CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agricult"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/cover/book/978-3-031-60986-2.jpg"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power..."/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture?"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2025"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="51"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="69"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta name="citation_isbn" content="978-3-031-60986-2"/> <meta name="size" content="183911"/> <meta name="description" content="The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power..."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ashby, Jacqueline A."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="jacqueline.ashby@cantab.net"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="International Development Consulting"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer, Cham"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4&api_key="/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Paper"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture?"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power..."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/cover/book/978-3-031-60986-2.jpg"/> <title>What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture? | SpringerLink</title> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6"> <script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement)</script>   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4","Page":"chapter","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-978-3-031-60986-2_4","Keywords":"Gender-intentional research, Farmer participation in research, International agricultural research system, Agricultural research and social justice, Gender equality in agriculture, Women and the rural poor","kwrd":["Gender-intentional_research","Farmer_participation_in_research","International_agricultural_research_system","Agricultural_research_and_social_justice","Gender_equality_in_agriculture","Women_and_the_rural_poor"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"Y","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"open","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"vgzm.415900-10.1007-978-3-031-60986-2","Full HTML":"Y","session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{},"book":{"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2","title":"Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture","pisbn":"978-3-031-60985-5","eisbn":"978-3-031-60986-2","bookProductType":"ContributedVolume"},"chapter":{"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"},"type":"Chapter","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Life Sciences","primarySubjectCode":"SCL","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Agriculture","2":"Gender Studies","3":"Politics and Gender"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"SCL11006","2":"SCX35000","3":"SC911260"}},"sucode":"SUCO11642"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"},"country":"HK","Has Preview":"N","subjectCodes":"SCL,SCL11006,SCX35000,SC911260","PMC":["SCL","SCL11006","SCX35000","SC911260"]},"Event Category":"Chapter","ConferenceSeriesId":"","productId":"9783031609862"}]; </script> <script> window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true }, { name: 'darwin-books', active: true }], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"headline":"What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture?","pageEnd":"69","pageStart":"51","image":"https://media.springernature.com/w153/springer-static/cover/book/978-3-031-60986-2.jpg","genre":["Biomedical and Life Sciences","Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture","isbn":["978-3-031-60986-2","978-3-031-60985-5"],"@type":"Book"},"publisher":{"name":"Springer International Publishing","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Jacqueline A. Ashby","affiliation":[{"name":"International Development Consulting","address":{"name":"International Development Consulting, Portland, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"jacqueline.ashby@cantab.net","@type":"Person"}],"keywords":"Gender-intentional research, Farmer participation in research, International agricultural research system, Agricultural research and social justice, Gender equality in agriculture, Women and the rural poor","description":"The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power with the rural poor and organize them as a client base. However, feminist research in the 1990s noted that participatory research often reinforced gender norms in agriculture. In the 1980s participatory research was incorporated into the international agricultural research system. In the 1990s gender mainstreaming was adopted in the international centers. However, these science bureaucracies soon divorced gender and participatory research from any political engagement. Research managers saw participatory research, and gender analysis, as ways to design better farm technology, and ease its dissemination. By 2010, participatory plant breeding was widely adopted. In the early 2010s the system again became interested in gender equality. There is now a need for participatory research to become fully gender-intentional, to empower women and farming communities. The large-scale transformation of agriculture calls for a fundamental change in how research engages with its client base, among the rural poor.","datePublished":"2025","isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@context":"https://schema.org"}</script> </head> <body class="shared-article-renderer">  <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-vh-full"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90" data-test="springer-doubleclick-ad"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-test="LB1-ad" data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/book/chapter" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px" data-gpt-targeting="pos=LB1;"></div> </div> </aside> <div class="app-elements"> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <div class="app-masthead__colour-17--pastel app-masthead--pastel" id="main" data-track-component="chapter" data-test="masthead-component"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="book chapter masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead app-article-masthead--chapter u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="chapter" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="chapter page" data-track-category="Chapter" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/book/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="chapter page" data-track-category="Chapter" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Chapter</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="chapter-title" data-chapter-title="">What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture?</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Chapter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open Access</span> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">First Online: <time datetime="2024-10-08">08 October 2024</time></li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span class="c-chapter-book-details__meta"> pp 51–69</span> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this chapter" data-track-category="chapter body" data-track-label="link">Cite this chapter</a> </li> </ul> <p class="app-article-masthead__access"> <p class="app-article-masthead__access app-article-masthead__access--above-download"> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use></svg> You have full access to this <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">open access</a> chapter </p> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2.pdf" rel="noopener" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-book-pdf="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="book pdf download" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="Book download - pdf" download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text"><span class="u-sticky-visually-hidden">Download</span> book PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="/download/epub/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2.epub" rel="noopener" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-book-epub="true" data-test="epub-link" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="book epub download" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="Book download - ePub" download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text"><span class="u-sticky-visually-hidden">Download</span> book EPUB</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand app-article-masthead__brand--no-border app-article-masthead__conference-link"> <a href="/book/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2" class="app-article-masthead__conference-link app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="book homepage" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="182" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-60986-2?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-60986-2?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="109" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-60986-2?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-60986-2?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title ">Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture</span> </a> <span class="app-article-masthead__conference-info"></span> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="js-main-column u-serif c-chapter-body" data-track-component="chapter"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture? </div> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2.pdf" rel="noopener" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-book-pdf="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="book pdf download" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="Book download - pdf" download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text"><span class="u-sticky-visually-hidden">Download</span> book PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="/download/epub/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2.epub" rel="noopener" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-book-epub="true" data-test="epub-link" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="book epub download" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="Book download - ePub" download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text"><span class="u-sticky-visually-hidden">Download</span> book EPUB</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <div class="app-overview-section"> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jacqueline_A_-Ashby" data-author-popup="auth-Jacqueline_A_-Ashby" data-corresp-id="c1">Jacqueline A. Ashby<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> </li></ul> <div class="app-overview-section__separator" data-test="article-metrics"> <div id="altmetric-container"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset" data-test="article-metrics"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1357 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>1 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label"> <a href="https://link.altmetric.com/details/169221345" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Visit Altmetric for full social mention details" data-track="click" data-track-action="Social mentions" data-track-label="link">Altmetric</a> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="chapter body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 id="Abs1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The chapter analyzes the evolution of participatory research in agriculture and how gender and gender analysis have been used within it. In the late twentieth century, farmer participation in agricultural research was a strategy for social justice, to share power with the rural poor and organize them as a client base. However, feminist research in the 1990s noted that participatory research often reinforced gender norms in agriculture. In the 1980s participatory research was incorporated into the international agricultural research system. In the 1990s gender mainstreaming was adopted in the international centers. However, these science bureaucracies soon divorced gender and participatory research from any political engagement. Research managers saw participatory research, and gender analysis, as ways to design better farm technology, and ease its dissemination. By 2010, participatory plant breeding was widely adopted. In the early 2010s the system again became interested in gender equality. There is now a need for participatory research to become fully gender-intentional, to empower women and farming communities. The large-scale transformation of agriculture calls for a fundamental change in how research engages with its client base, among the rural poor.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> <div class="note test-pdf-link" id="cobranding-and-download-availability-text"> <div class="c-article-access-provider" data-component="provided-by-box"> <p class="c-article-access-provider__text c-article-access-provider__text--chapter"> You have full access to this open access chapter,  <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4.pdf?pdf=inline%20link" class="c-pdf-download__link" id="js-body-chapter-download" style="display: inline; padding:0px!important;" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-track="content_download" data-track-context="article body" data-track-type="chapter PDF download" data-track-action="Pdf download" data-track-label="inline link" download>Download chapter PDF</a> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-download-pdf-icon-large"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use> </svg> </p> </div> </div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-19-6978-2?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-19-6978-2_5?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/978-981-19-6978-2_5">Challenges and Lessons Learned in Mainstreaming Gender into Rice Research and Technology Development: A Case in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10460-024-10544-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-024-10544-9">Can gender transformative agroecological interventions improve women’s autonomy? </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">08 February 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40847-023-00280-x/MediaObjects/40847_2023_280_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40847-023-00280-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s40847-023-00280-x">A needs-based approach to promoting gender equity and inclusivity: insights from participatory research with farmer-producer organisations (FPOs) </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">23 November 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732347862, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="main-content"> <h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="keywords">Keywords</h2><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Gender-intentional%20research&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Gender-intentional research</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Farmer%20participation%20in%20research&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Farmer participation in research</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=International%20agricultural%20research%20system&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">International agricultural research system</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Agricultural%20research%20and%20social%20justice&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Agricultural research and social justice</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Gender%20equality%20in%20agriculture&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Gender equality in agriculture</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Women%20and%20the%20rural%20poor&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Women and the rural poor</a></span></li></ul> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 id="Sec1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Participatory approaches to improving agriculture that involve and empower women are considered essential for progress in ameliorating food insecurity, low productivity, poor diets, and undernutrition (FAO <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="FAO (2023) The status of women in agrifood systems. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 
 https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en
 
 " href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e478">2023</a>). Globally, among the 300 million people currently estimated at high risk of acute food insecurity, a gender gap persists: 32% of women are moderately or severely food-insecure compared with 28% of men (FAO et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF, WFP (World Food Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) (2022) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. FAO, Rome" href="#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e481">2022</a>). Food insecurity is more prevalent in countries with high gender inequality (FAO, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="FAO (2018) The future of food and agriculture – alternative pathways to 2050. Rome. 224 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO" href="#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e484">2018</a>; Harris-Fry et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Harris-Fry H, Nur H, Shankar B, Zanello G, Srinivasan C, Kadiyala S (2020) The impact of gender equity in agriculture on nutritional status, diets, and household food security: a mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 5(3):e002173" href="#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e487">2020</a>). Farms managed by women are 24% less productive that those of the same size managed by men (FAO <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="FAO (2023) The status of women in agrifood systems. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 
 https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en
 
 " href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e490">2023</a>). According to FAO (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="FAO (2023) The status of women in agrifood systems. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 
 https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en
 
 " href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e494">2023</a>), removing gender inequalities in agricultural productivity and wages would increase global GDP by almost US$ 1 trillion and reduce the number of food insecure people by about 45 million. In sum, improving efficiency is a widely promoted rationale for participatory approaches that empower women and for using gender-intentional participatory research (PR) in agriculture. However, the alignment of participation and empowerment with the requirements of research institutions is criticized for diluting these concepts. Critics argue that the way participation and empowerment are operationalized, measured and implemented to fit with positivist science does not improve empowerment or gender equality (Tavenner and Crane <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Tavenner K, Crane TA (2022) Hitting the target and missing the point? On the risks of measuring women’s empowerment in agricultural development. Agric Hum Values 39:849–857" href="#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e497">2022</a>). Gender-intentional participatory approaches have been co-opted and depoliticized and so require “re-politicizing” with a renewed commitment to transformative change(Clisby and Enderstein <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Clisby S, Enderstein AM (2017) Caught between the orientalist–occidentalist polemic: gender mainstreaming as feminist transformation or neocolonial subversion? Int Fem J Polit 19(2):231–246" href="#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e500">2017</a>; De Jong and Kimm <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="De Jong S, Kimm S (2017) The co-optation of feminisms: a research agenda. Int Fem J Polit 19(2):185–200" href="#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e503">2017</a>; Acosta et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Acosta M, van Bommel S, van Wessel M, Ampaire EL, Jassogne L, Feindt PH (2019) Discursive translations of gender mainstreaming norms: the case of agricultural and climate change policies in Uganda. Women’s Stud Int Forum 74:9–19" href="#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e506">2019</a>; Jackson and Pearson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Jackson C, Pearson R (eds) (2005) Feminist visions of development: gender analysis and policy. Routledge, New York" href="#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e509">2005</a>; Cornwall <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Cornwall A (2003) Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Dev 31(8):1325–1342" href="#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e513">2003</a>; Cornwall and Rivas <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Cornwall A, Rivas AM (2015) From “gender equality” and “women’s empowerment” to global justice: reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development. Third World Q 36(2):396–415" href="#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e516">2015</a>; Njuki et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Njuki J, Kaler A, Parkins JR (2016) Conclusion: towards gender transformative agriculture and food systems: where next? In: Njuki J, Parkins JR, Kaler A (eds) Transforming gender and food security in the global south. Routledge, New York, pp 283–291" href="#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e519">2016</a>).</p><p>Gender-intentional participatory research in agriculture refers to the use of participatory research that is informed by analysis of constraints that operate differently for man and women, including gender norms and relationships and other relevant gender inequalities, with the intention of addressing them. This chapter examines what happened to participatory research in agriculture, and gender within it, to analyze the shortcomings that give rise to the call for re-politicization. The setting for this analysis is the multi-institution international agricultural research system consisting of the research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES) in over 100 countries, regional research networks, universities in all countries, non-government organizations (NGOs) and farmer organizations (FOs) and the Global Forum on Agriculture (GFAR). In 2022 their research partnerships encompassed 95% of the global area growing the 21 crops, forages, livestock and fish species that CGIAR works on (CGIAR Initiative on Market Intelligence <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="CGIAR Initiative on Market Intelligence (2024) CGIAR research initiative on market intelligence: annual technical report 2023. CGIAR System Organization, Montpellier. 
 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/141612
 
