CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" data-uri="slate.com/_pages/clexdvfk5000m2jm3ws7y5knv@published" data-layout-uri="slate.com/_layouts/layout-one-column/instances/article@published" data-myslateUrl="https://my.slate.com" data-env="prod" data-trackingdomain=".slate.com" > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Register-Heavy-subset.a571c0d.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Register-HeavyItalic-subset.d42bb80.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-Book-subset.dc123e1.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-BookItalic-subset.e351a4d.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-Bold-subset.77f1049.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-BoldItalic-subset.c2b4700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://compote.slate.com/" crossorigin /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://geolocation.onetrust.com/" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://experience.piano.io" /> <script> window.slateGlobal = { abTests: {} }; (function() { "use strict";void 0===window.slateGlobal&&(window.slateGlobal={}),window.slateGlobal.injectScript=function(e,t,a){var c=document.createElement("script");c.src=e,t&&c.addEventListener("load",t),a&&c.addEventListener("error",a),document.head.appendChild(c)},window.slateGlobal.injectScriptSync=function(e){document.write('<script src="'+e+'"><\/script>')},Object.freeze(window.slateGlobal);try{var theme=localStorage.getItem("theme")}catch(e){}var matches=location.search.match(/\btheme=(\w+)/);matches&&(theme=matches[1]),-1===["light","dark","auto"].indexOf(theme)&&(theme="light"),document.documentElement.classList.add("theme-"+theme); }()) </script>    <title>John Wick, James Bond, Jack Reacher: Why do all action heroes have J names?</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Why Do All Action Heroes Have Names That Start With the Same Letter?"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Why Do All Action Heroes Have Names That Start With the Same Letter?">  <link rel="canonical" href="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html"> <meta property="twitter:url" content="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-03-11T10:50:00+00:00"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large">  <meta name="description" content="A Slate investigation into the past 70 years of action movies."> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A Slate investigation into the past 70 years of action movies."> <meta property="og:description" content="A Slate investigation into the past 70 years of action movies.">  <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1560" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1560" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content=1560 />  <meta name="news_keywords" content="a-slate-investigation, tom-cruise, history"> <meta property="article:tag" content="a-slate-investigation, tom-cruise, history">  <meta name="author" content="Demetria Glace">  <script data-uri="slate.com/_components/permutive/instances/clexdvfl9000v2jm3alt55zk5@published" class="permutive" data-permutive-project-id=16d3bd5c-bf92-4bf0-815a-eac397d3aadf > !function(n,e,o,r,i){if(!e){e=e||{},window.permutive=e,e.q=[],e.config=i||{},e.config.projectId=o,e.config.apiKey=r,e.config.environment=e.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var f=t[c];e[f]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);e.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(f)}}}(document,window.permutive, "16d3bd5c-bf92-4bf0-815a-eac397d3aadf","dd4993d6-d26a-48b5-bf2d-05b09fb85de3",{consentRequired: true}); window.googletag=window.googletag||{},window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[],window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){if(0===window.googletag.pubads().getTargeting("permutive").length){var g=window.localStorage.getItem("_pdfps");window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("permutive",g?JSON.parse(g):[])}}); window.slatePermutiveData = {"page":{"article":{"pageType":"article","id":"slate.com/_components/article/instances/clexdvfm500182jm3st2ngkh2","title":"Why Do All Action Heroes Have Names That Start With the Same Letter?","authors":["Demetria Glace"],"section":"Culture","rubric":"Movies","keywords":["a-slate-investigation","tom-cruise","history"],"gsChannels":[],"publishedTime":"2023-03-06T21:16:44+00:00","sentiment":"positive","categories":["/movies/family and children movies","/books and literature/fiction","/events and attractions/personal celebrations & life events"],"entities":["Jack - positive","790 - positive","John - positive","John Wick - negative","past 100 years - negative","Natalie Matthews-Ramo - positive","2,206 - positive","James - positive","first - positive","United States - positive","screenwriters - negative","30 percent - positive","7 percent - positive","33 percent - negative","74 - negative","Coates - negative","Jack Reacher - positive","John McClane - positive","past 70 years - positive","John James Rambo - positive","data researcher - positive","consulting experts - negative","The Data - negative","Joe - positive","James Bond - positive","Slate Chart - positive","1,1416 - positive","Thirty-three percent - negative","Number of Johns - positive","1922 to 2021 - negative","Jason Bourne - positive","177,238,032 - positive","Sheppard - positive","thenumbers.com - neutral","Michael - negative","J-Name Hall - neutral","Famer James Bond - neutral","50 - negative","Jennifer Moss - negative","one - positive","John Doe - positive","Richard Coates - neutral","professor emeritus of onomastics - neutral","Wikipedia - positive","46 percent - neutral","Jack-tar - positive","American Name Society - neutral","Laurel Sutton - neutral","The Baby Names Workbook - neutral","CEO of BabyNames.com - neutral"],"concepts":["United States","Film","Given name","England","Protagonist","Oxford English Dictionary","Keanu Reeves","Point Break"]}}}; </script>   <meta name="twitter:site" content="@slate" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Slate" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="142011022527753" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Slate Magazine" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/media/sites/slate-com/web-app-manifest.json" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#f8f8f8" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" />  <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" href="/media/components/meta-icons/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/media/sites/slate-com/icon.180x180.png"> <script data-uri="slate.com/_components/polyfills/instances/singleton@published">(function(){ var p='/media/components/polyfills/' function n(f){return p+f+'.min.js'} function i(f){slateGlobal.injectScriptSync(n(f))}if(typeof CSS === 'undefined' || typeof CSS.supports === 'undefined' || !CSS.supports('object-fit', 'cover'))i("object-fit-images") if(!HTMLElement.prototype.closest)i('element-closest-polyfill') if(!window.Promise||!window.URL||!window.URLSearchParams||!window.Map||!Array.from)i('core-js-bundle') if(!window.fetch)i('whatwg-fetch') if(/Trident|MSIE/.test(navigator.userAgent))slateGlobal.injectScript(n('svg4everybody'),function(){svg4everybody()}) if(!window.IntersectionObserver)i('intersection-observer')}())</script> <script data-theme-font="" data-uri="slate.com/_components/fontfaceobserver/instances/fontfaceobserver@published"> /* Font Face Observer v2.1.0 - © Bram Stein. License: BSD-3-Clause */(function(){function l(a,b){document.addEventListener?a.addEventListener("scroll",b,!1):a.attachEvent("scroll",b)}function m(a){document.body?a():document.addEventListener?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function c(){document.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c);a()}):document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function k(){if("interactive"==document.readyState||"complete"==document.readyState)document.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",k),a()})};function t(a){this.a=document.createElement("div");this.a.setAttribute("aria-hidden","true");this.a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(a));this.b=document.createElement("span");this.c=document.createElement("span");this.h=document.createElement("span");this.f=document.createElement("span");this.g=-1;this.b.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;";this.c.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;"; this.f.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;";this.h.style.cssText="display:inline-block;width:200%;height:200%;font-size:16px;max-width:none;";this.b.appendChild(this.h);this.c.appendChild(this.f);this.a.appendChild(this.b);this.a.appendChild(this.c)} function u(a,b){a.a.style.cssText="max-width:none;min-width:20px;min-height:20px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:auto;margin:0;padding:0;top:-999px;white-space:nowrap;font-synthesis:none;font:"+b+";"}function z(a){var b=a.a.offsetWidth,c=b+100;a.f.style.width=c+"px";a.c.scrollLeft=c;a.b.scrollLeft=a.b.scrollWidth+100;return a.g!==b?(a.g=b,!0):!1}function A(a,b){function c(){var a=k;z(a)&&a.a.parentNode&&b(a.g)}var k=a;l(a.b,c);l(a.c,c);z(a)};function B(a,b){var c=b||{};this.family=a;this.style=c.style||"normal";this.weight=c.weight||"normal";this.stretch=c.stretch||"normal"}var C=null,D=null,E=null,F=null;function G(){if(null===D)if(J()&&/Apple/.test(window.navigator.vendor)){var a=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)(?:\.([0-9]+))(?:\.([0-9]+))/.exec(window.navigator.userAgent);D=!!a&&603>parseInt(a[1],10)}else D=!1;return D}function J(){null===F&&(F=!!document.fonts);return F} function K(){if(null===E){var a=document.createElement("div");try{a.style.font="condensed 100px sans-serif"}catch(b){}E=""!==a.style.font}return E}function L(a,b){return[a.style,a.weight,K()?a.stretch:"","100px",b].join(" ")} B.prototype.load=function(a,b){var c=this,k=a||"BESbswy",r=0,n=b||3E3,H=(new Date).getTime();return new Promise(function(a,b){if(J()&&!G()){var M=new Promise(function(a,b){function e(){(new Date).getTime()-H>=n?b(Error(""+n+"ms timeout exceeded")):document.fonts.load(L(c,'"'+c.family+'"'),k).then(function(c){1<=c.length?a():setTimeout(e,25)},b)}e()}),N=new Promise(function(a,c){r=setTimeout(function(){c(Error(""+n+"ms timeout exceeded"))},n)});Promise.race([N,M]).then(function(){clearTimeout(r);a(c)}, b)}else m(function(){function v(){var b;if(b=-1!=f&&-1!=g||-1!=f&&-1!=h||-1!=g&&-1!=h)(b=f!=g&&f!=h&&g!=h)||(null===C&&(b=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)(?:\.([0-9]+))/.exec(window.navigator.userAgent),C=!!b&&(536>parseInt(b[1],10)||536===parseInt(b[1],10)&&11>=parseInt(b[2],10))),b=C&&(f==w&&g==w&&h==w||f==x&&g==x&&h==x||f==y&&g==y&&h==y)),b=!b;b&&(d.parentNode&&d.parentNode.removeChild(d),clearTimeout(r),a(c))}function I(){if((new Date).getTime()-H>=n)d.parentNode&&d.parentNode.removeChild(d),b(Error(""+ n+"ms timeout exceeded"));else{var a=document.hidden;if(!0===a||void 0===a)f=e.a.offsetWidth,g=p.a.offsetWidth,h=q.a.offsetWidth,v();r=setTimeout(I,50)}}var e=new t(k),p=new t(k),q=new t(k),f=-1,g=-1,h=-1,w=-1,x=-1,y=-1,d=document.createElement("div");d.dir="ltr";u(e,L(c,"sans-serif"));u(p,L(c,"serif"));u(q,L(c,"monospace"));d.appendChild(e.a);d.appendChild(p.a);d.appendChild(q.a);document.body.appendChild(d);w=e.a.offsetWidth;x=p.a.offsetWidth;y=q.a.offsetWidth;I();A(e,function(a){f=a;v()});u(e, L(c,'"'+c.family+'",sans-serif'));A(p,function(a){g=a;v()});u(p,L(c,'"'+c.family+'",serif'));A(q,function(a){h=a;v()});u(q,L(c,'"'+c.family+'",monospace'))})})};"object"===typeof module?module.exports=B:(window.FontFaceObserver=B,window.FontFaceObserver.prototype.load=B.prototype.load);}()); !function(){"use strict";function t(e){try{return Boolean(localStorage.getItem(e))}catch(t){return console.error("Error getting "+e+" in localStorage",t),!1}}function e(t){try{localStorage.setItem(t,!0)}catch(t){console.error("Error accessing localStorage",t)}}var o,n,a=[],l="slate_site_fonts",c=(t(l)||[["Retina"],["Retina",null,"italic"],["Retina","bold"],["Retina","bold","italic"],["Register","bold"],["Register","bold","italic"]].forEach(function(t){a.push(new FontFaceObserver(t[0],{weight:t[1]||"normal",style:t[2]||"normal"}).load())}),document.currentScript.dataset.themeFont);c&&(o=c.toLowerCase().trim(),t(n="slate_theme_font_"+o)||a.push(new FontFaceObserver(c).load())),a.length?Promise.all(a).then(function(){e(l),c&&(e(n),document.documentElement.classList.add("has-theme-font")),document.documentElement.classList.add("fonts-loaded")}):(document.documentElement.classList.add("fonts-loaded"),document.documentElement.classList.toggle("has-theme-font",c))}(); </script>  <script> "use strict";window.slateCMP={oneTrust:{},TCF:{},removeTCFStub:function(){delete window.__tcfapi;var e=document.getElementsByName("__tcfapiLocator")[0];e&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}},window.slateCMP.oneTrust.ready=new Promise(function(e,n){window.slateCMP.oneTrust.resolve=e,window.slateCMP.oneTrust.reject=n}),window.slateCMP.TCF.ready=new Promise(function(e,n){window.slateCMP.TCF.resolve=e,window.slateCMP.TCF.reject=n}),window.slateCMP.oneTrust.ready.then(function(){"undefined"!=typeof __tcfapi&&__tcfapi("getTCData",2,function(e,n){n?window.slateCMP.TCF.resolve(e):window.slateCMP.TCF.reject(e)})});var TARGETING_CATEGORIES=["C0001","C0002","C0003","C0004","C0005","gad"];window.nonIabVendorApi={vendors:{},checkConsent:function(e){return!!window.OptanonActiveGroups&&this.vendors[e].categories.every(function(e){return-1<window.OptanonActiveGroups.indexOf(e)})},updateVendors:function(){window.OptanonActiveGroups;for(var e in this.vendors)if(n=this.checkConsent(e),this.vendors[e].initCalled)this.vendors[e].updateConsentFunc(n);else{var n=this.vendors[e].initFunc(n);if("boolean"!=typeof n)throw new Error("initFunc should return boolean. Returned "+n+".");this.vendors[e].initCalled=n}},registerVendor:function(e,n){void 0===n&&(n={categories:[],initFunc:function(e){return!1},updateConsentFunc:function(e){}});if(e in this.vendors)throw new Error(e+" already registered");if(!Array.isArray(n.categories))throw new Error("vendorOptions.categories must be an array.");if(!n.categories.length)throw new Error("vendorOptions.categories must not be empty.");for(var t=0;t<n.categories.length;t++)if(!TARGETING_CATEGORIES.includes(n.categories[t]))throw new Error(n.categories[t]+" is not a valid targeting category. Category must be one of "+TARGETING_CATEGORIES+".");if(this.vendors[e]={initCalled:!1,categories:n.categories,initFunc:n.initFunc,updateConsentFunc:n.updateConsentFunc},window.OptanonActiveGroups&&(o=this.checkConsent(e))){var o=this.vendors[e].initFunc(o);if("boolean"!=typeof o)throw new Error("initFunc should return boolean. Returned "+o+".");this.vendors[e].initCalled=o}}}; window.slateCMP.TCF.resolve({gdprApplies: false}); </script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-domain-script="0e1d2de3-ec2a-48ca-8f78-11045575a199" data-ignore-ga='true'></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/opt-out/otCCPAiab.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" ccpa-opt-out-ids="C0004,gad" ccpa-opt-out-geo="ca" ccpa-opt-out-lspa="true"></script> <script> function OptanonWrapper() { try { window.slateCMP.oneTrust.resolve(); window.nonIabVendorApi.updateVendors() } catch (e) { console.warn('failed to setup onetrust', e) } } </script>  <script data-uri="slate.com/_components/analytics-js-loader/instances/general@published" class="analytics-js-loader" data-amplitude-api-key="5a7cb616c0717cb7f4f0eee43d9f4e1c" data-amplitude-log-level="Error" data-amplitude-domain=".slate.com" data-amplitude-replay-sample-rate="0.001" data-parsely-script-src="https://fpa-cdn.slate.com/keys/slate.com/p.js" > // we define this ASAP beacuse lots of components call amplitude window.slateAmplitudeQueue = { _q: [], initCalled: false, instance: null, push: function(callback) { if (this.initCalled) { callback(this.instance); this.processQueue(); } else { this._q.push(callback); } }, processQueue: function() { for (var i = 0; i < this._q.length; i++) { this._q[i](this.instance); } this._q = []; }, init: function(instance, consent) { this.instance = instance; this.instance.setOptOut(!consent); if (consent) { this.processQueue(); } this.initCalled = true; } }; window.slateParsely = { leadCaptureEvents: [], trackLeadCapture(event) { if (!window.PARSELY || !window.PARSELY.loaded) { // Run through the leadCaptureEvents queue in client.js when Parsely loads this.leadCaptureEvents.push(event) return; } window.PARSELY.conversions.trackLeadCapture(event); } } </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://edge.atmtd.com/geo/WxB0Su/afihbs.js" async></script> <script defer src="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/media/components/slate-ad-prebid/prebid.min.af92df7.js"></script> <script class="slate-ad-prebid"> window.pbjs = window.pbjs || {}; window.pbjs.que = window.pbjs.que || []; window.slateCMP.TCF.ready.then( function(tcData){ pbjs.que.push(function(){ var pbjsConfig = { bidderTimeout: 1500, debug: false, enableSendAllBids: false, useBidCache: true, bidderSequence: "random", enableTIDs: true, userSync: { userIds: [ { name: "identityLink", params: { pid: "13468", }, storage: { type: "cookie", name: "idl_env", expires: 1, refreshInSeconds: 1800, }, }, { name: "pairId", // see https://docs.prebid.org/dev-docs/modules/userid-submodules/pair.html params: { liveramp: {}, }, }, { name: "sharedId", storage: { type: "cookie", name: "_sharedid", expires: 365, }, }, ], filterSettings: { all: { bidders: '*', filter: 'include' } }, syncsPerBidder: 10, syncDelay: 5000 }, priceGranularity: { buckets: [{ 'min': 0.1, 'max': 5, 'increment': 0.01 },{ 'min': 5, 'max': 8, 'increment': 0.05 }, { 'min': 8, 'max': 20, 'increment': 0.10 },{ 'min': 20, 'max': 50, 'increment': 0.50 }] }, consentManagement: { usp: { cmpApi: 'iab', timeout: 1000, } }, targetingControls: { alwaysIncludeDeals: true, }, // pass permutive segments to selected SSPs realTimeData: { dataProviders: [{ name: 'permutive', params: { acBidders: ['appnexus', 'rubicon', 'pubmatic', 'yahoossp', 'openx'], transformations: [{ id: 'iab', config: { segtax: 4, iabIds: { 126217: '244', 121557: '243', 120811: '268', 120736: '348', 99705: '368', 120738: '406', 121824: '522', 121573: '534', 121576: '581', 121550: '583', 121575: '606', 121578: '687', 121549: '719', 126219: '245', 126220: '246', 126221: '247', 126222: '248', 126223: '249', 126224: '250', 126225: '251', 126226: '252', 126227: '253', 126228: '254', 126229: '255', 126230: '256', 126231: '257', 126232: '258', 126233: '259', 126234: '260', 126235: '261', 126236: '262', 126237: '263', 126238: '264', 126239: '265', 126240: '266', 126241: '267', 126242: '269', 126243: '295', 126244: '305', 126245: '338', 126246: '339', 126247: '340', 126248: '341', 126249: '342', 126250: '343', 126251: '344', 126252: '345', 126253: '346', 126254: '347', 126255: '350', 126256: '359', 126257: '360', 126258: '361', 126259: '362', 126260: '363', 126261: '364', 126262: '365', 126263: '366', 126264: '367', 126265: '369', 126266: '370', 126267: '371', 126268: '372', 126269: '373', 126270: '374', 126271: '375', 126272: '376', 126273: '377', 126274: '378', 126275: '379', 126276: '380', 126277: '407', 126278: '408', 126279: '411', 126280: '412', 126281: '413', 126282: '414', 126283: '415', 126284: '421', 126285: '422', 126286: '423', 126287: '424', 126288: '434', 126289: '435', 126290: '436', 126291: '437', 126292: '440', 126293: '445', 126294: '449', 126295: '450', 126296: '451', 126297: '452', 126298: '453', 126299: '454', 126300: '455', 126301: '456', 126302: '457', 126303: '458', 126304: '459', 126305: '460', 126306: '461', 126307: '462', 126308: '463', 126309: '464', 126310: '465', 126311: '466', 126312: '467', 126313: '468', 126314: '469', 126315: '470', 126316: '471', 126317: '472', 126318: '473', 126319: '474', 126320: '475', 126321: '476', 126322: '477', 126323: '478', 126324: '479', 126325: '480', 126326: '481', 126327: '482', 126328: '483', 126329: '486', 126330: '487', 126331: '488', 126332: '489', 126333: '490', 126334: '491', 126335: '492', 126336: '493', 126337: '494', 126338: '495', 126339: '496', 126340: '497', 126341: '498', 126342: '499', 126343: '500', 126344: '501', 126345: '502', 126346: '503', 126347: '504', 126348: '510', 126349: '511', 126350: '512', 126351: '513', 126352: '519', 126353: '520', 126354: '521', 126355: '523', 126356: '524', 126357: '525', 126358: '526', 126359: '527', 126360: '528', 126361: '529', 126362: '533', 126363: '535', 126364: '536', 126365: '537', 126366: '538', 126367: '539', 126368: '540', 126369: '541', 126370: '542', 126371: '543', 126372: '544', 126373: '545', 126374: '547', 126375: '548', 126376: '549', 126377: '582', 126378: '584', 126379: '585', 126380: '586', 126381: '587', 126382: '588', 126383: '589', 126384: '590', 126385: '591', 126386: '592', 126387: '593', 126388: '594', 126389: '607', 126390: '608', 126391: '609', 126392: '610', 126393: '612', 126394: '613', 126395: '614', 126396: '615', 126397: '616', 126398: '617', 126399: '618', 126400: '619', 126401: '620', 126402: '624', 126403: '625', 126404: '626', 126405: '627', 126406: '628', 126407: '629', 126408: '631', 126409: '640', 126410: '641', 126411: '642', 126412: '643', 126413: '644', 126414: '645', 126415: '646', 126416: '647', 126417: '648', 126418: '649', 126419: '650', 126420: '651', 126421: '654', 126422: '655', 126423: '656', 126424: '657', 126425: '660', 126426: '661', 126427: '662', 126428: '663', 126429: '664', 126430: '665', 126431: '666', 126432: '667', 126433: '668', 126434: '669', 126435: '670', 126436: '671', 126437: '672', 126438: '673', 126439: '674', 126440: '675', 126441: '676', 126442: '677', 126443: '678', 126444: '679', 126445: '680', 126446: '681', 126447: '682', 126448: '683', 126449: '684', 126450: '685', 126451: '686', 126452: '688', 126453: '689', 126454: '690', 126455: '703', 126456: '704', 126457: '705', 126458: '706', 126459: '707', 126460: '708', 126461: '709', 126462: '710', 126463: '711', 126464: '712', 126465: '713', 126466: '714', 126467: '715', 126468: '716', 126469: '717', 126470: '718', 126471: '720', 126472: '721', 126473: '722', 126474: '723', 126475: '724', 126476: '725', 126477: '726', 126478: '727', 126479: '728', 126480: '729', 126481: '730', 126482: '731', 126483: '732', 126484: '733', 126485: '734', 126486: '735', 126487: '736', 126488: '737', 126489: '738' } } }], }, }] } }; if(tcData.gdprApplies || tcData.gdprApplies === undefined){ // pbjsConfig.consentManagement.gdpr = { cmpApi: 'iab', timeout: 5000, defaultGdprScope: true, allowAuctionWithoutConsent: false, rules: [ { purpose: 'storage', enforcePurpose: true, enforceVendor: true, vendorExceptions: ["permutive"] } ] } // pbjsConfig.deviceAccess = false; try { pbjsConfig.deviceAccess = window.OptanonActiveGroups.indexOf('gad') > -1; }catch(e){ console.error(e); } // pbjsConfig.userSync.syncEnabled = false; } pbjs.setConfig(pbjsConfig); // enable analytics. pbjs.enableAnalytics([{ provider: 'atsAnalytics', options: { pid: '13468' } }, { provider: 'concert' }]); // allow all bidders access to cookies and local storage pbjs.bidderSettings = { standard: { storageAllowed: true } }; }) }); </script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" ></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script>   <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <script src="https://tagan.adlightning.com/slate/op.js" defer></script>  <meta name="dfp-cache-buster" content=98a6124821071b80359d72d5bff358a2bad22385>  <script id="amazon-aps" data-bidder-timeout="1500" async src="https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"></script> <script> !function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},dpa:function(){q("di",arguments)},rpa:function(){q("ri",arguments)},upa:function(){q("ui",arguments)},_Q:[]};}("apstag",window); </script>   <script> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({'article':'auto'}); !function (e, f, u, i) { if (!document.getElementById(i)){ e.async = 1; e.src = u; e.id = i; f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); } }(document.createElement('script'), document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/slate1-network/loader.js', 'tb_loader_script'); if(window.performance && typeof window.performance.mark == 'function') {window.performance.mark('tbl_ic');} </script>  <style>/* file to fool amphora into not inlining our fonts! */ .tp-modal-open.tp-modal-open{overflow:initial!important}.tp-backdrop{--bg-color:#6b4d64;--bg-color-hsl:314deg,16.3043478261%,36.0784313725%;background-color:hsla(var(--bg-color-hsl),.2)!important}.theme-dark .tp-backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}.tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close){top:2px;right:2px;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;background:0 0;width:40px;height:40px;padding:10px;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s ease;transition:opacity .12s ease;opacity:.6}.tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):enabled:hover,.tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):focus-visible{-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;opacity:1}.tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):focus-visible{border:none;outline:dotted var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);outline-offset:1px}.tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close)::before{content:"";display:block;height:100%;width:100%;background:url(/media/sites/slate-com/global-sprite.svg) no-repeat;background-size:20px 20px}.tp-container-inner,.tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper){height:auto!important;width:auto!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .tp-backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}.theme-auto .tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close)::before{-webkit-filter:invert();filter:invert()}}.theme-dark .tp-close:is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close):is(.tp-close)::before{-webkit-filter:invert();filter:invert()}.tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper){background:#fff;color:var(--txt-color);font-size:1rem;translate:calc(50vw - 50%) var(--dialog-top,calc(50vh - 50%));max-height:min(100vh,100vh - 30px);margin:0;border:1px solid #eae6e9!important;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.15);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.15);max-width:min(40rem,100vw - 30px)}@-webkit-keyframes dialog-open{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes dialog-open{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper)[open]{-webkit-animation:.24s .12s both dialog-open;animation:.24s .12s both dialog-open}.tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper)[open]::-webkit-backdrop{-webkit-animation:.12s both dialog-open;animation:.12s both dialog-open}.tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper)[open]::backdrop{-webkit-animation:.12s both dialog-open;animation:.12s both dialog-open}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper){background:#1a0014;border-color:#56334e!important}}.theme-dark .tp-iframe-wrapper:is(.tp-iframe-wrapper){background:#1a0014;border-color:#56334e!important}#tp-recaptcha .grecaptcha-badge.