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type="text" class="st-default-search-input" style="width:275px"> </div> </div> <div class="yui3-g"> <nav class="yui3-u-1"> <ul id="nav"> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">A</a> <ul> <li> <a title="AACH - Abdima (Abdimi) of Sepphoris" href="/directory/A/1"> AACH - ABDI </a> </li> <li> <a title="Abdimi Mallaḥa - ABRAHAM OF BOHEMIA" href="/directory/A/205"> ABDI - ABRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ABRAHAM IBN BOLAT - ABRAHAM BEN YOM-ṬOB OF TUDELA" href="/directory/A/408"> ABRA - ABRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ABRAHAM áºARFATI - ADLER, DAVID BARUCH" href="/directory/A/611"> ABRA - ADLE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ADLER, ELKAN NATHAN - AIN MUSA" href="/directory/A/814"> ADLE - AINM </a> </li> <li> <a title="AIRE - ALGAZI, YOM-ṬOB BEN ISRAEL JACOB" href="/directory/A/1017"> AIRE - ALGA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ALGEBRA, SCIENCE OF - AMORITES" href="/directory/A/1220"> ALGE - AMOR </a> </li> <li> <a title="AMOS - ANTUNES" href="/directory/A/1423"> AMOS - ANTU </a> </li> <li> <a title="ANTWERP - ARTAXERXES II" href="/directory/A/1626"> ANTW - ARTA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ARTAXERXES III. - ASSER, CAREL" href="/directory/A/1829"> ARTA - ASSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ASSER, CAREL - 'AZZUT PANIM" href="/directory/A/2032"> ASSE - AZZU </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">B</a> <ul> <li> <a title="BA'AL - BAKHMUT" href="/directory/B/2235"> BAAL - BAKH </a> </li> <li> <a title="BAKI, SIMSON - BARNACLE-GOOSE" href="/directory/B/2385"> BAKI - BARN </a> </li> <li> <a title="BARNATO, BARNETT ISAACS - BE ABIDAN" href="/directory/B/2535"> BARN - BEAB </a> </li> <li> <a title="BE RAB - BELMONTE" href="/directory/B/2685"> BERA - BELM </a> </li> <li> <a title="BELMONTE, B. E. COLAÃO - BENJAMIN, SAMUEL" href="/directory/B/2835"> BELM - BENJ </a> </li> <li> <a title="BENJAMIN B. SAMUEL OF COUTANCES - BERNSTAMM, LEOPOLD BERNARD" href="/directory/B/2984"> BENJ - BERN </a> </li> <li> <a title="BERNSTEIN, AARON (DAVID) - BIEDERMANN, MICHAEL LAZAR" href="/directory/B/3133"> BERN - BIED </a> </li> <li> <a title="BIEGELEISEN, HENRY - BLUMENFELDT, SIMON" href="/directory/B/3282"> BIEG - BLUM </a> </li> <li> <a title="BLUMENSTOCK VON HALBAN, LEO - BORNSTEIN, PAUL" href="/directory/B/3431"> BLUM - BORN </a> </li> <li> <a title="BORODAVKA - BRODA, BENJAMIN B. AARON" href="/directory/B/3580"> BORO - BROD </a> </li> <li> <a title="BRODSKI - BYZANTINE EXPIRE" href="/directory/B/3729"> BROD - BYZA </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">C</a> <ul> <li> <a title="CABALA - CANSINO, JACOB" href="/directory/C/3878"> CABA - CANS </a> </li> <li> <a title="CANSTATT, KARL FRIEDRICH - CARPI, ZACHARIAH" href="/directory/C/3975"> CANS - CARP </a> </li> <li> <a title="CARPZOV, JOHANN BENEDICT II. - CEMETERY" href="/directory/C/4072"> CARP - CEME </a> </li> <li> <a title="CENSER - CHASTITY, PROOF OF" href="/directory/C/4169"> CENS - CHAS </a> </li> <li> <a title="CHÃTEAU-THIERRY - CHRIST" href="/directory/C/4265"> CHAT - CHRI </a> </li> <li> <a title="CHRISTIAN - COHEN, ABNER" href="/directory/C/4361"> CHRI - COHE </a> </li> <li> <a title="COHEN, ABRAHAM - COLON" href="/directory/C/4457"> COHE - COLO </a> </li> <li> <a title="COLON, JOSEPH B. SOLOMON - CORDOVA" href="/directory/C/4553"> COLO - CORD </a> </li> <li> <a title="CORDOVA, ISAAC HEZEKIAH B. JACOB - CRÃMIEUX, GASTON" href="/directory/C/4649"> CORD - CREM </a> </li> <li> <a title="CRÃMIEUX, HANANEEL - CZYNSKI, JAN (JEAN)" href="/directory/C/4745"> CREM - CZYN </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">D</a> <ul> <li> <a title="DABBASHETH - DANON, JOSEPH BEN JACOB BEN MOSES