 " href="#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e525">2024</a>). The international agricultural research system is comprised primarily of public-sector research organizations (although these partner widely with the private sector) and their donors, which are national governments and international foundations.</p><p>The chapter examines the role in this story of two aspects of the depoliticization of gender-intentional participatory research in agriculture: the divorce from action and the failure to build an organized client base. De-politicization is the result of the appropriation and reinterpretation of key concepts of participation, gender and empowerment in ways that diluted their original purpose and blunted their impact. This process was not unique to agricultural research; what happened there was a microcosm of the larger processes of the incorporation of participation, gender and empowerment by influential development agencies and donors, the recent interest in citizen science and espousal of transformative approaches to development (De Jong and Kimm <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="De Jong S, Kimm S (2017) The co-optation of feminisms: a research agenda. Int Fem J Polit 19(2):185–200" href="#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e531">2017</a>; Burns et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Burns D, Howard J, Ospina S (2021) Challenges in the practices of participatory research and inquiry. In: Burns D, Howard J, Ospina S (eds) The SAGE handbook of participatory research and inquiry, 17. SAGE, London" href="#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e534">2021</a>; Batliwala <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Batliwala S (2002) Taking the power out of empowerment–an experiential account. Dev Pract 17(4–5):557–565" href="#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e537">2002</a>; Lengwiler <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Lengwiler M (2008) Participatory approaches in science and technology: historical origins and current practices in critical perspective. Sci Technol Hum Values 33(2):186–200" href="#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e540">2008</a>). The various stages of gender mainstreaming and of participatory research implementation were not always or even often, aligned with each other. An important outcome has been the divorce of participation and gender analysis from action research and from transformative approaches to empowerment. The next section reviews the institutional contact and history, followed by a discussion of the two main features of de-politicization singled out for analysis, and what these may mean for future “re-politicization.’</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Background: Institutional Context and History"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 id="Sec2" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.2 </span>Background: Institutional Context and History</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>Participation in research initially gained prominence in rural development circles in the late twentieth century as a strategy for the poor to gain social justice (Leal <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Leal PA (2010) Participation: the ascendancy of a buzzword in the neo-liberal era. In: Cornwall A, Eade D (eds) Deconstructing development discourse, buzz words and fuzz words. Oxfam, Warkwickshire, pp 89–101" href="#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e551">2010</a>; Freire <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1970" title="Freire P (1970) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Ramos MB (Trans). Continuum, New York" href="#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e554">1970</a>). From this perspective, participation in research is fundamentally a renegotiation of who has agency and whose knowledge is legitimate. In knowledge-generation, participation involves power-sharing among experts and lay people in setting a research agenda, prioritizing a problem, identifying a solution, and taking action to implement it. Participation in research was formulated as one of several steps in a political process by activists (Gramsci <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1971" title="Gramsci A (1971) In: Hoare Q, Smith GN (eds) Selections from the prison notebooks. Lawrence and Wishart, London" href="#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e557">1971</a>; Freire <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1970" title="Freire P (1970) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Ramos MB (Trans). Continuum, New York" href="#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e560">1970</a>; Fals-Borda <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Fals-Borda O (1987) The application of participatory action research in Latin America. Int Sociol 2(4):329–347" href="#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e563">1987</a>) who argued that different kinds of knowledge and ways of knowing are central to differences in power and help to propagate social injustice. In their view, participatory research should be paired with political action that empowers participants to achieve a more just society. From this political perspective, informing action to change power relations is the overriding goal of participatory research and the rationale for the term “participatory action research” (Chambers and Thrupp <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris" href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e567">1994</a>; Chambers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Chambers R (1997) Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. IT Publications, London" href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e570">1997</a>).</p><p>Feminist research has an explicitly political agenda: gender relations are deeply embedded in the agency of individuals and groups and therefore, influence the distribution and exercise of power in knowledge creation. Thus, gender relations necessarily color the nature, extent, and outcomes of participation in research. However, this perspective was not widely applied in development or agricultural research until the late 1990s when the focus of institutional gender mainstreaming shifted from integrating women into development (WID) towards one concerned with gender relations (Jackson and Pearson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Jackson C, Pearson R (eds) (2005) Feminist visions of development: gender analysis and policy. Routledge, New York" href="#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e576">2005</a>; Miller and Razavi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Miller C, Razavi S (2011) Missionaries and mandarins: feminist engagement with development institutions. In: Staab S, Razavi S (eds) Gendered dimensions of development. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva, pp 311–329" href="#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e579">2011</a>). Although feminist scholars demonstrated how gender shapes knowledge and concomitant power over resources (Rocheleau et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1996" title="Rocheleau D, Thomas-Slayter B, Wangari E (1996) Feminist political ecology: global issues and local experiences. Zed Books, New York" href="#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e582">1996</a>), feminist theory in the 1990s did not integrate its concern for social justice with participatory action research until much later (Lykes et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Lykes MB, Coquillon E (2007) Participatory action research and feminisms. In: Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 297–326" href="#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e585">2007</a>). Instead, feminist researchers pointed out how a wide array of participatory approaches reinforced gender norms that restrict rural women’s participation and empowerment (Cornwall <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Cornwall A (2003) Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Dev 31(8):1325–1342" href="#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e588">2003</a>).</p><p>Participatory research in agriculture originated in participatory action research, but acquired a different set of objectives in scientific research organizations. In agriculture, participatory research refers to an eclectic set of approaches, methods, and tools for enabling farmer-scientist interaction that began to attract scientific attention in the 1980s and now are in use, in one form or another, in a variety of public- and private-sector programs all over the globe. The number and diversity of organizations involved is vast. Participatory research has been used by organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Bank, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the European Union, and in more than 60 national programs and innumerable NGOs in projects to promote technology adoption in Europe, North and South America, Asia, including China, and throughout Africa (Tribaldos et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Tribaldos T, Oberlack C, Schneider F (2020) Impact through participatory research approaches: an archetype analysis. Ecol Soc 25. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11517-250315
 
 " href="#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e594">2020</a>; Ceccarelli and Grando <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2020) Participatory plant breeding: who did it, who does it and where? Exp Agric 56:1–11" href="#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e597">2020</a>; Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e600">2015</a>). Application of PR has involved thousands of resource-poor producers, men and women, in low-income countries who rely on traditional farming methods as well as hundreds of large-scale farmers in high income countries (Tribaldos et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Tribaldos T, Oberlack C, Schneider F (2020) Impact through participatory research approaches: an archetype analysis. Ecol Soc 25. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11517-250315
 
 " href="#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e603">2020</a>). As of 2019, participatory approaches in plant breeding had been used in 69 countries (10 developed and 59 developing) with 47 crops in international research centers, national programs, universities and NGOs (Ceccarelli and Grando <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2019) From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding. In: Farmers and plant breeding: current approaches and perspectives. Routledge, London, p 231" href="#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e606">2019</a>). Participatory research methods have been used to include poor men and women in the development of new plant varieties, innovative seed systems, sustainable intensification farming practices, soil conservation, water management, animal husbandry, food safety and crop protection and small machinery (Johnson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Johnson NL, Lilja N, Ashby JA (2003) Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research. Agric Syst 78(2):287–306" href="#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e610">2003</a>; Ceccarelli and Grando <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2020) Participatory plant breeding: who did it, who does it and where? Exp Agric 56:1–11" href="#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e613">2020</a>; Tribaldos et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Tribaldos T, Oberlack C, Schneider F (2020) Impact through participatory research approaches: an archetype analysis. Ecol Soc 25. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11517-250315
 
 " href="#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e616">2020</a>; Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e619">2009</a>; Scoones et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) (2009) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e622">2009</a>; Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e625">2015</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e629">2012</a>).</p><p>Although feminist research and participatory action research share the goal of changing prevailing power relations, the two streams of thought were not fully integrated in the 1990s when participatory research and gender mainstreaming took root in separate institutional niches in the international agricultural research system. For pioneers in participatory research who found common cause in the 1987 workshop leading to the publication of the book Farmer First (Chambers and Thrupp <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris" href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e635">1994</a>), inequality between men and women was less of a concern than reversing top-down relationships that put the rural poor, both men and women, at the bottom of hierarchies of power. They noted that the objective of giving farmers a voice in development required attention to gender (Chambers and Thrupp <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris" href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e638">1994</a>; Chambers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Chambers R (1997) Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. IT Publications, London" href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e641">1997</a>). Nonetheless, a decade later, the 1997 World Congress of Participatory Action Research did not devote space to feminist perspectives or representation to women (Fals-Borda, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1998" title="Fals Borda O (1998) People’s participation challenges ahead. Intermediate Technology Publications, London" href="#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e644">1998</a>).</p><p>Participatory research and gender were incorporated into the international agricultural research system against this backdrop, and it is useful to have an overview of the timeline. This chapter covers the period from the 1980s to 2020. In the 1980s concepts of participation and gender were novel–even radical—in the system. Throughout this period they were promoted from different institutional entry points in different research centers. The Women and Rice Farming Systems Project (1985) and the Intra-Household and FSRE Case Studies Project (1984–1994) were the first CGIAR initiatives concerned with women in agriculture. Elsewhere in 1982 a small participatory research group formed around social scientists at the International Potato Center (CIP), who published the “farmer-back-to-farmer” model (Rhoades and Booth <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1982" title="Rhoades RE, Booth RH (1982) Farmer-back-to-farmer: a model for generating acceptable agricultural technology. Agric Adm 11:127–137" href="#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e651">1982</a>). This model contained the seeds of the participatory technology evaluation approaches developed a few years later at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) that formed the backbone of support for participatory plant breeding by the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA) funded in 1996, a time when global interest in participation and empowerment as development strategies were at a height (Narayan and Petesch <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Narayan D, Petesch P (eds) (1997) Voices of the poor from many lands. World Bank, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e654">1997</a>). For its first ten years, the PRGA prioritized participatory plant breeding and participatory natural research management.</p><p>By the mid-2000s participatory research had gained institutional recognition and was cited in the 2008 World Development Report: Agriculture for Development (World Bank <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="World Bank (2007) World development report 2008: agriculture for development. The World Bank, Washington, DC. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5990
 
 " href="#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e660">2007</a>). By the end of the 2000s, participatory plant breeding continued to spread, reaching 60 NARES by the next decade (Ceccarelli and Grando <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2020) Participatory plant breeding: who did it, who does it and where? Exp Agric 56:1–11" href="#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e663">2020</a>) while in the CGIAR, participatory evaluation of varieties was adopted as a tool that most breeding programs should have in their portfolio (Walker <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Walker TS (2006) Participatory varietal selection, participatory plant breeding, and varietal change. World Bank, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e666">2006</a>). Inside and outside of agriculture, participatory approaches became a standard feature of global climate change and natural resource management.</p><p>Gender research in the international agricultural research system had a different trajectory. It divided into different initiatives with different leadership and funding, one concerned with institutional gender mainstreaming, another focused on policy-oriented social research and a third concerned with integrating gender analysis into biological, technical research to improve the gender-relevance of technology development (Poats <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1990" title="Poats S (1990) Gender issues in the CGIAR system: lessons and strategies from within. CGIAR, Rome" href="#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e672">1990</a>). Institutional gender mainstreaming took off when donor responses to the 1986 CGIAR Impact Study (Jiggins <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1986" title="Jiggins J (1986) Gender-related impacts and the work of the international agricultural research centers. CGIAR Secretariat, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e675">1986</a>) called for further, system-level attention to gender. Donors ensured that from 1991–1995 the system’s central Secretariat hosted a Gender Program that supported mainstreaming in workplace and research (CGIAR <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="CGIAR (1995) Report on the CGIAR gender program. CGIAR Secretariat Document No ICW/95/07, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e678">1995</a>). In 1996, the Secretariat closed the Gender Program: its gender research component was included in the PRGA program, while policy-oriented research on gender developed at another CGIAR Center. This consolidated a divergence in the system between policy-oriented research vs applied research concerned with systemic integration of gender into technology development. Policy-oriented research produced a rich body of influential social research publications, but it did not engage with the technical agenda of the system’s biological scientists, and applied technical gender research lagged in the face of institutional push-back until 2012 (van der Burg <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="van der Burg M (2019) “Change in the making”: 1970s and 1980s building stones to gender integration in CGIAR agricultural research. In Sachs, C.E., (ed). 2019. Gender, Agriculture and Agrarian Transformations (pp. 3-7). Routledge. 
 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427381
 
 " href="#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e681">2019</a>).</p><p>After 2006, PRGA prioritized mainstreaming gender-sensitive participatory research through training and mentoring for NARES, until it closed in 2010. A PRGA diagnostic study concluded that interest in participatory approaches was increasing but gender issues remained “ largely ignored” (Alvarez et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Alvarez S, Staiger-Rivas S, Tehelen K, García CX, Manners G, Biermayr-Jenzano P (2010) Demand analysis report: gender-responsive participatory research. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Working document no. 215" href="#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e687">2010</a>). Nonetheless, during the 2000s national gender policies propelled investment in gender mainstreaming by NARES and regional agricultural research networks. Donor interest in gender in international agricultural research reignited with the publication of FAO (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="FAO (2011) The state of food and agriculture, 2010–2011. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome" href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e690">2011</a>) and World Bank (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="World Bank (2012) World development report, 2012: gender equality. The World Bank, Washington DC" href="#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e693">2012</a>) reports on gender inequality: from 2012–2018 the CGIAR System Management Office obtained a mandate for oversight of all research plans of work and budget, including gender research, which enabled investment in applying gender to technical research in all CGIAR programs. In 2019, responsibility for gender in research moved out of the system’s central administration, this time to a Platform, GENDER, that spans the entire CGIAR, with a mandate to synthesize and amplify gender in research.</p><p>In contrast, many NGOs integrated gender-intentional participatory research with their overall empowerment objectives. They formed grassroots farmer groups to work with scientists and extensionists, supported by farmer cooperatives, networks and federations. Some were political movements such as Campesino a Campesino which currently involves two million families worldwide, and MASIPAG, a farmer-led network of over 500 grassroots groups, 60 NGOs and 15 scientific organizations working for sustainable management of diversity through farmers’ control of genetic resources, agricultural production and associated knowledge. Other NGOs promoted grassroots innovation through participatory research, such as the multi-stakeholder platforms in 19 countries affiliated with Participatory Research and Innovation for Sustainable Livelihoods (PROLINNOVA) (Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Waters-Bayer A, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L (2009) Building partnerships to promote local innovation processes. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR104" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e699">2009</a>), the Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIAL) and similar experimenting farmer groups (Ashby et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Ashby JA, Braun AR, Gracia T, Guerrero MDP, Hernández Romero LA, Quirós Torres CA, Roa Velasco JI (2000) Investing in farmers as researchers: experience with local agricultural research committees in Latin America. Cali. Colombia: CIAT" href="#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e702">2000</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e705">2012</a>; Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e708">2009</a>) in or integrated farmer-led research in local development, e.g., World Neighbors in Bolivia, Mali and Honduras. Another approach was associated with farmer field school programs, some of which included farmer-led experimentation in addition to their usual discovery-learning demonstration plots (Van den Berg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Van den Berg H, Phillips S, Dicke M, Fredrix M (2020) Impacts of farmer field schools in the human, social ,natural and financial domain :a qualitative review. Food Secur 12(6):1443–1459. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7
 
 " href="#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e711">2020</a>). Farmer-led experimentation strengthened local capacity to innovate but found little opportunity for institutional partnerships with formal research organizations (Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e715">2015</a>).</p><p>Collective action by rural people was central for NGOs that retained the goal of informing action through learning and knowledge generation. Pretty et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Pretty J, Attwood S, Bawden R, Van Den Berg H, Bharucha ZP, Dixon J, Flora CB, Gallagher K, Genskow K, Hartley SE (2020) Assessment of the growth in social groups for sustainable agriculture and land management. Glob Sustain 3:e23" href="#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e721">2020</a>) identified a wide range of social movements, networks and federations among rural people involved in collaborative efforts to support sustainable agriculture and social equity. Their analysis calculated that the number of intentionally-formed collaborative groups in 122 sustainable agriculture and environmental initiatives in 55 countries had grown from half a million in 2000 to 8.54 million in 2020, with 170–255 million group members, farming an area of about 300 million hectares. The groups’ improvements in agricultural productivity were achieved by farmers and land managers working with scientists and extensionists (Pretty et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Pretty J, Attwood S, Bawden R, Van Den Berg H, Bharucha ZP, Dixon J, Flora CB, Gallagher K, Genskow K, Hartley SE (2020) Assessment of the growth in social groups for sustainable agriculture and land management. Glob Sustain 3:e23" href="#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e724">2020</a>).</p><p>Farmer-led research in grassroots collaborative groups acquired many different forms and technical objectives, such as the farmer field schools that sought policy action, experimenting farmer groups and women’s self-help groups that prioritized agricultural experimentation (Van den Berg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Van den Berg H, Phillips S, Dicke M, Fredrix M (2020) Impacts of farmer field schools in the human, social ,natural and financial domain :a qualitative review. Food Secur 12(6):1443–1459. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7
 