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden!important}.article{--theme-color:var(--theme-color-light);--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-light-rgb)}.theme-dark .article{--theme-color:var(--theme-color-dark, var(--theme-color-light));--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-dark-rgb, var(--theme-color-rgb))}@supports(display:grid){.article:after,.article:before{content:""}.article{margin:0 0 1.8rem}@media(min-width:768px){.article{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);width:100vw;display:grid;grid-column-gap:15px;grid-template-columns:1fr 620px 1fr}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article{grid-column-gap:20px;grid-template-columns:1fr 125.71px 708.57px 125.71px 1fr}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article{grid-template-columns:1fr 240px 780px 240px 1fr}}.article:before{grid-column:1}.article:after{grid-column-end:4}@media(min-width:1024px){.article:after{grid-column-end:6}}@media print{.article{display:block;max-width:40em;margin:0 auto}}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.article{max-width:1000px;margin:auto}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active)and (min-width:1440px),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none)and (min-width:1440px){.article{max-width:1300px}}@supports(display:grid){@media(min-width:768px){.article__fullbleed-header{grid-column:1/span 3}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__fullbleed-header{grid-column:1/span 5;grid-row:1}}.article__header{grid-column:2}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__header{grid-column:3;grid-row:2/span 2}}.article__top-image{grid-column:2;grid-row:4}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__top-image{grid-column:3}.article__body,.article__share-sidebar{grid-row:5}}.article__share-sidebar{grid-column:2}.article__podcast-subscribe{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:1}.article__body{grid-column:2}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__body{grid-column:3}}.article--right-rail{overflow:initial}.article--right-rail .article__header{grid-column:2}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.article--right-rail .article__header{grid-column:3;grid-row:2/span 2}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article--right-rail{grid-column-gap:0;grid-template-columns:1fr 970px 330px 1fr}.article--right-rail .article__header{grid-column:2}.article--right-rail .article__header .article__meta{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start}.article--right-rail .article__header .article__meta .article__byline{margin-right:10px}.article--right-rail .article__top-image{grid-column:2}}.article--right-rail .article__body{grid-column:2}@media(min-width:1024px){.article--right-rail .article__body{grid-column:3}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article--right-rail .article__body{display:grid;grid-template-columns:190px 780px;grid-column:2}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content{grid-column:2}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .slate-ad{margin-left:-190px}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .social-share{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .pull-quote--left{margin-left:0}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .pull-quote--right{margin-right:0}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .pull-quote{width:390px}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .in-article-recirc{margin:0 0 20px 20px}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .slate-external-video--wide{width:auto;margin-left:0}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .image--right{margin-right:0}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .image--left{margin-left:0}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__content .image--wide{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%}}.article--right-rail .article__body .article__tags{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;grid-column:2}.article--right-rail .article__left-rail{display:none}@media(min-width:1440px){.article--right-rail .article__body .article__tags{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start}.article--right-rail .article__left-rail{display:block;grid-column:1}}.article--right-rail .article__right-rail{grid-column:3;grid-row:5/span 1;display:none;margin-left:30px}.article--right-rail .article__right-rail .slate-ad{position:sticky;top:30px}.piano-paywall-visible .article--right-rail .article__right-rail{height:0}@media(min-width:1440px){.article--right-rail .article__right-rail{display:block}.article--right-rail .article__share-sidebar{display:none}}.article__sticky-alert{position:fixed;z-index:1;bottom:0;bottom:env(safe-area-inset-bottom);left:0;left:env(safe-area-inset-left);right:0;right:env(safe-area-inset-right);text-align:center;pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s,-webkit-transform .12s;transition:opacity .12s,-webkit-transform .12s;transition:opacity .12s,transform .12s;transition:opacity .12s,transform .12s,-webkit-transform .12s}.article__sticky-alert:not([hidden])>*{pointer-events:initial}.article__sticky-alert[hidden]{display:block;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(200%);transform:translateY(200%)}@media(min-width:768px){.article__sticky-alert{grid-column:2}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__sticky-alert{grid-row:6;grid-column:3}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article__sticky-alert{grid-row:6;grid-column:1/span 4}}}@media(max-width:768px){.article__fullbleed-header{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);width:100vw}}.article__header{margin:.7em 0 1.1em}@media(min-width:768px){.article__header{margin-bottom:2.2em}}.article__rubric{letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.7230659372rem;color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85);margin:0 0 .5em;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;position:relative}.article__rubric:focus,.article__rubric:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8)}.article__rubric::before{width:10px;height:10px;border-width:4.35px;border-color:#a66884;border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884));border-style:solid none none solid;content:"";display:inline-block;position:absolute;bottom:100%;right:100%}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .article{--theme-color:var(--theme-color-dark, var(--theme-color-light));--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-dark-rgb, var(--theme-color-rgb))}.theme-auto .article__rubric::before{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#c39bad))}}.theme-dark .article__rubric::before{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#c39bad))}@media(min-width:768px){.article__rubric{font-size:.8232026157rem}.article__rubric::before{bottom:calc(100% + .3em);right:calc(100% + .3em)}}.article__rubric>img[width][height]{height:1rem;width:auto}.article--sponsored .article__rubric{display:none}.article__hed{font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1.6800234952rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0 0 .3em}.fonts-loaded .article__hed{font-family:Register,Georgia,Times,serif}@media(min-width:768px){.article__hed{font-size:2.3234720499rem}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__hed{font-size:2.6452473706rem}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article__hed{font-size:3.0115850337rem}}@media(min-width:768px){.article--coverstory .article__hed{font-size:3.0115850337rem}.article__hed--black-film-canon{display:none}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article--coverstory .article__hed{font-size:3.4286564334rem}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article--coverstory .article__hed{font-size:3.9034876343rem}}.article__hed--black-film-canon{font-family:Georgia,Times,serif}.fonts-loaded .article__hed--black-film-canon{font-family:var(--theme-font,Register,Georgia,Times,serif)}.has-theme-font.fonts-loaded .article__hed--black-film-canon{font-size:3.6583764145rem}.article__dek{font-size:1.067rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2;color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85);margin:0 0 1em}@media(min-width:768px){.article__dek{margin-bottom:1.4em}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__dek{font-size:1.3829997357rem}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article__dek{font-size:1.475660718rem}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article__meta{font-size:.9372071228rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.article__byline{max-width:65%}}.article__byline,.article__dateline{letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8232026157rem}@media(max-width:768px){.article__byline{line-height:1.4}}.article__byline a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.article__byline a:focus,.article__byline a:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8)}.article__dateline{color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7)}.article__dateline>span:nth-child(2)::before{content:"•";padding:0 .4em;color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5)}@media(max-width:1024px){.article__dateline{display:inline-block;margin-top:.5em}}@media print{.article iframe{display:none}}.article__tags{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.6776625465rem;gap:1em;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;list-style:none;margin:1em 0;padding:0}@media print{.article__tags{display:none}}.article__tag{display:block;text-decoration:none;color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);background:rgba(0,0,0,.03);background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.1);padding:.6em;border-radius:1px}.article__tag:focus,.article__tag:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.07);background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}.article__hr{margin:1.2em 0 0;border:none;border-top:2px solid #ccc;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}@media(min-width:768px){.article__hr{margin:2em 0}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.article__fullbleed-header{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);width:100vw}}.live-update__alert{padding:.7em 1em;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;gap:1em;-webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.5);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.5);background:#2c0022;color:#fff;margin-bottom:1em}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .live-update__alert{background:#56334e}}.theme-dark .live-update__alert{background:#56334e}@media(max-width:767px){.live-update__alert{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}}.live-update__btn{--button-color:#cc0b40;--button-color-hsl:343.5233160622deg,89.7674418605%,42.1568627451%}.live-update__el{-webkit-transition:background-color 1.2s;transition:background-color 1.2s;border-radius:2px}.live-update__el--new{background-color:#f0f0f0;background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 5px hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07) l;box-shadow:0 0 5px hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07) l}.slate-paragraph--drop-cap::first-letter{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;float:left;line-height:.5;font-size:5.3rem;margin:.8rem .3rem 0 -.3rem;color:#a66884;color:var(--theme-color,#a66884)}.fonts-loaded .slate-paragraph--drop-cap::first-letter{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}@media(min-width:768px){.slate-paragraph--drop-cap::first-letter{margin-top:1.1rem}}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.slate-paragraph--drop-cap::first-letter{margin-top:.07em}}.slate-paragraph__drop-cap{float:left;width:6em;margin-right:.4em}.slate-paragraph__first-word{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0}.slate-paragraph--tombstone{display:inline-block}.slate-paragraph--tombstone::after{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;border-width:6.09px;border-color:#a66884;border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884));border-style:none solid solid none;content:"";margin-left:.2em}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-paragraph--tombstone::after{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#c39bad))}}.theme-dark .slate-paragraph--tombstone::after{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#c39bad))}@media(max-width:768px){.slate-paragraph--tombstone::after{width:10px;height:10px;border-width:4.35px}}.newsletter-signup{position:relative;text-align:left;border-top:2px solid #ddd;border-bottom:2px solid #ddd;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);margin-bottom:1.8em;padding:1.2em;font-size:.878357191rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:15px 30px}@media(min-width:768px){.newsletter-signup{padding:1.2em .6em}}.newsletter-signup__img{-webkit-transition:opacity .12s;transition:opacity .12s}.newsletter-signup__img[hidden]{display:inline-block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.newsletter-signup__manage-link{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor;border-color:var(--theme-color,currentColor)}.newsletter-signup__manage-link:focus,.newsletter-signup__manage-link:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8);border-color:transparent}.newsletter-signup--minimal{border:none}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__intro{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:1em}@media(max-width:768px){.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__intro{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__success{margin:0}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__fields{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__input-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;width:100%}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__input{margin-top:0!important;height:39px}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__label{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%}.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__submit{margin-left:1em;height:39px;white-space:nowrap}.newsletter-signup--form-only{border:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:100%}.newsletter-signup--form-only .newsletter-signup__label{display:block;width:100%}.newsletter-signup--form-only .newsletter-signup__label div{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;width:100%}.newsletter-signup--form-only .newsletter-signup__submit{margin-left:1em;white-space:nowrap;height:100%}.newsletter-signup--form-only .newsletter-signup__input{margin-top:0!important}.newsletter-signup__arrow{display:inline-block;position:absolute;left:0;top:.6em;width:.9em;height:auto;fill:#ff0e50}.layout-homepage .newsletter-signup__arrow,.podcast-episode .newsletter-signup__arrow{display:none}.newsletter-signup__intro{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 0 100%;flex:1 0 100%}@media(min-width:768px){.newsletter-signup__arrow{width:1.45em;left:-25px;top:0}.newsletter-signup__intro{-ms-flex-preferred-size:37%;flex-basis:37%}}.newsletter-signup__intro--centered{text-align:center}.newsletter-signup__intro>p{font-size:.8232026157rem}.newsletter-signup__intro>p:first-of-type{margin-top:.2em}.newsletter-signup__intro-sparkles{width:38px;-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:flex-start}.newsletter-signup__form{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 0 57%;flex:1 0 57%;min-width:min(20em,100%)}.newsletter-signup__error{margin-bottom:10px;padding:.8em!important}.newsletter-signup__success{padding:.8em!important}.newsletter-signup__success>p{margin:.6em 0 0}.newsletter-signup__success>p:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.newsletter-signup__headline{font-size:1rem;margin:0}.newsletter-signup__fields{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.8em .5em}.newsletter-signup__label{display:block;width:100%}.newsletter-signup__label-text{font-size:.8232026157rem;line-height:1.2;color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7)}.newsletter-signup__label--error>.newsletter-signup__label-text{font-weight:700;color:#a92626}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .newsletter-signup__label--error>.newsletter-signup__label-text{color:#dc5959}}.theme-dark .newsletter-signup__label--error>.newsletter-signup__label-text{color:#dc5959}.newsletter-signup__check-group{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:.7230659372rem}.newsletter-signup__checkbox[type=checkbox]{margin:0 .4rem 0 0;-ms-flex-item-align:baseline;align-self:baseline}.newsletter-signup__footer{color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7)}@media(min-width:768px){.newsletter-signup__footer{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}}.newsletter-signup__additional{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;row-gap:6px}.newsletter-signup__terms{display:inline-block;font-size:.6776625465rem;color:#767676;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.6);line-height:1.2}.newsletter-signup__terms-link{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #767676;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.6);border-color:var(--theme-color,#767676);border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.6)}.newsletter-signup__terms-link:focus,.newsletter-signup__terms-link:hover{color:#767676;--theme-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl), 0.6);color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.newsletter-signup--form-only .newsletter-signup__submit,.newsletter-signup--minimal .newsletter-signup__submit,.newsletter-signup__submit{-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:flex-start;font-size:.878357191rem}.article-hotseats .newsletter-signup{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-hotseats .newsletter-signup{max-width:708.57px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-hotseats .newsletter-signup{max-width:922.86px}}.subhead{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;margin:1em 0 .5em}.fonts-loaded .subhead{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.subhead a{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:2px solid #ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.subhead a:focus,.subhead a:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.subhead em{font-style:italic}@media print{.subhead{page-break-after:avoid;-webkit-column-break-after:avoid;-moz-column-break-after:avoid;break-after:avoid-page}}h3.subhead{font-size:1.2961572031rem}@media(min-width:768px){h3.subhead{font-size:1.475660718rem}}h4.subhead{font-size:1.214767763rem}.live h4.subhead{color:#e60d48}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .live h4.subhead{color:#ff0e50}}.theme-dark .live h4.subhead{color:#ff0e50}.subhead--ascending,.subhead--descending{font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:700;margin-top:3rem;position:relative}.fonts-loaded .subhead--ascending,.fonts-loaded .subhead--descending{font-family:Register,Georgia,Times,serif}.subhead--ascending.subhead,.subhead--descending.subhead{font-size:1.6800234952rem}.subhead--ascending>.subhead__marker,.subhead--descending>.subhead__marker{content:"";color:#a66884;color:var(--theme-color,#a66884);font-size:2em;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline}@media(min-width:1024px){.subhead--ascending>.subhead__marker,.subhead--descending>.subhead__marker{line-height:.9;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end;position:absolute;right:100%;margin-right:1.25rem}}.subhead--unordered{font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:700;margin-top:3rem;position:relative}.fonts-loaded .subhead--unordered{font-family:Register,Georgia,Times,serif}.subhead--unordered.subhead{font-size:1.6800234952rem}.subhead--unordered>.subhead__marker{content:"";color:#a66884;color:var(--theme-color,#a66884);width:.55em;height:.55em;border-width:.2391304348em;border-color:currentColor;border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,currentColor));border-style:solid solid none none;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(45deg);transform:rotateZ(45deg);margin-bottom:.5em;top:.1em;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline}@media(min-width:1024px){.subhead--unordered>.subhead__marker{line-height:.9;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end;position:absolute;right:100%;margin-right:1.25rem}}.subhead__tied{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;font-size:.25em;color:#444;margin-left:.4em}.fonts-loaded .subhead__tied{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.subhead__subtext{font-size:.75em;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;margin:.25em 0;color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85)}.fonts-loaded .subhead__subtext{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.image{display:block;margin:0 auto 30px;max-width:100%}@media print{.image{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}}.image--edge-to-edge{max-width:none;width:100vw;margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%)}.image--wide{max-width:none;width:100%}@media(min-width:768px),print{.image--wide{width:620px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.image--wide{width:1000px;margin:3rem auto 3rem -145.71px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.image--wide{width:1300px;margin-left:-188.57px}}@media(min-width:768px),print{.image--left{float:left;margin:0 15px 30px 0;z-index:1}}@media(min-width:1024px){.image--left{margin-right:20px;margin-left:-125.71px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.image--left{margin-left:-168.57px}}@media(min-width:768px),print{.image--right{float:right;margin:0 0 30px 15px;z-index:1}.image--left,.image--right{width:239px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.image--right{margin-right:-125.71px;margin-left:20px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.image--right{margin-right:-168.57px}}.image__meta{border-left:2px solid #ddd;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);padding-left:.6em;line-height:1.1;margin-top:.5em}.image__caption{color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85);font-size:.8232026157rem;margin-right:.35em;margin-bottom:.3em}.image__caption a{color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);border-color:var(--theme-color,hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7))}.image__caption a:focus,.image__caption a:hover{color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);--theme-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl), 0.7);color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.image__credit{color:#767676;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.6);font-size:.7230659372rem}.image__credit a{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);border-color:var(--theme-color,hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5))}.image__credit a:focus,.image__credit a:hover{color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);--theme-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl), 0.5);color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.article-hotseats .image--wide{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}@media(min-width:1024px){.image--left,.image--right{width:344.29px}.article-hotseats .image--wide{width:1000px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-hotseats .image--wide{width:1300px}}.pull-quote{width:100%;margin-bottom:.8em;padding:50px 44px;position:relative;display:none}.pull-quote::before,.pull-quote:after{display:inline-block;width:50px;height:50px;border-width:21.74px}.pull-quote::after,.pull-quote::before{content:"";position:absolute}.pull-quote::before{border-color:#88365b;border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#88365b));border-style:solid none none solid;left:0;top:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .pull-quote::before{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884))}}.theme-dark .pull-quote::before{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884))}.pull-quote:after{border-color:#88365b;border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#88365b));border-style:none solid solid none;right:0;bottom:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .pull-quote:after{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884))}}.theme-dark .pull-quote:after{border-color:var(--bracket-color,var(--theme-color,#a66884))}@media(min-width:768px){.pull-quote{display:block}}@media(min-width:1024px){.pull-quote{margin-bottom:20px;width:417.14px}.pull-quote--left{float:left;margin-right:20px;margin-left:-125.71px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.pull-quote{width:545.71px}}.pull-quote--center{width:100%;display:block}@media(min-width:1440px){.pull-quote--left{margin-left:-168.57px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.pull-quote--right{float:right;margin-right:-125.71px;margin-left:20px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.pull-quote--right{margin-right:-168.57px}}.pull-quote__text{font-size:1.5745299861rem;line-height:1.2;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.fonts-loaded .pull-quote__text{font-family:var(--theme-font,Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif)}.has-theme-font.fonts-loaded .pull-quote__text{line-height:.7;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:3.6583764145rem}.pull-quote__attribution{font-size:.8232026157rem;color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);margin-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:-16px;position:relative}.in-article-recirc{background-color:#f8f8f8;margin-bottom:1.2em;padding:1rem}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .in-article-recirc{background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07)}}.theme-dark .in-article-recirc{background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07)}@media(min-width:1024px){.in-article-recirc{float:right;width:271.43px;margin-right:-125.71px;margin-left:20px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.in-article-recirc{margin-right:-291.43px;margin-left:0}}@media print{.in-article-recirc{display:none}}.in-article-recirc__header{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;font-size:.7715113549rem;margin:0}.in-article-recirc__topic{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:2px solid #ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.in-article-recirc__topic:focus,.in-article-recirc__topic:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.in-article-recirc__list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;line-height:1.3}.in-article-recirc__item{margin-top:.8em}.in-article-recirc__link{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;font-size:.8232026157rem}.in-article-recirc__link:focus,.in-article-recirc__link:hover{color:#666;--theme-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl), 0.7);color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.slate-kicker-promo:not(:empty){margin-bottom:1.2em}.slate-kicker-promo iframe{display:block;margin:-15px!important;width:calc(100% + 30px)!important;height:2000px!important;height:var(--slate-height,100%)!important;overflow:visible!important;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s;transition:opacity .12s}.social-share{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;gap:1.5em 2em;margin:1.2em 0}.social-share--podcast-bottom{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start}@media print{.social-share{display:none}}.social-share__link{text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85);font-size:.7715113549rem}.social-share__link--twitter{fill:#4099ff}.social-share__link--facebook{fill:#3b5998}.social-share__link--comments{fill:#ffad10}.social-share__link--share{fill:#2c0022}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .social-share__link--share{fill:#e60d48}}.theme-dark .social-share__link--share{fill:#e60d48}.social-share__icon{width:auto;height:2.2em;vertical-align:text-bottom;margin-right:.7em;margin-bottom:-.45em;overflow:visible;color:#fff}@media(max-width:768px){.social-share--desktop-only{display:none}}@media(min-width:768px){.social-share--mobile-only{display:none}}.share-sidebar .social-share{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-top:5.5px}@media(max-width:1024px){.share-sidebar .social-share{display:none}}.share-sidebar .social-share__icon{width:2.2em}.top-player-share .social-share{gap:1.5em 1em}.top-player-share .social-share__icon{height:1.8em;margin-bottom:-.25em}.slate-ad{text-align:center;margin:0 0 1.2em;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;contain:layout;position:relative;z-index:0}.slate-ad .slate-ad__label{margin-bottom:0}@media(min-width:728px){.slate-ad{padding:0 0 20px;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}.slate-ad .slate-ad__label{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:10px}.slate-ad .slate-ad__label .border{-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;background:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);height:1px;border:none;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1}}.slate-ad .slate-ad__label .advertisement{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;content:"Advertisement";font-size:.6776625465rem;color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);line-height:20px;margin:0 10px}.slate-ad .slate-ad__creative{height:auto!important}.slate-ad.ad--desktopOnly .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--desktopXl .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--mobileOnly .ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--tabletPortraitOnly .ad__creative{margin:0 calc((100vw - 100%)/ -2)}.article--right-rail .slate-ad.ad--desktopXl .slate-ad__creative{margin:0}.slate-ad.ad--box .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--leaderboard .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--native .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--nativeFlex .