana</a>. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the <a href="/wiki/Contour_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour map">contour map</a> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Fault_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault line">Fault line</a>. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Geologic modelling,</b> <b>geological modelling</b> or <b>geomodelling</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> of creating <a href="/wiki/Digitizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizing">computerized</a> representations of portions of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">geophysical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> observations made on and below the Earth surface. A geomodel is the numerical equivalent of a three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">geological map</a> complemented by a description of <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantities" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical quantities">physical quantities</a> in the domain of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-mallet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mallet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geomodelling is related to the concept of Shared Earth Model;<sup id="cite_ref-franchi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franchi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a multidisciplinary, interoperable and updatable knowledge base about the subsurface. </p><p>Geomodelling is commonly used for managing <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, identifying <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">natural hazards</a>, and quantifying <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological processes</a>, with main applications to <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and gas fields, groundwater <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> deposits. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry">oil and gas industry</a>, realistic geologic models are required as input to <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir simulator">reservoir simulator</a> programs, which predict the behavior of the rocks under various <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> recovery scenarios. A reservoir can only be developed and produced once; therefore, making a mistake by selecting a site with poor conditions for development is tragic and wasteful. Using geological models and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">reservoir simulation</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir engineers">reservoir engineers</a> to identify which recovery options offer the safest and most economic, efficient, and effective development plan for a particular reservoir. </p><p>Geologic modelling is a relatively recent subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> which integrates <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>; </p><p>In 2-dimensions (2D), a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic formation">geologic formation</a> or unit is represented by a polygon, which can be bounded by faults, unconformities or by its lateral extent, or crop. In geological models a geological unit is bounded by 3-dimensional (3D) triangulated or gridded surfaces. The equivalent to the mapped polygon is the fully enclosed geological unit, using a triangulated mesh. For the purpose of property or fluid modelling these volumes can be separated further into an array of cells, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">voxels</a> (volumetric elements). These 3D grids are the equivalent to 2D grids used to express properties of single surfaces. </p><p>Geomodelling generally involves the following steps<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ol><li>Preliminary analysis of geological context of the domain of study.</li> <li>Interpretation of available data and observations as point sets or polygonal lines (e.g. "fault sticks" corresponding to faults on a vertical seismic section).</li> <li>Construction of a structural model describing the main rock boundaries (horizons, unconformities, intrusions, faults)<sup id="cite_ref-StructMod_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StructMod-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Definition of a three-dimensional mesh honoring the structural model to support volumetric representation of heterogeneity (see <a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a>) and solving the <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">Partial Differential Equations</a> which govern physical processes in the subsurface (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismic wave propagation</a>, fluid transport in porous media).</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_modelling_components">Geologic modelling components</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_framework">Structural framework</h3></div> <p>Incorporating the spatial positions of the major formation boundaries, including the effects of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformities</a>). The major stratigraphic divisions are further subdivided into layers of cells with differing geometries with relation to the bounding surfaces (parallel to top, parallel to base, proportional). Maximum cell dimensions are dictated by the minimum sizes of the features to be resolved (everyday example: On a digital map of a city, the location of a city park might be adequately resolved by one big green pixel, but to define the locations of the basketball court, the baseball field, and the pool, much smaller pixels – higher resolution – need to be used). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_type">Rock type</h3></div> <p>Each cell in the model is assigned a rock type. In a coastal <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic environment</a>, these might be beach sand, high water energy marine <a href="/wiki/Upper_shoreface" title="Upper shoreface">upper shoreface</a> sand, intermediate water energy marine <a href="/wiki/Lower_shoreface" title="Lower shoreface">lower shoreface</a> sand, and deeper low energy marine <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>. The distribution of these rock types within the model is controlled by several methods, including map boundary polygons, rock type probability maps, or statistically emplaced based on sufficiently closely spaced well data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservoir_quality">Reservoir quality</h3></div> <p>Reservoir quality parameters almost always include <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (fluid)">permeability</a>, but may include measures of clay content, cementation factors, and other factors that affect the storage and deliverability of fluids contained in the pores of those rocks. <a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistical</a> techniques are most often used to populate the cells with porosity and permeability values that are appropriate for the rock type of each cell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluid_saturation">Fluid saturation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODFLOW_3D_grid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MODFLOW_3D_grid.png/220px-MODFLOW_3D_grid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MODFLOW_3D_grid.png/330px-MODFLOW_3D_grid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MODFLOW_3D_grid.png/440px-MODFLOW_3D_grid.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>A 3D <a href="/wiki/Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">finite difference</a> grid used in <a href="/wiki/MODFLOW" title="MODFLOW">MODFLOW</a> for simulating groundwater flow in an aquifer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most rock is completely <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">saturated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Sometimes, under the right conditions, some of the pore space in the rock is occupied by other liquids or gases. In the energy industry, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> are the fluids most commonly being modelled. The preferred methods for calculating hydrocarbon saturations in a geologic model incorporate an estimate of pore throat size, the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">densities</a> of the fluids, and the height of the cell above the <a href="/wiki/Water_contact" title="Water contact">water contact</a>, since these factors exert the strongest influence on <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, which ultimately controls fluid saturations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</h3></div> <p>An important part of geologic modelling is related to <a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">geostatistics</a>. In order to represent the observed data, often not on regular grids, we have to use certain interpolation techniques. The most widely used technique is <a href="/wiki/Kriging" title="Kriging">kriging</a> which uses the spatial correlation among data and intends to construct the interpolation via semi-variograms. To reproduce more realistic spatial variability and help assess spatial uncertainty between data, geostatistical simulation based on variograms, training images, or parametric geological objects is often used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_Deposits">Mineral Deposits</h3></div> <p>Geologists involved in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral exploration">mineral exploration</a> use geologic modelling to determine the geometry and placement of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> deposits in the subsurface of the earth. Geologic models help define the volume and concentration of minerals, to which <a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">economic constraints</a> are applied to determine the economic value of the <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(geology)" title="Mineralization (geology)">mineralization</a>. Mineral deposits that are deemed to be economic may be developed into a <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div> <p>Geomodelling and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> share a lot of common technologies. Software is usually implemented using object-oriented programming technologies in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> or <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> on one or multiple computer platforms. The graphical user interface generally consists of one or several 3D and 2D graphics windows to visualize spatial data, interpretations and modelling output. Such visualization is generally achieved by exploiting <a href="/wiki/Graphics_hardware" title="Graphics hardware">graphics hardware</a>. User interaction is mostly performed through mouse and keyboard, although 3D pointing devices and <a href="/wiki/Cave_Automatic_Virtual_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Automatic Virtual Environment">immersive environments</a> may be used in some specific cases. GIS (Geographic Information System) is also a widely used tool to manipulate geological data. </p><p>Geometric objects are represented with parametric curves and surfaces or discrete models such as <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">polygonal meshes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StructMod_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StructMod-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallet02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_Highs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gravity_Highs.jpg/220px-Gravity_Highs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gravity_Highs.jpg/330px-Gravity_Highs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gravity_Highs.jpg/440px-Gravity_Highs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Gravity Highs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_in_Geomodelling">Research in Geomodelling</h2></div> <p>Problems pertaining to Geomodelling cover:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Defining an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a> to describe geological objects at various scales of interest,</li> <li>Integrating diverse