 " href="#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e731">2020</a>; Brummett and Jamu <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Brummett RE, Jamu DM (2011) From researcher to farmer: partnerships in integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems in Malawi, Ghana and Cameroon. Int J Agric Sustain 9(1):282–289" href="#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e734">2011</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e737">2012</a>; Ashby et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Ashby JA, Braun AR, Gracia T, Guerrero MDP, Hernández Romero LA, Quirós Torres CA, Roa Velasco JI (2000) Investing in farmers as researchers: experience with local agricultural research committees in Latin America. Cali. Colombia: CIAT" href="#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e740">2000</a>). Their common ground was that the roles of scientists, extensionists and other technical advisors were transformed, as were the status and agency of participating farmers (Pretty et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Pretty J, Attwood S, Bawden R, Van Den Berg H, Bharucha ZP, Dixon J, Flora CB, Gallagher K, Genskow K, Hartley SE (2020) Assessment of the growth in social groups for sustainable agriculture and land management. Glob Sustain 3:e23" href="#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e743">2020</a>; Almekinders et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Almekinders CJM, Hardon J, Christinck A, Humphries S, Pelegrina D, Sthapit B, Vernooy R, Visser L, Weltzien E (2006) Bringing farmers back into breeding. Experiences with participatory plant breeding and challenges for Institutionalisation. Agromisa Special 5, Agromisa, Wageningen. pp 135" href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e747">2006</a>; Rosset and Martínez-Torres <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Rosset PM, Martínez-Torres ME (2014) Food sovereignty and agroecology in the convergence of rural social movements. In: Alternative agrifood movements: patterns of convergence and divergence. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bradford, pp 137–157" href="#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e750">2014</a>). In the grassroots institutional setting, gender-intentional participatory research subscribed to holistic models of agricultural science such as agroecology or permaculture and emphasized the validity of indigenous forms of discovery as distinct from the scientific method (Altieri <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1989" title="Altieri MA (1989) Agroecology: a new research and development paradigm for world agriculture. Agric Ecosyst Environ 27(1–4):37–46" href="#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e753">1989</a>; Richards <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1985" title="Richards P (1985) Indigenous agricultural revolution: ecology and food production in West Africa. Hutchinson Education, London" href="#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e756">1985</a>; Altieri and Toledo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Altieri MA, Toledo VM (2011) The agroecological revolution in Latin America—rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants. Peasant Stud 38:587–612" href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e759">2011</a>; Altieri and Nicholls <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Altieri MA, Nicholls CI (2017) Agroecology: a brief account of its origins and currents of thought in Latin America. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 41(3–4):231–237" href="#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e762">2017</a>). Critically, in grassroots organizations this work was aligned with a political agenda seeking food sovereignty and social justice for poor farmers, such as access to land, water and sustainable technologies. Grassroot organizations pursued disruptive and transformative innovation in the social structures underpinning social and gender inequality (Bebbington et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Bebbington A, Farrington J, Lewis DJ, Wellard K (2005) Reluctant partners? Non-governmental organizations, the state and sustainable agricultural development. Routledge, New York" href="#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e766">2005</a>; Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e769">2015</a>).</p><p>The rest of this chapter looks at two major aspects of this history.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Divorce from Action Research"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 id="Sec3" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.3 </span>Divorce from Action Research</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>Gender-intentional participatory research in agriculture evolved as adaptations by international research organizations, which define themselves as science bureaucracies. Gender-intentional participatory research influenced how these bureaucracies responded to innovation. Science bureaucracies are organized as a hierarchy of specialized roles and functions, filled by individuals who are not elected but appointed. Work is done according to an established system of rules, regulations and policies that is intended to be apolitical and impersonal, in the sense that the work performed does not require direct contact with those being served, the clients (Louis and Maertens, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Louis M, Maertens L (2021) Why international organizations hate politics: depoliticizing the world. Taylor & Francis, Milton" href="#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e783">2021</a>). Power to make decisions, authority and accountability in a bureaucracy are defined by a hierarchical chain of command and control (Blau and Meyer <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1971" title="Blau PM, Meyer MW (1971) Bureaucracy in modern society, 2nd edn. Random House, New York" href="#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e786">1971</a>).</p><p>At the same time, bureaucracies frequently have a culture that prizes flexibility in enforcing regulations, tacit knowledge, and reliance on disseminating ideas and information through informal channels. In research organizations this culture can foster innovation, but has been shown to enable the persistence of gender-blind attitudes and practices that hinder gender mainstreaming (Roth and Sonnert <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Roth WD, Sonnert G (2011) The costs and benefits of “red tape”: anti-bureaucratic structure and gender inequity in a science research organization. Soc Stud Sci 41(3):385–409" href="#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e792">2011</a>). The renegotiation of norms and re-invention of ideas in the bureaucracies’ informal culture, described by Cleaver (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Cleaver F (2017) Development through bricolage: rethinking institutions for natural resource management. Routledge, London" href="#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e795">2017</a>) as institutional bricolage, can support innovation, but can also be a form of cooptation. In science, normative practices can be concealed within apparently objective research methods. Accepted routines for making decisions and setting priorities also function as what Jasanoff terms “repositories of power” (Jasanoff <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Jasanoff S (2002) New modernities: reimagining science, technology and development. Environ Values 11(3):253–276" href="#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e798">2002</a>). In this chapter science bureaucracy refers to public-sector organizations whose primary purpose is scientific research, as distinct from other types of organization, mostly NGOs or FOs that engage in gender-intentional, farmer-led participatory research.</p><p>Agricultural science bureaucracies’ preference for biology and related disciplines fostered a reinterpretation of social concepts of participation, empowerment, and gender equality (Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e804">2009</a>). The scientific method with its focus on explanatory reduction and its standards of empirical proof were an epistemological environment in which action researchers with empowerment as a goal had little legitimacy. Their response was to amplify the efficiency rationale for participatory research and gender analysis. One justification was to lower research costs, so increasingly tight operating budgets could be stretched when farmers were responsible for all operations in the test fields (Walker <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Walker TS (2006) Participatory varietal selection, participatory plant breeding, and varietal change. World Bank, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e807">2006</a>). Participatory research is still widely understood as a means of improving the reliability of recommendations originating from on-station research (Laajaj et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Laajaj R, Macours K, Masso C, Thuita M, Vanlauwe B (2020) Reconciling yield gains in agronomic trials with returns under African smallholder conditions. Sci Rep 10:14286. 
 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y
 
 " href="#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e810">2020</a>). Another justification was the idea systematized and popularized by farmer first pioneers, that low adoption of post-green revolution technology was the result of bypassing farmers’ indigenous knowledge. Early farmer first work was heavily focused on showing that new technologies were more likely to satisfy the preferences of poor people when scientists paid attention to farmer’s advice. The need to overcome hierarchical power relations within science bureaucracies that reinforced skepticism about farmer knowledge and innovation meant that the early work of farmer first pioneers was focused on demonstrating the importance of discrepancies between scientists’ and farmers’ views of technology, so that differences between men and women’s adoption choices took second place (Chambers and Thrupp <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris" href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e813">1994</a>; Scoones and Thompson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) (2009) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e816">2009</a>).</p><p>In a similar process, the justification for concern with gender from an efficiency perspective distanced gender in agricultural research from feminist political goals and social justice for farm women. The efficiency rationale enabled practitioners to make a non-threatening case with an instrumental perspective that gender experts used to promote their case to senior management and donors (e.g., Jiggins <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1986" title="Jiggins J (1986) Gender-related impacts and the work of the international agricultural research centers. CGIAR Secretariat, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e822">1986</a>). Recognition of gender-differentiated farming practices had roots in farming systems research in the 1970s to understand the lack of fit between recommended technologies and location-specific conditions. Preoccupation with the yield-gap between on-station and on-farm performance of post-green revolution technologies provoked interest in achieving a gender balance in farming systems research that explains the early entry point gained by the Women and Rice Farming Systems program (WIRF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1991" title="WIRF (1991) From field to lab and back. Women and rice farming systems. Women and Rice Farming Systems program. 
 https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10947/5702
 
 " href="#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e825">1991</a>). Attention to gender was promoted in relation to research representativity, access by researchers to women informants’ opinions and advice, and how gender could influence farmers’ opinions (Chambers and Thrupp <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris" href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e828">1994</a>; Feldstein <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Feldstein HS (2000) Gender analysis: making women visible and improving social analysis. In: Collinson M (ed) A history of farming systems research. FAO and CABI, Rome, p 67" href="#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e831">2000</a>). Practitioners’ adoption of the efficiency rationale in science bureaucracies reflected, and was reinforced by, wide use of the same argument in international development circles (Cornwall and Brock <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Cornwall A, Brock K (2005) What do buzzwords do for development policy? A critical look at “participation”, “empowerment” and “poverty reduction”. Third World Q 26(7):1043–1060" href="#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e834">2005</a>; FAO <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="FAO (2011) The state of food and agriculture, 2010–2011. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome" href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e838">2011</a>; World Bank <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="World Bank (2012) World development report, 2012: gender equality. The World Bank, Washington DC" href="#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e841">2012</a>). The first impact assessment of CGIAR concluded that the rationale for attention to gender was to realize the full potential impact of research on output, productivity and welfare (Jiggins <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1986" title="Jiggins J (1986) Gender-related impacts and the work of the international agricultural research centers. CGIAR Secretariat, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e844">1986</a>; Herdt and Anderson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Herdt RW, Anderson JR (2019) The contribution of the CGIAR centers to world agricultural research. In: Policy for agricultural research. CRC Press, New York, pp 39–64" href="#ref-CR92" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e847">2019</a>).</p><p>Reliance on the efficiency rationale led rapidly in the mid-1990s to divorce from action research with political objectives. For gender and participation in agriculture, as in the wider development agency and donor context, this meant arguments for empowerment and transformative change dropped out of sight (Moser and Moser <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Moser C, Moser A (2005) Gender mainstreaming since Beijing: a review of success and limitations in international institutions. Gend Dev 13(2):11–22" href="#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e854">2005</a>; Moser <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Moser C (2005) Has gender mainstreaming failed? Int Fem J Polit 7(4):576590. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740500284573
 
 . 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332283
 
 " href="#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e857">2005</a>). What persisted was a mainstreaming approach that emphasized gender balance in the workplace and gender-sensitivity training for researchers, while policy-oriented research on gender developed independently of the CGIAR’s GENDER program. This was not at this time, successful in defining a clear application to technology development for gender-sensitivity or gender research, so that even sympathetic technical scientists perceived it as irrelevant to their work.</p><p>For participatory research, the divorce from action became institutionalized in the 1990s with the distinction between researcher-led and farmer-led participatory research. Participatory research in agriculture relies on combining local or indigenous knowledge of farmers with normal science conducted by agricultural scientists for the co-production of new knowledge. This approach, termed “researcher-led participatory research,” includes some kinds of citizen science: it is initiated by scientists who open up spaces for consultation and collaboration with farmers and other stakeholders who have less power in the research decisions than scientists (Lilja and Bellon <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Lilja N, Bellon M (2008) Some common questions about participatory research: a review of the literature. Dev Pract 18(4–5):479–488" href="#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e863">2008</a>; Kimura and Kinchy <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Kimura AH, Kinchy A (2016) Citizen science: probing the virtues and contexts of participatory research. Engag Sci Technol Soc 2:331–361" href="#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e866">2016</a>). A different approach is farmer-led, similar to a more egalitarian citizen-scientist alliance, in which scientists act as resource-persons and have less power than farmers who control the agenda (Lilja and Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Lilja N, Ashby JA (1999) Types of participatory research based on locus of decision making. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender, Working Document no. 6, Cali" href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e869">1999</a>; Johnson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Johnson NL, Lilja N, Ashby JA (2003) Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research. Agric Syst 78(2):287–306" href="#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e872">2003</a>; Bidwell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Bidwell D (2009) Is community-based participatory research postnormal science? Sci Technol Hum Values 34(6):741–761" href="#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e875">2009</a>).</p><p>Evidence from a variety of participatory research processes shows that who defines the agenda and problem, and who initiates the participation is a key difference among approaches, with enduring consequences for the authority and credibility of the results (Mosse <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Mosse D (2003) The making and marketing of participatory development. In: A moral critique of development. Routledge, Mirano, pp 57–89" href="#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e881">2003</a>). For example, after visiting and analyzing numerous participatory plant breeding (PPB) projects that had been running for about 10 years, Almekinders et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Almekinders CJM, Hardon J, Christinck A, Humphries S, Pelegrina D, Sthapit B, Vernooy R, Visser L, Weltzien E (2006) Bringing farmers back into breeding. Experiences with participatory plant breeding and challenges for Institutionalisation. Agromisa Special 5, Agromisa, Wageningen. pp 135" href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e884">2006</a>) concluded that there were two approaches based on the type of actor taking the lead: one approach led by plant breeding programs prioritized technical outcomes, i.e., developing improved varieties. The second approach, led mainly by NGOs and FOs, prioritized empowerment of farmers to strengthen their self-reliance, maintain genetic diversity in farmer’s fields and safeguard their ownership over their genetic resources.</p><p>By subscribing wholeheartedly to the efficiency rationale, practitioners endorsed a researcher-led approach and deprived themselves of an effective challenge to the dominant “diffusion of technology” paradigm. This paradigm, popularized in the 1950s, puts technical experts (researchers or extensionists) and farmers in a doctor-patient relationship: the experts have a duty of care to protect farmers from risk by prescribing technologies and practices validated by on-station research. When adoption rates lag, diffusion of technology defines the problem as the farmers’ behavior, attitudes and skills or the farmers’ environment, not the supply of technology nor the researchers’ responsibility.</p><p>In summary, once divorced from action research with its political empowerment objectives, the application of participation, empowerment and gender equality experienced mission-drift. Farmer-led approaches that opened up significant agency in research decisions about technology design for farm men and women, had difficulty in gaining an institutional footing compared with researcher-led approaches such as mother-baby trials that rely on the doctor-patient relationship (Ceccarelli and Grando <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2019) From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding. In: Farmers and plant breeding: current approaches and perspectives. Routledge, London, p 231" href="#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e893">2019</a>). Integration of gender struggled to find an application in technical research beyond simple sex-disaggregation and involvement of women respondents in participatory fieldwork (van der Burg <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="van der Burg M (2019) “Change in the making”: 1970s and 1980s building stones to gender integration in CGIAR agricultural research. In Sachs, C.E., (ed). 2019. Gender, Agriculture and Agrarian Transformations (pp. 3-7). Routledge. 
 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427381
 