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--podcast .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--recircLeft .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--recircRight .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--rightRail .slate-ad__creative,.slate-ad.ad--sticky-mobile .slate-ad__creative{margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:768px){.slate-ad{margin:25px 0}}.slate-ad.ad--native,.slate-ad.ad--nativeFlex,.slate-ad.ad--podcastTextAd,.slate-ad.ad--rightRail,.slate-ad.ad--sticky-mobile,.top-ad .slate-ad{border:none;margin:0;padding:0}.layout-homepage .slate-ad{margin-bottom:0}.slate-ad.ad--native .slate-ad__label,.slate-ad.ad--podcastTextAd .slate-ad__label,.slate-ad.ad--rightRail .slate-ad__label,.slate-ad.ad--sticky-mobile .slate-ad__label,.top-ad .slate-ad .slate-ad__label{display:none}.hp-bottom-shelf__promo-content .slate-ad.ad--nativeFlex{margin-bottom:1.2em}.hp-top-shelf .slate-ad{margin-bottom:1.8em}.slate-ad.ad--sticky-mobile{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--bg-color);border-top:1px solid #ddd;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 .2em hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);box-shadow:0 0 .2em hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}@media print{.slate-ad{display:none!important;clear:none}}[data-type=non-standard]{height:0;border:none;margin:0;padding:0}[data-type=non-standard]>div{height:1px!important}[data-type=non-standard]>div:before{display:none}.top-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#f8f8f8;background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.03);height:250px;overflow:hidden}@media print{.top-ad{display:none!important}.bottom-ad{display:none}}.ad--tabletPortraitOnly,.is-edit-mode.ad--bottomOutstream{display:none}.masthead~.top-ad{margin-bottom:1.2rem}.bottom-ad{margin:0 auto;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}@media(min-width:1024px){.bottom-ad{max-width:1000px;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.bottom-ad{max-width:1300px}}.bottom-ad .is-edit-mode.slate-ad{margin-bottom:20px}.top-ad .ad--leaderboard,.top-ad .ad--tabletPortraitOnly{margin-bottom:0}.top-ad .slate-ad__creative{min-height:1px}.hp-top-shelf--coverstory .ad--topShelf{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3}.ad--topShelf{grid-column:1/span 10}.is-edit-mode.slate-ad{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-bottom:10px}.is-edit-mode.ad--leaderboard,.is-edit-mode.ad--mobileOnly,.is-edit-mode.ad--tabletPortraitOnly{max-width:970px;width:100%;padding:10px;margin:auto}.is-edit-mode.ad--leaderboard>div,.is-edit-mode.ad--mobileOnly>div,.is-edit-mode.ad--tabletPortraitOnly>div{margin:auto}@media(max-width:727px){.ad--tabletDesktop,.top-ad{display:none}}@media(min-width:728px)and (max-width:969px){.ad--tabletPortraitOnly{display:block}}@media(max-width:969px){.top-ad{height:100px}.ad--desktopOnly{display:none}.is-edit-mode.ad--leaderboard,.is-edit-mode.ad--mobileOnly{width:100%;padding:0 20px}}@media(max-width:1023px){.ad--rightRail{display:none}}.ad--rightRail+.ad--rightRail{margin-top:500px}.ad--inArticleBanner{clear:both}@media(min-width:728px){.ad--mobileOnly{display:none}.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative div[id^=google_ads_iframe]{min-width:620px}}.ad--box{float:right;margin:15px 0 15px 20px;border:none;padding:0;width:300px}.ad--nativeFlex{display:none}@media(max-width:767px){.ad--nativeFlex{display:block}}@media(min-width:1024px){.ad--nativeFlex{display:block}.ad--native+.ad--native{display:none}}@media(max-width:767px){.ad--native+.ad--native{display:none}}.ad--box .slate-ad__creative,.ad--desktopOnly.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative,.ad--desktopXl .slate-ad__creative,.ad--mobileOnly.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative,.ad--podcast .slate-ad__creative,.ad--tabletPortraitOnly.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative,.bottom-ad .ad--desktopOnly .slate-ad__creative,.bottom-ad .ad--mobileOnly .slate-ad__creative,.layout-homepage .ad--desktopOnly .slate-ad__creative,.layout-homepage .ad--mobileOnly .slate-ad__creative,.layout-homepage .ad--nativeFlex .slate-ad__creative,.layout-teaser-list .ad--mobileOnly .slate-ad__creative{min-height:250px}.bottom-ad .ad--tabletPortraitOnly .slate-ad__creative,.layout-homepage .ad--tabletPortraitOnly .slate-ad__creative{min-height:90px}.bottom-ad .ad--sticky-mobile .slate-ad__creative{min-height:auto;max-height:50px}@media(min-width:970px){.ad--desktopOnly.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative,.ad--desktopXl .slate-ad__creative,.bottom-ad .ad--desktopOnly .slate-ad__creative,.layout-homepage .ad--desktopOnly .slate-ad__creative{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}}@media(min-width:728px)and (max-width:969px){.ad--tabletPortraitOnly.ad--inArticleBanner .slate-ad__creative{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}}.ad--podcast{margin:0 auto 50px}.ad--podcastTextAd{margin:0;padding:0;border:none;text-align:left}.ad--podcastTextAd>div{margin:0;width:1px;height:1px!important}@media(min-width:1440px){.ad--box{display:none!important}.ad--desktopOnly.ad--inArticleBanner,.ad--tabletDesktop{display:none}}@media(max-width:1439px){.ad--desktopXl{display:none}}.layout-two-column__right-rail .ad--rightRail{position:sticky;top:30px}.ad--sticky-desktop{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10000;padding:0;height:auto;min-height:250px;background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--bg-color);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 .2em hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15),0 0 0 1px hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15);box-shadow:0 0 .2em hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15),0 0 0 1px hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}.ad--sticky-hide{-webkit-transition:top 1s ease-out;transition:top 1s ease-out;top:-270px}.ad--box,.ad--box .slate-ad__creative{max-width:300px!important;overflow:hidden!important}.article-hotseats .slate-ad{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:68px}.ad--sticky-mobile-index{z-index:6}.ad--exco{position:relative;z-index:5}@media print{.slate-adnode{display:none}}@media print{.slate-analytics-js{display:none}}.masthead,.menu__content{background:var(--bg-color)}.masthead__login,.mobile-account__link,.mobile-masthead__link,.sections__link,.strapline__text[href],.widgets__item,a.mobile-sections__link{text-decoration:none}.masthead{display:block}.masthead [hidden]{display:none}.widgets,.widgets__item{display:-ms-flexbox;-webkit-box-align:center}.masthead button,.masthead input{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:1em}.fonts-loaded .masthead button,.fonts-loaded .masthead input{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.masthead__wrapper{padding:0 15px}.masthead__container{margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:1024px){.masthead__container{max-width:1000px}.masthead--sticky{position:fixed;top:0}body:has(.masthead--sticky){padding-top:40px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.masthead__container{max-width:1300px}}.masthead__login:focus,.masthead__login:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8)}.masthead--sticky{width:100%;z-index:8}.widgets{display:-webkit-box;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;height:40px;list-style:none;gap:20px;padding:0}.masthead__wrapper:has(>.widgets){background:#e9e6ea}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .masthead__wrapper:has(>.widgets){background:#2c0022}}.theme-dark .masthead__wrapper:has(>.widgets){background:#2c0022}.widgets__item{height:100%;font-size:.7715113549rem;cursor:pointer;outline-color:transparent;-webkit-transition:color .12s ease,fill .12s ease,border-color .12s ease,outline-color .12s ease,outline-style .12s ease;transition:color .12s ease,fill .12s ease,border-color .12s ease,outline-color .12s ease,outline-style .12s ease;color:#222;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),1);display:-webkit-box;display:flex;gap:.4em;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.widgets__item{font-size:.8232026157rem}}.widgets__item:focus,.widgets__item:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.widgets__item.slate-button{--button-color:#ff0e50;--button-color-hsl:343.5684647303deg,100%,52.7450980392%;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-radius:3px;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:.4em .4em .3em}.widgets__icon{fill:#666;fill:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);fill:#ff0e50;width:1.1em;height:1.1em;translate:0 -1px}.slate-button .widgets__icon{fill:currentColor}.widgets__dropdown{display:inline-block}.widgets__dropdown>button.dropdown__button{border:none;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}@media print{.widgets{display:none}}@media(max-width:767px){.desktop-masthead{display:none}}.skip-to-main{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;background:hsla(var(--bg-color-hsl),.5);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(.1em);backdrop-filter:blur(.1em)}.skip-to-main:focus{width:auto;height:auto;clip:auto}.main-nav{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end;height:100px;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;padding-bottom:1.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}.main-nav__logo{line-height:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 200px;flex:1 1 200px;min-width:168px;max-width:240px;margin-right:.5em}@media(min-width:1440px){.main-nav__logo{max-width:258px}}.mini-nav{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}.mini-nav__content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;font-size:.7715113549rem;font-size:.8232026157rem}.masthead .search-form,.sections{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.mini-nav__content{font-size:.8232026157rem}}.mini-nav__logo{padding-top:2px;overflow:clip;height:40px}.mini-nav__search{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end}.mini-nav__account{line-height:1;margin:0}.masthead .logo{width:100%;height:auto;max-height:80px;fill:#2c0022;translate:0 3.2%}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .masthead .logo{fill:#fff}}.theme-dark .masthead .logo{fill:#fff}.masthead .search-form{display:flex;-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;position:relative;-webkit-transition:all .1s;transition:all .1s}.masthead .search-form:focus-within .search-form__input{cursor:initial;outline:0;border-bottom-color:#ff0e50;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);width:20vw}.masthead .search-form:focus-within .search-form__input:focus:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown){min-width:10em}.masthead .search-form:focus-within .search-form__input:focus:not(:placeholder-shown){min-width:10em}.masthead .search-form:focus-within .search-form__label{opacity:0}.masthead .search-form:focus-within .search-form__submit{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);z-index:1}.masthead .search-form__input,.masthead .search-form__label,.masthead .search-form__submit{-webkit-transition:all .1s;transition:all .1s}.masthead .search-form__icon{width:1.1em;height:1.1em;vertical-align:text-bottom;cursor:pointer}.masthead .search-form__label{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;fill:#666;fill:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);margin-right:.2em;-webkit-transform:translateX(2em);transform:translateX(2em)}.masthead .search-form__submit{border:none;background:0 0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;fill:#ff0e50;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(2em);transform:translateX(2em);z-index:-5}.masthead .search-form__input{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;background:0 0;border:none;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;padding:0;min-width:3.2em;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:translateX(2em);transform:translateX(2em);width:3.2em}.masthead .search-form__input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:1}.masthead .search-form__input::-moz-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:1}.masthead .search-form__input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:1}.masthead .search-form__input::placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:1}.masthead .search-form__input::-moz-selection{background-color:#e1cdd6}.masthead .search-form__input::selection{background-color:#e1cdd6}.masthead .search-form__input:-webkit-autofill{-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff}@media print{.masthead .search-form{display:none}}.sections{margin:1.5em 0 0;list-style:none;padding:0;display:flex;font-size:2vw;line-height:1cap}.sections__item{margin-left:.5em;white-space:nowrap}@media(min-width:768px){.sections__item{padding-left:.25em;padding-right:.25em}}@media(min-width:1024px){.sections{font-size:1.067rem}.sections__item{padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em}}.sections__link{border-bottom:4px solid transparent;padding-bottom:.2em;-webkit-transition:border .2s;transition:border .2s}.sections__link:focus,.sections__link:hover,.sections__link[aria-current]{border-color:#ff0e50}.mobile-masthead{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:50px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}.mobile-masthead__menu{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex:0 0 6.2em;flex:0 0 6.2em}.mobile-masthead__account{padding:15px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex:0 0 6.2em;flex:0 0 6.2em}@media print{.mobile-masthead__account{display:none}}.mobile-masthead__mobile-link{font-size:.7715113549rem}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.mobile-masthead__mobile-link{font-size:.8232026157rem}}.mobile-masthead__link{border-bottom:2px solid #ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.mobile-masthead__link:focus,.mobile-masthead__link:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}@media(min-width:768px){.mobile-masthead,.mobile-masthead__link{display:none}}.mobile-masthead__logo{line-height:0;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;overflow:hidden}@media(max-width:319px){.mobile-masthead__logo>a{display:inline-block;width:27px;overflow:hidden}.mobile-masthead__logo>a>.logo{width:auto}}.mobile-masthead #mobile-masthead-link .tp-container-inner{height:1.2rem!important}.menu-open,.menu-open>body{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:fixed}.menu__header{height:50px;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.menu__header::after{content:"";-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex:0 0 50px;flex:0 0 50px}.menu__title{font-size:1.138489rem;font-weight:700}.menu__content{position:absolute;z-index:8;top:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%;width:100vw;overflow-y:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .2s ease-in-out;transition:-webkit-transform .2s ease-in-out;transition:transform .2s ease-in-out;transition:transform .2s ease-in-out,-webkit-transform .2s ease-in-out}.menu:not(.menu--open)>.menu__content{-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%)}.menu__control:focus+.menu__content,.menu__control:hover+.menu__content{will-change:transform}.menu__control{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex:0 0 50px;flex:0 0 50px;position:static!important;border:none;border-radius:0;padding:15px;font-size:.878357191rem;background:0 0;color:inherit}.menu__control svg{fill:#666;fill:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7)}.menu__control:focus svg,.menu__control:hover svg{opacity:1}.menu__control--open{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;gap:.6em}@media print{.menu{display:none}}.mobile-sections{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 0 auto;flex:1 0 auto}.mobile-sections__link{padding:15px;border-width:0 0 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:#ccc;fill:currentColor}.mobile-sections__link:first-child{border-top-width:1px}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .mobile-sections__link{border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}}.theme-dark .mobile-sections__link{border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}.mobile-sections__link--pods{fill:#ff4900}.mobile-sections__link:empty{display:none}a.mobile-sections__link{color:#222;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),1);display:block}a.mobile-sections__link:focus,a.mobile-sections__link:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8)}.mag-lens{vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:#666;fill:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7);margin-right:.2em}.mobile-account{font-size:.878357191rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.mobile-account__link{color:#fff;float:left;width:calc(50% - .5px);text-align:center;padding:1.3em 0}.mobile-account__link:focus,.mobile-account__link:hover{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);--theme-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);--theme-color-hsl:0deg,0%,100%;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.mobile-account__link:first-child{border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1);width:calc(50% + .5px)}.strapline{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:.6776625465rem;margin:1.1em auto}.strapline__asterisk{margin-right:.6em;fill:#ff0e50;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;width:2.1em;height:2.3em}.strapline__text{line-height:1.5;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;color:#666;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.7)}.strapline__text[href]{color:inherit}.strapline__text[href]:focus,.strapline__text[href]:hover{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5)}.strapline__search{color:#444;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.85);margin-left:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:1.2em;-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;font-size:.7715113549rem}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.strapline__search{font-size:.8232026157rem}}@media(max-width:767px){.strapline__search{display:none}}.theme-picker{width:5em}.theme-picker .dropdown__label>svg,.theme-picker__option>svg{fill:currentColor;vertical-align:text-bottom;opacity:.7}.theme-picker .theme-picker__button.theme-picker__button{margin:-.5em -.5714285714em}.theme-picker .dropdown__label svg{margin-right:.2em}.piano-mount__container{height:auto!important;width:100%!important}.piano-mount>.piano-id-container{height:auto!important}.piano-mount__paywall{margin-bottom:-7.8947368421rem}.piano-mount .slate-full-bleed .tp-container-inner{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);width:100vw}.piano-mount--in-article{display:block;grid-column:3;grid-column-gap:0!important;margin:0!important;position:relative;--theme-color:var(--theme-color-light);--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-light-rgb)}.theme-dark .piano-mount--in-article{--theme-color:var(--theme-color-dark, var(--theme-color-light));--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-dark-rgb, var(--theme-color-rgb))}@supports(display:grid){.piano-mount--in-article{margin:0 0 1.8rem}@media(min-width:768px){.piano-mount--in-article{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);width:100vw;display:grid;grid-column-gap:15px;grid-template-columns:1fr 620px 1fr}}@media(min-width:1024px){.piano-mount--in-article{grid-column-gap:20px;grid-template-columns:1fr 125.71px 708.57px 125.71px 1fr}}@media(min-width:1440px){.piano-mount--in-article{grid-template-columns:1fr 240px 780px 240px 1fr}}.piano-mount--in-article:before{grid-column:1;content:""}.piano-mount--in-article:after{content:"";grid-column-end:4}@media(min-width:1024px){.piano-mount--in-article:after{grid-column-end:6}}@media print{.piano-mount--in-article{display:block;max-width:40em;margin:0 auto}}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.piano-mount--in-article{max-width:1000px;margin:auto}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active)and (min-width:1440px),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none)and (min-width:1440px){.piano-mount--in-article{max-width:1300px}}.piano-mount--in-article .tp-container-inner{width:auto!important;height:auto!important;grid-column:2;position:relative;top:-8.8947368421rem;margin-bottom:-8.8947368421rem}@media(min-width:1024px){.piano-mount--in-article .tp-container-inner{grid-column:3}}.piano-mount--fixed-bottom{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;bottom:0;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;left:0;position:fixed;top:auto;z-index:7;width:100vw!important}.piano-mount--loading>.piano-mount__loader{text-align:center;display:block}.piano-mount--loading>.piano-mount__loader::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:1.2em;height:1.2em;border-radius:50%;border:.2em solid #2c0022;border-bottom-color:transparent!important;-webkit-animation:1s spinner-spin linear infinite;animation:1s spinner-spin linear infinite}@-webkit-keyframes spinner-spin{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes spinner-spin{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .piano-mount--in-article{--theme-color:var(--theme-color-dark, var(--theme-color-light));--theme-color-rgb:var(--theme-color-dark-rgb, var(--theme-color-rgb))}.theme-auto .piano-mount--loading>.piano-mount__loader::before{border-color:#ab99a7}}.theme-dark .piano-mount--loading>.piano-mount__loader::before{border-color:#ab99a7}.piano-mount--loading>.piano-mount__loader~.piano-mount__container{visibility:hidden}.piano-mount--error>.piano-mount__error{display:block}.piano-paywall-visible .article .article__body .article__content>*,.piano-paywall-visible .article .article__body>:not(.article__content):not(.article__left-rail),.piano-paywall-visible .article__content hr,.piano-paywall-visible .article__hr{display:none}.piano-paywall-visible .article .article__body .article__content>.slate-external-video:first-child,.piano-paywall-visible .article .article__body .article__content>figure:first-child,.piano-paywall-visible .article .article__body .article__content>p:nth-of-type(-1n+2){display:block}.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>*,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body>:not(.article-quiz__content),.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz__content hr,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz__hr{display:none}.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>.interactive-instructions,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>.newsletter-signup,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>.slate-external-video:first-child,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>:not(.subhead)+p,.piano-paywall-visible .article-quiz .article-quiz__body .article-quiz__content>p:first-of-type{display:block}.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword .article-crossword__body .article-crossword__content>div>:not(.crosshare),.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword .article-crossword__body>:not(.article-crossword__content),.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword__content hr,.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword__hr{display:none}.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword,.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword .article-crossword__body .article-crossword__content>div>.crosshare{margin-bottom:0}.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword~.piano-mount .piano-mount--in-article .tp-container-inner{grid-column:2}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1439px){.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword~.piano-mount .piano-mount--in-article .tp-container-inner{grid-column:3}}@media(min-width:1440px){.piano-paywall-visible .article--right-rail~.piano-mount .piano-mount--in-article{grid-template-columns:1fr 190px 780px 330px 1fr}.piano-paywall-visible .article-crossword~.piano-mount .piano-mount--in-article{grid-template-columns:1fr 1080px 1fr}.piano-paywall-visible .article--coverstory~.piano-mount .piano-mount--in-article{grid-template-columns:1fr 240px 780px 240px 1fr}}.taboola-recirc{position:relative;z-index:1}@media print{.taboola-recirc{display:none}}.taboola_spotlight_overlay{z-index:2!important}.global-footer{margin-top:100px;font-size:.8232026157rem;line-height:1.5;color:#fff;background:#2c0022}@media(min-width:768px){.global-footer{font-size:.7230659372rem}}@media print{.global-footer{background:0 0;color:#2c0022}}.global-footer a{color:currentColor;text-decoration:none}.global-footer a:focus,.global-footer a:hover{-webkit-filter:opacity(.8);filter:opacity(.8)}.global-footer__main{padding:40px 15px}.global-footer__main-content{margin:0 auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);grid-column-gap:10px}@media(min-width:1024px){.global-footer{font-size:.7715113549rem}.global-footer__main-content{max-width:1000px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.global-footer__main-content{max-width:1300px}}.global-footer__about,.global-footer__ad,.global-footer__sub{grid-column:span 6}@media(min-width:768px){.global-footer__about,.global-footer__ad,.global-footer__sub{grid-column:span 2}}.global-footer__heading{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.75em}@media print{.global-footer__main{padding-bottom:0}.global-footer__heading{display:none}}.global-footer__links{margin:0 0 2em;list-style:none;padding:0}.global-footer__links li{margin-bottom:.75em}.global-footer__links__cookie-prefs-link{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.global-footer__links__ccpa-logo{margin-right:4px}.global-footer__brand-section{grid-column:1/span 12}.global-footer__logo{max-width:200px;fill:currentColor}@media(min-width:768px){.global-footer__brand-section{grid-column:8/span 5}.global-footer__logo{max-width:100%}}.global-footer__brand-text{margin-top:.75em;margin-bottom:2em}@media print{.global-footer__links{display:none}.global-footer__brand-text{margin-bottom:.5em}.global-footer__social-links{display:none}}.global-footer__social-link{margin-right:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;display:inline-block}.global-footer__social-badge{fill:#56334e;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:bottom}.global-footer__legal{background:#23001b;padding:1.5em 15px}.global-footer__legal-content{margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:1024px){.global-footer__legal-content{max-width:1000px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.global-footer__legal-content{max-width:1300px}}@media(min-width:768px){.global-footer__legal-content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.global-footer__legal-links{margin:0}}.global-footer__legal-links{padding-left:0;list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}@media print{.global-footer__legal{padding-top:0}.global-footer__legal-links{display:none}}.global-footer__legal-link:first-of-type:after{content:"•";margin:0 .7em}@media(min-width:768px){.global-footer__legal-text{margin:0}}@media print{.slate-ad-prebid{display:none}}a,button:enabled{cursor:pointer}a,button,input{color:inherit}.slate-modal,body,button,input[type=checkbox]{margin:0}html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-x:hidden;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%}body{overflow-x:clip;padding:0;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;background-color:var(--bg-color);color:#222;color:var(--txt-color)}.slate-button,.slate-input{padding:.5em .5714285714em}:root{--raisin-color:#2c0022;--raisin-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;--plum-color:#6a0432;--plum-color-hsl:332.9411764706deg,92.7272727273%,21.568627451%;--cherry-color:#ff0e50;--cherry-color-hsl:343.5684647303deg,100%,52.7450980392%;--clementine-color:#ffad10;--clementine-color-hsl:39.4142259414deg,100%,53.137254902%;--glacier-color:#21aaeb;--glacier-color-hsl:199.3069306931deg,83.4710743802%,52.5490196078%;--kiwi-color:#78d33d;--kiwi-color-hsl:96.4deg,63.025210084%,53.3333333333%;--mint-color:#00bfa5;--mint-color-hsl:171.832460733deg,100%,37.4509803922%;--carrot-color:#ff4900;--carrot-color-hsl:17.1764705882deg,100%,50%;--partisan-red-color:#d32f2f;--partisan-red-color-hsl:0deg,65.0793650794%,50.5882352941%;--partisan-blue-color:#1565c0;--partisan-blue-color-hsl:211.9298245614deg,80.2816901408%,41.7647058824%;--gray-2-color:#222;--gray-2-color-hsl:0deg,0%,13.3333333333%;--gray-4-color:#444;--gray-4-color-hsl:0deg,0%,26.6666666667%;--gray-6-color:#666;--gray-6-color-hsl:0deg,0%,40%;--gray-7-color:#767676;--gray-7-color-hsl:0deg,0%,46.2745098039%;--gray-9-color:#999;--gray-9-color-hsl:0deg,0%,60%;--gray-c-color:#ccc;--gray-c-color-hsl:0deg,0%,80%;--gray-d-color:#ddd;--gray-d-color-hsl:0deg,0%,86.6666666667%;--gray-f0-color:#f0f0f0;--gray-f0-color-hsl:0deg,0%,94.1176470588%;--gray-f8-color:#f8f8f8;--gray-f8-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--txt-color:#222;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,13.3333333333%;--bg-color:white;--bg-color-hsl:0deg,0%,100%;--nav-color:#23001b;--nav-color-hsl:313.7142857143deg,100%,6.862745098%;--interactive-bg-color:#f0f0f0;--interactive-bg-color-hsl:0deg,0%,94.1176470588%;--interactive-scoreboard-color:#f9f9f9;--interactive-scoreboard-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.6470588235%;--interactive-border-color:#e9e6ea;--interactive-border-color-hsl:285deg,8.6956521739%,90.9803921569%;--label-color:#88365b;--label-color-hsl:332.9268292683deg,43.1578947368%,37.2549019608%;--heading-color:#2c0022;--heading-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;font-size:17px;accent-color:var(--theme-color,var(--cherry-color))}@media(min-width:768px){:root{font-size:19px}}@media(min-width:1024px){:root{font-size:17px}}@media(min-width:1440px){:root{font-size:19px}}.theme-dark{--bg-color:#1a0014;--bg-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,100%,5.0980392157%;--txt-color:#f8f8f8;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--nav-color:#2c0022;--nav-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;--interactive-bg-color:#2c0022;--interactive-bg-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;--interactive-scoreboard-color:#23001b;--interactive-scoreboard-color-hsl:313.7142857143deg,100%,6.862745098%;--interactive-border-color:#80667a;--interactive-border-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,11.3043478261%,45.0980392157%;--plum-color:#a66884;--plum-color-hsl:332.9032258065deg,25.8333333333%,52.9411764706%;--raisin-color:#80667a;--raisin-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,11.3043478261%,45.0980392157%;--heading-color:#f8f8f8;--heading-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--label-color:#c39bad;--label-color-hsl:333deg,25%,68.6274509804%;--button-color:#e60d48;--button-color-hsl:343.6866359447deg,89.3004115226%,47.6470588235%}.fonts-loaded body{font-family:Retina,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}*,:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}:focus-visible{outline:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50) dotted 3px;outline-offset:1px}a{outline-color:transparent;-webkit-transition:color .12s ease,fill .12s ease,border-color .12s ease,outline-color .12s ease,outline-style .12s ease;transition:color .12s ease,fill .12s ease,border-color .12s ease,outline-color .12s ease,outline-style .12s ease}button{font:inherit;font-size:1rem}sub,sup{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative;line-height:0}sub{top:.4em}sup{top:-.4em}img{max-width:100%}img[width][height]{height:auto}::-moz-selection{background-color:#ffcfdc;background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.2)}::selection{background-color:#ffcfdc;background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.2)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto{--bg-color:#1a0014;--bg-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,100%,5.0980392157%;--txt-color:#f8f8f8;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--nav-color:#2c0022;--nav-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;--interactive-bg-color:#2c0022;--interactive-bg-color-hsl:313.6363636364deg,100%,8.6274509804%;--interactive-scoreboard-color:#23001b;--interactive-scoreboard-color-hsl:313.7142857143deg,100%,6.862745098%;--interactive-border-color:#80667a;--interactive-border-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,11.3043478261%,45.0980392157%;--plum-color:#a66884;--plum-color-hsl:332.9032258065deg,25.8333333333%,52.9411764706%;--raisin-color:#80667a;--raisin-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,11.3043478261%,45.0980392157%;--heading-color:#f8f8f8;--heading-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--label-color:#c39bad;--label-color-hsl:333deg,25%,68.6274509804%;--button-color:#e60d48;--button-color-hsl:343.6866359447deg,89.3004115226%,47.6470588235%}.theme-auto ::-moz-selection{background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.4)}.theme-auto ::selection{background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.4)}.theme-auto .slate-input{--bg-color:#411a38;--bg-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,42.8571428571%,17.8431372549%;--txt-color:#ddd;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,86.6666666667%}}.theme-dark ::-moz-selection{background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.4)}.theme-dark ::selection{background-color:rgba(var(--theme-color-rgb,255,14,80),.4)}::-ms-reveal{display:none}@media print{.clay-kiln{display:none}}@font-face{font-family:Retina;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-Book-subset.dc123e1.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Retina;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-BookItalic-subset.e351a4d.woff2) format("woff2");font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Retina;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-Bold-subset.77f1049.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:700}@font-face{font-family:Retina;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Retina-BoldItalic-subset.c2b4700.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:700;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Register;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Register-Heavy-subset.a571c0d.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:700}@font-face{font-family:Register;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Register-HeavyItalic-subset.d42bb80.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:700;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:Lora;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Lora-Regular-subset.0793386.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Bayard;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/Bayard-Regular.55ade9f.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Sofia;font-display:swap;src:url(https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/fonts/slate-com/SofiaSansCondensed-Black-subset.2f74f5c.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:900}[hidden]{display:none}.slate-input{--bg-color:#f8f8f8;--bg-color-hsl:0deg,0%,97.2549019608%;--txt-color:#444;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,26.6666666667%;display:block;font:inherit;line-height:1;width:100%;font-size:.9372071228rem;color:var(--txt-color,#444);background-color:var(--bg-color);background-image:none;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #999;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);border-radius:2px;-webkit-transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,-webkit-box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,-webkit-box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,box-shadow ease-in-out .15s,-webkit-box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin-top:.25em}.slate-input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);opacity:1}.slate-input::-moz-placeholder{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);opacity:1}.slate-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);opacity:1}.slate-input::placeholder{color:#999;color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.5);opacity:1}.slate-input:disabled,.slate-input[readonly]{background-color:#f0f0f0;background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07);opacity:1}.slate-input:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.slate-input[readonly]{cursor:text}.slate-input:user-invalid{background-color:hsla(var(--partisan-red-color-hsl),.15);border-color:hsla(var(--partisan-red-color-hsl),.5)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-input{border-color:#80667a}}.theme-dark .slate-input{--bg-color:#411a38;--bg-color-hsl:313.8461538462deg,42.8571428571%,17.8431372549%;--txt-color:#ddd;--txt-color-hsl:0deg,0%,86.6666666667%;border-color:#80667a}.slate-button{background-color:#2c0022;background-color:var(--button-color,#2c0022);border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;display:inline-block;line-height:1;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:.15s ease-in-out;transition:.15s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition-property:opacity,color,background;transition-property:opacity,color,background;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__button,.slate-button--subtle{text-align:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;padding:.5em .5714285714em}.slate-button:where(label:hover,a[href]:hover,:enabled:hover,:focus-visible){background-color:hsla(var(--button-color-hsl,var(--raisin-color-hsl)),.8)}.slate-button:disabled{opacity:.5;cursor:wait}.slate-button--subtle{--button-color:transparent;--button-color-hsl:0deg,0%,0%;background-color:#2c0022;background-color:var(--button-color,#2c0022);border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:2px;color:currentColor;display:inline-block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:.15s ease-in-out;transition:.15s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition-property:opacity,color,background;transition-property:opacity,color,background;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.2)}.slate-notification--info,.slate-notification--success{border-radius:2px;-webkit-transition:opacity .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;text-wrap:pretty}.slate-button--subtle:where(label:hover,a[href]:hover,:enabled:hover,:focus-visible){background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07)}.slate-button--subtle:disabled{opacity:.5;cursor:wait}.slate-graf a,.slate-link,.slate-list a{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:2px solid #ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}.slate-graf a:focus,.slate-graf a:hover,.slate-link:focus,.slate-link:hover,.slate-list a:focus,.slate-list a:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:transparent}.slate-link--bold{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:4px solid #ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;font-weight:700;font-size:.6776625465rem;white-space:nowrap;color:#2c0022;color:var(--heading-color)}.slate-link--bold:focus,.slate-link--bold:hover{color:#ff0e50;color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50);border-color:#ff0e50;border-color:var(--theme-color,#ff0e50)}@media(min-width:768px){.slate-link--bold{font-size:.7230659372rem}}.slate-link--bold>span{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0}.slate-link--classic{text-decoration:underline}.slate-link--classic:focus-visible{outline:currentColor dotted 1px}.slate-link--classic:focus-visible,.slate-link--classic[href]:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:unset}button.slate-link,button.slate-link--bold{border-top:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;background:0 0;padding:0;line-height:1}.slate-graf,.slate-list{line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 1.2em}.slate-required{color:#ff0e50}.slate-notification--info{padding:1.2em;transition:opacity .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;border:1px solid #f6dcaa;line-height:1.5;background-color:#ffefcf}.slate-notification--info:empty{padding:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(.2em);transform:translateY(.2em)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-notification--info{color:#ffefcf;background-color:#2e1e00;border-color:#a4906a}}.theme-dark .slate-notification--info{color:#ffefcf;background-color:#2e1e00;border-color:#a4906a}.slate-notification--success{padding:1.2em;transition:opacity .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;border:1px solid #cbe8b8;line-height:1.5;background-color:#e4f6d8}.slate-notification--success:empty{padding:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(.2em);transform:translateY(.2em)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-notification--success{color:#e4f6d8;background-color:#142609;border-color:#839975}}.theme-dark .slate-notification--success{color:#e4f6d8;background-color:#142609;border-color:#839975}.slate-notification--error{padding:1.2em;border-radius:2px;-webkit-transition:opacity .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s;transition:opacity .1s,transform .1s,-webkit-transform .1s;border:1px solid #e8b6b6;line-height:1.5;text-wrap:pretty;background-color:#f6d5d5}.slate-notification--error:empty{padding:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(.2em);transform:translateY(.2em)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-notification--error{color:#f6d5d5;background-color:#260808;border-color:#997474}}.theme-dark .slate-notification--error{color:#f6d5d5;background-color:#260808;border-color:#997474}.slate-loading{display:inline-block;width:1.2em;height:1.2em;border-radius:50%;border:.2em solid #2c0022;border-bottom-color:transparent!important;-webkit-animation:1s spinner-spin linear infinite;animation:1s spinner-spin linear infinite;vertical-align:text-bottom;-webkit-transition:opacity .1s;transition:opacity .1s}@-webkit-keyframes spinner-spin{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes spinner-spin{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-loading{border-color:#ab99a7}}.theme-dark .slate-loading{border-color:#ab99a7}.slate-loading:not([aria-label]),.slate-loading[aria-label=""]{opacity:0}.slate-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;border:none;border-radius:0;padding:.7em;line-height:0;background:0 0;color:inherit;fill:currentColor;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s ease;transition:opacity .12s ease;opacity:.6}.slate-close:focus,.slate-close:hover{opacity:1}.slate-modal{background:#fff;color:var(--txt-color);font-size:1rem;width:auto;translate:calc(50vw - 50%) var(--dialog-top,calc(50vh - 50%));max-width:min(72rem,100vw - 30px);max-height:min(100vh,100vh - 30px);border:1px solid #eae6e9;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.15);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,10,.15)}.email-signifier--podcast,.signifier--podcast{vertical-align:top;margin-right:.17em}@-webkit-keyframes dialog-open{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes dialog-open{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.slate-modal[open]{-webkit-animation:.24s .12s both dialog-open;animation:.24s .12s both dialog-open}.slate-modal[open]::-webkit-backdrop{-webkit-animation:.12s both dialog-open;animation:.12s both dialog-open}.slate-modal[open]::backdrop{-webkit-animation:.12s both dialog-open;animation:.12s both dialog-open}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-modal{background:#1a0014;border-color:#56334e}.theme-auto .slate-modal::-webkit-backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}.theme-auto .slate-modal::backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}}.theme-dark .slate-modal{background:#1a0014;border-color:#56334e}.slate-modal::-webkit-backdrop{--bg-color:#6b4d64;--bg-color-hsl:314deg,16.3043478261%,36.0784313725%;background-color:hsla(var(--bg-color-hsl),.2)}.slate-modal::backdrop{--bg-color:#6b4d64;--bg-color-hsl:314deg,16.3043478261%,36.0784313725%;background-color:hsla(var(--bg-color-hsl),.2)}.theme-dark .slate-modal::-webkit-backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}.theme-dark .slate-modal::backdrop{--bg-color:#ab99a7;--bg-color-hsl:313.3333333333deg,9.6774193548%,63.5294117647%}.slate-divider{border:none;height:2px;width:100%;background-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}.slate-roadblock-signifier{overflow:visible;width:auto;height:1.1cap;translate:0 .05cap}.slate-roadblock-signifier--block{display:block;-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:flex-start;font-size:.8232026157rem;margin-bottom:calc(1lh - 1em)}.slate-roadblock-signifier__lock{fill:#999}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .slate-roadblock-signifier__lock{fill:#ccc}}.theme-dark .slate-roadblock-signifier__lock{fill:#ccc}.slate-roadblock-signifier__splus{fill:#2c0022;fill:var(--heading-color)}.lazyload-container{background:#f8f8f8;background:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.03);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(.1em);backdrop-filter:blur(.1em);position:relative;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:var(--img-aspect-ratio,3/2);overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:background-color .12s;transition:background-color .12s;contain:strict}.lazyload-container>img{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.lazyload-container--loaded{background:0 0}.lazyload-container--fluid{height:auto;--img-aspect-ratio:auto;overflow:visible;contain:content}.lazyload-container--square{--img-aspect-ratio:1/1}.lazyload,.lazyloaded,.lazyloading{position:absolute;width:100%;height:auto;-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease-in;transition:opacity .2s ease-in}.lazyload,.lazyloading{opacity:0}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__button:where(label:hover,a[href]:hover,:enabled:hover,:focus-visible),a:focus .email-signifier--podcast,a:hover .email-signifier--podcast{opacity:.8}.signifier--podcast{fill:#ff4900}a:focus .signifier--podcast,a:hover .signifier--podcast{fill:#ff6d33}.dropdown{position:relative}.dropdown__button{font-size:inherit}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__button{--button-color:transparent;--button-color-hsl:0deg,0%,0%;background-color:#2c0022;background-color:var(--button-color,#2c0022);border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:2px;color:inherit;display:inline-block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:.15s ease-in-out;transition:.15s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition-property:opacity,color,background;transition-property:opacity,color,background;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__button:disabled{opacity:.5;cursor:wait}.dropdown__icon{fill:currentColor;vertical-align:middle}.dropdown__button[aria-expanded=true] .dropdown__icon{-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-180deg);transform:rotateZ(-180deg)}.dropdown__content{position:absolute;z-index:1;min-width:100%;top:100%;right:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-shadow:.1em .1em .2em rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:.1em .1em .2em rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.dropdown__button:not([aria-expanded=true])+.dropdown__content{display:none}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__content{background:var(--bg-color);color:#222;color:var(--txt-color);border:1px solid #ddd;border-color:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.15)}.dropdown__link{display:block;width:100%;padding:.5em .5714285714em;white-space:nowrap;border:none;background:0 0;text-decoration:none}.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__link:focus,.dropdown--subtle .dropdown__link:hover{background:#f0f0f0;background:hsla(var(--txt-color-hsl),.07)}.dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link{color:#fff;background:#56334e}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link{background:var(--button-color)}}.theme-dark .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link{background:var(--button-color)}.dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:focus,.dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:hover{background:#80667a}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.theme-auto .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:focus,.theme-auto .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:hover{background:#cc0b40}}.theme-dark .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:focus,.theme-dark .dropdown--vibrant .dropdown__link:hover{background:#cc0b40}.dropdown__link:first-child{border-radius:2px 2px 0 0}.dropdown__link:last-child{border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}:root iframe[src^="https://id.piano.io/"],:root iframe[src^="https://buy.piano.io/"],:root iframe[src^="https://sandbox.piano.io/"],:root iframe[src^="https://id.tinypass.com/"],:root iframe[src^="https://buy.tinypass.com/"],:root iframe[src^="https://sandbox.tinypass.com/"]{display:block;margin:-15px!important;width:calc(100% + 30px)!important;height:2000px!important;height:var(--slate-height,100%)!important;overflow:visible!important;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s;transition:opacity .12s}html:not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/article"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/package-landing"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/quiz"]) .layout-one-column .main>:first-child{margin-top:25px}@media(min-width:768px){html:not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/article"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/package-landing"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/quiz"]) .layout-one-column .main>:first-child{margin-top:40px}}@media(min-width:1440px){html:not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/article"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/package-landing"]):not([data-layout-uri*="/instances/quiz"]) .layout-one-column .main>:first-child{margin-top:80px}}html[data-layout-uri*="/instances/package-landing"] .layout-one-column .global-footer{margin-top:0}.layout-one-column .l-wrapper{padding:0 15px}.layout-one-column .l-container{margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:1024px){.layout-one-column .l-container{max-width:1000px}}@media(min-width:1440px){.layout-one-column .l-container{max-width:1300px}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:light){:where(.theme-auto) .layout-one-column--plus-landing:not(header){background-color:#f8f8f8}}:where(.theme-light) .layout-one-column--plus-landing:not(header){background-color:#f8f8f8}.layout-one-column--plus-landing #main{background-color:inherit}.layout-one-column--plus-landing .l-container{max-width:1000px}</style></head> <body class="layout-one-column "> <section class="top-ad"> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--leaderboard"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/leaderboard@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="leaderboard" data-zone-id = "768478" data-placement-id = "12399445" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271610" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--leaderboard"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/leaderboardTablet@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="leaderboard-tablet" data-zone-id = "768480" data-placement-id = "12399447" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271365" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> </section> <header data-uri="slate.com/_components/masthead/instances/default@published" class="masthead" data-via="nav" > <a href="#main" class="skip-to-main">Skip to the content</a> <div class="desktop-masthead"> <div class="masthead__wrapper"> <ul class="widgets masthead__container"> <li class="js-account--subscribe" hidden> <a class="widgets__item slate-button" data-piano-href="desktopMastheadUrl" data-piano-html="desktopMastheadText"> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use data-piano-icon-href="iconUrl"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://shop.slate.com/" class="widgets__item"> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#shop"></use> </svg> Slate Shop </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://slate.com/tag/slate-games" class="widgets__item"> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#games"></use> </svg> Games </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://slate.com/newsletters" class="widgets__item"> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#newsletters"></use> </svg> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="widgets__item js-account--sign-in sign-in-link" hidden> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#avatar"></use> </svg> <a href="https://slate.com/sign-in" class="masthead__login js-redirect-return">Sign In</a> </li> <li class="js-account--account" hidden> <span class="widgets__item"> <svg class="widgets__icon" width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#avatar"></use> </svg> <div class="dropdown dropdown--subtle widgets__dropdown" ><button class="dropdown__button" disabled> <span class="dropdown__label">Account</span> <svg class="dropdown__icon" width="10" height="6" viewBox="0 0 10 6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" > <title>Activating this button will toggle the display of additional content</title> <path d="M0 0l5 6 5-6z"/> </svg> </button> <div class="dropdown__content"> <a href="https://slate.com/account" class="dropdown__link js-account--account" hidden > Account </a> <a href="https://slate.com/sign-out" class="dropdown__link js-redirect-return js-account--sign-out" hidden > Sign out </a> </div> </div> </span> </li> </ul> <script> try { const mastheadChildren = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling.children; const posFromBack = document.cookie.indexOf("__utp") === -1 ? 2 : 1; mastheadChildren[mastheadChildren.length - posFromBack].hidden = false; } catch(err) { console.error("Error unhiding sign-in/account in masthead", err); } </script> </div> <div class="masthead__wrapper"> <nav class="main-nav masthead__container"> <a href="https://slate.com" class="main-nav__logo"> <svg class="logo" width="259" height="80"> <title>Slate homepage</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/global-sprite.6e6a3d0.svg#logo"></use> </svg> </a> <ul class="sections"> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/news-and-politics" class="sections__link">News & Politics</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/culture" class="sections__link" aria-current="true" >Culture</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/technology" class="sections__link">Technology</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/business" class="sections__link">Business</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/life" class="sections__link">Life</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/advice" class="sections__link">Advice</a> </li> <li class="sections__item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="sections__link">Podcasts</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-masthead"> <div class="mobile-masthead__menu menu"> <button class="menu__control menu__control--open js-toggle-menu"> <span aria-hidden="true">Menu</span> <svg width="16" height="15"> <title>Open menu</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#menu"></use> </svg> </button> <nav class="menu__content"> <header class="menu__header"> <button class="menu__control slate-close js-toggle-menu"> <svg width="21" height="21"> <title>Close menu</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/global-sprite.6e6a3d0.svg#back"></use> </svg> </button> <span class="menu__title">Menu</span> </header> <div class="mobile-sections"> <a href="/news-and-politics" class="mobile-sections__link">News & Politics</a> <a href="/culture" class="mobile-sections__link">Culture</a> <a href="/technology" class="mobile-sections__link">Technology</a> <a href="/business" class="mobile-sections__link">Business</a> <a href="/life" class="mobile-sections__link">Life</a> <a href="/advice" class="mobile-sections__link">Advice</a> <a href="/podcasts" class="mobile-sections__link">Podcasts</a> <a href="/search" class="mobile-sections__link"> <svg width="18" height="18" class="mag-lens"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#search"></use> </svg> Search </a> <div class="mobile-sections__link"> <div class="dropdown dropdown--subtle theme-picker" ><button class="dropdown__button theme-picker__button" disabled> <span class="dropdown__label"></span> <svg class="dropdown__icon" width="10" height="6" viewBox="0 0 10 6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" > <title>Activating this button will toggle the display of additional content</title> <path d="M0 0l5 6 5-6z"/> </svg> </button> <div class="dropdown__content"> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="light"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#light"></use> </svg> Light </button> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="dark"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#dark"></use> </svg> Dark </button> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="auto"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#auto"></use> </svg> Auto </button> </div> </div> <script> try { var selected = localStorage.getItem('theme') || 'light'; var dd = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling; if (dd.offsetParent !