types of observations into 3D geomodels: geological mapping data, borehole data and interpretations, seismic images and interpretations, potential field data, well test data, etc.,</li> <li>Better accounting for geological processes during model building,</li> <li>Characterizing uncertainty about the geomodels to help assess risk. Therefore, Geomodelling has a close connection to <a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverse_problem" title="Inverse problem">Inverse problem theory</a>,</li> <li>Applying of the recent developed Multiple Point Geostatistical Simulations (MPS) for integrating different data sources,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Automated geometry optimization and topology conservation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In the 70's, geomodelling mainly consisted of automatic 2D cartographic techniques such as contouring, implemented as <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> routines communicating directly with <a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">plotting hardware</a>. The advent of workstations with <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a> capabilities during the 80's gave birth to a new generation of geomodelling software with graphical user interface which became mature during the 90's.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its inception, geomodelling has been mainly motivated and supported by oil and gas industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_modelling_software">Geologic modelling software</h2></div> <p>Software developers have built several packages for geologic modelling purposes. Such software can display, edit, digitise and automatically calculate the parameters required by engineers, geologists and surveyors. Current software is mainly developed and commercialized by oil and gas or mining industry software vendors: </p> <dl><dt>Geologic modelling and visualisation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRAP_RMS_Suite" title="IRAP RMS Suite">IRAP RMS Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeoticMine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeoticMine (page does not exist)">GeoticMine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomodeller3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomodeller3D">Geomodeller3D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DecisionSpace_Geosciences_Suite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DecisionSpace Geosciences Suite (page does not exist)">DecisionSpace Geosciences Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Syst%C3%A8mes" title="Dassault Systèmes">Dassault Systèmes</a> <a href="/wiki/GEOVIA" title="GEOVIA">GEOVIA</a> provides Surpac, GEMS and Minex for geologic modeling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSI3D" title="GSI3D">GSI3D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mira_Geoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mira Geoscience (page does not exist)">Mira Geoscience</a> provides <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mirageoscience.com/mining-industry-software/gocad-mining-suite/">GOCAD Mining Suite</a>, a 3D geological modelling software that compiles, models, and analyzes for valid interpretation that honours all data.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seequent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seequent (page does not exist)">Seequent</a> provides <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leapfrog3d.com/">Leapfrog 3D</a> geological modeling & <a href="/wiki/Geosoft" title="Geosoft">Geosoft</a> GM-SYS and VOXI 3D modelling software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maptek" title="Maptek">Maptek</a> provides Vulcan, 3D modular software visualisation for geological modelling and mine planning</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micromine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micromine (page does not exist)">Micromine</a> is a comprehensive and easy to use exploration and mine design solution, which offers integrated tools for modelling, estimation, design, optimisation and scheduling.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promine (page does not exist)">Promine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_(reservoir_software)" title="Petrel (reservoir software)">Petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockworks" title="Rockworks">Rockworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGS_Genesis" title="SGS Genesis">SGS Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_(software)" title="Move (software)">Move</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKUA-GOCAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKUA-GOCAD (page does not exist)">SKUA-GOCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datamine_Software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datamine Software (page does not exist)">Datamine Software</a> provides Studio EM and Studio RM for geological modelling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGS_Groundhog_Desktop" title="BGS Groundhog Desktop">BGS Groundhog Desktop</a> free-to-use software developed by the GeoAnalytics and Modelling directorate of British Geological Survey.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Groundwater modelling</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FEFLOW" title="FEFLOW">FEFLOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEHM" title="FEHM">FEHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODFLOW" title="MODFLOW">MODFLOW</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMS_(software)" title="GMS (software)">GMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_MODFLOW" title="Visual MODFLOW">Visual MODFLOW</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZOOMQ3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZOOMQ3D (page does not exist)">ZOOMQ3D</a></li></ul> <p>Moreover, industry Consortia or companies are specifically working at improving standardization and interoperability of earth science databases and geomodelling software: </p> <ul><li>Standardization: <a href="/wiki/GeoSciML" title="GeoSciML">GeoSciML</a> by the Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information, of the International Union of Geological Sciences.