 " href="#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e896">2019</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Divorce from an Organized Client Base"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec4-section"><h2 id="Sec4" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.4 </span>Divorce from an Organized Client Base</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec4-content"><p>Throughout the international agricultural research system, a widely accepted hierarchy of research disciplines placed biological science on a superior footing in relation to social science. Biological scientists accepted social scientists’ proposition of learning from men and women farmers to improve research efficiency. But in the 1990s, more radical implications of gender-intentional participation, were inconceivable, such as direct accountability to men and women producers, processors and consumers for delivering adoptable technology. In the absence of accountability to farmers, biological scientists could argue that influencing gender equality and empowerment was outside their scope of influence and not their responsibility.</p><p>Lack of accountability to farmers meant that from the start, the international agricultural research system had built-in a disconnect between its supply of technology and demand from the rural poor. Technology design was decided in laboratories and research stations. Technology testing on farms seldom invited opinions from farmers. Women were rarely identified as farmers. Historically weak or absent linkages between supply and demand for agricultural technologies meant that participatory research practitioners experienced a divided identity, they had both a vested interest in promoting the technology supplied by research, and also were responsible for empowering participating farmers with agency in research (Resurrección and Elmhirst <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Resurrección BP, Elmhirst R (2020) Lifting the barriers of gender integration in livestock production. In: Resurrección BP, Elmhirst R (eds) Negotiating gender expertise in environment and development. Routledge, New York, pp 171–183" href="#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e910">2020</a>; Pohl et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Pohl C, Rist S, Zimmermann A, Fry P, Gurung GS, Schneider F, Speranza CI, Kiteme B, Boillat S, Serrano E, Hadorn GH (2010) Researchers’ roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal. Sci Public Policy 37(4):267–281" href="#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e913">2010</a>; Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e916">2009</a>; Dewulf et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Dewulf A, Craps M, Bouwen R, Abril F, Zhingri M (2005) How indigenous farmers and university engineers create actionable knowledge for sustainable irrigation. Action Res 3(2):175–192" href="#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e919">2005</a>; Rist et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Rist S, Chiddambaranathan M, Escobar C, Wiesmann U (2006) “It was hard to come to mutual understanding…”—the multidimensionality of social learning processes concerned with sustainable natural resource use in India, Africa and Latin America. Syst Pract Action Res 19:219–237" href="#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e922">2006</a>; Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e926">2009</a>). Critical empirical studies of participatory action research showed that a facilitator’s vested interest in an outcome motivated participants to distort information to fit researchers’ expectations (Cooke and Kothari <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Cooke B, Kothari U (eds) (2001) Participation: the new tyranny? Zed Books, New York" href="#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e929">2001</a>; Kothari <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Kothari U (2001) Power, knowledge and social control in participatory development. In: Cooke B, Kothari U (eds) Participation: the new tyranny? Zed Books, New York" href="#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e932">2001</a>).</p><p>The gender-sensitivity of participatory methods depended vitally on the user’s awareness and understanding of gender (Cornwall <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Cornwall A (2003) Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Dev 31(8):1325–1342" href="#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e938">2003</a>; Mosse <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Mosse D (1994) Authority, gender and knowledge: theoretical reflections on the practice of participatory rural appraisal. Dev Chang 25(3):497–526" href="#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e941">1994</a>). Acceptance of the divorce from action research contributed to role conflict that occurs when an individual has to follow contradictory norms and “rules of the game.” Critics argued that authentic co-production of knowledge is not compatible with positivist research standards and researchers consequently experienced divided identity (Gaventa and Cornwall <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Gaventa J, Cornwall A (2008) Power and knowledge. In: The Sage handbook of action research. Participative inquiry and practice, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications, London, pp 172–189" href="#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e944">2008</a>; Ravetz <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Ravetz JR, Funtowicz S (2001) New forms of science. In: Smelser N, Baltes P (eds) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 13683–13687" href="#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e947">2001</a>, p. 391; Fals-Borda <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Fals-Borda O (1987) The application of participatory action research in Latin America. Int Sociol 2(4):329–347" href="#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e950">1987</a>). For many practitioners, co-existence with supply-side technology development, the diffusion of technology paradigm, and lack of accountability to farmers contradicted the principles of participatory research. Role conflict at the individual level contributed to disunity and fragmentation of perspectives at the group level: individuals attempted to resolve contradictions each in their own way by tweaking methods that emphasized to varying degrees, researcher-led or farmer-led principles and gender-aware or gender-transformative objectives.</p><p>Lack of cohesion in perspectives made cooperation more challenging for social scientists engaged in participatory research or gender analysis in agriculture. This was partly the result of their focus on innovating with methods and tools. Embracing the efficiency rationale and abandoning action research with a political purpose led to a focus on developing methods and tools instead of seeking structural change. By the 1990s there was a clear divide: tools and methods were acceptable research products to donors and science managers, whereas building an organized client base among farm people was not.</p><p>The implication for gender within participatory research was an early focus on compiling gender facilitation guides, tools and toolboxes. The notion was lost that participation requires empowerment as a foundation for gendered knowledge production (Tavenner and Crane <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Tavenner K, Crane TA (2022) Hitting the target and missing the point? On the risks of measuring women’s empowerment in agricultural development. Agric Hum Values 39:849–857" href="#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e960">2022</a>; Sumberg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Sumberg J, Thompson J, Woodhouse P (2013) Why agronomy in the developing world has become contentious. Agric Hum Values 30:71–83. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8
 
 " href="#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e963">2013</a>).</p><p>By the early 2000s, the widespread and growing perception among donors as well as researchers that concerns for participation, gender and empowerment belonged in NGOs and not in scientific research, contributed to the fragmentation of approaches. From early days, lack of cohesion around an agreed set of standards for what constituted scientific application of participatory research and gender analysis to technology design and delivery diluted intellectual leadership for gender-intentional participatory research. Lack of an agreed set of consistent standards enabled mission-drift that was hard to detect or to correct. This enabled managers’ indiscriminate use of “participatory” and “gender-sensitive” in research proposals to donors, who contributed to the lack of cohesion by rewarding the gratuitous use of rhetoric with funding. Dilution of leadership and fragmentation of effort made replication difficult and undermined scaling up of a coherent approach for working with biological scientists. Impactful gender research that scaled out, such as development of WEIA, was independent conceptually and financially of technology development in the system.</p><p>Adaptation to bureaucratic norms and culture produced an approach to participation, gender equality and empowerment divorced from action research, lacking accountability to client farmers, without agreed standards or methods, and hampered by dilution of leadership and institutional fragmentation. All of the above contributed to the inability of researchers outside the NGO sector to institutionalize a client base among poor farmers with effective channels for expressing demand. Since the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of short-term, transitory farmer meetings and groups were convened solely for research purposes. These congregations are different from the 8.5 million groups intentionally-formed for long-term collective action, learning or land care documented by Pretty et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Pretty J, Attwood S, Bawden R, Van Den Berg H, Bharucha ZP, Dixon J, Flora CB, Gallagher K, Genskow K, Hartley SE (2020) Assessment of the growth in social groups for sustainable agriculture and land management. Glob Sustain 3:e23" href="#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e972">2020</a>). Although impact studies conducted in the early 2000s concluded that participatory research could provide a basis for building collective farmer organization at national levels (Eade and Friis-Hansen <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Eade D, Friis-Hansen E (2008) Impact assessment of farmer institutional development and agricultural change: Soroti district, Uganda. 
 https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/76152/Friis-Hansen.pdf?sequence=1
 
 " href="#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e975">2008</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e978">2012</a>) donors and biological scientists demarcated building farmer organizations as a job for NGOs, not for researchers.</p><p>The importance of building the client base of PR to deliver benefits to poor men and women farmers is illustrated by the example of sorghum PPB in Burkina Faso from 2002–2020 (Vom Brocke et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Vom Brocke K, Kondombo CP, Guillet M, Kaboré R, Sidibé A, Temple L, Trouche G (2020) Impact of participatory sorghum breeding in Burkina Faso. Agric Syst 180:102775" href="#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e984">2020</a>). A thorough impact study concluded that the program had increased famers income and food security as well as strengthened skills, social capital and organizational strength in farmer seed Unions (Christinck et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Christinck A, Diarra M, Hornber G (2014) Innovations in seed systems: lessons from the CCRP funded project “sustaining farmer-managed seed initiatives in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso”. The McKnight Foundation, Minneapolis. 
 https://www.ccrp.org
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e987">2014</a>; Vom Brocke et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Vom Brocke K, Kondombo CP, Guillet M, Kaboré R, Sidibé A, Temple L, Trouche G (2020) Impact of participatory sorghum breeding in Burkina Faso. Agric Syst 180:102775" href="#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e990">2020</a>; Rattunde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Rattunde F, Weltzien E, Sidibé M, Diallo A, Diallo B, Vom Brocke K, Nebié B, Touré A, Traoré Y, Sidibé A, Diallo C (2021) Transforming a traditional commons-based seed system through collaborative networks of farmer seed-cooperatives and public breeding programs: the case of sorghum in Mali. Agric Hum Values 38(2):561–578" href="#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e993">2021</a>). Starting in the 1990s, sorghum breeders embraced paradigm change, discovering that women farmers were reluctant to grow the existing improved varieties which were unsuited to low soil fertility, especially common on plots of poor women. Breeders not only went back to the drawing board to make new crosses, they also began PR that strengthened the professionalization of farmer seed unions, especially encouraging women’s membership, ensuring effective delivery of PPB varieties to the client base and creating a grassroots farmer lobby that succeeded in influencing national seed policy. This outcome was enabled by the breeders’ immersion in a stakeholder-driven process with relationships built from farm to policy levels throughout the value chain at national and regional scales. Their commitment to organizing farmers was supported by a donor invested in building the grassroots organization required for empowering participation (Christinck et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Christinck A, Diarra M, Hornber G (2014) Innovations in seed systems: lessons from the CCRP funded project “sustaining farmer-managed seed initiatives in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso”. The McKnight Foundation, Minneapolis. 
 https://www.ccrp.org
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e996">2014</a>).</p><p>However, most frontline researchers were discouraged from building the client base for PR, because few science bureaucracies and their donors saw this as an appropriate outcome for scientific research. Even though politically influential farmer organizations and NGOs gained a foothold in policy-making bodies, such as GFAR, this could not remedy the lack of investment in building a grassroots client base with a strong voice in setting research priorities. Research providers throughout the international research system continued to sidestep accountability to farmers. The absence of accountability is convenient for research providers, but antithetical to the idea that participation should be empowering, giving voice as well as the authority to sanction (Sen <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1988" title="Sen A (1988) The concept of development. In: Handbook of development economics, Volume 1. Elsevier, pp 9–26" href="#ref-CR95" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1002">1988</a>).</p><p>Weak linkages to demand from an organized client-base of farmers allowed science bureaucracies to defuse the power reversals inherent in giving farmers agency and power through participation in research decisions. This was reflected in the slow recognition of empowerment as an outcome for which research could accept responsibility. As early as the 1970s, social inclusion and gender equity were important in farming systems research, based on the argument that poor farmers in marginal, low-resource farming environments were not benefitting from green revolution and later innovations (Sumberg and Okali <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Sumberg J, Okali C (1997) Farmers’ experiments: creating local knowledge. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder" href="#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1008">1997</a>). In the late 1980s, gradients of empowerment were distinguished to differentiate the extent to which farmers could participate in research decisions. Method and tool development were tied to conceptual distinctions between empowering versus non-empowering participation (Pretty <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Pretty JN (1995) Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World Dev 23(8):1247–1263" href="#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1011">1995</a>; Biggs <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1989" title="Biggs SD (1989) Resource-poor farmer participation in research: a synthesis of experiences from nine national agricultural research systems. OFCOR Series (Comparative Study)" href="#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1014">1989</a>).</p><p>The inclusion of women was integrated into these approaches and methods drawing on the then current women-in-development perspective (Lilja and Ashby <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Lilja N, Ashby JA (1999) Types of participatory research based on locus of decision making. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender, Working Document no. 6, Cali" href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1021">1999</a>). Even though empowerment of farm women as decisionmakers was put forward as a research impact by gender researchers, this kind of impact did not gain a foothold in evaluation, and empowering farmers was deemed a by-product of research (Walker <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Walker TS (2006) Participatory varietal selection, participatory plant breeding, and varietal change. World Bank, Washington, DC" href="#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1024">2006</a>; Paris <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Paris TR, Singh A, Cueno AD, Singh VN (2008) Assessing the impact of participatory research in rice breeding on women farmers: a case study in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. India. Exp Agric 44. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479707005923
 
 " href="#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1027">2008</a>). Although gender equity and empowerment objectives were widely advocated in development circles, especially after publication of the World Development Report on Gender Equality (World Bank <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="World Bank (2012) World development report, 2012: gender equality. The World Bank, Washington DC" href="#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1030">2012</a>), in agricultural science bureaucracies empowerment of women did not gain credibility as a desirable research outcome until the 2020s. Even then, the main preoccupation was inclusion that covered all the social categories (e.g., age, sex, poverty, ethnicity). Inclusive participation with a gender perspective was expanded to include entire value chains. The emphasis on inclusion caused many biological scientists to view concerns with gender and with participation as the same thing, and to perceive both as ways of conducting market research (Tarjem et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Tarjem IA, Westengen OT, Wisborg P, Glaab K (2022) “Whose demand?” The co-construction of markets, demand and gender in development-oriented crop breeding. Agric Hum Values 40:83–100. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y
 
 " href="#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1033">2022</a>).</p><p>The goal of empowering farmers fueled efforts by NGOs to organize farmer-led research groups. These groups commonly set their own research agenda, had some control over their own research funds and were linked in innovation networks, such as the Honey Bee network in India, PROLINNOVA networks in Ethiopia, the CIAL national network in Honduras, Colombia and elsewhere in Latin America (Abrol and Gupta <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Abrol D, Gupta A (2014) Understanding the diffusion modes of grassroots innovations in India: a study of Honey Bee Network supported innovators. Afr J Sci Technol Innov Dev 6:541–552. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.976974
 
 " href="#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1039">2014</a>; Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1042">2015</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1045">2012</a>; Ashby et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Ashby JA, Braun AR, Gracia T, Guerrero MDP, Hernández Romero LA, Quirós Torres CA, Roa Velasco JI (2000) Investing in farmers as researchers: experience with local agricultural research committees in Latin America. Cali. Colombia: CIAT" href="#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1048">2000</a>; Almekinders et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Almekinders CJM, Hardon J, Christinck A, Humphries S, Pelegrina D, Sthapit B, Vernooy R, Visser L, Weltzien E (2006) Bringing farmers back into breeding. Experiences with participatory plant breeding and challenges for Institutionalisation. Agromisa Special 5, Agromisa, Wageningen. pp 135" href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1051">2006</a>; Rosario <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Rosario BP (2009) Fostering farmer–scientist research collaboration: the role of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1055">2009</a>; Moreira and Mulvany, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Moreira M, Mulvany P (2009) Farmers’ movements and the struggle for food sovereignty in Latin America. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London" href="#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1058">2009</a>; Almekinders and Elings <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Almekinders CJM, Elings A (2001) Collaboration of farmers and breeders: participatory crop improvement in perspective. Euphytica 122:425–438" href="#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1061">2001</a>). Gender inequalities tended to emerge as an issue in farmer-led research when the facilitators included women in farmer-led research groups and made sure women’s opinions were heard and responded to. Over time, many such farmer-led networks took up the empowerment of women as an explicit objective and developed leadership by women that had important benefits (Waters-Bayer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7" href="#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1064">2015</a>; Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1067">2012</a>; Almekinders et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Almekinders CJM, Hardon J, Christinck A, Humphries S, Pelegrina D, Sthapit B, Vernooy R, Visser L, Weltzien E (2006) Bringing farmers back into breeding. Experiences with participatory plant breeding and challenges for Institutionalisation. Agromisa Special 5, Agromisa, Wageningen. pp 135" href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1070">2006</a>). There were valuable complementarities between farmer-led research and networks of self-help groups, including the thousands of women’s self-help groups formed by micro-finance (de Boef et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="de Boef WS, Singh S, Trivedi P, Yadav KS, Mohanan PS, Kumar S, Yadavendra JP, Isaacs K (2021) Unleashing the social capital of self-help groups for strengthening seed systems in Uttar Pradesh, India. Glob Food Secur 29:100522. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522
 
 " href="#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1074">2021</a>). In Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, women’s self-help groups took part in varietal evaluations, seed production and delivery (Isaacs et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Isaacs K, Weltzien E, Some H, Diallo A, Diallo B, Sidibé M, Vom Brocke K, Samake B, Nebié B, Rattunde FW (2024) Increasing sorghum yields for smallholder farmers in Mali: the evolution towards a context-driven, on-farm, gender-responsive sorghum breeding program. Front Sustain Food Syst 8:1334385" href="#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1077">2024</a>; de Boef et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="de Boef WS, Singh S, Trivedi P, Yadav KS, Mohanan PS, Kumar S, Yadavendra JP, Isaacs K (2021) Unleashing the social capital of self-help groups for strengthening seed systems in Uttar Pradesh, India. Glob Food Secur 29:100522. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522
 