== null) { dd.querySelectorAll('.dropdown__link').forEach(function(opt) { if (opt.dataset.value === selected) { dd.querySelector('.dropdown__label').innerHTML = opt.innerHTML; } }) } } catch (e) {} </script> </div> <div class="mobile-sections__link js-account--subscribe" hidden> <a href="https://slate.com/plus?utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=plus&utm_content=nav_bar&utm_source=nav" class="mobile-sections__link--subscribe"><b>Subscribe</b></a> </div> <a href="https://shop.slate.com/" class="mobile-sections__link js-redirect-return">Slate Shop</a> <a href="https://slate.com/tag/slate-games" class="mobile-sections__link js-redirect-return">Games</a> <a href="https://slate.com/newsletters" class="mobile-sections__link js-redirect-return">Newsletters</a> <a href="https://slate.com/sign-in" class="js-account--sign-in mobile-sections__link js-redirect-return" hidden>Sign in</a> <a href="https://slate.com/account" class="js-account--account mobile-sections__link" hidden>Account</a> <a href="https://slate.com/sign-out" class="js-account--sign-out mobile-sections__link js-redirect-return" hidden>Sign out</a> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="mobile-masthead__logo"> <a href="https://slate.com"> <svg class="logo" width="124" height="39"> <title>Slate homepage</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/global-sprite.6e6a3d0.svg#logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class='mobile-masthead__account'> <a class="mobile-masthead__link js-account--account" href="https://slate.com/account" hidden >Account</a> <div class="mobile-masthead__mobile-link js-account--sign-in" hidden><a data-piano-href="mobileMastheadUrl" data-piano-html="mobileMastheadText" class="slate-link"></span></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="masthead__wrapper"> <div class="strapline masthead__container" > <svg width="27" height="30" class="strapline__asterisk"> <title>*</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#asterisk"></use> </svg> <a class="strapline__text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2025/02/parker-posey-the-white-lotus-dazed-and-confused-scream-movies-career.html"> The Perfect Balance of Comedy and Terror </a> <div class="strapline__search"> <form action="/search" class="search-form" data-via="search"> <input id="search-input" name="q" placeholder="Search for" class="search-form__input" /> <button class="search-form__submit"> <svg class="search-form__icon" width="16" height="16"> <title>Submit search</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#search"></use> </svg> </button> <label for="search-input" class="search-form__label"> <svg class="search-form__icon" width="16" height="16"> <title>Enter query</title> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#search"></use> </svg> </label> </form> <div class="dropdown dropdown--subtle theme-picker" ><button class="dropdown__button theme-picker__button" disabled> <span class="dropdown__label"></span> <svg class="dropdown__icon" width="10" height="6" viewBox="0 0 10 6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" > <title>Activating this button will toggle the display of additional content</title> <path d="M0 0l5 6 5-6z"/> </svg> </button> <div class="dropdown__content"> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="light"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#light"></use> </svg> Light </button> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="dark"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#dark"></use> </svg> Dark </button> <button class="dropdown__link theme-picker__option" data-value="auto"> <svg width="16" height="16"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/masthead/sprite.f075295.svg#auto"></use> </svg> Auto </button> </div> </div> <script> try { var selected = localStorage.getItem('theme') || 'light'; var dd = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling; if (dd.offsetParent !== null) { dd.querySelectorAll('.dropdown__link').forEach(function(opt) { if (opt.dataset.value === selected) { dd.querySelector('.dropdown__label').innerHTML = opt.innerHTML; } }) } } catch (e) {} </script> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main" id="main"> <div class="l-wrapper"> <div class="main l-container" > <article data-uri="slate.com/_components/article/instances/clexdvfm500182jm3st2ngkh2@published" data-has-roadblock="false" data-rubric="movies" class="article article--article article--right-rail " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" > <div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Slate" /> <div itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://www.schema.org/ImageObject"> <link itemprop="url" href="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/icon.400x400.09ec623.png"> <meta itemprop="width" content="400"> <meta itemprop="height" content="400"> </div> </div> <div class="article__fullbleed-header" ></div> <header class="article__header"> <div itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="https://www.schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1200"> <meta itemprop="width" content="1200"> <meta itemprop="height" content="800"> </div> <a class="article__rubric" href="/culture/movies" > Movies</a> <h1 itemprop="headline" class="article__hed article__hed--" >Why Are All Action Heroes Named Jack, James, or John?</h1> <h2 itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="article__dek" >A Slate investigation into the past 70 years of action movies.</h2> <div class="article__meta"> <div class="article__byline" > By <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name"><a href="/author/demetria-glace">Demetria Glace</a></span></span> </div> <time itemprop="datePublished" content="2023-03-11T10:50:00+00:00" class="article__dateline" > <span>March 11, 2023</span><span>5:50 AM</span> </time> </div> </header> <div class="article__top-image" > <figure data-uri="slate.com/_components/image/instances/clexdvfm500122jm3ooi2bpj8@published" class="image image--top" data-editable="imageInfo" style="width: px;"><div class="lazyload-container" style="aspect-ratio: 1560 / 1040;"> <img alt="A collage of J-named action heroes, including James Bond, Jason Bourne, John James Rambo, and more." class="lazyloaded" src="https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" srcset="https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=320 320w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=480 480w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=600 600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=840 840w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=960 960w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1280 1280w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1440 1440w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1600 1600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920 1920w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=2200 2200w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px)970px, (min-width: 1024px)709px, (min-width: 768px)620px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1560" height="1040" /> </div> <figcaption class="image__meta"> <span class="image__caption">Capt. James T. Kirk, Johnny Utah, James Bond, John Wick, Jack Ryan, Jason Bourne, and John James Rambo.</span> <span class="image__credit">Photo illustration by Natalie Matthews-Ramo/Slate. Photos by David Lee/Lionsgate, MGM, Amazon Prime Video, NBC, Universal, Twentieth Century Fox, and Yoni S. Hamenahem/Wikipedia.</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="article__share-sidebar share-sidebar"> <div class="social-share" aria-label="social media links" data-uri="slate.com/_components/social-share/instances/clexdvfm500102jm3yp0tbdwo@published" > <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Keanu+Reeves+alone+has+played+John+Wick%2C+John+Constantine%2C+Johnny+Mnemonic%2C+Johnny+Utah%2C+and+Speed%E2%80%99s+Jack+Traven.&via=slate&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dtwitter_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--twitter js-share-link" data-share="twitter" data-parsely-event="_twitter-tweet" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#twitter-circle"></use> </svg>Tweet </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dfacebook_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--facebook js-share-link" data-share="facebook" data-parsely-event="_facebook-share" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#facebook-circle"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a data-share-url="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=traffic&utm_source=article&utm_content=web_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--share js-web-share-link" data-share="web-share" data-parsely-event="_web-share" aria-label="Share" role="link" hidden > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#share"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a href="https://slate.com/comments/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html" class="social-share__link social-share__link--comments" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation" > <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#comments"></use> </svg>Comment </a> </div> </div> <section class="article__body"> <div class="article__podcast-subscribe"></div> <div class="article__left-rail"> <div class="article__share-sidebar-xl share-sidebar"> <div class="social-share" aria-label="social media links" data-uri="slate.com/_components/social-share/instances/clexdvfm500102jm3yp0tbdwo@published" > <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Keanu+Reeves+alone+has+played+John+Wick%2C+John+Constantine%2C+Johnny+Mnemonic%2C+Johnny+Utah%2C+and+Speed%E2%80%99s+Jack+Traven.&via=slate&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dtwitter_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--twitter js-share-link" data-share="twitter" data-parsely-event="_twitter-tweet" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#twitter-circle"></use> </svg>Tweet </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dfacebook_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--facebook js-share-link" data-share="facebook" data-parsely-event="_facebook-share" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#facebook-circle"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a data-share-url="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=traffic&utm_source=article&utm_content=web_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--share js-web-share-link" data-share="web-share" data-parsely-event="_web-share" aria-label="Share" role="link" hidden > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#share"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a href="https://slate.com/comments/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html" class="social-share__link social-share__link--comments" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation" > <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#comments"></use> </svg>Comment </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article__content" itemprop="mainEntityOfPage"> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="39" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexdvfm500132jm3l06zj9xy@published" >I wasn’t the first to make the connection, but once I noticed it, it was everywhere. You walk past a poster for a new movie and think, <em>Why is every action hero named Jack, John, James, or, occasionally, Jason?</em></p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="44" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeacz0001c3b6sj7jprlj8@published" >I turned to my friends and colleagues, asking desperately if they had also noticed this trend, as I made my case by listing off well-known characters: John Wick, Jason Bourne, Jack Reacher, John McClane, James Bond, Jack Bauer, and double hitter John James Rambo.</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="31" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeaczp001d3b6s3ik7viva@published" >I worried I might have fallen victim to the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon. Now that I had become aware of it, was each glimpse of a John Wick ad reaffirming my unsubstantiated theory?</p> <section class="newsletter-signup " data-turnstile-sitekey="0x4AAAAAAAapdPWOG3kR2_qF" data-list="Culture" data-uri="slate.com/_components/newsletter-signup/instances/clexf7usc005x3b6s7bhqykkh@published" > <div class="newsletter-signup__intro" > <svg width="13" height="20" class="newsletter-signup__arrow"> <use xlink:href="/media/components/newsletter-signup/sprite.svg#arrow" ></use> </svg> <h1 class="newsletter-signup__headline">Sign up for the Slate Culture Newsletter</h1> <p>The best of movies, TV, books, music, and more, delivered to your inbox.</p> </div> <form class="newsletter-signup__form" novalidate> <div class="newsletter-signup__success slate-notification--success" hidden> Thanks for signing up! You can <a class="newsletter-signup__manage-link" href="https://slate.com/newsletters" > manage your newsletter subscriptions </a> at any time. </div> <div class="newsletter-signup__redundant slate-notification--success" hidden> You're already subscribed to the Culture newsletter. You can <a class="newsletter-signup__manage-link" href="https://slate.com/newsletters" > manage your newsletter subscriptions </a> at any time. </div> <div class="newsletter-signup__error slate-notification--error" hidden> We encountered an issue signing you up. Please try again, or <a class="newsletter-signup__manage-link" href="https://slate.com/newsletters" > manage all your newsletter subscriptions here </a> . </div> <noscript> <div class="slate-notification--error"> Please enable javascript to sign up for newsletters. </div> </noscript> <div class="newsletter-signup__fields"> <label class="newsletter-signup__label"> <div class="newsletter-signup__label-text">Email address:</div> <input class="slate-input" type="email" autocomplete="email" required /> </label> <div class="newsletter-signup__additional"> <label class="newsletter-signup__check-group"> <input class="newsletter-signup__checkbox" type="checkbox" /> Send me updates about Slate special offers. </label> <span class="newsletter-signup__terms"> By signing up, you agree to our <a href="/privacy" class="newsletter-signup__terms-link">Privacy Policy </a> and <a href="/terms" class="newsletter-signup__terms-link">Terms</a>. </span> </div> <div class="turnstile-widget" data-theme></div> <button class="newsletter-signup__submit slate-button">Sign Up</button> </div> </form> </section> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="61" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead0f001e3b6sht2xry6v@published" >As a data researcher, I had to get to the bottom of it. What followed was months of categorizing hundreds of action movies, consulting experts in the field of name studies, reviewing academic papers and name databases, and seeking interviews with authors and screenwriters as to the rationale behind their naming decisions. It turned out I had only scratched the surface.</p> <div data-uri="slate.com/_components/connatix/instances/default" class="ad--exco"> <script> (function(d,s,n){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];js=d.createElement(s);js.className=n;js.src="//player.ex.co/player/8b7b2bed-5b69-4d70-82d5-aa335c8abe6c";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}(document,"script","exco-player")); </script> <div id="8b7b2bed-5b69-4d70-82d5-aa335c8abe6c"></div> </div> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf0aiq003d3b6srmxfti6x@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>The Data</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="206" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead1y001g3b6suqpvu2r6@published" >The first step was to define my data set. Since there exists no one official pantheon of action heroes, I started by turning to the first port of call for many researchers: Wikipedia. According to its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_action_films">list of action movies</a>, 2,206 modern movies had been released in the genre, beginning in 1962 with <em>Dr. No</em>, the first movie to star James Bond. From these movies, I narrowed down the list to include only Hollywood productions and movies centered on a male everyman–type hero. The trope is well known: A lone man facing seemingly unbeatable odds conquers any foe put in his way—be it his government, a terrorist cell, or a natural disaster. Gone from the list were movies that featured ensemble casts or were about buddy cops or female heroes. (This last category didn’t take long to remove.) If it was not immediately clear whether the movie was built around a single man of action, I dug deeper, consulting trailers, plot summaries, and other marketing materials to make an informed decision. (This also led me to watch some great action movies I’d never heard of, like 2002’s <em>Extreme Ops</em>.) After going through all 2,206 action movies, I was left with 790 movies featuring an everyman-type lead.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <figure data-uri="slate.com/_components/image/instances/clexejg80002p3b6scrt7dgxc@published" class="image image--center" data-editable="imageInfo" style="width: px;"><div class="lazyload-container" style="aspect-ratio: 1560 / 1040;"> <img alt="Chart, titled The Past 70 Years of Action Movies, with 1,1416 total movies and 790 action movies." class="lazyload" data-src="https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" data-srcset="https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=320 320w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=480 480w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=600 600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=840 840w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=960 960w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1280 1280w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1440 1440w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1600 1600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920 1920w, https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=2200 2200w" data-sizes="(min-width: 1440px)780px, (min-width: 1024px)709px, (min-width: 768px)620px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1560" height="1040" /> <noscript> <img class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://compote.slate.com/images/1f78de07-39a1-4e88-95be-484f8269e463.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" alt="Chart, titled The Past 70 Years of Action Movies, with 1,1416 total movies and 790 action movies." width="1560" height="1040" /> </noscript> </div> <figcaption class="image__meta"> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="114" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead5u001i3b6s927fxz4y@published" >I went through 790 plot summaries and wrote down each of the heroes’ names. Excitedly, I clicked Sort on the spreadsheet, not knowing what I’d find. After all, I’d already sunk quite a few hours into this. But as I scrolled down, I saw that my hunch was correct: Of these 790 movies, 33 percent have a male protagonist with a first name starting with the letter J. Thirty-three percent! The most popular J name among these strapping warriors was John, with 74 movies, followed by James, with 50 movies, and Jack, with 37. The second-most-common letter, M, with names like Max and Michael, showed up a comparatively measly 7 percent of the time.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <figure data-uri="slate.com/_components/image/instances/clexey7qj00313b6sx4f7iol0@published" class="image image--center" data-editable="imageInfo" style="width: px;"><div class="lazyload-container" style="aspect-ratio: 1560 / 1040;"> <img alt="Chart, titled Number of Johns, Jameses, and Jacks in Action Movies. There are 74 Johns, 50 Jameses, and 37 Jacks." class="lazyload" data-src="https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" data-srcset="https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=320 320w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=480 480w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=600 600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=840 840w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=960 960w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1280 1280w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1440 1440w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1600 1600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920 1920w, https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=2200 2200w" data-sizes="(min-width: 1440px)780px, (min-width: 1024px)709px, (min-width: 768px)620px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1560" height="1040" /> <noscript> <img class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://compote.slate.com/images/abfee075-8ad5-4677-b265-767fdf4232c7.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" alt="Chart, titled Number of Johns, Jameses, and Jacks in Action Movies. There are 74 Johns, 50 Jameses, and 37 Jacks." width="1560" height="1040" /> </noscript> </div> <figcaption class="image__meta"> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf0s8k003m3b6s4dn5d7ns@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>Dispensing With Occam’s Razor</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="18" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead7x001l3b6sklv5fewu@published" >I knew that before I made too much of this, I should first consider the simplest possible explanations.</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="167" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead8j001m3b6sliowcuzv@published" >First, and simplest of all, could it be that this apparent phenomenon merely matches naming trends in the general population? But a closer look revealed that this was not the case. While James was indeed the most popular name in the United States from 1922 to 2021, and John was the third-most-popular name, the second, fourth, and fifth were Robert, Michael, and David, respectively, names that aren’t nearly so well represented in action movies. In my data set, there were 50 movies centered on a James, and 74 centered on a John, while there were a mere five about a Robert, only 12 about a Michael, and a scant five about a David. If the names of action heroes simply reflected the most common names in the United States, we would expect to see more Michaels and Davids, and far more Roberts, leaping across the silver screen. Even if we added in nicknames like Mike, Bob, and Dave, these names represented only a fraction of our heroes.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="76" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead96001n3b6szqpnh9dd@published" >According to the Social Security Administration, over the past 100 years, 177,238,032 males have been born in the United States. In the agency’s data set of the <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/oact/babynames/decades/century.html">Top 100 most popular male names of the past 100 years</a>, there are 17 J names, and if you add up their percentages, they account for only 12 percent of the U.S. population over the past 100 years, well below the 33 percent I saw in my data set.</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="91" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexead9s001o3b6sm08974qa@published" >Second, could it be that my data set was not representative? While Wikipedia’s crowdsourced list seems robust and, by all signs, was pretty accurate, some movies might not be included or might be miscategorized as action movies. But even looking at a different data set—<a href="https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/genres/action">the Top 200 highest-grossing action movies</a>, as collected by thenumbers.com—yielded a similar result. Nearly half (90) of these 200 box-office hits centered on a single male lead. And of these 90 single male leads, 30 (33 percent) played characters whose first names start with the letter J.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="130" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadah001p3b6snwc4enxe@published" >Finally, could it be that a few prolific J-named characters, such as J-Name Hall of Famer James Bond, were having an outsize impact on the data? This theory was at first appealing. Taking a closer look at these 790 movies, it’s true that 25 of them were entries in the 007 franchise. However, other action heroes, such as Bruce Wayne, were nearly as omnipresent: The caped crusader was the principal character in 18 movies. Even after removing all sequels, prequels, and spinoffs, and stripping the data to mention each character only once, leaving us with only 618 out of the 790 original movies, J-named characters were still disproportionately represented. There were 188 unique characters whose names start with the letter J, more than 30 percent of the total data set.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--box ad--desktopOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-box" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="41" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadb4001q3b6s28ezgvy9@published" >Having confirmed my initial hunch and ruled out the most obvious explanations, I was back to the drawing board. What was it about these musclemen that seemed to demand this one magic letter? My reporting led me to four different theories.</p> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf18sg003z3b6svuy45kss@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>The “Average Joe” Theory</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="72" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadck001s3b6s2gomuhl1@published" >As I mentioned, I’m not the first to notice this. In 2010 a keen-eyed reader wrote into E! News about a subset of this phenomenon, asking, “<a href="https://www.eonline.com/news/198447/podcast-why-is-every-character-named-jack">Why must every major film hero be named Jack?</a>” The outlet’s Answer B!tch columnist responded by suggesting that this was because Jack was a safe name with roots back to childhood fairy tales, with the English origins of Jack being a shorthand reference for an everyguy.</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="168" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeaddd001t3b6s0c6rrmli@published" >This theory might not explain the <em>entire</em> J-name phenomenon, but perhaps the Answer B!tch was onto something. To find out, I got in touch with Richard Coates, professor emeritus of onomastics (the study of names) at the University of the West of England. Coates first confirmed that <em>John</em>’s reputation for being one of the English-speaking world’s most common names goes back centuries. In the poll tax returns in England between 1377 and 1381, for example, more than 30 percent of all males were named John. In Essex, a county in the east of England, the figure went as high as 46 percent. So it’s natural that by the end of the 14<sup>th</sup> century, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, we came to use <em>John</em> and its accompanying pet name <em>Jack</em> as generic names for “an ordinary man” or “a hypothetical man.” Starting around the 16<sup>th</sup> century, we got our first <em>John Doe</em>, and<em> Jack</em> was soon deployed in expressions for commoners like “Jack-of-all-trades,”<em> </em>“Jack-tar,”<em> </em>and “every man Jack.”