IBN" href="/directory/D/4841"> DABB - DANO </a> </li> <li> <a title="DANON, MEÃR BENJAMIN MENAHEM - DAVID, ERNEST" href="/directory/D/4891"> DANO - DAVI </a> </li> <li> <a title="DAVID, FERDINAND - DAVIDSOHN, LEON" href="/directory/D/4941"> DAVI - DAVI </a> </li> <li> <a title="DAVIDSOHN, ROBERT - DEDE AGATCH" href="/directory/D/4991"> DAVI - DEDE </a> </li> <li> <a title="DEDICATION - DENMARK" href="/directory/D/5041"> DEDI - DENM </a> </li> <li> <a title="DENVER - DEUTSCH, EMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM" href="/directory/D/5091"> DENV - DEUT </a> </li> <li> <a title="DEUTSCH, GOTTHARD - DIESSENHOFEN" href="/directory/D/5141"> DEUT - DIES </a> </li> <li> <a title="DIETARY LAWS - DLUGOSZ, JEAN" href="/directory/D/5191"> DIET - DLUG </a> </li> <li> <a title="DLUGOSZ - DOSA BEN SAADIA" href="/directory/D/5241"> DLUG - DOSA </a> </li> <li> <a title="DOSA B. ṬEBET - DUALISM" href="/directory/D/5291"> DOSA - DUAL </a> </li> <li> <a title="DUARTE, LUIS - DYVIN" href="/directory/D/5341"> DUAR - DYVI </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='selectedletter active'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">E</a> <ul> <li> <a title="EAGLE - EFES" href="/directory/E/5390"> EAGL - EFES </a> </li> <li> <a title="EFODI - EJECTMENT" href="/directory/E/5444"> EFOD - EJEC </a> </li> <li> <a title="EKAH (LAMENTATIONS) RABBATI - ELEAZAR B. NATHAN" href="/directory/E/5498"> EKAH - ELEA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ELEAZAR BEN PEDAT - ELIEZER B. ḤISMA" href="/directory/E/5551"> ELEA - ELIE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ELIEZER (LIEZER) BEN HYRCANUS - ELIJAH BEN JOSEPH" href="/directory/E/5604"> ELIE - ELIJ </a> </li> <li> <a title="ELIJAH B. JOSEPH (YOSKE) - ELTEKEH" href="/directory/E/5657"> ELIJ - ELTE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ELVIRA - ENGEL, JOSEPH" href="/directory/E/5710"> ELVI - ENGE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ENGELBERT, HERMANN - EPICURUS AND EPICUREANISM" href="/directory/E/5763"> ENGE - EPIC </a> </li> <li> <a title="EPIGRAMS - ESTELLA" href="/directory/E/5816"> EPIG - ESTE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ESTELLE, FRANCE - EVIL-MERODACH" href="/directory/E/5869"> ESTE - EVIL </a> </li> <li> <a title="EVIL SPIRITS - EZRAHITE" href="/directory/E/5922"> EVIL - EZRA </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">F</a> <ul> <li> <a title="FABLE - FARḤI (PARḤI), ESTORI" href="/directory/F/5975"> FABL - FARH </a> </li> <li> <a title="FARḤI, ḤAYYIM MU'ALLIM - FELBERMAN, LOUIS" href="/directory/F/6018"> FARH - FELB </a> </li> <li> <a title="FELD, JULIUS - FEUER, NATHANIEL" href="/directory/F/6061"> FELD - FEUE </a> </li> <li> <a title="FEUST, KARL - FISCHELS, MEÃR" href="/directory/F/6104"> FEUS - FISC </a> </li> <li> <a title="FISCHER, BERNARD - FLEXNER, SIMON" href="/directory/F/6147"> FISC - FLEX </a> </li> <li> <a title="FLISFEDER, D. I. - FORGERY" href="/directory/F/6190"> FLIS - FORG </a> </li> <li> <a title="FORGIVENESS - FRANCOLM, ISAAC ASHER" href="/directory/F/6233"> FORG - FRAN </a> </li> <li> <a title="FRANGI, ḤAYYIM - FRANKL, LOTHAR AMADEUS, RITTER VON HOCHWART" href="/directory/F/6276"> FRAN - FRAN </a> </li> <li> <a title="FRANKL, LUDWIG AUGUST, RITTER VON HOCHWART - FRIDAY" href="/directory/F/6318"> FRAN - FRID </a> </li> <li> <a title="FRIEDBERG, ABRAHAM SHALOM ("HAR SHALOM") - FROHBERG, REGINA" href="/directory/F/6360"> FRIE - FROH </a> </li> <li> <a title="FROHMAN, CHARLES - FÃRTH, MEYER B. ELHANAN" href="/directory/F/6402"> FROH - FURT </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">G</a> <ul> <li> <a title="GABBAI - GAMALIEL III." href="/directory/G/6444"> GABB - GAMA </a> </li> <li> <a title="GAMALIEL IV. - GEDALIAH CORDOVERO" href="/directory/G/6497"> GAMA - GEDA </a> </li> <li> <a