</li> <li>Standardization: <a href="/wiki/RESQML" class="mw-redirect" title="RESQML">RESQML</a>(tm) by Energistics</li> <li>Interoperability: <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenSpirit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenSpirit (page does not exist)">OpenSpirit</a>, by TIBCO(r)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_modeling_(geology)" title="Numerical modeling (geology)">Numerical modeling (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_to_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic to simulation">Seismic to simulation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Bolduc, A.M., Riverin, M-N., Lefebvre, R., Fallara, F. et Paradis, S.J., 2006. Eskers: À la recherche de l'or bleu. La Science au Québec : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/archives/quebec/capque0606f.html">http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/archives/quebec/capque0606f.html</a></li> <li>Faure, Stéphane, Godey, Stéphanie, Fallara, Francine and Trépanier, Sylvain. (2011). Seismic Architecture of the Archean North American Mantle and Its Relationship to Diamondiferous Kimberlite Fields. Economic Geology, March–April 2011, v. 106, p. 223–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/106/2/223.abstract">http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/106/2/223.abstract</a></li> <li>Fallara, Francine, Legault, Marc and Rabeau, Olivier (2006). 3-D Integrated Geological Modeling in the Abitibi Subprovince (Québec, Canada): Techniques and Applications. Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 15, Nos. 1–2, pp. 27–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.cim.org/geosoc/docs/pdf/EMG15_3_Fallara_etal.pdf">http://web.cim.org/geosoc/docs/pdf/EMG15_3_Fallara_etal.pdf</a></li> <li>Berg, R.C., Mathers, S.J., Kessler, H., and Keefer, D. A., 2011. Synopsis of Current Three-dimensional Geological Mapping and Modeling in Geological Survey Organization, Champaign, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 578. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122101/http://library.isgs.uiuc.edu/Pubs/pdfs/circulars/c578.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122101/http://library.isgs.uiuc.edu/Pubs/pdfs/circulars/c578.pdf</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_A._K.Gable,_C.2007" class="citation web cs1">Turner, A. K.; Gable, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121050658/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/research/3DWorkshop/2007/pdf-files/turner.pdf">"A review of geological modelling. In: Three-dimensional geologic mapping for groundwater applications, Workshop extended abstracts,"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Denver, Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/research/3DWorkshop/2007/pdf-files/turner.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+review+of+geological+modelling.+In%3A+Three-dimensional+geologic+mapping+for+groundwater+applications%2C+Workshop+extended+abstracts%2C&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Turner%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Gable%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isgs.uiuc.edu%2Fresearch%2F3DWorkshop%2F2007%2Fpdf-files%2Fturner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler,_H.,_Mathers,_S.,_Napier,_B.,_Terrington,_R._&_Sobisch,_H.-G.2007" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, H., Mathers, S., Napier, B., Terrington, R. & Sobisch, H.-G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_128361.htm">"The present and future construction and delivery of 3D geological models at the British Geological Survey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+present+and+future+construction+and+delivery+of+3D+geological+models+at+the+British+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Kessler%2C+H.%2C+Mathers%2C+S.%2C+Napier%2C+B.%2C+Terrington%2C+R.+%26+Sobisch%2C+H.-G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsa.confex.com%2Fgsa%2F2007AM%2Ffinalprogram%2Fabstract_128361.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (GSA Denver Annual Meeting. Poster)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycisk,P.,_Gossel_W.,_Schlesier,_D._&_Neumann,_C.2007" class="citation web cs1">Wycisk,P., Gossel W., Schlesier, D. & Neumann, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217170553/http://www.kwra.or.kr/pds/download.php3?file_name=Wycisk%20et%20al..pdf">"Integrated 3D modelling of subsurface geology and hydrogeology for urban groundwater management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Symposium on New Directions in Urban Water Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwra.or.kr/pds/download.php3?file_name=Wycisk%20et%20al..pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+3D+modelling+of+subsurface+geology+and+hydrogeology+for+urban+groundwater+management&rft.pub=International+Symposium+on+New+Directions+in+Urban+Water+Management&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Wycisk%2CP.%2C+Gossel+W.%2C+Schlesier%2C+D.+%26+Neumann%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwra.or.kr%2Fpds%2Fdownload.php3%3Ffile_name%3DWycisk%2520et%2520al..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler,_H.,_Mathers,_S.,_Lelliott,_M.,_Hughes,_A._&_MacDonald,_D.2007" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, H., Mathers, S., Lelliott, M., Hughes, A. & MacDonald, D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203170212/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/research/3DWorkshop/2007/pdf-files/kessler.pdf">"Rigorous 3D geological models as the basis for groundwater modelling. In: Three-dimensional geologic mapping for groundwater applications, Workshop extended abstracts,"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Denver, Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/research/3DWorkshop/2007/pdf-files/kessler.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rigorous+3D+geological+models+as+the+basis+for+groundwater+modelling.+In%3A+Three-dimensional+geologic+mapping+for+groundwater+applications%2C+Workshop+extended+abstracts%2C&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Kessler%2C+H.