</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="238" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeade2001u3b6sjsr2q3ei@published" >Coates had explained the history of at least a couple of J names in England, but what about in the United States? I reached out to the <a href="https://www.americannamesociety.org/">American Name Society</a>, whose then-president Laurel Sutton directed me to Jennifer Moss, who is the author of <em>The Baby Names Workbook</em>, the co-host of <em>The</em> <em>Baby Names</em> <em>Podcast</em>, and the founder and CEO of <a href="https://babynames.com/">BabyNames.com</a>. Moss explained: “Here in the U.S., the name John was the No. 1 name for boys at the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century and remained in the Top 20 through 2008. As it kind of ‘aged out’ with the previous generations, people started using Jack (the nickname) as a given name. It has a friendlier, more upstanding association. Possibly because it was a more familiar, friendly form of one of the most common names of the last 100 years.” Meanwhile, <em>James</em> peaked between 1940 and 1960, when it reached the No. 1 spot in the United States, and <em>Joe</em> surged in popularity during roughly the same period. It’s no coincidence this was also around the same time that John Doe and Jack Tar were joined by Joe Six-Pack, Joe Schmo, Joe Blow, Joe Public, and the average Joe, in addition to such less remembered figures as Joe College, Joe Soap, Joe Bloggs, Joe Lunch Bucket, and Joe Doakes. Sure enough, there are 10 unique characters in the action movie data set called Joe—that’s 10 “average Joes.”</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--box ad--desktopOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-box" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="34" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadeo001v3b6seh9feyyx@published" >Put another way, as screenwriters chose names for their everyman action heroes, it makes sense that they chose names that were synonymous with the everyman. Still, it seemed this couldn’t explain the whole phenomenon.</p> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf1m5000483b6s1xz3bkgv@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>The “Honest John” Theory</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="204" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadfy001x3b6s4xhapei3@published" >But what if there’s more to these names than the sense that they represent the common man? Why do they also seem to convey the sense that these everymen, under their layers of impenetrable muscle, also carry a heart of gold? Thankfully, there was data on this too. In the 1960s, D. Sheppard conducted an <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1964-00932-001">experiment</a> where 146 people in the U.S. were asked to associate personal characteristics with 17 Christian names, including the name John. The characteristics were “trustworthy,” “kind,” “young,” “good-looking,” “sociable,” “aggressive,” and “particular person.” <em>John</em> was found to be the most trustworthy name, and Sheppard noted that a “name which is rated as being socially desirable by many subjects on one characteristic tends to be thought desirable on the other characteristics also.” Sheppard considered whether phrases such as “honest John” led to the associations seen in the data. In the end, Sheppard wrote, the “only conclusion of any practical value appears to be for those who are lucky enough to have been given a name such as John, or Ann, for they may be able to take advantage of the fact that if people know nothing about them other than their name, they will expect them to be nice persons.”</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="85" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadgp001y3b6s04wwginj@published" >A 2011 study by <a href="https://blog.linkedin.com/2011/04/27/top-ceo-names">LinkedIn</a> analyzed more than 100 million profiles and arrived at a similar conclusion. It found that the most common names for male CEO positions were short or shortened versions of popular names. Jack was in their No. 3 spot. The networking site’s senior data scientist at the time, Monica Rogati, noted that Frank Nuessel, a professor of linguistics at the University of Louisville, “suggests that shortened versions of given names are often used to denote a sense of friendliness and openness.”</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="56" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadhb001z3b6se2wiiaew@published" >During my exchanges with Coates, the professor of onomastics, he asked me if there were many bad guys named Jack, John, or James in these action movies. This question sent me spiraling back to the data to spend another few days finding all the villain character names in the 790 movies. What I found surprised me.</p> <figure data-uri="slate.com/_components/image/instances/clexf1wwy004h3b6s5uxne917@published" class="image image--center" data-editable="imageInfo"><div class="lazyload-container" style="aspect-ratio: 1560 / 1040;"> <img alt="Chart, titled "J" Names in Movies, with John leading at 74 in the Heroes category and Victor leading with 10 in the Villains " class="lazyload" data-src="https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" data-srcset="https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=320 320w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=480 480w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=600 600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=840 840w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=960 960w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1280 1280w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1440 1440w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1600 1600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920 1920w, https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=2200 2200w" data-sizes="(min-width: 1440px)780px, (min-width: 1024px)709px, (min-width: 768px)620px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1560" height="1040" /> <noscript> <img class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://compote.slate.com/images/7c425371-6c64-426a-8e5c-b7a21dfc4202.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" alt="Chart, titled "J" Names in Movies, with John leading at 74 in the Heroes category and Victor leading with 10 in the Villains " width="1560" height="1040" /> </noscript> </div> <figcaption class="image__meta"> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--box ad--desktopOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-box" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="61" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadim00213b6sn4945bae@published" >Out of those 790 movies, 542 featured single male antagonists. I added up all the names together, expecting to see a few popular villainous names emerge, but this was not what the data showed. The most frequent fiendish name in the data was <em>Victor</em>, seen in only 10 movies. Villains had names beginning with J only 7 percent of the time.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="225" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadjc00223b6sqzg7m7wz@published" >When I went back to Coates with these findings, he made another connection: <em>V for Victor</em> as <em>V is for Villain</em>. Either subliminally or intentionally, the creators of these 10 movies perhaps wanted to help audiences associate these characters as bad guys as quickly as possible. But perhaps there was more going on, and the names weren’t meant to convey “evil” so much as they were meant to convey “different.” My data showed that heroes are more likely to be share the same name as other fictional heroes, whereas the opposite is true for villains. Sixty-three percent of movies had villains with names seen only once in the data set, compared with 24 percent of hero names. In other words, whereas hero names often seemed to convey that the hero was not just an honest John but an average Joe, one who was nearly always a white man born in the United States, villain names seemed to convey that the villain was not, often leaning on stereotypes. And sure enough, going up against our Joe Six-Packs, we often had bad guys with such names as Ivan and Yuri, perfect for Cold War evildoers. Not to mention, harking back to even older American wars, the Williams and Georges, which were perfect for the trope of haughty <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660">British villains</a> who <a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xrjuQwkjTYQ?rel=0&enablejsapi=1">deserved to be taken down a peg</a>.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="28" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadk000233b6s7iqbu86z@published" >Still, how much of this repetitive hero naming was subliminal and how much was intentional? At this point in the investigation, it was time to consult the screenwriters.</p> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf4u7p004u3b6sxyompgif@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>The Auteur Theory</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="39" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadlc00253b6shntouk5s@published" >Looking back, Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, is one of the most well-known mythological J-named heroes. While it’s impossible to ask Apollonius of Rhodes why he named his hero Jason, other authors are easier to get answers from.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="137" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadm100263b6snuf6khlg@published" >In the 2009 book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0316031933/?tag=slatmaga-20"><em>The Lineup: The World’s Greatest Crime Writers Tell the Inside Story of Their Greatest Detectives</em></a>, author Lee Child explained that Jack Reacher’s first name came from a rule he had given himself: “Don’t do what the others are doing.” According to Child, “There was a miniature rash at the time of characters with cute or complex first names. So I looked for the simplest and plainest name I could find. I chose Jack, and not as a diminutive for John, either. It’s just Jack. … I wanted to underpin Reacher’s blunt and straightforward manner with a blunt and straightforward name.” This is emphasized in the first few minutes of the movie <em>Jack Reacher</em>, when the police, who are trying to find Cruise’s ex-Army drifter, say, “His name is Jack. Not John, but Jack.”</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="32" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadmm00273b6s9ree5sia@published" >According to Henry Morrison, author Robert Ludlum’s literary agent, Jason Bourne was similarly designed to be an everyman: “<a href="https://publishingperspectives.com/2016/07/jason-bourne-author-robert-ludlum/">He manages to survive in a very hostile world by being ordinary and coping.</a>”</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="38" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadn900283b6s2rqz9pxg@published" >The dialogue for <em>Speed</em>’s Jack Traven was largely <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615162238/http:/www.natoonline.org/infocus/05augustseptember/whedonuncut.htm">written by Joss Whedon</a> so that Keanu Reeves’ character was “just the polite guy trying not to get anybody killed” instead of the maverick hotshot he was originally written as.</p> <div data-uri="slate.com/_components/pull-quote/instances/clexfdqja006g3b6s0pe90qbc@published" class="pull-quote pull-quote--right" itemscope aria-hidden="true" > <b class="pull-quote__text" data-editable="quote">“When you say ‘Jack,’ the shape your mouth takes, the breath it takes, signifies loner, hero, renegade.”</b> <div class="pull-quote__attribution" data-editable="settings"> — Keanu Reeves </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="124" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeado000293b6s6lpzzr5o@published" >All of these examples show that these characters were written very deliberately as everymen with the names to match, but other screenwriters have suggested a more personal angle. In the book <a href="https://variety.com/2018/film/news/die-hard-ultimate-visual-history-making-of-movie-book-1203017890/"><em>Die Hard: The Ultimate Visual History</em></a>, authors David S. Cohen and James Mottram chronicle the evolution of the name John McClane. While the surname changed, the first name always began with J, from Joe Leland to John Ford, until screenwriter Jeb Stuart, “swayed by his own Celtic roots,” settled on John McClane. As writers are reaching for the names of their characters, they might be drawing inspiration from those around them. Take, for example, Derek Kolstad, the writer behind the thriller franchise <em>John Wick</em>, who drew direct inspiration from his grandfather <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053259/http:/www.edgewood.k12.wi.us/media/CrusConn14.pdf">John Wick</a>.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="141" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadpd002a3b6shhmsp6gu@published" >Or could these filmmakers be modeling these heroes after themselves? Director James Cameron, who himself possesses a J name, seems to write almost exclusively J-named characters: Jake Sully in <em>Avatar</em>, Jack Dawson in <em>Titanic</em>, and John Connor in <em>Terminator</em>, as well as, writing alongside Kathryn Bigelow, Johnny Utah in <em>Point Break</em>. How many of these J-named heroes were written by J-named screenwriters? In the data set, I made a note of all the authors and screenwriters who had a name that started with J. Of the 790 movies, 143 (18 percent) had at least one John, James, Joshua, or another J name listed as a writer. This showed that these screenwriters might be influenced, however consciously, by their own names, but that couldn’t be the whole story. Interestingly, not one Jack is listed as a writer on any of the movies.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf57s500533b6su0pl3s9g@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>Keanu’s Theory</strong> </h3> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="115" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadqu002c3b6s6by4hgxq@published" >Ten years ago, when a Quora user asked, “<a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-are-so-many-leading-men-in-movies-called-Jack">Why are so many leading men in movies called Jack?</a>” the movie critic Carrie Rickey responded with an anecdote about the time, decades earlier, when she asked Keanu Reeves this same eternal question. Reeves is a serial offender, having played Jack Traven in <em>Speed</em>, Johnny Utah in <em>Point Break</em>, Jonathan Harker in <em>Bram Stoker’s Dracula</em>, John Constantine in <em>Constantine</em>,<em> </em>and Johnny Mnemonic and John Wick in the action movies of the same name. Reeves replied to Rickey, “<a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-06-26-9406250091-story.html">When you say ‘Jack,’ the shape your mouth takes, the breath it takes, signifies loner, hero, renegade.</a> … Think John the Baptist, Johnny Guitar, Johnny Suede, Jack the Ripper, jack-o’-lantern.”</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="172" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadrk002d3b6sgg75qa86@published" >Could Reeves be onto something? Searching for more information about this, I found a paper written by Katerina Papantoniou and Stasinos Konstantopoulos titled “<a href="https://aclanthology.org/P16-1203.pdf">Unravelling Names of Fictional Characters</a>,” which explored the relationship between the names of fictional characters and the way the names sound. When I got in touch with them, they suggested that some words are more positive sounding, while others sound more negative. At an acoustic level, before any meaning is assigned to a sound, some words might simply sound better. They wrote, “So to test our hypothesis we tried to find a situation where names are selected or created as arbitrarily as possible. The names of fictional characters seemed promising. The assumption here was that a creator is (explicitly or implicitly) more inclined to give positive names to protagonists and negative names to antagonists than vice versa.” During their investigation, they found that there was indeed a correlation between how fictional character names sound and the role they play in the plot of the fictional work they appear in.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--box ad--desktopOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-box" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="132" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadtq002e3b6s4umqit0j@published" >There was a twist, however. The researchers found that names with voiced consonants, which include the J in John, Jack, and James, are more likely to relate to <em>villains</em>, while the more vowels in a name, the more likely that a character is a goodie. This suggests that names like John, Jack, and James might be the names for these heroes <em>despite </em>the way that they sound, not because of it. While there are certain phonetic similarities between the top action-hero names that go beyond the fact that they start with the letter J—don’t even get me started on the fact that the top eight hero names are all a single syllable, while the top villain names are mostly multiple syllables—it seems unlikely that Reeves’ theory can be supported by the data.</p> <h3 class="subhead subhead--none" data-uri="slate.com/_components/subhead/instances/clexf5j1d005c3b6sypgm2t2a@published" > <div class="subhead__marker"> </div> <strong>Riding off Into the Sunset</strong> </h3> <aside data-uri="slate.com/_components/in-article-recirc/instances/clexdvfm500142jm3b2zoty98@published" class="in-article-recirc" data-via="article-inline_recirc-section-culture" > <h1 class="in-article-recirc__header"> Popular in <a href="/culture" class="in-article-recirc__topic"> Culture </a> </h1> <ol class="in-article-recirc__list"> <li class="in-article-recirc__item"> <a href="https://slate.com/culture/2025/02/substance-demi-moore-movie-oscars-2025-best-actress.html" class="in-article-recirc__link"> It’s Ridiculous That <em>This</em> Performance Is Supposed to Win an Oscar </a> </li> <li class="in-article-recirc__item"> <a href="https://slate.com/culture/2025/02/detective-tv-shows-series-scandi-nordic-noir-mystery-murder-crime.html" class="in-article-recirc__link"> Detective Shows Are Great, but One Subgenre Is the Very Best </a> </li> <li class="in-article-recirc__item"> <a href="https://slate.com/culture/2025/02/parker-posey-the-white-lotus-dazed-and-confused-scream-movies-career.html" class="in-article-recirc__link"> Hollywood’s Indie Queen Is Poised to Finally Have Her Jennifer Coolidge Moment </a> </li> <li class="in-article-recirc__item"> <a href="https://slate.com/culture/2025/02/zero-day-netflix-robert-de-niro-angela-bassett-show.html" class="in-article-recirc__link"> Robert De Niro’s Star-Studded New Netflix Show Is Supposed to Be Terrifying. It’s Something Worse. </a> </li> </ol> </aside> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="119" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadxb002g3b6sjrxgxbf6@published" >At the end of all of this, it seems no one theory alone can explain the popularity of these J names. It’s not just that they are the most popular names, though that helped cement the idea that these names stood for the everyman. And it’s not just that they stand for the everyman, though that seems to have influenced the idea that many of these names are inherently trustworthy. Nor is it just how they sound, though it seems unwise to question John Wick. Their reputation seems to have fed into their popularity, and their popularity seems to have fed into their reputation, until the two became a knot that only a hero greater than I could untangle.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--tabletPortraitOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-tablet" data-zone-id = "768488" data-placement-id = "12399457" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271364" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="30" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadxx002h3b6syu7yx4f9@published" >At least now, whenever I see those <em>Jack Reacher</em> posters, I can tell everyone who happens to be around me that this really is <em>a thing</em>.<em> </em>But for how long?</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="99" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeadyo002i3b6svwuvabu2@published" >Jennifer Moss, from BabyNames.com, told me over email, “When I sit down to watch a new show and hear that the protagonist is named Jack, I think ‘Isn’t that over, yet?’ ” Going back to the data, I wanted to see how the trend has changed over time and whether we are seeing an end to it. From the data dating back to 1962, J-named action stars overtake all other names a few times, in the early 1970s, for a moment in 1984, and last in 2002. It’s already been more than two decades since the J’s reigned supreme.</p> <div class="slate-ad ad--inArticleBanner ad--desktopXl"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-xl" data-zone-id = "768486" data-placement-id = "12399452" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271363" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <figure data-uri="slate.com/_components/image/instances/clexf6b4t005l3b6s8cp2luqj@published" class="image image--center" data-editable="imageInfo" style="width: px;"><div class="lazyload-container" style="aspect-ratio: 1560 / 1040;"> <img alt="Chart, titled Number of Johns, Jameses, and Jacks in Action Movies." class="lazyload" data-src="https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" data-srcset="https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=320 320w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=480 480w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=600 600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=840 840w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=960 960w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1280 1280w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1440 1440w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1600 1600w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920 1920w, https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=2200 2200w" data-sizes="(min-width: 1440px)780px, (min-width: 1024px)709px, (min-width: 768px)620px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1560" height="1040" /> <noscript> <img class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://compote.slate.com/images/539dedf3-be31-4569-bdd2-9b61a5255401.gif?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0" alt="Chart, titled Number of Johns, Jameses, and Jacks in Action Movies." width="1560" height="1040" /> </noscript> </div> <figcaption class="image__meta"> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="slate-ad ad--mobileOnly ad--inArticleBanner"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-spot-mobile" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <div class="slate-ad ad--box ad--desktopOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm5000z2jm3btjmd0yp@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mid-article-box" data-zone-id = "768494" data-placement-id = "12399462" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="38" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeae0x002k3b6sx6kf4zo8@published" >The data suggest that the number of J-named characters are slowly dwindling. Taking 2019 as a snapshot, 38 percent of all action stars had a J name, while a year later, that number was down to 25 percent.</p> <p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-word-count="75" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/clexeae1i002l3b6scvccon5m@published" >However, in a month that will see John Wick, John Luther, and Jake Sully battle for the top spot at the box office, not to mention Joel Miller battling zombies in the series du jour <a href="https://slate.com/culture/2023/01/last-of-us-hbo-walking-dead-review.html"><em>The Last of Us</em></a>, it may seem hard to believe that this will ever go away. These characters have been overcoming seemingly insurmountable odds for more than half a century, and I for one will not be betting against <span class="slate-paragraph--tombstone">them.</span></p> <aside class="slate-kicker-promo" id="kicker" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-kicker-promo/instances/clexdvfm500152jm32nsgf14y@published"></aside> <div class="social-share" aria-label="social media links" data-uri="slate.com/_components/social-share/instances/clexdvfm500162jm3v70ak4w9@published" > <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Keanu+Reeves+alone+has+played+John+Wick%2C+John+Constantine%2C+Johnny+Mnemonic%2C+Johnny+Utah%2C+and+Speed%E2%80%99s+Jack+Traven.&via=slate&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dtwitter_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--twitter js-share-link" data-share="twitter" data-parsely-event="_twitter-tweet" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#twitter-circle"></use> </svg>Tweet </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F03%2Fjohn-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dtraffic%26utm_source%3Darticle%26utm_content%3Dfacebook_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--facebook js-share-link" data-share="facebook" data-parsely-event="_facebook-share" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link" target="_blank" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#facebook-circle"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a data-share-url="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=traffic&utm_source=article&utm_content=web_share" class="social-share__link social-share__link--share js-web-share-link" data-share="web-share" data-parsely-event="_web-share" aria-label="Share" role="link" hidden > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation"> <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#share"></use> </svg><span aria-hidden="true">Share</span> </a> <a href="https://slate.com/comments/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html" class="social-share__link social-share__link--comments" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="social-share__icon" role="presentation" > <use href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#comments"></use> </svg>Comment </a> </div> </div> <ul class="article__tags" > <li> <a href="/tag/a-slate-investigation" class="article__tag"> A Slate Investigation </a> </li ><li> <a href="/tag/history" class="article__tag"> History </a> </li ><li> <a href="/tag/tom-cruise" class="article__tag"> Tom Cruise </a> </li > </ul> </section> <div class="article__right-rail"> <div class="slate-ad ad--desktopOnly ad--rightRail"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/clexdvfm500112jm3zij9rw3f@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="rr-article-flex" data-zone-id = "768502" data-placement-id = "12399463" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="271367" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> </div> </article> <hr class="article__hr"> <div class="slate-parsely" data-article-url="https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-parsely/instances/clexdvflc000w2jm30xafjzuz@published"> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"url":"https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html","@type":"NewsArticle","about":"A Slate investigation into the past 70 years of action movies.","image":{"url":"https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1200","@type":"ImageObject","width":1200,"height":800},"author":{"name":"Demetria Glace","@type":"Person"},"@context":"http://schema.org","headline":"Why Do All Action Heroes Have Names That Start With the Same Letter?","keywords":["a-slate-investigation","tom-cruise","history","redux","Section:culture","AdNode:culture/movies"],"publisher":{"logo":{"url":"https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/icon.400x400.09ec623.png","@type":"ImageObject","width":400,"height":400},"name":"Slate","@type":"Organization"},"dateCreated":"2023-03-11T10:50:00+00:00","thumbnailUrl":"https://compote.slate.com/images/1acad39b-dee1-4f57-9a01-5e6fa7a06603.