title="GEDALIAH, JUDAH, DON - GERMANUS, MOSES" href="/directory/G/6550"> GEDA - GERM </a> </li> <li> <a title="GERMANY - GHIRON" href="/directory/G/6603"> GERM - GHIR </a> </li> <li> <a title="GHIRONDI - GLOGAU, JEHIEL MICHAEL BEN UZZIEL" href="/directory/G/6656"> GHIR - GLOG </a> </li> <li> <a title="GLOGAUER, ABIGDOR BEN SIMḤAH HA-LEVI - GOLDSCHMIDT, LOTHAR" href="/directory/G/6709"> GLOG - GOLD </a> </li> <li> <a title="GOLDSCHMIDT, MEÃR AARON - GORDON, LEON (JUDAH LÃB BEN ASHER)" href="/directory/G/6761"> GOLD - GORD </a> </li> <li> <a title="GORDON, MICHEL - GRAZIANI, AUGUSTO" href="/directory/G/6813"> GORD - GRAZ </a> </li> <li> <a title="GRAZIANO, ABRAHAM JOSEPH SOLOMON BEN MORDECAI - GUARDIA, LA, THE HOLY CHILD OF" href="/directory/G/6865"> GRAZ - GUAR </a> </li> <li> <a title="GUARDIAN AND WARD - GYMNASIUM" href="/directory/G/6917"> GUAR - GYMN </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">H</a> <ul> <li> <a title="HAARBLEICHER, MOSES M. - HAINDORF, ALEXANDER" href="/directory/H/6969"> HAAR - HAIN </a> </li> <li> <a title="HAIR - HAMNUNA II." href="/directory/H/7061"> HAIR - HAMN </a> </li> <li> <a title="HAMNUNA OF BABYLONIA - HARARI, JUDAH (ARYEH)" href="/directory/H/7153"> HAMN - HARA </a> </li> <li> <a title="HARARITE - HAUSEN, MOSES BEN ASHER ANSHEL" href="/directory/H/7245"> HARA - HAUS </a> </li> <li> <a title="HAUSER, CARL FRANKL - ḤAZZAN, ABRAHAM BEN JUDAH" href="/directory/H/7337"> HAUS - HAZZ </a> </li> <li> <a title="ḤAZZAN, ELEAZAR HA- - HEKSCHER, EPHRAIM BEN SAMUEL SANVEL" href="/directory/H/7429"> HAZZ - HEKS </a> </li> <li> <a title="HELA - HERRMANN, LEO" href="/directory/H/7520"> HELA - HERR </a> </li> <li> <a title="HERSCHEL, SIR WILLIAM - HILLEL BEN ELIAKIM" href="/directory/H/7611"> HERS - HILL </a> </li> <li> <a title="HILLEL OF ERFURT - HÃCHHEIMER (HÃÄHHEIM, HOCHHEIMER, HECHIM)" href="/directory/H/7702"> HILL - HOCH </a> </li> <li> <a title="HOCHMEISTER - HOROWITZ, SHABBETHAI SHEFTEL" href="/directory/H/7793"> HOCH - HORO </a> </li> <li> <a title="HORSCHETZKY, MORITZ - HYSSOP" href="/directory/H/7884"> HORS - HYSS </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">I</a> <ul> <li> <a title="I - IBN MIGAS, MEÃR" href="/directory/I/7975"> I - IBNM </a> </li> <li> <a title="IBN MUHAJAR, AHUB BEN MEÃR HANASI IBN <ForeignChars>V06p538003.jpg</ForeignChars> - IBN YAḤYA, JOSEPH BEN DAVID" href="/directory/I/8008"> IBNM - IBNY </a> </li> <li> <a title="IBN YA'ISH, BARUCH BEN ISAAC - ILLESCOS, JACOB DI" href="/directory/I/8041"> IBNY - ILLE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ILLIBERIS - INDIANAPOLIS" href="/directory/I/8074"> ILLI - INDI </a> </li> <li> <a title="INDICTMENT - INTERMEDIATE DAYS" href="/directory/I/8107"> INDI - INTE </a> </li> <li> <a title="INTESTACY - ISAAC IBN ḤALFON, ABU IBRAHIM" href="/directory/I/8139"> INTE - ISAA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISAAC BEN ḤAYYIM BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN - ISAAC BEN MORDECAI GERSHON" href="/directory/I/8171"> ISAA - ISAA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISAAC BEN MORDECAI HA-LEVI - ISABELLA I" href="/directory/I/8203"> ISAA - ISAB </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISAIAH - ISPAHAN" href="/directory/I/8235"> ISAI - ISPA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISRAEL - ISRAELI, ISRAEL" href="/directory/I/8267"> ISRA - ISRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISRAELIK - ISRAELS, ABRAHAM HARTOG" href="/directory/I/8299"> ISRA - ISRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ISRAEL'S HEROLD - IZRAELITA MAGYAR NÃPTANITÃ" href="/directory/I/8331"> ISRA - IZRA </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">J</a> <ul> <li> <a title="JAARBOOKEN VOR DE ISRAELITEN - JACOB OF KEFAR SEKANYA (SIMAÃ)" href="/directory/J/8363"> JAAR - JACO </a> </li> <li> <a title="JACOB B. KORSHAI - JAFFE (JOFFE)" href="/directory/J/8431"> JACO - JAFF </a> </li> <li> <a title="JAGEL, ABRAHAM BEN HANANIAH DEI GALICCHI - JEHOSHAPHAT" href="/directory/J/8499"> JAGE - JEHO </a> </li> <li> <a title="JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF - JEWISH COMMENT" href="/directory/J/8567"> JEHO - JEWI </a> </li> <li> <a title="JEWISH CRITERION, THE - JOD" href="/directory/J/8635"> JEWI - JOD </a> </li> <li> <a title="JOEL - JONATHAN BEN ELEAZAR" href="/directory/J/8702"> JOEL - JONA </a> </li> <li> <a title="JONATHAN BEN HORḲINAS (ARCHINAS) - JOSEPH BEN GORION" href="/directory/J/8769"> JONA - JOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="JOSEPH IBN ḤASAN - JOSEPHS, MICHAEL" href="/directory/J/8836"> JOSE - JOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="JOSEPHS, WALTER - JUDAH B. AMMI" href="/directory/J/8903"> JOSE - JUDA </a> </li> <li> <a title="JUDAH ARYEH LÃB BEN JOSHUA HÃSCHEL - JUDE, DER" href="/directory/J/8970"> JUDA - JUDE </a> </li> <li> <a title="JUDE, DER (New York) - JUWEL, MOSES MORDECAI" href="/directory/J/9037"> JUDE - JUWE </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">K</a> <ul> <li> <a title="KAB - KALIFA, MOSES BEN MALKA" href="/directory/K/9104"> KAB - KALI </a> </li> <li> <a title="KALILAH WA-DIMNAH - ḲANAH ABIGDOR" href="/directory/K/9147"> KALI - KANA </a> </li> <li> <a title="KANITZ, AUGUST - KAá¹¢ABI (<ForeignChars>V07p451001.jpg</ForeignChars>), JOSEPH BEN NISSIM" href="/directory/K/9189"> KANI - KASA </a> </li> <li> <a title="KASHER - KEMPNER, GABRIEL" href="/directory/K/9231"> KASH - KEMP </a> </li> <li> <a title="KEMPNER, MAX - KIEV" href="/directory/K/9273"> KEMP - KIEV </a> </li> <li> <a title="KIHAYA - KITE" href="/directory/K/9315"> KIHA - KITE </a> </li> <li> <a title="KITTSEER, MICHAEL - KNOT" href="/directory/K/9357"> KITT - KNOT </a> </li> <li> <a title="KNOXVILLE - KOKEBE YIáºá¸¤AḲ" href="/directory/K/9399"> KNOX - KOKE </a> </li> <li> <a title="KOL BO - KOSMINSKY, MARKS" href="/directory/K/9441"> KOLB - KOSM </a> </li> <li> <a title="KOSSARSKI, JULIUS - KROCHMAL, NACHMAN KOHEN" href="/directory/K/9483"> KOSS - KROC </a> </li> <li> <a title="KRON, JUDAH BEN ELEAZAR - KUTTOWER, ABRAHAM GERSHON BEN EPHRAIM" href="/directory/K/9525"> KRON - KUTT </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">L</a> <ul> <li> <a title="LA PEYRERE, ISAAC - LANDSHUTH, LESER" href="/directory/L/9567"> LAPE - LAND </a> </li> <li> <a title="LANDSOFER (LANDSCHREIBER), JONAH BEN ELIJAH - LAZARUS, JOSEPHINE" href="/directory/L/9627"> LAND - LAZA </a> </li> <li> <a title="LAZARUS, JULIUS - LEMOS, HENRIETTE DE" href="/directory/L/9687"> LAZA - LEMO </a> </li> <li> <a title="LEMUEL - LEVI BEN ABRAHAM BEN ḤAYYIM" href="/directory/L/9747"> LEMU - LEVI </a> </li> <li> <a title="LEVI, BENEDIKT - LEVITAN, ISAAC (ISAAC ILYICH)" href="/directory/L/9807"> LEVI - LEVI </a> </li> <li> <a title="LEVITES (Temple Servants) - LEWINSTEIN, JOSEPH" href="/directory/L/9866"> LEVI - LEWI </a> </li> <li> <a title="LEWIS, DAVID - LILIENBLUM, MOSES LÃB" href="/directory/L/9925"> LEWI - LILI </a> </li> <li> <a title="LILIENTHAL, MAX - LIVER" href="/directory/L/9984"> LILI - LIVE </a> </li> <li> <a title="LIVERPOOL - LONDON, SOLOMON B. MOSES RAPHAEL" href="/directory/L/10043"> LIVE - LOND </a> </li> <li> <a title="LONG BRANCH - LÃWY, ADOLF" href="/directory/L/10102"> LONG - LOWY </a> </li> <li> <a title="LÃWY, ALBERT - LYSIMACHUS" href="/directory/L/10161"> LOWY - LYSI </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">M</a> <ul> <li> <a title="MAACAH - MALACHI B. JACOB HA-KOHEN" href="/directory/M/10220"> MAAC - MALA </a> </li> <li> <a title="MALAGA - MARKS, SAMUEL" href="/directory/M/10324"> MALA - MARK </a> </li> <li> <a title="MARKUS, LUDWIG - MEASURES" href="/directory/M/10428"> MARK - MEAS </a> </li> <li> <a title="MEAT-TAX - MENAHEM MENDEL BEN BARUCH BENDET" href="/directory/M/10532"> MEAT - MENA </a> </li> <li> <a title="MENAHEM OF MERSEBURG - METER IN THE BIBLE" href="/directory/M/10636"> MENA - METE </a> </li> <li> <a title="METHODOLOGY - MILLET" href="/directory/M/10739"> METH - MILL </a> </li> <li> <a title="MILMAN, HENRY HART - MONDAY AND THURSDAY PRAYER" href="/directory/M/10842"> MILM - MOND </a> </li> <li> <a title="MONEY - MOSER" href="/directory/M/10945"> MONE - MOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="MOSER, MOSES - MOSES OF SMOLENSK" href="/directory/M/11048"> MOSE - MOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="MOSES SOFER - MYSTICISM" href="/directory/M/11151"> MOSE - MYST </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">N</a> <ul> <li> <a title="NAAMAH - NAHUM" href="/directory/N/11254"> NAAM - NAHU </a> </li> <li> <a title="NAHUM ELIEZER BEN JACOB - NASI, DAVID" href="/directory/N/11293"> NAHU - NASI </a> </li> <li> <a title="NASI GRACIA MENDESIA - NATHAN NATA OF SHKLOV" href="/directory/N/11332"> NASI - NATH </a> </li> <li> <a title="NATHAN BEN SAMUEL - NEBUZAR-ADAN" href="/directory/N/11371"> NATH - NEBU </a> </li> <li> <a title="NECHO - NESEK" href="/directory/N/11410"> NECH - NESE </a> </li> <li> <a title="NESVIZH - NEUZEIT, DIE" href="/directory/N/11448"> NESV - NEUZ </a> </li> <li> <a title="NEVAKHOVICH, LÃB - NICHOLAS III., IV., V" href="/directory/N/11486"> NEVA - NICH </a> </li> <li> <a title="NICHOLAS OF DAMASCUS (NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS) - NISSIM BEN MOSES OF MARSEILLES" href="/directory/N/11524"> NICH - NISS </a> </li> <li> <a title="NISSIM B. REUBEN GERONDI - NOSE-RING" href="/directory/N/11562"> NISS - NOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="NOSSIG, ALFRED - NYONS" href="/directory/N/11600"> NOSS - NYON </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">O</a> <ul> <li> <a title="OAK AND TEREBINTH - OHOLIAB" href="/directory/O/11638"> OAKA - OHOL </a> </li> <li> <a title="OHOLIBAMAH - OPFERPFENNIG, GOLDENER" href="/directory/O/11678"> OHOL - OPFE </a> </li> <li> <a title="OPHEL - OREGON" href="/directory/O/11718"> OPHE - OREG </a> </li> <li> <a title="OREN - OSTROG" href="/directory/O/11758"> OREN - OSTR </a> </li> <li> <a title="OSTROGORSKI, MOISEI YAKOVLEVICH - 'OZER BEN MEÃR" href="/directory/O/11797"> OSTR - OZER </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">P</a> <ul> <li> <a title="PABLO ALVARO - PAPPENHEIM" href="/directory/P/11836"> PABL - PAPP </a> </li> <li> <a title="PAPPENHEIM, ISRAEL HIRSCH - PATTO, SAMSON GOMEZ" href="/directory/P/11893"> PAPP - PATT </a> </li> <li> <a title="PAUL DE BURGOS - PENITENTIAL DAYS" href="/directory/P/11950"> PAUL - PENI </a> </li> <li> <a title="PENNSYLVANIA - PESIḲTA (DE-RAB KAHANA; RABBATI; ZUṬARTI)" href="/directory/P/12007"> PENN - PESI </a> </li> <li> <a title="PESSELES, JOSEPH (ELIAS) - PHINEHAS" href="/directory/P/12063"> PESS - PHIN </a> </li> <li> <a title="PHINEHAS BEN CLUSOTH - PINSKER, DOB BÃR B. 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VERS </a> </li> <li> <a title="VERVEER, ELCHANAN - VINE" href="/directory/V/14684"> VERV - VINE </a> </li> <li> <a title="VINEGAR - VIZHAINY (VIZHUNY, VIZAN, VIZANY)" href="/directory/V/14703"> VINE - VIZH </a> </li> <li> <a title="VOCALIZATION - VULTURE" href="/directory/V/14722"> VOCA - VULT </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">W</a> <ul> <li> <a title="WA'AD ARBA' ARAáºOT - WALLER STEIN, ABRAHAM BEN ASHER" href="/directory/W/14741"> WAAD - WALL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WALLICH - WATER-DRAWING, FEAST OF" href="/directory/W/14768"> WALL - WATE </a> </li> <li> <a title="WATER-RIGHTS - WEIGHTS AND MEASURES" href="/directory/W/14795"> WATE - WEIG </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEIL, ADOLF - WEISS, MARKUS NISSA" href="/directory/W/14822"> WEIL - WEIS </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEISS, MAX - WESSELY, WOLFGANG" href="/directory/W/14849"> WEIS - WESS </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEST - WIENER, LEOPOLD" href="/directory/W/14876"> WEST - WIEN </a> </li> <li> <a title="WIENER, MEïR - WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE" href="/directory/W/14903"> WIEN - WILL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WILLIAM OF NORWICH - WISE, STEPHEN SAMUEL" href="/directory/W/14930"> WILL - WISE </a> </li> <li> <a title="WISMAR - WOLFENBÃTTEL" href="/directory/W/14957"> WISM - WOLF </a> </li> <li> <a title="WOLFENSTEIN, MARTHA - WOOLF, EDWARD" href="/directory/W/14984"> WOLF - WOOL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WOOLF, SIDNEY - WYSBER, LUDWIG" href="/directory/W/15011"> WOOL - WYSB </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">X</a> <ul> <li> <a title="XABILLO - XYSTUS" href="/directory/X/15038"> XABI - XYST </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">Y</a> <ul> <li> <a title="YA'ABEẠ- YARḤI, ABRAHAM" href="/directory/Y/15045"> YAAB - YARH </a> </li> <li> <a title="YARMOUTH - YEVREISKAYA BIBLIOTEKA" href="/directory/Y/15064"> YARM - YEVR </a> </li> <li> <a title="YEáºER HA-RA' - YIáºá¸¤AḲ BAR JUDAH" href="/directory/Y/15083"> YEZE - YIZH </a> </li> <li> <a title="YIáºá¸¤AḲ OF MAGDALA - YOM KIPPUR ḲAṬAN" href="/directory/Y/15101"> YIZH - YOMK </a> </li> <li> <a title="YOM-ṬOB BEN ABRAHAM ISHBILI - YUSUF IBN TESHUFIN" href="/directory/Y/15119"> YOMT - YUSU </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='notselectedletter'> <a href="#" class="letterlink">Z</a> <ul> <li> <a title="ZABARA, JOSEPH - ZALINSKI, MOSES G." href="/directory/Z/15137"> ZABA - ZALI </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZALMUNNA - áºARFATI, áºAREFATI" href="/directory/Z/15155"> ZALM - ZARF </a> </li> <li> <a title="áºARFATI - áºEBI ASHKENAZI" href="/directory/Z/15173"> ZARF - ZEBI </a> </li> <li> <a title="áºEBI HIRSCH BEN ḤAYYIM - áºEDEḲ, JOSEPH KOHEN-" href="/directory/Z/15191"> ZEBI - ZEDE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZEDEKIAH - ZEITLIN, WILLIAM" href="/directory/Z/15209"> ZEDE - ZEIT </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZEITSCHRIFT FÃR DIE GESCHICHTE DER JUDEN IN DEUTSCHLAND - ZEPHANIAH BEN MORDECAI TROKI" href="/directory/Z/15227"> ZEIT - ZEPH </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZERAHIAH BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI GERONDI - ZIMMERN, HELEN" href="/directory/Z/15244"> ZERA - ZIMM </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZIMRAT HA-AREẠ- ZODIAC" href="/directory/Z/15261"> ZIMR - ZODI </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZOHAR - ZUKERTORT, JOHANNES HERMANN" href="/directory/Z/15278"> ZOHA - ZUKE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZUKUNFT, DIE - ZWEIFEL, PAUL" href="/directory/Z/15295"> ZUKU - ZWEI </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="bd" class="yui3-u-1"> <div class="yui3-g"> <div class="yui3-u-4-5"> <nav class="pagination"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/directory/E/5922?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/directory/E/5922?page=3">3</a> </span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/directory/E/5922?page=2">Next ›</a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/directory/E/5922?page=3">Last »</a> </span> </nav> <table class="searchresults"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5922-evil-spirits">EVIL SPIRITS</a> – See Demonology. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5923-evolution">EVOLUTION</a> – Judaism and Evolution. The series of steps by which all existing beings have been developed by gradual modification; term generally applied to the theory concerning the origin of species and the descent of man connected with the... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5924-evora">EVORA</a> – City in Portugal, and the seat of the rabbi of the province of Alemtejo. When the bride-elect of Don Alfonso, the only son of King John II., entered Evora (Nov. 27, 1490), the Jews of the city met her in solemn procession and... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5925-evreux">EVREUX</a> – Capital of the department of Eure, France. In the Middle Ages it was one of the centers of Jewish learning, and its scholars are quoted in the Tosafot on Beẓah 14b, 20b, 24b; on Ḳiddushin 27b, 39a et passim; on Soṭah 22a et... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5926-ewald-ferdinand-christopher">EWALD, FERDINAND CHRISTOPHER</a> – English clergyman; born near Bamberg, Bavaria, 1802; died in Norwood, London, Aug. 9, 1874; baptized at Basel when about 23 years of age; entered (1829) the service of the London Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5927-ewald-georg-heinrich-august">EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST</a> – Christian Biblical scholar; born at Göttingen Nov. 16, 1803; died there May 4, 1875; educated at the University of Göttingen, where he studied philology and especially Oriental languages. He became private tutor in 1824 and... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5928-ewald-johann-ludwig">EWALD, JOHANN LUDWIG</a> – German pedagogue and theologian, and advocate of the Jews; born at Hain-zur-Dreieich, grand duchy of Hesse, Sept. 16, 1747; died at Carlsruhe March 19, 1822. He held various positions as preacher and professor, and toward the... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5929-ewe">EWE</a> – See Sheep. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5930-ewer-leopold">EWER, LEOPOLD</a> – German physician; born Jan. 4, 1849, at Anklam, Pomerania. He studied from 1868 to 1873 at the University of Berlin (M.D. 1873). During the Franco-Prussian war he was assistant surgeon at the military hospitals at Berlin and... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5931-exchange-bills-of">EXCHANGE, BILLS OF</a> – Instruments, generally in duplicate, ordering persons to pay money in distant parts. According to Hallam ("Europe in the Middle Ages," iii. 339), Jews were the first to issue orders of this kind addressed to particular persons.... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5932-exchequer-of-the-jews">EXCHEQUER, OF THE JEWS</a> – A division of the Court of Exchequer in England (1200-90) in which the taxes and the law-cases of the Jews were recorded and regulated. It appears to have arisen out of the estate left by Aaron of Lincoln, which needed a... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5933-excommunication">EXCOMMUNICATION</a> – The highest ecclesiastical censure, the exclusion of a person from the religious community, which among the Jews meant a practical prohibition of all intercourse with society. For the etymology of the Hebrew terms used in this... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5934-execution">EXECUTION</a> – Carrying into effect the decision of a court. The word also denotes the writ entrusting some officer of the law with the duty of carrying the judgment into effect. For the manner of carrying out a criminal sentence see Capital,... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5935-executors">EXECUTORS</a> – See Will. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5936-exeter">EXETER</a> – County-seat of Devon, England. The first Jew mentioned as living in Exeter, about 1181, paid a fine of 10 marks for the king to take charge of his bonds. A number of Jews are mentioned as paying 10 per cent of the debts... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5937-exilarch">EXILARCH</a> – Title given to the head of the Babylonian Jews, who, from the time of the Babylonian exile, were designated by the term "golah" (see Jer. xxviii. 6, xxix. 1; Ezek. passim) or "galut" (Jer. xxix. 22). The chief of the golah or... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5938-exile">EXILE</a> – The translation of "goleh" (II Sam. xv. 19) and "ẓo'eh" (Isa. li. 14) in the English versions; it also occurs as a translation of "galut" (Isa. xx. 4) and "golah" (Ezek. xii. 4, 11; Ezra viii. 35) in the Revised Version (where... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5939-exodus">EXODUS</a> – The departure, under the leadership of Moses, of the Israelites from the land of Egypt.—Biblical Data: Having multiplied in the land of Goshen, the Israelites were enslaved and oppressed in various ways by a "new king" who "knew... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5940-exodus-book-of">EXODUS, BOOK OF</a> – Biblical Data: The second book of the Torah or Pentateuch is called by the Jews , from the opening words, or briefly . The Greek name is ξοδος (in Philo also ξαγωγή), that is, "departure"; the Latin, "[Liber] Exodus." It... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5941-exogamy">EXOGAMY</a> – See Marriage. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5942-exorcism">EXORCISM</a> – The expulsion of evil spirits by spells; in Greek ἐκβάλλειν (Matt. viii. 16, 31; ix. 34, 38; Mark i. 34, 38; ix. 38; Luke xiii. 32; and elsewhere). See Demonology; and compare the sorcery-papyrus in Paris, line 1257, εκβαλειν... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5943-expectation-of-life">EXPECTATION OF LIFE</a> – The expected duration of life after any given age, estimated according to fixed tables of mortality based on the mean number of years which individuals, under various conditions, have been found to live. The earliest important... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5944-expression">EXPRESSION</a> – See Types. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5945-eybeschutz-jonathan">EYBESCHÜTZ, JONATHAN</a> – German rabbi and Talmudist; born in Cracow about the year 1690; died in Altona Sept. 18, 1764. His father, Nathan (Nata), who was a grandson of the cabalistic author Nathan Spira, was called as rabbi to Elbenschitz, Moravia,... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/5946-eye">EYE</a> – Biblical Data: This important organ is mentioned more than 800 times in the Bible, but is described only in its external appearance and significance, according to the experience of daily life. The following parts are mentioned:... </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="ft" class="yui3-u-1"> <div class="yui3-g"> <div id="footer-nav" class="yui3-u-2-5"> <div class="title">About Jewish Encyclopedia</div> <ul> <li><a href="/literary_directorate_listing">Literary Directorate Listing</a></li> <li><a href="/preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/synopsis_of_jewish_encyclopedia">Synopsis of Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/systems_of_transliteration_citation_of_proper_names">Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names</a></li> <li><a href="/abbreviations_listings">Abbreviations Listings</a></li> <li><a href="/list_of_patrons">List of Patrons</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="kopelmanlogo" class="yui3-u-1-5"> <a href="http://www.kopelman.org"><img alt="Funded by The Kopelman Foundation" src="/images/logo-foundation.jpg" /></a> </div> <div id="copyright" class="yui3-u-2-5"> <em>©2002-2021, JewishEncyclopedia.com. 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