%2C+Mathers%2C+S.%2C+Lelliott%2C+M.%2C+Hughes%2C+A.+%26+MacDonald%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isgs.uiuc.edu%2Fresearch%2F3DWorkshop%2F2007%2Fpdf-files%2Fkessler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt,_J.E.,_Monaghan,_A.,_Entwisle,_D.,_Hughes,_A.,_Campbell,_D._&_Browne,_M.2007" class="citation web cs1">Merritt, J.E., Monaghan, A., Entwisle, D., Hughes, A., Campbell, D. & Browne, M. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstbreak.org/files/special_3d_aug2007.pdf?HPSESSID=110b2385a454ad1ee6dbdf13a2c6ed5b">"3D attributed models for addressing environmental and engineering geoscience problems in areas of urban regeneration – a case study in Glasgow, UK. In: First Break, Special Topic Environmental and Engineering Geoscience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. Volume 25, pp 79–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3D+attributed+models+for+addressing+environmental+and+engineering+geoscience+problems+in+areas+of+urban+regeneration+%E2%80%93+a+case+study+in+Glasgow%2C+UK.+In%3A+First+Break%2C+Special+Topic+Environmental+and+Engineering+Geoscience&rft.pages=Volume+25%2C+pp+79-84&rft.date=2007-08&rft.au=Merritt%2C+J.E.%2C+Monaghan%2C+A.%2C+Entwisle%2C+D.%2C+Hughes%2C+A.%2C+Campbell%2C+D.+%26+Browne%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstbreak.org%2Ffiles%2Fspecial_3d_aug2007.pdf%3FHPSESSID%3D110b2385a454ad1ee6dbdf13a2c6ed5b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Kevin B. Sprague & Eric A. de Kemp. (2005) Interpretive Tools for 3-D Structural Geological Modelling Part II: Surface Design from Sparse Spatial Data <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1046957.1046969&coll=&dl=ACM">http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1046957.1046969&coll=&dl=ACM</a></li> <li>de Kemp, E.A. (2007). 3-D geological modelling supporting mineral exploration. In: Goodfellow, W.D., ed., Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication 5, p. 1051–1061. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217170553/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/3d/pdf/dekemp_3dgis.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20081217170553/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/3d/pdf/dekemp_3dgis.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mallet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mallet_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet2008" class="citation book cs1">Mallet, J. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120742/http://bookshop.eage.org/Webshop/product_details.aspx?prod_code=AA0136"><i>Numerical Earth Models</i></a>. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE Publications bv). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73781-63-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73781-63-4"><bdi>978-90-73781-63-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookshop.eage.org/Webshop/product_details.aspx?prod_code=AA0136">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+Earth+Models&rft.pub=European+Association+of+Geoscientists+and+Engineers+%28EAGE+Publications+bv%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-73781-63-4&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.eage.org%2FWebshop%2Fproduct_details.aspx%3Fprod_code%3DAA0136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franchi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franchi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanchi2002" class="citation book cs1">Fanchi, John R. (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4tMLx1KDi8C"><i>Shared Earth Modeling : Methodologies for Integrated Reservoir Simulations</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing (Elsevier imprint). pp. xi–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7522-2"><bdi>978-0-7506-7522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Earth+Modeling+%3A+Methodologies+for+Integrated+Reservoir+Simulations&rft.pages=xi-306&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing+%28Elsevier+imprint%29&rft.date=2002-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7522-2&rft.aulast=Fanchi&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4tMLx1KDi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHsiehHsuChang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Shang-Ying; Hsieh, Bieng-Zih; Hsu, Kuo-Chin; Chang, Yi-Fei; Liu, Jia-Wei; Fan, Kai-Chun; Chiang, Li-Wei; Han, Yin-Lung (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520302601">"Well spacing of the doublet at the Huangtsuishan geothermal site, Taiwan"</a>. <i>Geothermics</i>. <b>89</b>: 101968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2020.101968">10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermics&rft.atitle=Well+spacing+of+the+doublet+at+the+Huangtsuishan+geothermal+site%2C+Taiwan&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=101968&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2020.101968&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Shang-Ying&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+Bieng-Zih&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Kuo-Chin&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yi-Fei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jia-Wei&rft.au=Fan%2C+Kai-Chun&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Li-Wei&rft.au=Han%2C+Yin-Lung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0375650520302601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+modelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StructMod-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StructMod_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StructMod_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caumon, G., Collon-Drouaillet, P., Le Carlier de Veslud, C., Sausse, J. and Viseur, S. (2009), Surface-based 3D modeling of geological structures, <i>Mathematical Geosciences</i>, 41(9):927–945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallet02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallet02_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallet, J.