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0&width=1920","datePublished":"2023-03-11T10:50:00+00:00","articleSection":"Movies"} </script> </div> <div class="slate-adnode" data-adnode="culture/movies" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-adnode/instances/clexdvfld000x2jm395bqbqe5@published" ></div> <script class="slate-analytics-js js-analytics-js-data" type="application+json" data-pagetype="article" data-version="2.22.0" data-web-vitals-sampling="0.5" data-web-vitals-url="https://dot.cdnslate.com/static/web-vitals/web-vitals.attribution.iife.85b704e.js" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-analytics-js/instances/clexdvfle000y2jm3ewdpsjz2@published" > {"headline":"Why Do All Action Heroes Have Names That Start With the Same Letter?","url":"https://slate.com/culture/2023/03/john-wick-james-bond-action-heroes-j-names.html","tags":["a-slate-investigation","tom-cruise","history"],"authors":["Demetria Glace"],"section":"Culture","rubric":"Movies","pub_date":"2023-03-11T10:50:00+00:00","page_id":"slate.com/_components/article/instances/clexdvfm500182jm3st2ngkh2","page_type":"article","commercialNode":"culture/movies"} </script> <div class="piano-mount" data-uri="slate.com/_components/piano-mount/instances/meterwall@published" > <div class='piano-mount__container' id="meterwall" ></div> </div> </div> <aside class="l-container" > <div class="taboola-recirc" data-uri="slate.com/_components/taboola-recirc/instances/article@published"> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails"></div> <script> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({ mode: 'alternating-thumbnails-a', container: 'taboola-below-article-thumbnails', placement: 'Below Article Thumbnails', target_type: 'mix' }); </script> </div>  </aside> </div> </main> <section class="bottom-ad"> <div class="slate-ad ad--sticky-mobile ad--sticky-mobile-index ad--mobileOnly"> <div class="slate-ad__label"> <span class="border"></span> <div class="advertisement">Advertisement</div> <span class="border"></span> </div> <div class="slate-ad__creative" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-ad/instances/stickyBottom@published" data-placeholder="settings" data-type="mob-adhesion" data-zone-id = "1121368" data-placement-id = "14423119" data-criteo-id="" data-site-id="321366" data-ll-threshold="400" > </div> </div> </section> <footer class="global-footer" role="contentinfo" data-uri="slate.com/_components/global-footer/instances/default@published" > <div class="global-footer__main"> <div class="global-footer__main-content"> <div class="global-footer__about"> <h4 class="global-footer__heading">About</h4> <ul class="global-footer__links"> <li><a href="/about">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.lever.co/slate">Work With Us</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/pitch">Pitch Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/tips">Send Us Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/briefing/corrections">Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/commenting">Commenting</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.slatereprints.com/">Reprints</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer__sub"> <h4 class="global-footer__heading">Subscriptions</h4> <ul class="global-footer__links"> <li><a href="https://slate.com/plus" >Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="/academic-group-subscriptions">Group Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="https://slate.com/sign-in">Sign In</a></li> <li><a href="https://slate.com/account">Account</a></li> <li><a href="/plus/faq">Subscription FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/podcastfaqs">Podcast FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="https://slatehelp.freshdesk.com/support/solutions">Customer Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer__ad"> <h4 class="global-footer__heading">Advertising</h4> <ul class="global-footer__links"> <li><a href="https://optout.aboutads.info/">AdChoices</a></li> <li><a class="global-footer__links__cookie-prefs-link" onclick="(function(event){window.OneTrust && window.OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay(); event.preventDefault(); }(event))" href="/do-not-sell" ><img class="global-footer__links__ccpa-logo" src="/media/components/onetrust-update/ccpa-icons/privacyoptions29x14.png" width="29" height="14" alt="California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon" loading="lazy" />Cookie Preferences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer__brand-section"> <svg width="243" height="30" class="global-footer__logo" loading="lazy"> <title>The Slate Group logo</title> <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/components/global-footer/footer-sprite.5083269.svg#slategroup" ></use> </svg> <p class="global-footer__brand-text">Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company.</p> <h4 class="global-footer__heading">Follow Us</h4> <div class="global-footer__social-links"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Slate/" class="global-footer__social-link" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="global-footer__social-badge" loading="lazy" > <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#facebook-circle" ></use> </svg> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/slate" class="global-footer__social-link" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="global-footer__social-badge" loading="lazy" > <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#twitter-circle" ></use> </svg> Twitter </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/slate/" class="global-footer__social-link" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="global-footer__social-badge" loading="lazy" > <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#instagram-circle" ></use> </svg> Instagram </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/slate" class="global-footer__social-link" > <svg width="25" height="25" class="global-footer__social-badge" loading="lazy" > <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#youtube-circle" ></use> </svg> YouTube </a> <a href="/rss" class="global-footer__social-link"> <svg width="25" height="25" class="global-footer__social-badge" loading="lazy" > <use data-href="https://slate.com/static/media/sites/slate-com/share-sprite.ffcb553.svg#rss-circle" ></use> </svg> RSS Feed </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-footer__legal"> <div class="global-footer__legal-content"> <ul class="global-footer__legal-links"> <li class="global-footer__legal-link"><a href="/terms">User Agreement</a></li> <li class="global-footer__legal-link"><a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <p class="global-footer__legal-text">All contents © 2025 The Slate Group LLC. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="onboarding-container" class="fixin"></div> <div class="foot" > <div class='piano' data-uri="slate.com/_components/piano/instances/general@published" data-config="{"url":"https://experience.piano.io","aid":"homyv5Uzpu","endpoint":"https://buy.piano.io/api/v3","idUrl":"https://id.piano.io/","cxenseSiteId":"1129570900026411565"}"> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){ if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); </script>  <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; window.slateCMP.TCF.ready.then(function(tcData) { var comscoreSettings = { c1: "2", c2: "18406752", options: {enableFirstPartyCookie: true}}; var myReferrer = document.referrer; var gNewsRef = myReferrer.indexOf('news.url.google.com') > -1 || myReferrer.indexOf('news.google.com') > -1; if(gNewsRef){ comscoreSettings.options.url_append = "comscorekw=Playnewsstand"; } _comscore.push(comscoreSettings); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/18406752/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); }); </script> <noscript><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=18406752&cv=3.9.1&cj=1" alt="comscore beacon"></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; window.slateCMP.TCF.ready.then(function(tcData) { var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.defer = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); }); _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-fw53_-Tq3MNK1" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-fw53_-Tq3MNK1.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript> <div data-uri="slate.com/_components/adblock-message/instances/general@published" class="adblock-message" hidden></div> <div data-uri="slate.com/_components/webapp-serviceworker/instances/default@published" data-is-eu="false"></div>  <script> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> </div> <style> @keyframes fadeInKilnLogo{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.clay-kiln-logo{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:none;height:100vh;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw;z-index:99999}.clay-kiln-logo.show{animation:.2s ease forwards fadeInKilnLogo;display:block}.clay-kiln-logo svg{box-sizing:border-box;height:110px;left:calc(50vw - 155px);position:fixed;top:calc(50vh - 55px);width:310px} </style> <div class="clay-kiln-logo"><svg width="308" height="109" viewBox="0 0 308 109" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none"><path d="M119.973 97.014c-16.469 0-26.796-10.718-26.796-24.837V25.514c0-14.117 10.327-24.835 26.796-24.835s25.751 10.718 25.751 24.835v8.757c0 1.831-1.57 3.398-3.399 3.398h-11.242c-1.831 0-3.398-1.567-3.398-3.398v-8.757c0-4.314-2.353-8.758-7.712-8.758-5.883 0-8.365 4.444-8.365 8.758v46.663c0 4.314 2.482 8.759 8.365 8.759 5.359 0 7.712-4.445 7.712-8.759V63.42c0-1.829 1.567-3.399 3.398-3.399h11.242c1.829 0 3.399 1.57 3.399 3.399v8.757c0 14.119-9.282 24.837-25.751 24.837m70.261-1.569h-35.553c-1.831 0-3.398-1.57-3.398-3.398V5.384c0-1.831 1.567-3.268 3.398-3.268h11.764a3.236 3.236 0 0 1 3.268 3.268v70.715c0 1.831 1.567 3.268 3.398 3.268h17.123c1.829 0 3.398 1.569 3.398 3.398v9.282c0 1.828-1.569 3.398-3.398 3.398m41.038-68.624c-.13-.916-.916-1.437-1.57-1.437-.653 0-1.437.521-1.437 1.437l-4.181 30.456c-.262 1.829.913 3.268 2.874 3.268h5.621c1.829 0 2.877-1.439 2.744-3.268l-4.051-30.456zm26.274 68.624H245.65c-1.961 0-3.66-1.437-3.922-3.269l-2.745-14.77c-.391-1.829-2.09-3.398-3.922-3.398h-10.586c-1.961 0-3.66 1.569-3.922 3.398l-2.744 14.77c-.392 1.832-2.091 3.269-3.922 3.269h-11.894c-1.961 0-3.006-1.437-2.615-3.269l18.561-86.792c.391-1.831 2.09-3.268 4.051-3.268h15.556c1.829 0 3.66 1.437 4.052 3.268l18.56 86.792c.394 1.832-.783 3.269-2.612 3.269zm32.645-44.705c-.261.916-.653 2.223-.915 3.401-.13 1.175-.26 2.22-.26 3.136v34.77c0 1.828-1.439 3.398-3.4 3.398h-11.764c-1.829 0-3.398-1.57-3.398-3.398v-34.9c0-1.048-.13-2.223-.392-3.53-.13-1.046-.392-2.223-.783-3.007L252.677 5.252c-.524-1.699.392-3.136 2.223-3.136h10.719c2.482 0 4.051 1.307 4.443 3.136l8.236 28.627c.26.916.913 1.308 1.437 1.308.654 0 1.175-.392 1.437-1.308l8.366-28.627c.524-1.829 1.831-3.136 4.314-3.136h10.85c1.959 0 2.874 1.437 2.221 3.136L290.191 50.74" fill="#8F9081"/><g transform="translate(0 2)"><path d="M43.428 67.018c-.095.28-.251.78-.445 1.483a55.428 55.428 0 0 0-.928 3.95c-2.01 10.079-2.01 21.274 1.347 32.507a2.265 2.265 0 1 0 4.34-1.296c-3.123-10.444-3.123-20.917-1.242-30.325.268-1.365.56-2.58.85-3.627.102-.363.192-.677.275-.94l.09-.286a2.269 2.269 0 0 0-1.41-2.876 2.269 2.269 0 0 0-2.88 1.41h.003zm29.28 1.468a23.792 23.792 0 0 1 .364 1.222c.292 1.048.582 2.264.854 3.627 1.877 9.41 1.877 19.88-1.242 30.328a2.262 2.262 0 0 0 1.52 2.821 2.27 2.27 0 0 0 2.822-1.524c3.355-11.237 3.355-22.433 1.343-32.511a55.27 55.27 0 0 0-.927-3.95 27.541 27.541 0 0 0-.445-1.482 2.268 2.268 0 0 0-2.878-1.41 2.268 2.268 0 0 0-1.41 2.877v.002zM4.916 70.803c.426-9.235 4.204-15 10.296-18.235 2.226-1.184 4.63-1.948 7.052-2.368a24.755 24.755 0 0 1 2.401-.293c.454-.03.79-.04.984-.04h-.003a2.267 2.267 0 0 0 .08-4.533h-.036c-.31 0-.761.01-1.335.05-.88.061-1.842.174-2.865.35-2.864.497-5.72 1.402-8.407 2.83C5.602 52.538.888 59.73.384 70.593a2.27 2.27 0 0 0 2.161 2.368 2.263 2.263 0 0 0 2.368-2.159h.002zm117.064-.208c-.504-10.864-5.214-18.056-12.698-22.03-2.686-1.427-5.54-2.334-8.403-2.83a28.462 28.462 0 0 0-2.867-.349 19.32 19.32 0 0 0-1.336-.05h-.034a2.266 2.266 0 1 0 .077 4.532c.193-.003.528.007.98.037.731.05 1.539.146 2.404.295 2.418.42 4.826 1.183 7.052 2.368 6.092 3.234 9.87 9 10.296 18.235a2.266 2.266 0 1 0 4.527-.21l.002.002z" fill="#BCBBAD"/><path d="M60.769 87.022c27.784 0 50.31-8.928 50.31-36.712C111.078 22.524 84.144 0 60.768 0c-23.377 0-50.31 22.524-50.31 50.31 0 27.785 22.524 36.712 50.31 36.712z" fill="#CECDC0"/><path d="M55.803 54.52c.33 2.158 2.177 3.772 4.366 3.772 2.191 0 4.04-1.617 4.366-3.778a.677.677 0 0 0-.571-.772.675.675 0 0 0-.772.567c-.229 1.503-1.512 2.625-3.023 2.625-1.511 0-2.792-1.12-3.022-2.62a.678.678 0 0 0-.773-.567.677.677 0 0 0-.57.772v.002z" fill="#9A998C"/><ellipse fill="#9A998C" cx="37.592" cy="39.248" rx="3.625" ry="5.665"/><ellipse fill="#9A998C" cx="82.928" cy="39.248" rx="3.625" ry="5.665"/><path d="M72.024 1.68c16.925 7.673 31.495 25.085 31.495 45.338 0 27.35-22.22 36.138-49.63 36.138-11.273 0-21.665-1.489-29.997-5.141 9.212 6.654 22.587 9.218 37.478 9.218 27.782 0 50.306-8.924 50.306-36.71 0-23.619-19.461-43.432-39.652-48.844" fill="#BCBBAD"/></g></g></svg></div> <script> !function(t){function n(r){if(e[r])return e[r].exports;var o=e[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return t[r].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}var e={};n.m=t,n.c=e,n.d=function(t,e,r){n.o(t,e)||Object.defineProperty(t,e,{configurable:!1,enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.n=function(t){var e=t&&t.__esModule?function(){return t.default}:function(){return t};return n.d(e,"a",e),e},n.o=function(t,n){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)},n.p="",n(n.s=1215)}({100:function(t,n){function e(t,n,e,r){for(var o=t.length,u=e+(r?1:-1);r?u--:++u<o;)if(n(t[u],u,t))return u;return-1}t.exports=e},1215:function(t,n,e){"use strict";var r=e(740),o=function(t){return t&&t.__esModule?t:{default:t}}(r);e(260),(0,o.default)()},137:function(t,n){function e(t){return"number"==typeof t&&t>-1&&t%1==0&&t<=r}var r=9007199254740991;t.exports=e},138:function(t,n){function e(t){if(t&&"object"==typeof t){var n=t.which||t.keyCode||t.charCode;n&&(t=n)}if("number"==typeof t)return i[t];var e=t+"",u=r[e.toLowerCase()];if(u)return u;var u=o[e.toLowerCase()];return u||(1===e.length?e.charCodeAt(0):void 0)}e.isEventKey=function(t,n){if(t&&"object"==typeof t){var e=t.which||t.keyCode||t.charCode;if(null===e||void 0===e)return!1;if("string"==typeof n){var u=r[n.toLowerCase()];if(u)return u===e;var u=o[n.toLowerCase()];if(u)return u===e}else if("number"==typeof n)return n===e;return!1}},n=t.exports=e;var r=n.code=n.codes={backspace:8,tab:9,enter:13,shift:16,ctrl:17,alt:18,"pause/break":19,"caps lock":20,esc:27,space:32,"page up":33,"page down":34,end:35,home:36,left:37,up:38,right:39,down:40,insert:45,delete:46,command:91,"left command":91,"right command":93,"numpad *":106,"numpad +":107,"numpad -":109,"numpad .":110,"numpad /":111,"num lock":144,"scroll lock":145,"my computer":182,"my calculator":183,";":186,"=":187,",":188,"-":189,".":190,"/":191,"`":192,"[":219,"\\":220,"]":221,"'":222},o=n.aliases={windows:91,"⇧":16,"⌥":18,"⌃":17,"⌘":91,ctl:17,control:17,option:18,pause:19,break:19,caps:20,return:13,escape:27,spc:32,spacebar:32,pgup:33,pgdn:34,ins:45,del:46,cmd:91};/*! * Programatically add the following */ for(u=97;u<123;u++)r[String.fromCharCode(u)]=u-32;for(var u=48;u<58;u++)r[u-48]=u;for(u=1;u<13;u++)r["f"+u]=u+111;for(u=0;u<10;u++)r["numpad "+u]=u+96;var i=n.names=n.title={};for(u in r)i[r[u]]=u;for(var c in o)r[c]=o[c]},142:function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e){return n===n?i(t,n,e):o(t,u,e)}var o=e(100),u=e(211),i=e(212);t.exports=r},174:function(t,n,e){"use strict";function r(t){var n=void 0,e=void 0,r=void 0;t=t||window.location,n=t.protocol+"//"+t.host+t.pathname+t.search,e=n.indexOf("?edit=true"),r=n.indexOf("&edit=true"),e>-1?n=n.substring(0,e):r>-1?n=n.substring(0,r):n.indexOf("?")>-1?n+="&edit=true":n+="?edit=true",t.assign(n)}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.default=r},190:function(t,n,e){function r(t){return t?(t=o(t))===u||t===-u?(t<0?-1:1)*i:t===t?t:0:0===t?t:0}var o=e(87),u=1/0,i=1.7976931348623157e308;t.exports=r},211:function(t,n){function e(t){return t!==t}t.exports=e},212:function(t,n){function e(t,n,e){for(var r=e-1,o=t.length;++r<o;)if(t[r]===n)return r;return-1}t.exports=e},213:function(t,n,e){function r(t){return null==t?[]:o(t,u(t))}var o=e(214),u=e(42);t.exports=r},214:function(t,n,e){function r(t,n){return o(n,function(n){return t[n]})}var o=e(43);t.exports=r},260:function(t,n){},3:function(t,n){var e=Array.isArray;t.exports=e},4:function(t,n){function e(t){var n=typeof t;return null!=t&&("object"==n||"function"==n)}t.exports=e},41:function(t,n){function e(t){return null!=t&&"object"==typeof t}t.exports=e},42:function(t,n,e){var r=e(75),o=r(Object.keys,Object);t.exports=o},43:function(t,n){function e(t,n){for(var e=-1,r=null==t?0:t.length,o=Array(r);++e<r;)o[e]=n(t[e],e,t);return o}t.exports=e},44:function(t,n,e){function r(t){return null!=t&&u(t.length)&&!o(t)}var o=e(49),u=e(137);t.exports=r},49:function(t,n,e){function r(t){if(!u(t))return!1;var n=o(t);return n==c||n==f||n==i||n==a}var o=e(50),u=e(4),i="[object AsyncFunction]",c="[object Function]",f="[object GeneratorFunction]",a="[object Proxy]";t.exports=r},5:function(t,n,e){function r(t){return"string"==typeof t||!u(t)&&i(t)&&o(t)==c}var o=e(50),u=e(3),i=e(41),c="[object String]";t.exports=r},50:function(t,n){function e(t){return o.call(t)}var r=Object.prototype,o=r.toString;t.exports=e},51:function(t,n,e){function r(t){var n=o(t),e=n%1;return n===n?e?n-e:n:0}var o=e(190);t.exports=r},62:function(t,n){function e(){return!1}t.exports=e},7:function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e,r){t=u(t)?t:f(t),e=e&&!r?c(e):0;var s=t.length;return e<0&&(e=a(s+e,0)),i(t)?e<=s&&t.indexOf(n,e)>-1:!!s&&o(t,n,e)>-1}var o=e(142),u=e(44),i=e(5),c=e(51),f=e(213),a=Math.max;t.exports=r},740:function(t,n,e){"use strict";function r(t){return t&&t.__esModule?t:{default:t}}function o(){var t=document.querySelector(".clay-kiln-logo");t&&t.classList.add("show")}function u(){document.addEventListener("keydown",function(t){var n=(0,a.default)(t);(0,c.default)(["c","l","a","y"],n)&&!0===t.shiftKey?p+=n:p="","clay"===p?o():p.length>4&&(0,c.default)(p,"clay")?(0,l.default)():p.length>4&&(p="")}),document.addEventListener("keyup",function(){"clay"===p&&(0,l.default)()})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0});var i=e(7),c=r(i);n.default=u;var f=e(138),a=r(f),s=e(174),l=r(s),p=""},75:function(t,n){function e(t,n){return function(e){return t(n(e))}}t.exports=e},87:function(t,n,e){function r(t){if("number"==typeof t)return t;if(u(t))return i;if(o(t)){var n="function"==typeof t.valueOf?t.valueOf():t;t=o(n)?n+"":n}if("string"!=typeof t)return 0===t?t:+t;t=t.replace(c,"");var e=a.test(t);return e||s.test(t)?l(t.slice(2),e?2:8):f.test(t)?i:+t}var o=e(4),u=e(62),i=NaN,c=/^\s+|\s+$/g,f=/^[-+]0x[0-9a-f]+$/i,a=/^0b[01]+$/i,s=/^0o[0-7]+$/i,l=parseInt;t.exports=r}}); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ window.modules=[]; window.modules["3"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";window.criteo_q=window.criteo_q||[];var accountId=92394,deviceType=/iPad/.test(navigator.userAgent)?"t":/Mobile|iP(hone|od)|Android|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Silk/.test(navigator.userAgent)?"m":"d";function sansConsent(){window._slateCriteo={trackLandingPage:function(){},trackTransaction:function(){}}}function withConsent(){window._slateCriteo={trackLandingPage:trackLandingPage,trackTransaction:trackTransaction},trackHomePage()}function criteoPush(n){injectCriteo(),window.criteo_q.push.apply(window.criteo_q,n)}var injected=!1;function injectCriteo(){injected||(window.criteo_q.push({event:"setAccount",account:accountId},{event:"setSiteType",type:deviceType}),slateGlobal.injectScript("https://dynamic.criteo.com/js/ld/ld.js?a="+accountId),injected=!0)}function trackTransaction(){criteoPush([{event:"trackTransaction",id:"TransactionID",item:[{id:"1",price:"1",quantity:1}]}])}var trackLandingPage=function(){};document.querySelector(".standalone-page .piano-mount")&&(trackLandingPage=function(){criteoPush([{event:"viewItem",item:"1"}])});var homepageTracked=!1;function trackHomePage(){homepageTracked||"/"!==location.pathname||(criteoPush([{event:"viewHome"}]),homepageTracked=!0)}function applyConsent(n){return n?withConsent():sansConsent(),n}module.exports=function(){sansConsent();try{window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("criteo",{categories:["C0004"],initFunc:applyConsent,updateConsentFunc:applyConsent})}catch(n){console.warn("criteo failed",n)}}; }, {}]; window.modules["4"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";module.exports=function(){!function(e,t){var r=e.amplitude||{_q:[],_iq:{}};if(r.invoked)e.console&&console.error&&console.error("Amplitude snippet has been loaded.");else{var n=function(e,t){e.prototype[t]=function(){return this._q.push({name:t,args:Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)}),this}},s=function(e,t,r){return function(n){e._q.push({name:t,args:Array.prototype.slice.call(r,0),resolve:n})}},o=function(e,t,r){e[t]=function(){if(r)return{promise:new Promise(s(e,t,Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)))};!function(e,t,r){e._q.push({name:t,args:Array.prototype.slice.call(r,0)})}(e,t,Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments))}},i=function(e){for(var t=0;t<m.length;t++)o(e,m[t],!1);for(var r=0;r<y.length;r++)o(e,y[r],!0)};r.invoked=!0;var a=t.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript",a.integrity="sha384-kLzFn7/5NJ8po8YfUn2eh6zaAO0sz/fCbM7qShbxRFZXEJwPLfPDhpFMcVPwKrXm",a.crossOrigin="anonymous",a.async=!0,a.src="https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-2.11.11-min.js.gz",a.onload=function(){e.amplitude.runQueuedFunctions||console.log("[Amplitude] Error: could not load SDK")};var c=t.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];c.parentNode.insertBefore(a,c);for(var u=function(){return this._q=[],this},p=["add","append","clearAll","prepend","set","setOnce","unset","preInsert","postInsert","remove","getUserProperties"],l=0;l<p.length;l++)n(u,p[l]);r.Identify=u;for(var d=function(){return this._q=[],this},f=["getEventProperties","setProductId","setQuantity","setPrice","setRevenue","setRevenueType","setEventProperties"],v=0;v<f.length;v++)n(d,f[v]);r.Revenue=d;var m=["getDeviceId","setDeviceId","getSessionId","setSessionId","getUserId","setUserId","setOptOut","setTransport","reset","extendSession"],y=["init","add","remove","track","logEvent","identify","groupIdentify","setGroup","revenue","flush"];i(r),r.createInstance=function(e){return r._iq[e]={_q:[]},i(r._iq[e]),r._iq[e]},e.amplitude=r}}(window,document)}; }, {}]; window.modules["5"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var membership=require(6);module.exports=function(e){window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("parsely",{categories:["C0002"],initFunc:function(r){if(!r)return!1;window.PARSELY={autotrack:!1,onReady:function(){try{return Promise.resolve(membership.isMember()).then(function(e){if(e){var r=membership.getSplusCookie(),n={membershipType:r.membershipType,resourceIds:r.resourceIds.join(",")};window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({data:n})}window.location.href.includes("/_pages/")||window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView();for(var i=window.slateParsely.leadCaptureEvents,t=0;t<i.length;t++)window.PARSELY.conversions.trackLeadCapture(i[t])})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}}};var n=document.createElement("script");return n.id="parsely-cfg",n.src=e,document.body.appendChild(n),!0},updateConsentFunc:function(e){e||window.PARSELY&&(window.PARSELY=Function.prototype)}})}; }, {"6":6}]; window.modules["6"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,r){try{var o=e()}catch(e){return r(e)}return o&&o.then?o.then(void 0,r):o}var getMembershipInfo=function(){return Promise.resolve(userCookiesReady).then(function(){if(hasSplusCookie()){var e=document.documentElement.dataset.myslateurl,r=toUrl(e);r.pathname="/users/slate_page_info/";var o=sessionStorage.getItem(IS_PURCHASING_KEY);o&&r.searchParams.set("purchase",!0);var t=new AbortController;return setTimeout(function(){return t.abort()},5e3),_catch(function(){var e={method:"GET",credentials:"include",headers:{Accept:"application/json"},signal:t.signal};return Promise.resolve(fetch(r.href,e)).then(function(e){return Promise.resolve(e.json()).then(function(e){return o&&sessionStorage.removeItem(IS_PURCHASING_KEY),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("returnedUserInfo")),e})})},function(e){"AbortError"===e.name?console.error("getMembershipInfo timed out after 5 seconds",e):console.error("Fetch for myslate membership info failed:",e),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("userInfoError"))})}})},isQuizMember=function(){return Promise.resolve(isMember()).then(function(e){if(!e)return!1;var r=getMembershipType();return["Slate_Plus_All_Access","Quiz","Games"].some(function(e){return r.includes(e)})})},isPodcastMember=function(){return Promise.resolve(isMember()).then(function(e){return!!e&&isPodcastRid(getMembershipType())})},isMember=function(){return Promise.resolve(userCookiesReady).then(function(){return hasSplusCookie()})},updateUser=function(){try{if(!isLoggedIn())return cookies.remove("splus",membershipCookieAttrs),Promise.resolve();var e=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(getUserResources()).then(function(e){setPianoMember(e)})},function(e){console.error("Error fetching user resources",e)});return Promise.resolve(e&&e.then?e.then(function(){}):void 0)}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},pianoService=require(57),getPianoId=pianoService.getPianoId,getUserResources=pianoService.getUserResources,_require=require(26),toUrl=_require.toUrl,cookies=require(40),membershipCookieAttrs={domain:"."