 " href="#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1080">2021</a>; Christinck et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Christinck A, Diarra M, Hornber G (2014) Innovations in seed systems: lessons from the CCRP funded project “sustaining farmer-managed seed initiatives in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso”. The McKnight Foundation, Minneapolis. 
 https://www.ccrp.org
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1083">2014</a>; Rattunde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Rattunde F, Weltzien E, Sidibé M, Diallo A, Diallo B, Vom Brocke K, Nebié B, Touré A, Traoré Y, Sidibé A, Diallo C (2021) Transforming a traditional commons-based seed system through collaborative networks of farmer seed-cooperatives and public breeding programs: the case of sorghum in Mali. Agric Hum Values 38(2):561–578" href="#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1086">2021</a>; Benitez Fernández et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Benítez Fernández B, Nelson E, Crespo Morales A, Ortiz Pérez R, Acosta Roca R, Cárdenas Travieso RM (2023) Transforming food systems: a gendered perspective on local agricultural innovation in Cuba. Front Sociol 8:1256379" href="#ref-CR102" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1089">2023</a>). Empowerment, especially of women, gained significance in the research process, but protagonists of farmer-led research were unable to convince science bureaucracies that empowering poor rural producers was a precondition for authentic feedback to research.</p><p>Empowerment had a different trajectory where farmers were better educated, wealthier and better organized. For example, in Europe, North America, the United Kingdom, Brazil and India where large-scale programs were established with funding for farmer-led, participatory research and support for networks promoting farmer-to-farmer innovation. In the USA, the USDA supported farmer-led experimentation nationwide that was widely influential in developing conservation agriculture, with the Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education program (SARE) started in 1988 (Gliessman and Rosemeyer <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Gliessman SR, Rosemeyer M (2009) The conversion to sustainable agriculture: principles, processes, and practices. CRC Press, Boca Raton" href="#ref-CR103" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1095">2009</a>). In the European Union, national and regional networks supporting farmer-led research for several decades, have had both influential political lobbies and a role in innovation for sustainable farming. The agroecology networks supported by the Latin American Consortium on Agroecology and Sustainable Development (CLADES), an NGO, had viable links to grassroots organizations within active political movements.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 id="Sec5" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.5 </span>Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><p>The requirements and culture of positivist science in formal research organizations led to the appropriation and reinterpretation of key concepts of participation, gender and empowerment in ways that diluted their original purpose and changed their impact. Influential development agencies and donors also appropriated these concepts. Participatory research and gender mainstreaming were rationalized in international agricultural research bureaucracies by their potential for improving research efficiency, for reaching more farmers and increasing technology adoption. For the most part, from 1980 to 2020, gender-intentional participatory research fulfilled this promise. However, this was achieved at a price: a divorce from action research and a failure to build an organized client base that could both communicate demand for new technology and hold research providers accountable to farmers. Weak linkages to demand from an organized client-base of farmers enabled science bureaucracies to defuse the power reversals that could occur through transformative change in gender relations, and if men and women farmers had gained agency through participation in research.</p><p>Transformative approaches often require intensive, local support. When supported by effective second and third tier collective organization, such as achieved by women’s sorghum groups in Mali (Rattunde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Rattunde F, Weltzien E, Sidibé M, Diallo A, Diallo B, Vom Brocke K, Nebié B, Touré A, Traoré Y, Sidibé A, Diallo C (2021) Transforming a traditional commons-based seed system through collaborative networks of farmer seed-cooperatives and public breeding programs: the case of sorghum in Mali. Agric Hum Values 38(2):561–578" href="#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1109">2021</a>) rice-wheat groups in India (Isaacs et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Isaacs K, Weltzien E, Some H, Diallo A, Diallo B, Sidibé M, Vom Brocke K, Samake B, Nebié B, Rattunde FW (2024) Increasing sorghum yields for smallholder farmers in Mali: the evolution towards a context-driven, on-farm, gender-responsive sorghum breeding program. Front Sustain Food Syst 8:1334385" href="#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1112">2024</a>), bean farmers in Honduras (Humphries et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095" href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1115">2012</a>) and farmer field schools (Van den Berg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Van den Berg H, Phillips S, Dicke M, Fredrix M (2020) Impacts of farmer field schools in the human, social ,natural and financial domain :a qualitative review. Food Secur 12(6):1443–1459. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7
 