-L., Geomodeling, Applied Geostatistics Series. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514460-4">978-0-19-514460-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caumon, G., Towards stochastic time-varying geological modeling (2010), <i>Mathematical Geosciences</i>, 42(5):(555-569)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrin, M., Zhu, B., Rainaud, J.F. and Schneider, S. (2005), Knowledge-driven applications for geological modeling, "Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering", 47(1–2):89–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tahmasebi, P., Hezarkhani, A., Sahimi, M., 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10596-012-9287-1">Multiple-point geostatistical modeling based on the cross-correlation functions</a>, Computational Geosciences, 16(3):779-79742</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.R. Alvers, H.J. Götze, B. Lahmeyer, C. Plonka and S. Schmidt, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthdoc.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication=68364">Advances in 3D Potential Field Modeling</a> EarthDoc, 75th EAGE Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgi.com/dynamicgraphics/dgimain.html">Dynamic Graphics History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725233528/http://www.dgi.com/dynamicgraphics/dgimain.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gocad.org/w4/index.php/gocad/origin">Origin of the Gocad software</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Mallet, P. Jacquemin, and N. Cheimanoff (1989). GOCAD project: Geometric modeling of complex geological surfaces, SEG Expanded Abstracts 8, 126, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1190%2F1.1889515">10.1190/1.1889515</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/services/3Dgeology/home.html">Geological Modelling at the British Geological Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology" title="Template:Geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology" title="Template talk:Geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geology" title="Outline of geology">Outline of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Glossary of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Index of geology articles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/75px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/100px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geology" title="Timeline of geology">Timeline of geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition and structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" title="Historical geology">Historical geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamic Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science#Planetary_geodesy" title="Planetary science">Planetary geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">Geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science#Planetary_Geophysics_and_Space_Physics" title="Planetary science">Planetary geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonophysics" title="Tectonophysics">Tectonophysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geology" title="Environmental geology">Environmental geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritics" title="Meteoritics">Meteoritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_geology" title="Mining geology">Mining geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geologist" title="Petroleum geologist">Petroleum geologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanologist" title="Volcanologist">Volcanologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Geology">Geology</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&oldid=1034854135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&oldid=1034854135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_geology" title="Category:Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_geology" title="Category:Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_software" title="Category:Geology software">Geology software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_modeling" title="Category:Scientific modeling">Scientific modeling</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017">Articles with dead external links from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 July 2021, at 06:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>.</span></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geologic_modelling&oldid=1034854135&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pdn6j","wgBackendResponseTime":887,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.421","walltime":"0.663","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1359,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41976,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2050,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":41078,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 515.322 1 -total"," 27.91% 143.832 1 Template:Short_description"," 23.41% 120.619 1 Template:Geology"," 22.62% 116.584 1 Template:Navbox"," 21.58% 111.193 5 Template:Cite_web"," 16.87% 86.956 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.88% 81.836 6 Template:Main_other"," 15.15% 78.059 1 Template:SDcat"," 9.17% 47.260 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.62% 44.433 1 Template:Dead_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.247","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5093455,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pdn6j","timestamp":"20241125023114","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geologic modelling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geologic_modelling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5535298","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5535298","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-31T20:44:01Z","dateModified":"2021-07-22T06:16:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Contour_map_software_screen_snapshot_of_isopach_map_for_8500ft_deep_OIL_reservoir_with_a_Fault_line.jpg","headline":"applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust"}</script> </body> </html>