 " href="#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1118">2020</a>), these have scaled out to reach thousands of farmers. The trajectory of empowerment was different in NGOs committed to action research and collective action, from solid organizations where farmers were already able to exert effective demand on research. Perhaps science-led, gender-intentional participatory research faces a trade-off between transformative impacts and scale, but difficulty in scaling up is less an inherent constraint than the result of poor linkages to second and third tier collective organization of their client base.</p><p>This reflection on past experience suggests that transformative gender-intentional participatory research in agriculture requires a recommitment to the original action research concept of participatory research. This will require an inclusive approach that goes beyond simple sex dichotomies, to renew principles of respecting farmers’ knowledge, strengthening farmer-led experimentation and reversing the power balance in scientist-farmer relationships. Action research is an extensive field, well-established as a policy instrument in the health and education sectors, with a wealth of experience to draw on (Bradbury <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Bradbury H (2015) The Sage handbook of action research. Sage, Los Angeles" href="#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1124">2015</a>; Somekh and Noffke <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Somekh B, Noffke SE (2009) The SAGE handbook of educational action research. Sage, London" href="#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d20997232e1127">2009</a>). But action-research alone will not be enough.</p><p>Science bureaucracies must also be proactive partners with farmer organizations, women’s collectives and supporting NGOs in transformative efforts to overcome structural causes of inequality and poverty. This means investment in the co-production of technology involving stakeholders of many types, finding ways to blend mainstream science with local knowledge and to mobilize large-scale citizen science. This will require a more sophisticated understanding of client demand for innovation than is presently used. Outcomes of co-produced research in agriculture should include enhancing rural men’s and women’s own capacity for innovation. Empowerment should take on a broader meaning, beyond individual farmers’ social relations in their households, communities, and value chains to include having voice and agency in technical innovation. To achieve this, gender-intentional participatory research aiming for large-scale transformative impact on agriculture requires a fundamental change of approach to engagement with its client base among the rural poor.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextChapterBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 id="Bib1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR99">Abrol D, Gupta A (2014) Understanding the diffusion modes of grassroots innovations in India: a study of Honey Bee Network supported innovators. Afr J Sci Technol Innov Dev 6:541–552. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.976974" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/20421338.2014.976974">https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.976974</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR99-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/20421338.2014.976974" data-track-item_id="10.1080/20421338.2014.976974" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20421338.2014.976974" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1080/20421338.2014.976974">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Understanding%20the%20diffusion%20modes%20of%20grassroots%20innovations%20in%20India%3A%20a%20study%20of%20Honey%20Bee%20Network%20supported%20innovators&journal=Afr%20J%20Sci%20Technol%20Innov%20Dev&doi=10.1080%2F20421338.2014.976974&volume=6&pages=541-552&publication_year=2014&author=Abrol%2CD&author=Gupta%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Acosta M, van Bommel S, van Wessel M, Ampaire EL, Jassogne L, Feindt PH (2019) Discursive translations of gender mainstreaming norms: the case of agricultural and climate change policies in Uganda. Women’s Stud Int Forum 74:9–19</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR1-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wsif.2019.02.010" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.wsif.2019.02.010" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2019.02.010" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1016/j.wsif.2019.02.010">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Discursive%20translations%20of%20gender%20mainstreaming%20norms%3A%20the%20case%20of%20agricultural%20and%20climate%20change%20policies%20in%20Uganda&journal=Women%E2%80%99s%20Stud%20Int%20Forum&volume=74&pages=9-19&publication_year=2019&author=Acosta%2CM&author=Bommel%2CS&author=Wessel%2CM&author=Ampaire%2CEL&author=Jassogne%2CL&author=Feindt%2CPH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Almekinders CJM, Elings A (2001) Collaboration of farmers and breeders: participatory crop improvement in perspective. Euphytica 122:425–438</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR2-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1023/A:1017968717875" data-track-item_id="10.1023/A:1017968717875" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1017968717875" aria-label="Article reference 3" data-doi="10.1023/A:1017968717875">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Collaboration%20of%20farmers%20and%20breeders%3A%20participatory%20crop%20improvement%20in%20perspective&journal=Euphytica&volume=122&pages=425-438&publication_year=2001&author=Almekinders%2CCJM&author=Elings%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Almekinders CJM, Hardon J, Christinck A, Humphries S, Pelegrina D, Sthapit B, Vernooy R, Visser L, Weltzien E (2006) Bringing farmers back into breeding. Experiences with participatory plant breeding and challenges for Institutionalisation. Agromisa Special 5, Agromisa, Wageningen. pp 135</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR3-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Almekinders%20CJM%2C%20Hardon%20J%2C%20Christinck%20A%2C%20Humphries%20S%2C%20Pelegrina%20D%2C%20Sthapit%20B%2C%20Vernooy%20R%2C%20Visser%20L%2C%20Weltzien%20E%20%282006%29%20Bringing%20farmers%20back%20into%20breeding.%20Experiences%20with%20participatory%20plant%20breeding%20and%20challenges%20for%20Institutionalisation.%20Agromisa%20Special%205%2C%20Agromisa%2C%20Wageningen.%20pp%20135"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Altieri MA (1989) Agroecology: a new research and development paradigm for world agriculture. Agric Ecosyst Environ 27(1–4):37–46</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR4-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0167-8809(89)90070-4" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0167-8809(89)90070-4" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-8809%2889%2990070-4" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1016/0167-8809(89)90070-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Agroecology%3A%20a%20new%20research%20and%20development%20paradigm%20for%20world%20agriculture&journal=Agric%20Ecosyst%20Environ&volume=27&issue=1%E2%80%934&pages=37-46&publication_year=1989&author=Altieri%2CMA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Altieri MA, Nicholls CI (2017) Agroecology: a brief account of its origins and currents of thought in Latin America. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 41(3–4):231–237</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR5-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/21683565.2017.1287147" data-track-item_id="10.1080/21683565.2017.1287147" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21683565.2017.1287147" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1080/21683565.2017.1287147">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Agroecology%3A%20a%20brief%20account%20of%20its%20origins%20and%20currents%20of%20thought%20in%20Latin%20America&journal=Agroecol%20Sustain%20Food%20Syst&volume=41&issue=3%E2%80%934&pages=231-237&publication_year=2017&author=Altieri%2CMA&author=Nicholls%2CCI"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Altieri MA, Toledo VM (2011) The agroecological revolution in Latin America—rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants. Peasant Stud 38:587–612</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR6-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/03066150.2011.582947" data-track-item_id="10.1080/03066150.2011.582947" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03066150.2011.582947" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1080/03066150.2011.582947">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20agroecological%20revolution%20in%20Latin%20America%E2%80%94rescuing%20nature%2C%20ensuring%20food%20sovereignty%20and%20empowering%20peasants&journal=Peasant%20Stud&volume=38&pages=587-612&publication_year=2011&author=Altieri%2CMA&author=Toledo%2CVM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Alvarez S, Staiger-Rivas S, Tehelen K, García CX, Manners G, Biermayr-Jenzano P (2010) Demand analysis report: gender-responsive participatory research. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Working document no. 215</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR7-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Alvarez%20S%2C%20Staiger-Rivas%20S%2C%20Tehelen%20K%2C%20Garc%C3%ADa%20CX%2C%20Manners%20G%2C%20Biermayr-Jenzano%20P%20%282010%29%20Demand%20analysis%20report%3A%20gender-responsive%20participatory%20research.%20Centro%20Internacional%20de%20Agricultura%20Tropical%20%28CIAT%29%2C%20Cali%2C%20Working%20document%20no.%20215"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Ashby J (2009) Fostering farmer first methodological innovation: organizational learning and change in international agricultural research. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR8-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Ashby%20J%20%282009%29%20Fostering%20farmer%20first%20methodological%20innovation%3A%20organizational%20learning%20and%20change%20in%20international%20agricultural%20research.%20In%3A%20Scoones%20I%2C%20Thompson%20J%20%28eds%29%20Farmer%20first%20revisited%3A%20innovation%20for%20agricultural%20research%20and%20development.%20Practical%20Action%20Publication%2C%20London"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Ashby JA, Braun AR, Gracia T, Guerrero MDP, Hernández Romero LA, Quirós Torres CA, Roa Velasco JI (2000) Investing in farmers as researchers: experience with local agricultural research committees in Latin America. Cali. Colombia: CIAT</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR9-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Ashby%20JA%2C%20Braun%20AR%2C%20Gracia%20T%2C%20Guerrero%20MDP%2C%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20Romero%20LA%2C%20Quir%C3%B3s%20Torres%20CA%2C%20Roa%20Velasco%20JI%20%282000%29%20Investing%20in%20farmers%20as%20researchers%3A%20experience%20with%20local%20agricultural%20research%20committees%20in%20Latin%20America.%20Cali.%20Colombia%3A%20CIAT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Batliwala S (2002) Taking the power out of empowerment–an experiential account. Dev Pract 17(4–5):557–565</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR10-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Batliwala%20S%20%282002%29%20Taking%20the%20power%20out%20of%20empowerment%E2%80%93an%20experiential%20account.%20Dev%20Pract%2017%284%E2%80%935%29%3A557%E2%80%93565"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Bebbington A, Farrington J, Lewis DJ, Wellard K (2005) Reluctant partners? Non-governmental organizations, the state and sustainable agricultural development. Routledge, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR11-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9780203973851" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9780203973851" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203973851" aria-label="Book reference 12" data-doi="10.4324/9780203973851">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reluctant%20partners%3F%20Non-governmental%20organizations%2C%20the%20state%20and%20sustainable%20agricultural%20development&publication_year=2005&author=Bebbington%2CA&author=Farrington%2CJ&author=Lewis%2CDJ&author=Wellard%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR102">Benítez Fernández B, Nelson E, Crespo Morales A, Ortiz Pérez R, Acosta Roca R, Cárdenas Travieso RM (2023) Transforming food systems: a gendered perspective on local agricultural innovation in Cuba. Front Sociol 8:1256379</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR102-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3389/fsoc.2023.1256379" data-track-item_id="10.3389/fsoc.2023.1256379" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsoc.2023.1256379" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.3389/fsoc.2023.1256379">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed reference" data-track-value="PubMed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=37868090" aria-label="PubMed reference 13">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed Central reference" data-track-value="PubMed Central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10588689" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 13">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Transforming%20food%20systems%3A%20a%20gendered%20perspective%20on%20local%20agricultural%20innovation%20in%20Cuba&journal=Front%20Sociol&volume=8&publication_year=2023&author=Ben%C3%ADtez%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%2CB&author=Nelson%2CE&author=Crespo%20Morales%2CA&author=Ortiz%20P%C3%A9rez%2CR&author=Acosta%20Roca%2CR&author=C%C3%A1rdenas%20Travieso%2CRM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Bidwell D (2009) Is community-based participatory research postnormal science? Sci Technol Hum Values 34(6):741–761</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR12-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/0162243909340262" data-track-item_id="10.1177/0162243909340262" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0162243909340262" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1177/0162243909340262">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Is%20community-based%20participatory%20research%20postnormal%20science%3F&journal=Sci%20Technol%20Hum%20Values&volume=34&issue=6&pages=741-761&publication_year=2009&author=Bidwell%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR97">Biggs SD (1989) Resource-poor farmer participation in research: a synthesis of experiences from nine national agricultural research systems. OFCOR Series (Comparative Study)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR97-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Biggs%20SD%20%281989%29%20Resource-poor%20farmer%20participation%20in%20research%3A%20a%20synthesis%20of%20experiences%20from%20nine%20national%20agricultural%20research%20systems.%20OFCOR%20Series%20%28Comparative%20Study%29"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Blau PM, Meyer MW (1971) Bureaucracy in modern society, 2nd edn. Random House, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR13-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bureaucracy%20in%20modern%20society&publication_year=1971&author=Blau%2CPM&author=Meyer%2CMW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Bradbury H (2015) The Sage handbook of action research. Sage, Los Angeles</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR14-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4135/9781473921290" data-track-item_id="10.4135/9781473921290" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781473921290" aria-label="Book reference 17" data-doi="10.4135/9781473921290">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Sage%20handbook%20of%20action%20research&publication_year=2015&author=Bradbury%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Brummett RE, Jamu DM (2011) From researcher to farmer: partnerships in integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems in Malawi, Ghana and Cameroon. Int J Agric Sustain 9(1):282–289</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR15-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3763/ijas.2010.0570" data-track-item_id="10.3763/ijas.2010.0570" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3763%2Fijas.2010.0570" aria-label="Article reference 18" data-doi="10.3763/ijas.2010.0570">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=From%20researcher%20to%20farmer%3A%20partnerships%20in%20integrated%20aquaculture%E2%80%93agriculture%20systems%20in%20Malawi%2C%20Ghana%20and%20Cameroon&journal=Int%20J%20Agric%20Sustain&volume=9&issue=1&pages=282-289&publication_year=2011&author=Brummett%2CRE&author=Jamu%2CDM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Burns D, Howard J, Ospina S (2021) Challenges in the practices of participatory research and inquiry. In: Burns D, Howard J, Ospina S (eds) The SAGE handbook of participatory research and inquiry, 17. SAGE, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR16-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4135/9781529769432" data-track-item_id="10.4135/9781529769432" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781529769432" aria-label="Chapter reference 19" data-doi="10.4135/9781529769432">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Challenges%20in%20the%20practices%20of%20participatory%20research%20and%20inquiry&publication_year=2021&author=Burns%2CD&author=Howard%2CJ&author=Ospina%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2019) From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding. In: Farmers and plant breeding: current approaches and perspectives. Routledge, London, p 231</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR17-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9780429507335-15" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9780429507335-15" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429507335-15" aria-label="Chapter reference 20" data-doi="10.4324/9780429507335-15">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=From%20participatory%20to%20evolutionary%20plant%20breeding&publication_year=2019&author=Ceccarelli%2CS&author=Grando%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR84">Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2020) Participatory plant breeding: who did it, who does it and where? Exp Agric 56:1–11</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR84-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1017/S0014479719000127" data-track-item_id="10.1017/S0014479719000127" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0014479719000127" aria-label="Article reference 21" data-doi="10.1017/S0014479719000127">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participatory%20plant%20breeding%3A%20who%20did%20it%2C%20who%20does%20it%20and%20where%3F&journal=Exp%20Agric&volume=56&pages=1-11&publication_year=2020&author=Ceccarelli%2CS&author=Grando%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">CGIAR (1995) Report on the CGIAR gender program. CGIAR Secretariat Document No ICW/95/07, Washington, DC</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR18-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=CGIAR%20%281995%29%20Report%20on%20the%20CGIAR%20gender%20program.%20CGIAR%20Secretariat%20Document%20No%20ICW%2F95%2F07%2C%20Washington%2C%20DC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR81">CGIAR Initiative on Market Intelligence (2024) CGIAR research initiative on market intelligence: annual technical report 2023. CGIAR System Organization, Montpellier. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10568/141612" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://hdl.handle.net/10568/141612">https://hdl.handle.net/10568/141612</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR81-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=CGIAR%20research%20initiative%20on%20market%20intelligence%3A%20annual%20technical%20report%202023&publication_year=2024"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Chambers R (1997) Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. IT Publications, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR19-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3362/9781780440453" data-track-item_id="10.3362/9781780440453" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3362%2F9781780440453" aria-label="Book reference 24" data-doi="10.3362/9781780440453">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Whose%20reality%20counts%3F%20Putting%20the%20first%20last&publication_year=1997&author=Chambers%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Chambers R, Thrupp LA (1994) Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Karthala Editions, Paris</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR20-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Chambers%20R%2C%20Thrupp%20LA%20%281994%29%20Farmer%20first%3A%20farmer%20innovation%20and%20agricultural%20research.%20Karthala%20Editions%2C%20Paris"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Christinck A, Diarra M, Hornber G (2014) Innovations in seed systems: lessons from the CCRP funded project “sustaining farmer-managed seed initiatives in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso”. The McKnight Foundation, Minneapolis. <a href="https://www.ccrp.org" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.ccrp.org">https://www.ccrp.org</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR21-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Innovations%20in%20seed%20systems%3A%20lessons%20from%20the%20CCRP%20funded%20project%20%E2%80%9Csustaining%20farmer-managed%20seed%20initiatives%20in%20Mali%2C%20Niger%2C%20and%20Burkina%20Faso%E2%80%9D&publication_year=2014&author=Christinck%2CA&author=Diarra%2CM&author=Hornber%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Clisby S, Enderstein AM (2017) Caught between the orientalist–occidentalist polemic: gender mainstreaming as feminist transformation or neocolonial subversion? Int Fem J Polit 19(2):231–246</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR22-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/14616742.2016.1258262" data-track-item_id="10.1080/14616742.2016.1258262" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2016.1258262" aria-label="Article reference 27" data-doi="10.1080/14616742.2016.1258262">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 27" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Caught%20between%20the%20orientalist%E2%80%93occidentalist%20polemic%3A%20gender%20mainstreaming%20as%20feminist%20transformation%20or%20neocolonial%20subversion%3F&journal=Int%20Fem%20J%20Polit&volume=19&issue=2&pages=231-246&publication_year=2017&author=Clisby%2CS&author=Enderstein%2CAM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Cooke B, Kothari U (eds) (2001) Participation: the new tyranny? Zed Books, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR23-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participation%3A%20the%20new%20tyranny%3F&publication_year=2001"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Cornwall A (2003) Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Dev 31(8):1325–1342</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR24-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00086-X" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00086-X" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2803%2900086-X" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00086-X">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Whose%20voices%3F%20Whose%20choices%3F%20Reflections%20on%20gender%20and%20participatory%20development&journal=World%20Dev&volume=31&issue=8&pages=1325-1342&publication_year=2003&author=Cornwall%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Cornwall A, Brock K (2005) What do buzzwords do for development policy? A critical look at “participation”, “empowerment” and “poverty reduction”. Third World Q 26(7):1043–1060</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR25-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/01436590500235603" data-track-item_id="10.1080/01436590500235603" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590500235603" aria-label="Article reference 30" data-doi="10.1080/01436590500235603">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=What%20do%20buzzwords%20do%20for%20development%20policy%3F%20A%20critical%20look%20at%20%E2%80%9Cparticipation%E2%80%9D%2C%20%E2%80%9Cempowerment%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cpoverty%20reduction%E2%80%9D&journal=Third%20World%20Q&volume=26&issue=7&pages=1043-1060&publication_year=2005&author=Cornwall%2CA&author=Brock%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Cornwall A, Rivas AM (2015) From “gender equality” and “women’s empowerment” to global justice: reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development. Third World Q 36(2):396–415</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR26-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341" data-track-item_id="10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2015.1013341" aria-label="Article reference 31" data-doi="10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=From%20%E2%80%9Cgender%20equality%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cwomen%E2%80%99s%20empowerment%E2%80%9D%20to%20global%20justice%3A%20reclaiming%20a%20transformative%20agenda%20for%20gender%20and%20development&journal=Third%20World%20Q&volume=36&issue=2&pages=396-415&publication_year=2015&author=Cornwall%2CA&author=Rivas%2CAM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR90">Cleaver F (2017) Development through bricolage: rethinking institutions for natural resource management. Routledge, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR90-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9781315094915" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9781315094915" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315094915" aria-label="Book reference 32" data-doi="10.4324/9781315094915">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Development%20through%20bricolage%3A%20rethinking%20institutions%20for%20natural%20resource%20management&publication_year=2017&author=Cleaver%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR100">de Boef WS, Singh S, Trivedi P, Yadav KS, Mohanan PS, Kumar S, Yadavendra JP, Isaacs K (2021) Unleashing the social capital of self-help groups for strengthening seed systems in Uttar Pradesh, India. Glob Food Secur 29:100522. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR100-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gfs.2021.100522" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100522">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Unleashing%20the%20social%20capital%20of%20self-help%20groups%20for%20strengthening%20seed%20systems%20in%20Uttar%20Pradesh%2C%20India&journal=Glob%20Food%20Secur&doi=10.1016%2Fj.gfs.2021.100522&volume=29&publication_year=2021&author=Boef%2CWS&author=Singh%2CS&author=Trivedi%2CP&author=Yadav%2CKS&author=Mohanan%2CPS&author=Kumar%2CS&author=Yadavendra%2CJP&author=Isaacs%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">De Jong S, Kimm S (2017) The co-optation of feminisms: a research agenda. Int Fem J Polit 19(2):185–200</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR27-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/14616742.2017.1299582" data-track-item_id="10.1080/14616742.2017.1299582" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2017.1299582" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1080/14616742.2017.1299582">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20co-optation%20of%20feminisms%3A%20a%20research%20agenda&journal=Int%20Fem%20J%20Polit&volume=19&issue=2&pages=185-200&publication_year=2017&author=Jong%2CS&author=Kimm%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Dewulf A, Craps M, Bouwen R, Abril F, Zhingri M (2005) How indigenous farmers and university engineers create actionable knowledge for sustainable irrigation. Action Res 3(2):175–192</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR28-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/1476750305052141" data-track-item_id="10.1177/1476750305052141" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476750305052141" aria-label="Article reference 35" data-doi="10.1177/1476750305052141">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=How%20indigenous%20farmers%20and%20university%20engineers%20create%20actionable%20knowledge%20for%20sustainable%20irrigation&journal=Action%20Res&volume=3&issue=2&pages=175-192&publication_year=2005&author=Dewulf%2CA&author=Craps%2CM&author=Bouwen%2CR&author=Abril%2CF&author=Zhingri%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Eade D, Friis-Hansen E (2008) Impact assessment of farmer institutional development and agricultural change: Soroti district, Uganda. <a href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/76152/Friis-Hansen.pdf?sequence=1" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/76152/Friis-Hansen.pdf?sequence=1">https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/76152/Friis-Hansen.pdf?sequence=1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Fals-Borda O (1987) The application of participatory action research in Latin America. Int Sociol 2(4):329–347</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR30-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/026858098700200401" data-track-item_id="10.1177/026858098700200401" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026858098700200401" aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1177/026858098700200401">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20application%20of%20participatory%20action%20research%20in%20Latin%20America&journal=Int%20Sociol&volume=2&issue=4&pages=329-347&publication_year=1987&author=Fals-Borda%2CO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR86">Fals Borda O (1998) People’s participation challenges ahead. Intermediate Technology Publications, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR86-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3362/9781780442969" data-track-item_id="10.3362/9781780442969" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3362%2F9781780442969" aria-label="Book reference 38" data-doi="10.3362/9781780442969">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=People%E2%80%99s%20participation%20challenges%20ahead&publication_year=1998&author=Fals%20Borda%2CO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR79">FAO (2018) The future of food and agriculture – alternative pathways to 2050. Rome. 224 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR79-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=FAO%20%282018%29%20The%20future%20of%20food%20and%20agriculture%20%E2%80%93%20alternative%20pathways%20to%202050.%20Rome.%20224%20pp.%20Licence%3A%20CC%20BY-NC-SA%203.0%20IGO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">FAO (2011) The state of food and agriculture, 2010–2011. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR31-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20state%20of%20food%20and%20agriculture%2C%202010%E2%80%932011&publication_year=2011"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">FAO (2023) The status of women in agrifood systems. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.4060/cc5343en">https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR32-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4060/cc5343en" data-track-item_id="10.4060/cc5343en" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcc5343en" aria-label="Book reference 41" data-doi="10.4060/cc5343en">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20status%20of%20women%20in%20agrifood%20systems&publication_year=2023"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF, WFP (World Food Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) (2022) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. FAO, Rome</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR33-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20state%20of%20food%20security%20and%20nutrition%20in%20the%20world%202022.%20Repurposing%20food%20and%20agricultural%20policies%20to%20make%20healthy%20diets%20more%20affordable&publication_year=2022"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Feldstein HS (2000) Gender analysis: making women visible and improving social analysis. In: Collinson M (ed) A history of farming systems research. FAO and CABI, Rome, p 67</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR34-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender%20analysis%3A%20making%20women%20visible%20and%20improving%20social%20analysis&publication_year=2000&author=Feldstein%2CHS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Freire P (1970) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Ramos MB (Trans). Continuum, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR35-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Freire%20P%20%281970%29%20Pedagogy%20of%20the%20oppressed.%20Ramos%20MB%20%28Trans%29.%20Continuum%2C%20New%20York"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Gaventa J, Cornwall A (2008) Power and knowledge. In: The Sage handbook of action research. Participative inquiry and practice, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications, London, pp 172–189</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR37-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4135/9781848607934.n17" data-track-item_id="10.4135/9781848607934.n17" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781848607934.n17" aria-label="Chapter reference 45" data-doi="10.4135/9781848607934.n17">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Power%20and%20knowledge&pages=172-189&publication_year=2008&author=Gaventa%2CJ&author=Cornwall%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Gramsci A (1971) In: Hoare Q, Smith GN (eds) Selections from the prison notebooks. Lawrence and Wishart, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR38-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Selections%20from%20the%20prison%20notebooks&publication_year=1971&author=Gramsci%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR103">Gliessman SR, Rosemeyer M (2009) The conversion to sustainable agriculture: principles, processes, and practices. CRC Press, Boca Raton</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR103-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1201/9781420003598" data-track-item_id="10.1201/9781420003598" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420003598" aria-label="Book reference 47" data-doi="10.1201/9781420003598">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20conversion%20to%20sustainable%20agriculture%3A%20principles%2C%20processes%2C%20and%20practices&publication_year=2009&author=Gliessman%2CSR&author=Rosemeyer%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR80">Harris-Fry H, Nur H, Shankar B, Zanello G, Srinivasan C, Kadiyala S (2020) The impact of gender equity in agriculture on nutritional status, diets, and household food security: a mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 5(3):e002173</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR80-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002173" data-track-item_id="10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002173" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2019-002173" aria-label="Article reference 48" data-doi="10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002173">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed reference" data-track-value="PubMed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32337083" aria-label="PubMed reference 48">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed Central reference" data-track-value="PubMed Central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170429" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 48">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20impact%20of%20gender%20equity%20in%20agriculture%20on%20nutritional%20status%2C%20diets%2C%20and%20household%20food%20security%3A%20a%20mixed-methods%20systematic%20review&journal=BMJ%20Glob%20Health&volume=5&issue=3&publication_year=2020&author=Harris-Fry%2CH&author=Nur%2CH&author=Shankar%2CB&author=Zanello%2CG&author=Srinivasan%2CC&author=Kadiyala%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR92">Herdt RW, Anderson JR (2019) The contribution of the CGIAR centers to world agricultural research. In: Policy for agricultural research. CRC Press, New York, pp 39–64</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR92-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1201/9780429301940-3" data-track-item_id="10.1201/9780429301940-3" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429301940-3" aria-label="Chapter reference 49" data-doi="10.1201/9780429301940-3">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20contribution%20of%20the%20CGIAR%20centers%20to%20world%20agricultural%20research&pages=39-64&publication_year=2019&author=Herdt%2CRW&author=Anderson%2CJR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Humphries S, Classen L, Jiménez J, Sierra F, Gallardo O, Gómez M (2012) Opening cracks for the transgression of social boundaries: an evaluation of the gender impacts of farmer research teams in Honduras. World Dev 40(10):2078–2095</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR39-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.008" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.008" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2012.05.008" aria-label="Article reference 50" data-doi="10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.008">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Opening%20cracks%20for%20the%20transgression%20of%20social%20boundaries%3A%20an%20evaluation%20of%20the%20gender%20impacts%20of%20farmer%20research%20teams%20in%20Honduras&journal=World%20Dev&volume=40&issue=10&pages=2078-2095&publication_year=2012&author=Humphries%2CS&author=Classen%2CL&author=Jim%C3%A9nez%2CJ&author=Sierra%2CF&author=Gallardo%2CO&author=G%C3%B3mez%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR101">Isaacs K, Weltzien E, Some H, Diallo A, Diallo B, Sidibé M, Vom Brocke K, Samake B, Nebié B, Rattunde FW (2024) Increasing sorghum yields for smallholder farmers in Mali: the evolution towards a context-driven, on-farm, gender-responsive sorghum breeding program. Front Sustain Food Syst 8:1334385</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR101-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3389/fsufs.2024.1334385" data-track-item_id="10.3389/fsufs.2024.1334385" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsufs.2024.1334385" aria-label="Article reference 51" data-doi="10.3389/fsufs.2024.1334385">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 51" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Increasing%20sorghum%20yields%20for%20smallholder%20farmers%20in%20Mali%3A%20the%20evolution%20towards%20a%20context-driven%2C%20on-farm%2C%20gender-responsive%20sorghum%20breeding%20program&journal=Front%20Sustain%20Food%20Syst&volume=8&publication_year=2024&author=Isaacs%2CK&author=Weltzien%2CE&author=Some%2CH&author=Diallo%2CA&author=Diallo%2CB&author=Sidib%C3%A9%2CM&author=Vom%20Brocke%2CK&author=Samake%2CB&author=Nebi%C3%A9%2CB&author=Rattunde%2CFW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Jackson C, Pearson R (eds) (2005) Feminist visions of development: gender analysis and policy. Routledge, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR40-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Feminist%20visions%20of%20development%3A%20gender%20analysis%20and%20policy&publication_year=2005"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Jasanoff S (2002) New modernities: reimagining science, technology and development. Environ Values 11(3):253–276</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR41-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3197/096327102129341082" data-track-item_id="10.3197/096327102129341082" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327102129341082" aria-label="Article reference 53" data-doi="10.3197/096327102129341082">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=New%20modernities%3A%20reimagining%20science%2C%20technology%20and%20development&journal=Environ%20Values&volume=11&issue=3&pages=253-276&publication_year=2002&author=Jasanoff%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Jiggins J (1986) Gender-related impacts and the work of the international agricultural research centers. CGIAR Secretariat, Washington, DC</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR42-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender-related%20impacts%20and%20the%20work%20of%20the%20international%20agricultural%20research%20centers&publication_year=1986&author=Jiggins%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Johnson NL, Lilja N, Ashby JA (2003) Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research. Agric Syst 78(2):287–306</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR43-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00130-6" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00130-6" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0308-521X%2803%2900130-6" aria-label="Article reference 55" data-doi="10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00130-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measuring%20the%20impact%20of%20user%20participation%20in%20agricultural%20and%20natural%20resource%20management%20research&journal=Agric%20Syst&volume=78&issue=2&pages=287-306&publication_year=2003&author=Johnson%2CNL&author=Lilja%2CN&author=Ashby%2CJA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Kimura AH, Kinchy A (2016) Citizen science: probing the virtues and contexts of participatory research. Engag Sci Technol Soc 2:331–361</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR44-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Citizen%20science%3A%20probing%20the%20virtues%20and%20contexts%20of%20participatory%20research&journal=Engag%20Sci%20Technol%20Soc&volume=2&pages=331-361&publication_year=2016&author=Kimura%2CAH&author=Kinchy%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Kothari U (2001) Power, knowledge and social control in participatory development. In: Cooke B, Kothari U (eds) Participation: the new tyranny? Zed Books, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR45-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Power%2C%20knowledge%20and%20social%20control%20in%20participatory%20development&publication_year=2001&author=Kothari%2CU"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR91">Laajaj R, Macours K, Masso C, Thuita M, Vanlauwe B (2020) Reconciling yield gains in agronomic trials with returns under African smallholder conditions. Sci Rep 10:14286. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR91-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71155-y" aria-label="Article reference 58" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-020-71155-y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="CAS reference" data-track-value="CAS reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslClu7fJ" aria-label="CAS reference 58">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed reference" data-track-value="PubMed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32868856" aria-label="PubMed reference 58">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed Central reference" data-track-value="PubMed Central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459313" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 58">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reconciling%20yield%20gains%20in%20agronomic%20trials%20with%20returns%20under%20African%20smallholder%20conditions&journal=Sci%20Rep&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71155-y&volume=10&publication_year=2020&author=Laajaj%2CR&author=Macours%2CK&author=Masso%2CC&author=Thuita%2CM&author=Vanlauwe%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR89">Louis M, Maertens L (2021) Why international organizations hate politics: depoliticizing the world. Taylor & Francis, Milton</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR89-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9780429466984" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9780429466984" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429466984" aria-label="Book reference 59" data-doi="10.4324/9780429466984">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Why%20international%20organizations%20hate%20politics%3A%20depoliticizing%20the%20world&publication_year=2021&author=Louis%2CM&author=Maertens%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Leal PA (2010) Participation: the ascendancy of a buzzword in the neo-liberal era. In: Cornwall A, Eade D (eds) Deconstructing development discourse, buzz words and fuzz words. Oxfam, Warkwickshire, pp 89–101</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR46-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3362/9781780440095.008" data-track-item_id="10.3362/9781780440095.008" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3362%2F9781780440095.008" aria-label="Chapter reference 60" data-doi="10.3362/9781780440095.008">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 60" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participation%3A%20the%20ascendancy%20of%20a%20buzzword%20in%20the%20neo-liberal%20era&pages=89-101&publication_year=2010&author=Leal%2CPA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Lengwiler M (2008) Participatory approaches in science and technology: historical origins and current practices in critical perspective. Sci Technol Hum Values 33(2):186–200</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR47-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/0162243907311262" data-track-item_id="10.1177/0162243907311262" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0162243907311262" aria-label="Article reference 61" data-doi="10.1177/0162243907311262">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 61" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participatory%20approaches%20in%20science%20and%20technology%3A%20historical%20origins%20and%20current%20practices%20in%20critical%20perspective&journal=Sci%20Technol%20Hum%20Values&volume=33&issue=2&pages=186-200&publication_year=2008&author=Lengwiler%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Lilja N, Ashby JA (1999) Types of participatory research based on locus of decision making. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender, Working Document no. 6, Cali</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR48-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Lilja%20N%2C%20Ashby%20JA%20%281999%29%20Types%20of%20participatory%20research%20based%20on%20locus%20of%20decision%20making.%20CGIAR%20Systemwide%20Program%20on%20Participatory%20Research%20and%20Gender%2C%20Working%20Document%20no.%206%2C%20Cali"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Lilja N, Bellon M (2008) Some common questions about participatory research: a review of the literature. Dev Pract 18(4–5):479–488</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR49-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/09614520802181210" data-track-item_id="10.1080/09614520802181210" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09614520802181210" aria-label="Article reference 63" data-doi="10.1080/09614520802181210">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 63" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Some%20common%20questions%20about%20participatory%20research%3A%20a%20review%20of%20the%20literature&journal=Dev%20Pract&volume=18&issue=4%E2%80%935&pages=479-488&publication_year=2008&author=Lilja%2CN&author=Bellon%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR82">Lykes MB, Coquillon E (2007) Participatory action research and feminisms. In: Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 297–326</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR82-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 64" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participatory%20action%20research%20and%20feminisms&pages=297-326&publication_year=2007&author=Lykes%2CMB&author=Coquillon%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Miller C, Razavi S (2011) Missionaries and mandarins: feminist engagement with development institutions. In: Staab S, Razavi S (eds) Gendered dimensions of development. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva, pp 311–329</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR50-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 65" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Missionaries%20and%20mandarins%3A%20feminist%20engagement%20with%20development%20institutions&pages=311-329&publication_year=2011&author=Miller%2CC&author=Razavi%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Moser C (2005) Has gender mainstreaming failed? Int Fem J Polit 7(4):576590. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740500284573" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/14616740500284573">https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740500284573</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332283" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/13552070512331332283">https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332283</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR51-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/14616740500284573" data-track-item_id="10.1080/14616740500284573" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616740500284573" aria-label="Article reference 66" data-doi="10.1080/14616740500284573">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 66" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Has%20gender%20mainstreaming%20failed%3F&journal=Int%20Fem%20J%20Polit&doi=10.1080%2F14616740500284573&volume=7&issue=4&publication_year=2005&author=Moser%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Moser C, Moser A (2005) Gender mainstreaming since Beijing: a review of success and limitations in international institutions. Gend Dev 13(2):11–22</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR52-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/13552070512331332283" data-track-item_id="10.1080/13552070512331332283" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13552070512331332283" aria-label="Article reference 67" data-doi="10.1080/13552070512331332283">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 67" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender%20mainstreaming%20since%20Beijing%3A%20a%20review%20of%20success%20and%20limitations%20in%20international%20institutions&journal=Gend%20Dev&volume=13&issue=2&pages=11-22&publication_year=2005&author=Moser%2CC&author=Moser%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Mosse D (1994) Authority, gender and knowledge: theoretical reflections on the practice of participatory rural appraisal. Dev Chang 25(3):497–526</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR53-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00524.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00524.x" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.1994.tb00524.x" aria-label="Article reference 68" data-doi="10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00524.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 68" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Authority%2C%20gender%20and%20knowledge%3A%20theoretical%20reflections%20on%20the%20practice%20of%20participatory%20rural%20appraisal&journal=Dev%20Chang&volume=25&issue=3&pages=497-526&publication_year=1994&author=Mosse%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR93">Mosse D (2003) The making and marketing of participatory development. In: A moral critique of development. Routledge, Mirano, pp 57–89</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR93-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 69" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20making%20and%20marketing%20of%20participatory%20development&pages=57-89&publication_year=2003&author=Mosse%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR106">Moreira M, Mulvany P (2009) Farmers’ movements and the struggle for food sovereignty in Latin America. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR106-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 70" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Farmers%E2%80%99%20movements%20and%20the%20struggle%20for%20food%20sovereignty%20in%20Latin%20America&publication_year=2009&author=Moreira%2CM&author=Mulvany%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Narayan D, Petesch P (eds) (1997) Voices of the poor from many lands. World Bank, Washington, DC</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR54-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 71" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Voices%20of%20the%20poor%20from%20many%20lands&publication_year=1997"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Njuki J, Kaler A, Parkins JR (2016) Conclusion: towards gender transformative agriculture and food systems: where next? In: Njuki J, Parkins JR, Kaler A (eds) Transforming gender and food security in the global south. Routledge, New York, pp 283–291</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR55-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9781315564111" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9781315564111" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315564111" aria-label="Chapter reference 72" data-doi="10.4324/9781315564111">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 72" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Conclusion%3A%20towards%20gender%20transformative%20agriculture%20and%20food%20systems%3A%20where%20next%3F&pages=283-291&publication_year=2016&author=Njuki%2CJ&author=Kaler%2CA&author=Parkins%2CJR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR98">Paris TR, Singh A, Cueno AD, Singh VN (2008) Assessing the impact of participatory research in rice breeding on women farmers: a case study in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. India. Exp Agric 44. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479707005923" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1017/S0014479707005923">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479707005923</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Poats S (1990) Gender issues in the CGIAR system: lessons and strategies from within. CGIAR, Rome</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR56-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 74" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender%20issues%20in%20the%20CGIAR%20system%3A%20lessons%20and%20strategies%20from%20within&publication_year=1990&author=Poats%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Pohl C, Rist S, Zimmermann A, Fry P, Gurung GS, Schneider F, Speranza CI, Kiteme B, Boillat S, Serrano E, Hadorn GH (2010) Researchers’ roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal. Sci Public Policy 37(4):267–281</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR57-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3152/030234210X496628" data-track-item_id="10.3152/030234210X496628" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3152%2F030234210X496628" aria-label="Article reference 75" data-doi="10.3152/030234210X496628">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 75" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Researchers%E2%80%99%20roles%20in%20knowledge%20co-production%3A%20experience%20from%20sustainability%20research%20in%20Kenya%2C%20Switzerland%2C%20Bolivia%20and%20Nepal&journal=Sci%20Public%20Policy&volume=37&issue=4&pages=267-281&publication_year=2010&author=Pohl%2CC&author=Rist%2CS&author=Zimmermann%2CA&author=Fry%2CP&author=Gurung%2CGS&author=Schneider%2CF&author=Speranza%2CCI&author=Kiteme%2CB&author=Boillat%2CS&author=Serrano%2CE&author=Hadorn%2CGH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR96">Pretty JN (1995) Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World Dev 23(8):1247–1263</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR96-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-750X%2895%2900046-F" aria-label="Article reference 76" data-doi="10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 76" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participatory%20learning%20for%20sustainable%20agriculture&journal=World%20Dev&volume=23&issue=8&pages=1247-1263&publication_year=1995&author=Pretty%2CJN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR87">Pretty J, Attwood S, Bawden R, Van Den Berg H, Bharucha ZP, Dixon J, Flora CB, Gallagher K, Genskow K, Hartley SE (2020) Assessment of the growth in social groups for sustainable agriculture and land management. Glob Sustain 3:e23</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR87-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1017/sus.2020.19" data-track-item_id="10.1017/sus.2020.19" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fsus.2020.19" aria-label="Article reference 77" data-doi="10.1017/sus.2020.19">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 77" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessment%20of%20the%20growth%20in%20social%20groups%20for%20sustainable%20agriculture%20and%20land%20management&journal=Glob%20Sustain&volume=3&publication_year=2020&author=Pretty%2CJ&author=Attwood%2CS&author=Bawden%2CR&author=Berg%2CH&author=Bharucha%2CZP&author=Dixon%2CJ&author=Flora%2CCB&author=Gallagher%2CK&author=Genskow%2CK&author=Hartley%2CSE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR94">Ravetz JR, Funtowicz S (2001) New forms of science. In: Smelser N, Baltes P (eds) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 13683–13687</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR94-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03191-0" data-track-item_id="10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03191-0" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F03191-0" aria-label="Chapter reference 78" data-doi="10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03191-0">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 78" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=New%20forms%20of%20science&pages=13683-13687&publication_year=2001&author=Ravetz%2CJR&author=Funtowicz%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Rattunde F, Weltzien E, Sidibé M, Diallo A, Diallo B, Vom Brocke K, Nebié B, Touré A, Traoré Y, Sidibé A, Diallo C (2021) Transforming a traditional commons-based seed system through collaborative networks of farmer seed-cooperatives and public breeding programs: the case of sorghum in Mali. Agric Hum Values 38(2):561–578</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR58-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-020-10170-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10460-020-10170-1" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10460-020-10170-1" aria-label="Article reference 79" data-doi="10.1007/s10460-020-10170-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 79" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Transforming%20a%20traditional%20commons-based%20seed%20system%20through%20collaborative%20networks%20of%20farmer%20seed-cooperatives%20and%20public%20breeding%20programs%3A%20the%20case%20of%20sorghum%20in%20Mali&journal=Agric%20Hum%20Values&volume=38&issue=2&pages=561-578&publication_year=2021&author=Rattunde%2CF&author=Weltzien%2CE&author=Sidib%C3%A9%2CM&author=Diallo%2CA&author=Diallo%2CB&author=Vom%20Brocke%2CK&author=Nebi%C3%A9%2CB&author=Tour%C3%A9%2CA&author=Traor%C3%A9%2CY&author=Sidib%C3%A9%2CA&author=Diallo%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Resurrección BP, Elmhirst R (2020) Lifting the barriers of gender integration in livestock production. In: Resurrección BP, Elmhirst R (eds) Negotiating gender expertise in environment and development. Routledge, New York, pp 171–183</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR59-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.4324/9781351175180-14" data-track-item_id="10.4324/9781351175180-14" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351175180-14" aria-label="Chapter reference 80" data-doi="10.4324/9781351175180-14">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 80" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Lifting%20the%20barriers%20of%20gender%20integration%20in%20livestock%20production&pages=171-183&publication_year=2020&author=Resurrecci%C3%B3n%2CBP&author=Elmhirst%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">Rhoades RE, Booth RH (1982) Farmer-back-to-farmer: a model for generating acceptable agricultural technology. Agric Adm 11:127–137</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR60-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 81" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Farmer-back-to-farmer%3A%20a%20model%20for%20generating%20acceptable%20agricultural%20technology&journal=Agric%20Adm&volume=11&pages=127-137&publication_year=1982&author=Rhoades%2CRE&author=Booth%2CRH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Richards P (1985) Indigenous agricultural revolution: ecology and food production in West Africa. Hutchinson Education, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR61-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 82" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Indigenous%20agricultural%20revolution%3A%20ecology%20and%20food%20production%20in%20West%20Africa&publication_year=1985&author=Richards%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Rist S, Chiddambaranathan M, Escobar C, Wiesmann U (2006) “It was hard to come to mutual understanding…”—the multidimensionality of social learning processes concerned with sustainable natural resource use in India, Africa and Latin America. Syst Pract Action Res 19:219–237</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR62-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s11213-006-9014-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s11213-006-9014-8" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11213-006-9014-8" aria-label="Article reference 83" data-doi="10.1007/s11213-006-9014-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 83" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=%E2%80%9CIt%20was%20hard%20to%20come%20to%20mutual%20understanding%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94the%20multidimensionality%20of%20social%20learning%20processes%20concerned%20with%20sustainable%20natural%20resource%20use%20in%20India%2C%20Africa%20and%20Latin%20America&journal=Syst%20Pract%20Action%20Res&volume=19&pages=219-237&publication_year=2006&author=Rist%2CS&author=Chiddambaranathan%2CM&author=Escobar%2CC&author=Wiesmann%2CU"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Rocheleau D, Thomas-Slayter B, Wangari E (1996) Feminist political ecology: global issues and local experiences. Zed Books, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR63-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 84" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Feminist%20political%20ecology%3A%20global%20issues%20and%20local%20experiences&publication_year=1996&author=Rocheleau%2CD&author=Thomas-Slayter%2CB&author=Wangari%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Roth WD, Sonnert G (2011) The costs and benefits of “red tape”: anti-bureaucratic structure and gender inequity in a science research organization. Soc Stud Sci 41(3):385–409</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR64-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/0306312710391494" data-track-item_id="10.1177/0306312710391494" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306312710391494" aria-label="Article reference 85" data-doi="10.1177/0306312710391494">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-action="PubMed reference" data-track-value="PubMed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21879527" aria-label="PubMed reference 85">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 85" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20%E2%80%9Cred%20tape%E2%80%9D%3A%20anti-bureaucratic%20structure%20and%20gender%20inequity%20in%20a%20science%20research%20organization&journal=Soc%20Stud%20Sci&volume=41&issue=3&pages=385-409&publication_year=2011&author=Roth%2CWD&author=Sonnert%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR88">Rosset PM, Martínez-Torres ME (2014) Food sovereignty and agroecology in the convergence of rural social movements. In: Alternative agrifood movements: patterns of convergence and divergence. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bradford, pp 137–157</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR88-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1108/S1057-192220140000021001" data-track-item_id="10.1108/S1057-192220140000021001" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS1057-192220140000021001" aria-label="Chapter reference 86" data-doi="10.1108/S1057-192220140000021001">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 86" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Food%20sovereignty%20and%20agroecology%20in%20the%20convergence%20of%20rural%20social%20movements&pages=137-157&publication_year=2014&author=Rosset%2CPM&author=Mart%C3%ADnez-Torres%2CME"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR105">Rosario BP (2009) Fostering farmer–scientist research collaboration: the role of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR105-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 87" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fostering%20farmer%E2%80%93scientist%20research%20collaboration%3A%20the%20role%20of%20the%20International%20Federation%20of%20Agricultural%20Producers&publication_year=2009&author=Rosario%2CBP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR107">Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) (2009) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR107-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 88" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Farmer%20first%20revisited%3A%20innovation%20for%20agricultural%20research%20and%20development&publication_year=2009"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR95">Sen A (1988) The concept of development. In: Handbook of development economics, Volume 1. Elsevier, pp 9–26</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR95-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01004-6" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01004-6" data-track-action="Chapter reference" data-track-value="Chapter reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1573-4471%2888%2901004-6" aria-label="Chapter reference 89" data-doi="10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01004-6">Chapter</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 89" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20concept%20of%20development&pages=9-26&publication_year=1988&author=Sen%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65">Somekh B, Noffke SE (2009) The SAGE handbook of educational action research. Sage, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR65-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 90" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20SAGE%20handbook%20of%20educational%20action%20research&publication_year=2009&author=Somekh%2CB&author=Noffke%2CSE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Sumberg J, Okali C (1997) Farmers’ experiments: creating local knowledge. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR66-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1515/9781685858094" data-track-item_id="10.1515/9781685858094" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781685858094" aria-label="Book reference 91" data-doi="10.1515/9781685858094">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 91" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Farmers%E2%80%99%20experiments%3A%20creating%20local%20knowledge&publication_year=1997&author=Sumberg%2CJ&author=Okali%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Sumberg J, Thompson J, Woodhouse P (2013) Why agronomy in the developing world has become contentious. Agric Hum Values 30:71–83. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR67-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8" aria-label="Article reference 92" data-doi="10.1007/s10460-012-9376-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 92" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Why%20agronomy%20in%20the%20developing%20world%20has%20become%20contentious&journal=Agric%20Hum%20Values&doi=10.1007%2Fs10460-012-9376-8&volume=30&pages=71-83&publication_year=2013&author=Sumberg%2CJ&author=Thompson%2CJ&author=Woodhouse%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Tarjem IA, Westengen OT, Wisborg P, Glaab K (2022) “Whose demand?” The co-construction of markets, demand and gender in development-oriented crop breeding. Agric Hum Values 40:83–100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR68-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y" aria-label="Article reference 93" data-doi="10.1007/s10460-022-10337-y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 93" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=%E2%80%9CWhose%20demand%3F%E2%80%9D%20The%20co-construction%20of%20markets%2C%20demand%20and%20gender%20in%20development-oriented%20crop%20breeding&journal=Agric%20Hum%20Values&doi=10.1007%2Fs10460-022-10337-y&volume=40&pages=83-100&publication_year=2022&author=Tarjem%2CIA&author=Westengen%2COT&author=Wisborg%2CP&author=Glaab%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Tavenner K, Crane TA (2022) Hitting the target and missing the point? On the risks of measuring women’s empowerment in agricultural development. Agric Hum Values 39:849–857</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR69-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10460-021-10290-2" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10460-021-10290-2" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10460-021-10290-2" aria-label="Article reference 94" data-doi="10.1007/s10460-021-10290-2">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 94" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hitting%20the%20target%20and%20missing%20the%20point%3F%20On%20the%20risks%20of%20measuring%20women%E2%80%99s%20empowerment%20in%20agricultural%20development&journal=Agric%20Hum%20Values&volume=39&pages=849-857&publication_year=2022&author=Tavenner%2CK&author=Crane%2CTA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR83">Tribaldos T, Oberlack C, Schneider F (2020) Impact through participatory research approaches: an archetype analysis. Ecol Soc 25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11517-250315" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.5751/ES-11517-250315">https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11517-250315</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70">Van den Berg H, Phillips S, Dicke M, Fredrix M (2020) Impacts of farmer field schools in the human, social ,natural and financial domain :a qualitative review. Food Secur 12(6):1443–1459. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR70-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7" aria-label="Article reference 96" data-doi="10.1007/s12571-020-01046-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 96" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impacts%20of%20farmer%20field%20schools%20in%20the%20human%2C%20social%20%2Cnatural%20and%20financial%20domain%20%3Aa%20qualitative%20review&journal=Food%20Secur&doi=10.1007%2Fs12571-020-01046-7&volume=12&issue=6&pages=1443-1459&publication_year=2020&author=Berg%2CH&author=Phillips%2CS&author=Dicke%2CM&author=Fredrix%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR71">van der Burg M (2019) “Change in the making”: 1970s and 1980s building stones to gender integration in CGIAR agricultural research. In Sachs, C.E., (ed). 2019. Gender, Agriculture and Agrarian Transformations (pp. 3-7). Routledge. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427381" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427381">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427381</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR72">Vom Brocke K, Kondombo CP, Guillet M, Kaboré R, Sidibé A, Temple L, Trouche G (2020) Impact of participatory sorghum breeding in Burkina Faso. Agric Syst 180:102775</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR72-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102775" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102775" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agsy.2019.102775" aria-label="Article reference 98" data-doi="10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102775">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 98" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impact%20of%20participatory%20sorghum%20breeding%20in%20Burkina%20Faso&journal=Agric%20Syst&volume=180&publication_year=2020&author=Vom%20Brocke%2CK&author=Kondombo%2CCP&author=Guillet%2CM&author=Kabor%C3%A9%2CR&author=Sidib%C3%A9%2CA&author=Temple%2CL&author=Trouche%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR73">Walker TS (2006) Participatory varietal selection, participatory plant breeding, and varietal change. World Bank, Washington, DC</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR73-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 99" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Participatory%20varietal%20selection%2C%20participatory%20plant%20breeding%2C%20and%20varietal%20change&publication_year=2006&author=Walker%2CTS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR104">Waters-Bayer A, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L (2009) Building partnerships to promote local innovation processes. In: Scoones I, Thompson J (eds) Farmer first revisited: innovation for agricultural research and development. Practical Action Publication, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR104-links"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 100" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Building%20partnerships%20to%20promote%20local%20innovation%20processes&publication_year=2009&author=Waters-Bayer%2CA&author=Wettasinha%2CC&author=Veldhuizen%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR75">Waters-Bayer A, Kristjanson P, Wettasinha C, van Veldhuizen L, Quiroga G, Swaans K, Douthwaite B (2015) Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agric Food Secur 4(1):1–7</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR75-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7" data-track-item_id="10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7" data-track-action="Article reference" data-track-value="Article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7" aria-label="Article reference 101" data-doi="10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 101" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Exploring%20the%20impact%20of%20farmer-led%20research%20supported%20by%20civil%20society%20organisations&journal=Agric%20Food%20Secur&volume=4&issue=1&pages=1-7&publication_year=2015&author=Waters-Bayer%2CA&author=Kristjanson%2CP&author=Wettasinha%2CC&author=Veldhuizen%2CL&author=Quiroga%2CG&author=Swaans%2CK&author=Douthwaite%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR76">WIRF (1991) From field to lab and back. Women and rice farming systems. Women and Rice Farming Systems program. <a href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10947/5702" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10947/5702">https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10947/5702</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR77">World Bank (2007) World development report 2008: agriculture for development. The World Bank, Washington, DC. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5990" data-track="click" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-label="http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5990">http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5990</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR77-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1596/978-0-8213-6807-7" data-track-item_id="10.1596/978-0-8213-6807-7" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-0-8213-6807-7" aria-label="Book reference 103" data-doi="10.1596/978-0-8213-6807-7">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 103" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=World%20development%20report%202008%3A%20agriculture%20for%20development&publication_year=2007"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR78">World Bank (2012) World development report, 2012: gender equality. The World Bank, Washington DC</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print" id="ref-CR78-links"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.30875/ac42f7b8-en" data-track-item_id="10.30875/ac42f7b8-en" data-track-action="Book reference" data-track-value="Book reference" href="https://doi.org/10.30875%2Fac42f7b8-en" aria-label="Book reference 104" data-doi="10.30875/ac42f7b8-en">Book</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 104" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=World%20development%20report%2C%202012%3A%20gender%20equality&publication_year=2012"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 id="author-information" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">International Development Consulting, Portland, OR, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jacqueline A. Ashby</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Jacqueline_A_-Ashby"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jacqueline A. Ashby</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Jacqueline%20A.%20Ashby" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jacqueline%20A.%20Ashby" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jacqueline%20A.%20Ashby%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:jacqueline.ashby@cantab.net">Jacqueline A. Ashby </a>.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="editor-information" data-title="Editor information"><div class="c-article-section" id="editor-information-section"><h2 id="editor-information" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Editor information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="editor-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="editor-affiliations">Editors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">International Food Policy Research Insti, Washington D.C., USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jemimah Njuki </p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hale Ann Tufan </p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers, Lima, Peru</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Vivian Polar </p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">International Potato Center, Lima, Peru</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hugo Campos </p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Monifa Morgan-Bell </p></li></ol></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 id="rightslink" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.</p> <p>The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.</p> <p class="c-article-rights" data-test="rightslink-content"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&orderSource=SpringerLink&title=What%20Happened%20to%20Gender-Intentional%20Participatory%20Research%20in%20Agriculture%3F&author=Jacqueline%20A.%20Ashby&contentID=10.1007%2F978-3-031-60986-2_4&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=eBook&publicationDate=2025&startPage=51&endPage=69&imprint=The%20Author%28s%29&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section data-title="Copyright information"><div class="c-article-section" id="copyright-information-section"><h2 id="copyright-information" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Copyright information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="copyright-information-content"><p>© 2025 The Author(s)</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="chapter-info" data-title="About this chapter" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="chapter-info-section"><h2 id="chapter-info" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>About this chapter</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="chapter-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this chapter</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation" data-test="bibliographic-information__cite_this_chapter">Ashby, J.A. (2025). What Happened to Gender-Intentional Participatory Research in Agriculture?. In: Njuki, J., Ann Tufan, H., Polar, V., Campos, H., Morgan-Bell, M. (eds) Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4</p><h3 class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-mb-8 u-mt-16 u-hide-print">Download citation</h3><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-list"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-item"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download chapter citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" title="Download this article's citation as a .RIS file" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4?format=refman&flavour=citation">.RIS<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-item"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download chapter citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" title="Download this article's citation as a .ENW file" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4?format=endnote&flavour=citation">.ENW<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-item"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download chapter citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" title="Download this article's citation as a .BIB file" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4?format=bibtex&flavour=citation">.BIB<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></li></ul><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list u-mb-24" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--chapter-doi"><p data-test="bibliographic-information__doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60986-2_4</span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-10-08">08 October 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p data-test="bibliographic-information__publisher-name"> Publisher Name<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">Springer, Cham</span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p data-test="bibliographic-information__pisbn"> Print ISBN<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">978-3-031-60985-5</span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p data-test="bibliographic-information__eisbn"> Online ISBN<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">978-3-031-60986-2</span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p data-test="bibliographic-information__package">eBook Packages<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__multi-value"><a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22Book%22&package=11642&facet-start-year=2025&facet-end-year=2025">Biomedical and Life Sciences</a></span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__multi-value"><a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22Book%22&package=43708&facet-start-year=2025&facet-end-year=2025">Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)</a></span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this chapter</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="chapter-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="publish-with-us" data-title="Publish with us" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="publish-with-us-section"><h2 id="publish-with-us" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Publish with us</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="publish-with-us-content"><p><a class="app-article-policy-section-external-link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/policies/book-publishing-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="publishing policies" data-track-label="link">Policies and ethics</a><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon app-article-policy-section-external-link-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use></svg></p></div></div></section> </div> </article> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> </body> </html>