+location.hostname},IS_PURCHASING_KEY="userIsPurchasing",userCookiesReady=updateUser();function isMemberSkipLookup(){return hasSplusCookie()}function hasSplusCookie(){return!!getSplusCookie()}function getSplusCookie(){return cookies.getJSON("splus")}function setMembershipCookie(e,r){cookies.set(e,r,Object.assign({},membershipCookieAttrs,{expires:365,SameSite:"Strict",secure:"https:"===location.protocol}))}function setPianoMember(e){if(e.data instanceof Array){var r=e.data.filter(function(e){return e.granted}).map(function(e){return e.resource.rid});if((r=Array.from(new Set(r))).length>0){var o={membershipType:"piano",resourceIds:r};setMembershipCookie("splus",JSON.stringify(o))}else cookies.remove("splus",membershipCookieAttrs)}}function getMembershipType(){var e="none",r=getSplusCookie();return r&&(e=r.membershipType,r.resourceIds&&(e=e+"|"+r.resourceIds.join("|"))),e}function isPodcastRid(e){return["Slate_Plus_All_Access","Institutional_Plus"].some(function(r){return e.includes(r)})}function getPodcastInfo(e){if(!hasSplusCookie())throw new Error("User is not splus user.");var r=document.documentElement.dataset.myslateurl;return fetch(r+"/membership/podcasts_feeds/?feed="+e,{method:"GET",credentials:"include",headers:{Accept:"application/json"}}).then(function(e){return e.json().then(function(r){if(!e.ok)throw new Error(r.message);return r})})}function postPodcastSmsNumber(e,r){if(!hasSplusCookie())throw new Error("User is not splus user.");var o=document.documentElement.dataset.myslateurl+"/membership/podcasts_sms/",t={method:"POST",credentials:"include",headers:{Accept:"application/json"},body:JSON.stringify({phoneNumber:e,feedId:r})};return fetch(o,t).then(function(e){return e.text().then(function(r){if(!e.ok)throw new Error(r);return r})})}function isLoggedIn(){return!!getLoginId()}function getLoginId(){return getPianoId()}function getFeedUrl(e,r){for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++){var t=r[o];if(t.display_name===e)return t.feed_url}}function getUserEmail(){var e=pianoService.getPianoJwt();return e&&e.email.trim().toLowerCase()}function removeCookie(e){cookies.remove(e,membershipCookieAttrs)}module.exports.IS_PURCHASING_KEY=IS_PURCHASING_KEY,module.exports.getLoginId=getLoginId,module.exports.getMembershipType=getMembershipType,module.exports.getMembershipInfo=getMembershipInfo,module.exports.isLoggedIn=isLoggedIn,module.exports.isMember=isMember,module.exports.isMemberSkipLookup=isMemberSkipLookup,module.exports.getFeedUrl=getFeedUrl,module.exports.setPianoMember=setPianoMember,module.exports.getSplusCookie=getSplusCookie,module.exports.updateUser=updateUser,module.exports.userCookiesReady=userCookiesReady,module.exports.getPodcastInfo=getPodcastInfo,module.exports.postPodcastSmsNumber=postPodcastSmsNumber,module.exports.getUserEmail=getUserEmail,module.exports.setMembershipCookie=setMembershipCookie,module.exports.removeCookie=removeCookie,module.exports.isPodcastMember=isPodcastMember,module.exports.isQuizMember=isQuizMember,module.exports.isPodcastRid=isPodcastRid; }, {"26":26,"40":40,"57":57}]; window.modules["18"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var domEventData,resolveWaitForPageview,getDomEventData=function(e){if(domEventData)return domEventData;try{e=e||document.querySelectorAll("script.js-analytics-js-data")[0],domEventData=JSON.parse(e.textContent)}catch(e){console.warn("unable to get dom event data for amplitude",e)}return domEventData},track=function(e,t){var a=getDomEventData(),r={};Object.assign(r,a,t);try{return amplitude.track(e,r).promise}catch(a){console.error("FAILED amplitude.track",e,t,a)}},waitForPageview=new Promise(function(e,t){resolveWaitForPageview=e});function trackAfterPageview(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),a=0;a<e;a++)t[a]=arguments[a];waitForPageview.then(function(){track.apply(void 0,t)})}var page=function(e){try{return Promise.resolve(amplitude.track("Loaded a Page",e).promise).then(function(){resolveWaitForPageview()})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}};module.exports.getDomEventData=getDomEventData,module.exports.getInstance=function(){return amplitude},module.exports.page=page,module.exports.track=track,module.exports.trackAfterPageview=trackAfterPageview,module.exports.afterPageview=waitForPageview,exports.log=function(e,t){return Promise.resolve(waitForPageview).then(function(){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(a){for(var r in t=Object.assign({},getDomEventData(),t))"boolean"==typeof t[r]&&(t[r]=(""+t[r]).toUpperCase());return a.track(e,t)})})}; }, {}]; window.modules["26"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function toUrl(r,a){var t;try{t=new URL(r),a&&(t.search=updateParams(t.search,a))}catch(r){t=null}return t}function hasParam(r,a){return!!new URL(r).searchParams.get(a)}function updateParams(r,a){var t=paramStringToObject(r),e=paramStringToObject(a);return new URLSearchParams(Object.assign({},t,e)).toString()}function paramStringToObject(r){for(var a=Array.from(new URLSearchParams(r)),t={},e=0;e<a.length;e++){var n=a[e],o=n[0],i=n[1];o=o.trim(),i=i.trim(),t[o]=i}return t}function normalizeUrl(r,a){if(r){var t=new URL(r,a.site.baseUrl);return t.host=a.site.host,t.toString()}}module.exports={toUrl:toUrl,hasParam:hasParam,paramStringToObject:paramStringToObject,normalizeUrl:normalizeUrl}; }, {}]; window.modules["27"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.getActualTheme=getActualTheme,exports.getTheme=getTheme,exports.getThemeClass=getThemeClass,exports.onThemeChange=onThemeChange,exports.setTheme=setTheme;var prefersDark=window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"),THEME_OPTIONS=["dark","light","auto"],CLASS_OPTIONS=THEME_OPTIONS.map(getThemeClass);function getActualTheme(){return resolveTheme(getTheme())}function resolveTheme(e){return"dark"===e||"auto"===e&&prefersDark.matches?"dark":"light"}function setTheme(e){var t;(t=document.documentElement.classList).remove.apply(t,CLASS_OPTIONS),document.documentElement.classList.add(getThemeClass(e));try{localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}catch(t){console.error("failed to set theme in storage",e,t)}window.dispatchEvent(makeThemeChangeEvent())}function makeThemeChangeEvent(){return new CustomEvent("theme-change",{detail:{theme:getActualTheme()}})}function getTheme(){try{var e=localStorage.getItem("theme")}catch(t){console.error("failed to get theme from storage",e,t)}return THEME_OPTIONS.includes(e)||(e="light"),e}function getThemeClass(e){return void 0===e&&(e=getTheme()),"theme-"+e}function onThemeChange(e){e(getActualTheme()),prefersDark.addEventListener("change",function(){return e(getActualTheme())}),window.addEventListener("theme-change",function(t){return e(t.detail.theme)})} }, {}]; window.modules["31"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var loaded=new Set;function executeScripts(e){e.querySelectorAll("script").forEach(function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");e.src?t.src=e.src:e.textContent&&(t.text=e.textContent),e.parentNode.insertBefore(t,e),e.parentNode.removeChild(e)})}function _load(e,t){if(void 0===t&&(t={}),!loaded.has(e)){var n=e.querySelector(".lazyload-container > noscript");if(n){var o=n.parentNode;o.innerHTML=n.innerText,loaded.add(e),executeScripts(e),o.classList.add("lazyload-container--loaded"),t.fluid&&(o.style.height="",o.classList.add("lazyload-container--fluid")),o.hidden=!1}else console.error('cannot find "noscript" for unloaded el',e)}}function _unload(e,t){if(loaded.has(e)){var n=e.querySelector(".lazyload-container");if(n&&!n.firstElementChild.matches("noscript")){var o=n.offsetHeight;n.innerHTML="\n <noscript>\n "+n.innerHTML+"\n </noscript>\n ",loaded.delete(e),n.classList.remove("lazyload-container--loaded"),t.fluid&&(n.style.height=o+"px",n.classList.remove("lazyload-container--fluid"))}else console.error("cannot find container to unload el",e)}}module.exports.createObserver=function(e){e=Object.assign({intersectionObserverOptions:{rootMargin:"100% 0% 100% 0%"},limit:1/0,fluid:!1,onLoad:function(){},onUnload:function(){}},e);var t=new Map,n=new IntersectionObserver(function(n){n.forEach(function(n){var o;t.has(n.target)?o=t.get(n.target):(o={el:n.target},t.set(n.target,o)),o.isIntersecting=n.isIntersecting,o.offsetTop=n.boundingClientRect.top+window.scrollY,!o.loaded&&o.isIntersecting&&(_load(n.target,e),o.loaded=!0,e.onLoad(n.target,e))});var o=[];t.forEach(function(e){e.loaded&&o.push(e)});var r=o.length-e.limit;r>0&&o.filter(function(e){return!e.isIntersecting}).map(function(e){return e.distance=Math.abs(e.offsetTop-window.scrollY),e}).sort(function(e,t){return t.distance-e.distance}).slice(0,r).forEach(function(t){_unload(t.el,e),t.loaded=!1,e.onUnload(t.el,e)})},e.intersectionObserverOptions);return{observe:function(){return n.observe.apply(n,arguments)},unobserve:function(){return n.unobserve.apply(n,arguments)},load:function(t){return _load(t,e)},unload:function(t){return _unload(t,e)}}},window.addEventListener("load",function(){var e=document.querySelectorAll(".lazyload-html--auto");if(e.length>0){var t=exports.createObserver({fluid:!0});e.forEach(function(e){return t.observe(e)})}}),module.exports.executeScripts=executeScripts; }, {}]; window.modules["32"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var slateAmplitude=require(18),slatePermutive=require(80);function getPlacement(e){return e.closest(".share-sidebar")?"sidebar":e.closest(".social-share--podcast-bottom")?"podcast-bottom":"article-bottom"}function trackShare(e){var t=e.dataset.share,a={type:t,action:e.dataset.parselyEvent,placement:getPlacement(e)};slateAmplitude.track("Clicked Social Share",a),slatePermutive.track("Social",{platform:t})}function handleSocial(e){e.preventDefault();trackShare(this),openPopupWindow(this)}function handleWebShare(e){return function(t){t.preventDefault();navigator.share&&(trackShare(this),navigator.share(e).catch(function(e){return console.log("Error sharing",e)}))}}function handleCopyUrl(e,t){return function(a){var n=e.innerHTML;a.preventDefault(),navigator.clipboard.writeText(t),e.innerHTML="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){e.innerHTML=n},5e3)}}function openPopupWindow(e){var t=e.href;window.open(t,"sharewindow","toolbar=0,status=0,width=620,height=280")}function generatePayload(e,t){var a={title:"Slate",text:t||document.title,url:e};return navigator.canShare&&navigator.canShare(a)?a:null}function setupShareButton(e,t,a){var n=generatePayload(t,a);n?e.addEventListener("click",handleWebShare(n)):e.addEventListener("click",handleCopyUrl(e,a+" "+t))}function setupSocialShareComponentButtons(e,t,a){var n=generatePayload(t.dataset.shareUrl);n&&(t.hidden=!1,t.classList.add(e+"--mobile-only"),a.forEach(function(t){t.classList.add(e+"--desktop-only")}),t.addEventListener("click",handleWebShare(n))),a.forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",handleSocial)})}module.exports.trackShare=trackShare,module.exports.handleSocial=handleSocial,module.exports.handleWebShare=handleWebShare,module.exports.openPopupWindow=openPopupWindow,module.exports.setupShareButton=setupShareButton,module.exports.setupSocialShareComponentButtons=setupSocialShareComponentButtons; }, {"18":18,"80":80}]; window.modules["40"] = [function(require,module,exports){!function(e){var n;if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&(define(e),n=!0),"object"==typeof exports&&(module.exports=e(),n=!0),!n){var t=window.Cookies,o=window.Cookies=e();o.noConflict=function(){return window.Cookies=t,o}}}(function(){function e(){for(var e=0,n={};e<arguments.length;e++){var t=arguments[e];for(var o in t)n[o]=t[o]}return n}function n(e){return e.replace(/(%[0-9A-Z]{2})+/g,decodeURIComponent)}return function t(o){function r(){}function i(n,t,i){if("undefined"!=typeof document){"number"==typeof(i=e({path:"/"},r.defaults,i)).expires&&(i.expires=new Date(1*new Date+864e5*i.expires)),i.expires=i.expires?i.expires.toUTCString():"";try{var c=JSON.stringify(t);/^[\{\[]/.test(c)&&(t=c)}catch(e){}t=o.write?o.write(t,n):encodeURIComponent(String(t)).replace(/%(23|24|26|2B|3A|3C|3E|3D|2F|3F|40|5B|5D|5E|60|7B|7D|7C)/g,decodeURIComponent),n=encodeURIComponent(String(n)).replace(/%(23|24|26|2B|5E|60|7C)/g,decodeURIComponent).replace(/[]/g,escape);var f="";for(var u in i)i[u]&&(f+="; "+u,!0!==i[u]&&(f+="="+i[u].split(";")[0]));return document.cookie=n+"="+t+f}}function c(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof document){for(var r={},i=document.cookie?document.cookie.split("; "):[],c=0;c<i.length;c++){var f=i[c].split("="),u=f.slice(1).join("=");t||'"'!==u.charAt(0)||(u=u.slice(1,-1));try{var a=n(f[0]);if(u=(o.read||o)(u,a)||n(u),t)try{u=JSON.parse(u)}catch(e){}if(r[a]=u,e===a)break}catch(e){}}return e?r[e]:r}}return r.set=i,r.get=function(e){return c(e,!1)},r.getJSON=function(e){return c(e,!0)},r.remove=function(n,t){i(n,"",e(t,{expires:-1}))},r.defaults={},r.withConverter=t,r}(function(){})}); }, {}]; window.modules["42"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var launchOnboarding=function(e){try{return!e.onboarding||document.documentElement.clientWidth<=1024?Promise.resolve():Promise.resolve(piano.getExtendedUserData("onboarding")).then(function(n){var r=n.email,i=piano.getCustomFields(n);if(i.onboarding_enabled)return window._ONBOARDING={user:Object.assign({},i,{email:r}),experience:e},Promise.resolve(fetch("/fixins/onboarding/index.html").then(function(e){return e.text()}).then(function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")})).then(function(e){e.head.querySelectorAll("meta,title").forEach(function(e){return e.remove()});var n=document.querySelector("#onboarding-container");n.innerHTML=e.head.innerHTML+e.body.innerHTML,executeScripts(n)})})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},membership=require(6),piano=require(57),_require=require(31),executeScripts=_require.executeScripts;exports.init=function(){membership.isLoggedIn()&&window.tp.push(["addHandler","setResponseVariable",function(e){return launchOnboarding(e.responseVariables)}])}; }, {"6":6,"31":31,"57":57}]; window.modules["49"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var dropdownSelector=".dropdown",buttonSelector=".dropdown__button",contentSelector=".dropdown__content";module.exports=function(e){(e.matches(dropdownSelector)?[e]:e.querySelectorAll(dropdownSelector)).forEach(initialize)};var x=0;function initialize(e){var t=e.querySelector(contentSelector);if(!t.id){t.id="dropdown-"+x++;var n=e.querySelector(buttonSelector);n.setAttribute("aria-controls",t.id),n.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!1);var r={click:function(t){e.contains(t.target)||o()},keyup:function(e){["Escape","Esc"].includes(e.key)&&o()}};e.addEventListener("click",function(){return"true"===n.getAttribute("aria-expanded")?o():function(){for(var e in n.setAttribute("aria-expanded","true"),r)document.body.addEventListener(e,r[e])}()}),e.hidden=!1,n.disabled=!1}function o(){for(var e in n.setAttribute("aria-expanded","false"),r)document.body.removeEventListener(e,r[e])}} }, {}]; window.modules["50"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";exports.formatArticleData=function(t){return{content_created:t.pub_date,content_author:t.authors.join(","),content_section:t.section,tags:t.tags,custom_variables:{contentRubric:t.rubric,amplitudePageType:t.page_type}}},exports.isSlatePianoEvent=function(t){return/[/.]piano\.io$/.test(t.origin)&&t.data.slate},exports.pianoInitPromise=new Promise(function(t,e){exports.pianoInitPromiseResolve=t,exports.pianoInitPromiseReject=e}); }, {}]; window.modules["51"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var dropdown=require(49),darkMode=require(27);function munge(e){return e.trim().toLowerCase()}function constructThemePickers(e){var r=e.querySelectorAll(".theme-picker");function n(e){r.forEach(function(r){r.querySelector(".dropdown__label").innerHTML=e.innerHTML});var n=munge(e.innerText);darkMode.setTheme(n)}r.forEach(function(e){e.querySelectorAll(".theme-picker__option").forEach(function(e){var r=munge(e.innerText);document.documentElement.classList.contains("theme-"+r)&&n(e),e.addEventListener("click",function(e){n(e.currentTarget)})}),dropdown(e)})}module.exports=constructThemePickers; }, {"27":27,"49":49}]; window.modules["55"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var executeTurnstile=function(e){try{return Promise.resolve(loadTurnstile()).then(function(){var r="."+TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME,t=document.querySelector(r);return t.dataset.theme=getTheme(),t.innerHTML="",new Promise(function(t,n){window.turnstile.render(r,{sitekey:e,retry:"never","refresh-timeout":"never",callback:function(e){t(e)},"error-callback":function(e){n("Turnstile error: "+e+" - https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/#error-codes")},"expired-callback":function(e){n("Turnstile token expired: "+e)},"timeout-callback":function(e){n("Turnstile timeout: "+e)}})})})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},_require=require(27),getTheme=_require.getTheme,_require2=require(165),TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME=_require2.TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME,TURNSTILE_SCRIPT_SRC="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js?render=explicit",hasLoadedTurnstile=function(){return"turnstile"in window};function loadTurnstile(){if(!hasLoadedTurnstile())return new Promise(function(e,r){slateGlobal.injectScript(TURNSTILE_SCRIPT_SRC,function(){if(hasLoadedTurnstile())e(!0);else{var t=new Error("global turnstile object was not injected");r(t)}},function(e){var t=new Error("Error loading script "+e.target.src);r(t)})})}module.exports.loadTurnstile=loadTurnstile,module.exports.executeTurnstile=executeTurnstile; }, {"27":27,"165":165}]; window.modules["56"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,t){try{var r=e()}catch(e){return t(e)}return r&&r.then?r.then(void 0,t):r}var _require=require(887),get=_require.get,slateAmplitude=require(18),slatePermutive=require(80),membership=require(6),MYSLATE_ORIGIN=document.documentElement.dataset.myslateurl,BASE_ENDPOINT=new URL(MYSLATE_ORIGIN+"/proxies/newsletters/").href;function constructUserEndpoint(e){if(!e)throw Error("You must provide an email to update subscriptions.");return new URL(""+BASE_ENDPOINT+e+"/").href}function constructOptOutEndpoint(e){if(!e)throw Error("You must provide an email to opt out.");return new URL(BASE_ENDPOINT+"optout/"+e+"/").href}function trackNewsletterSignup(e,t){var r=Object.keys(t);try{var n=new amplitude.Identify;n.append("Newsletters",r),amplitude.identify(n)}catch(e){console.error("amplitude.identify failed",e)}try{ats.setAdditionalData({type:"email",id:e})}catch(e){console.error("Failed to add to ats",e)}slateAmplitude.track("Newsletter: Sign Up",{list_name:r}),slatePermutive.track("Newsletter",{newsletters:r})}exports.getSubscriptions=function(e){try{var t=constructUserEndpoint(e);return Promise.resolve(_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(get(t))},function(e){throw console.error("failed to fetch user subs",t,e),Error("There was an error fetching your newsletter subscriptions")}))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},exports.updateSubscriptions=function(e,t,r,n){void 0===e&&(e={}),void 0===r&&(r=""),void 0===n&&(n=!1);try{var o=constructUserEndpoint(t);return Promise.resolve(_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(get(o,{method:"POST",credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify(Object.assign({},e,{token:r,isTurnstile:n}))})).then(function(r){return trackNewsletterSignup(t,e.subscribed),r})},function(){throw console.error("failed to update subs",{email:t,subscriptions:e}),new Error("There was an error updating your subscriptions.")}))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},exports.optOutOfSubscriptions=function(e){try{var t=constructOptOutEndpoint(e);return Promise.resolve(_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(get(t,{method:"GET",credentials:"include"}))},function(e){throw console.error("failed to opt out",t,e),new Error("Something went wrong while opting out.")}))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},exports.getAllNewsletters=function(){try{var e=new URL(BASE_ENDPOINT+"all/").href;return Promise.resolve(_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(get(e))},function(t){throw console.error("failed to fetch newsletters",e,t),new Error("Something went wrong while trying to fetch newsletters")}))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},exports.subscribe=function(e,t,r,n,o){void 0===o&&(o=!1);var i={};return i[t]=1,r&&(i.Marketing=1),exports.updateSubscriptions({subscribed:i},e,n,o)},exports.isSubscribed=function(e){try{var t=membership.getUserEmail();return t?Promise.resolve(exports.getSubscriptions(t)).then(function(t){return t.subscribed.includes(e)}):Promise.resolve()}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}}; }, {"6":6,"18":18,"80":80,"887":887}]; window.modules["57"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var cookies=require(40),PIANOAPITIMEOUT=3e3;module.exports={getExtendedUserData:function(e){return new Promise(function(t,i){var o=setTimeout(i,PIANOAPITIMEOUT);window.tp||(window.tp=[]);window.tp.push(["init",function(){tp.pianoId.loadExtendedUser({formName:e,extendedUserLoaded:function(e){clearTimeout(o),e?t(e):i(e)}})}])})},getCustomFields:function(e){for(var t={},i=0,o=e.custom_field_values;i<o.length;i++){var n=o[i],r=n.field_name,u=n.value;try{t[r]=JSON.parse(u)}catch(e){t[r]="string"==typeof u&&u?u:null}}return t},getCustomFieldValue:function(e,t){if(e.custom_field_values)for(var i=0;i<e.custom_field_values.length;i++)if(e.custom_field_values[i].field_name===t)return e.custom_field_values[i].value},getPianoJwt:function(){var e=cookies.get("__utp");if(e)try{var t=atob(e.split(".")[1]);return JSON.parse(t)}catch(t){return void console.error("Error parsing __utp cookie: "+e,t)}},getPianoId:function(){var e=module.exports.getPianoJwt();if(e)return e.sub},getUser:function(){return new Promise(function(e,t){var i=setTimeout(t,PIANOAPITIMEOUT);window.tp||(window.tp=[]),window.tp.push(["init",function(){try{clearTimeout(i),e(window.tp.pianoId.getUser())}catch(e){t(e)}}])})},getUserResources:function(){return new Promise(function(e,t){var i=setTimeout(t,PIANOAPITIMEOUT);window.tp||(window.tp=[]),window.tp.push(["init",function(){try{window.tp.api.callApi("/access/list",{},function(t){clearTimeout(i),e(t)})}catch(e){t(e)}}])})}}; }, {"40":40}]; window.modules["59"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(r,e){try{var n=r()}catch(r){return e(r)}return n&&n.then?n.then(void 0,e):n}function hashBuff2Hex(r){return Array.from(new Uint8Array(r)).map(function(r){return r.toString(16).padStart(2,"0")}).join("")}function hashBuff2Base64(r){for(var e="",n=new Uint8Array(r),t=n.byteLength,o=0;o<t;o++)e+=String.fromCharCode(n[o]);return window.btoa(e)}var hash=function(r,n){void 0===n&&(n="base64");try{var t;if(!r)return console.error("No value passed to hash"),Promise.resolve();var o=_catch(function(){var o=(new TextEncoder).encode(r);return Promise.resolve(window.crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256",o)).then(function(r){if("hex"===n)t=hashBuff2Hex(r);else{if("base64"!==n)throw new Error("Encoding: "+n+" not supported",e);t=hashBuff2Base64(r)}})},function(r){console.error(r)});return Promise.resolve(o&&o.then?o.then(function(r){return t}):t)}catch(r){return Promise.reject(r)}};module.exports.hash=hash; }, {}]; window.modules["60"] = [function(require,module,exports){var isObject=require(600),now=require(720),toNumber=require(721),FUNC_ERROR_TEXT="Expected a function",nativeMax=Math.max,nativeMin=Math.min;function debounce(n,i,t){var e,r,o,u,a,c,v=0,f=!1,m=!1,d=!0;if("function"!=typeof n)throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);function T(i){var t=e,o=r;return e=r=void 0,v=i,u=n.apply(o,t)}function s(n){var t=n-c;return void 0===c||t>=i||t<0||m&&n-v>=o}function b(){var n=now();if(s(n))return l(n);a=setTimeout(b,function(n){var t=i-(n-c);return m?nativeMin(t,o-(n-v)):t}(n))}function l(n){return a=void 0,d&&e?T(n):(e=r=void 0,u)}function w(){var n=now(),t=s(n);if(e=arguments,r=this,c=n,t){if(void 0===a)return function(n){return v=n,a=setTimeout(b,i),f?T(n):u}(c);if(m)return clearTimeout(a),a=setTimeout(b,i),T(c)}return void 0===a&&(a=setTimeout(b,i)),u}return i=toNumber(i)||0,isObject(t)&&(f=!!t.leading,o=(m="maxWait"in t)?nativeMax(toNumber(t.maxWait)||0,i):o,d="trailing"in t?!!t.trailing:d),w.cancel=function(){void 0!==a&&clearTimeout(a),v=0,e=c=r=a=void 0},w.flush=function(){return void 0===a?u:l(now())},w}module.exports=debounce; }, {"600":600,"720":720,"721":721}]; window.modules["61"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function experienceExecute(e){var n=e.result.events.find(function(e){return"experienceExecute"===e.eventType});if(n){var t=n.eventExecutionContext,i=t.userSegments;if("COMPOSER1X"in i){var r={};i.COMPOSER1X.segments.forEach(function(e){var n=e.split(":"),t=n[0],i=n[2],s=["LTs","LTc","LTreg","CScore"];t=t.toLowerCase(),(s=s.map(function(e){return e.toLowerCase()})).includes(t)&&(r["piano_"+function(e){switch(e){case"cscore":return"ltconvert";default:return e}}(t)]=i)}),t.splitTests.length&&(r.piano_segment_id=[],r.piano_segment_name=[],t.splitTests.forEach(function(e){r.piano_segment_id.push(e.variantId),r.piano_segment_name.push(e.variantName)}));var s=new amplitude.Identify;for(var a in r)s.set(a,r[a]);amplitude.identify(s)}}}module.exports=experienceExecute; }, {}]; window.modules["62"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function dispatchPianoResponseVariables(e){var s=new CustomEvent("pianoResponseVariables",{detail:{responseVariables:e.responseVariables}});window.dispatchEvent(s)}module.exports=dispatchPianoResponseVariables; }, {}]; window.modules["63"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var supportJournalism=require(76);function showOffer(e){e.containerSelector.includes("#meterwall")&&supportJournalism.setParams(),window._slateCriteo.trackLandingPage()}module.exports=showOffer; }, {"76":76}]; window.modules["64"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var slateAmplitude=require(18);function onCheckoutStateChange(e){switch(e.stateName){case"auth":slateAmplitude.track("Slate Plus: View Checkout");break;case"state2":slateAmplitude.track("Slate Plus: Payment"),window.tfaPush({notify:"subscription",name:"subscription-form-visible",sourceurl:location.href});break;case"bankSecure":slateAmplitude.track("Display 3DS Challenge")}}module.exports=onCheckoutStateChange; }, {"18":18}]; window.modules["65"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var newsletters=require(56),_require=require(26),toUrl=_require.toUrl,_require2=require(74),loadRecaptcha=_require2.loadRecaptcha,executeRecaptcha=_require2.executeRecaptcha;function sendPostMessageToPiano(e,r,n){document.getElementById(e).contentWindow.postMessage({piano:{success:r,managementUrl:n}},"*")}function onSuccess(e,r,n,t){sendPostMessageToPiano(e,!0,toUrl(t,{email:r}).href)}function onError(e,r){sendPostMessageToPiano(e,!1,r)}function newsletterSignup(e){"email-signup"===e.eventName&&e.params&&loadRecaptcha().then(function(){try{var r=JSON.parse(e.params.params).iframeId,n=e.params.email,t=e.params.list,s="true"===e.params.marketing||!1,a=e.params.managementUrl,o=function(){if(n&&n.length>0&&r&&t)return Promise.resolve(executeRecaptcha()).then(function(e){newsletters.subscribe(n,t,s,e).then(function(){return onSuccess(r,n,t,a)}).catch(function(){return onError(r,n)})});console.error("Missing information for newsletter signup.")}();return Promise.resolve(o&&o.then?o.then(function(){}):void 0)}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}}).catch(function(e){throw new Error("Couldn't load recaptcha in Piano newsletter-signup",e)})}module.exports=newsletterSignup; }, {"26":26,"56":56,"74":74}]; window.modules["66"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(71),getRedirectUrl=_require.getRedirectUrl,isSpotifyPlus=_require.isSpotifyPlus,redirectToSpotify=_require.redirectToSpotify;function afterCheckoutClose(e){if("checkoutCompleted"===e.state||"voucherRedemptionCompleted"===e.state){if(isSpotifyPlus())return void redirectToSpotify();location.href=getRedirectUrl()||"/account"}}module.exports=afterCheckoutClose; }, {"71":71}]; window.modules["67"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var Cookies=require(40),slateAmplitude=require(18),MAX_ADBLOCKER_DELAY=3e3;exports.getValue=function(){var e=Date.now();return new Promise(function(o){!function t(){var i=Date.now()-e,r=Cookies.get("__adblocker");void 0!==r||i>MAX_ADBLOCKER_DELAY?(o([r&&"true"===r,i]),void 0===r&&isSample()&&trackTiming(e)):setTimeout(t,500)}()})},Cookies.remove("__adblocker");var setNptTechAdblockerCookie=function(e){Cookies.set("__adblocker",!!e)};function d(e){return Math.floor(Math.random()*(e-1+1)+1)}exports.enable=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="//www.npttech.com/advertising.js",e.addEventListener("error",function(){setNptTechAdblockerCookie(!0)}),document.head.appendChild(e)};var isSample=function(){return 20===d(20)||"#adblockdebug"===location.hash};function trackTiming(e){!function o(){setTimeout(function(){var t=Cookies.get("__adblocker");void 0!==t?slateAmplitude.log("Ad Blocker Timing Sample",{adBlocker:"true"===t,adBlockerDelay:Date.now()-e}):o()},500)}()} }, {"18":18,"40":40}]; window.modules["68"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,r){try{var t=e()}catch(e){return r(e)}return t&&t.then?t.then(void 0,r):t}var afterCheckout=function(e){try{return Promise.resolve(piano.getExtendedUserData("attribution-menu")).then(function(r){function t(){window._slateCriteo.trackTransaction()}var i=Object.assign({offer_ID:e.offerId,price:e.chargeAmount,plan_type:e.rid,term_ID:e.termId},getMorgioniProps()),n=piano.getCustomFieldValue(r,"attribution_menu");if(n){try{var o=JSON.parse(n);o instanceof Array&&(n=o.join())}catch(e){}var s=piano.getCustomFieldValue(r,"attribution_menu_other");s&&(n+=": "+s),i["S+ Purchase Attribution"]=n}slateAmplitude.track("Slate Plus: Purchase",i),isPodcastRid(e.rid)&&sessionStorage.setItem(IS_PURCHASING_KEY,!0);try{window.fbq("track","Purchase",{currency:e.chargeCurrency,value:e.chargeAmount})}catch(e){console.warn("fb purchase event failed",e)}var a=_catch(function(){function e(){window.gtag("event","conversion",r)}var r={send_to:"AW-794295919/I6C8CKDPrIsBEO_83_oC"},t=membership.getUserEmail(),i=function(){if(t)return Promise.resolve(hash(t,"hex")).then(function(e){r.sha256_email_address=e})}();return i&&i.then?i.then(e):e()},function(e){console.warn("google conversion event failed",e)});return a&&a.then?a.then(t):t()})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},slateAmplitude=require(18),_require=require(72),getMorgioniProps=_require.getMorgioniProps,_require2=require(59),hash=_require2.hash,membership=require(6),piano=require(57),_require3=require(6),IS_PURCHASING_KEY=_require3.IS_PURCHASING_KEY,isPodcastRid=_require3.isPodcastRid;module.exports=afterCheckout; }, {"6":6,"18":18,"57":57,"59":59,"72":72}]; window.modules["69"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var profileFrame,sendUserDataToProfileFrame=function(){try{return Promise.resolve(piano.getExtendedUserData("attribution-menu")).then(function(e){profileFrame.source.postMessage({userData:e},profileFrame.origin)})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},slateAmplitude=require(18),_require=require(72),getMorgioniProps=_require.getMorgioniProps,setMorgioniProps=_require.setMorgioniProps,cookies=require(40),piano=require(57),_require2=require(71),getRedirectUrl=_require2.getRedirectUrl,redirectToSpotify=_require2.redirectToSpotify,_require3=require(73),coordinateHeights=_require3.coordinateHeights;function init(){var e=window.tp;e.experience.init(),e.amplitude=slateAmplitude,e.morgioni={getMorgioniProps:getMorgioniProps,setMorgioniProps:setMorgioniProps},e.injectRunJs=function(e,i,o){var r="/piano/scripts/run-js/"+(e=e.replace(/\.js$/,""))+".js";document.querySelector("script[src*='"+r+"']")||slateGlobal.injectScript(r,i,o)},e.fireAmplitude=function(i,o){void 0===o&&(o={}),e.morgioni.setMorgioniProps();var r=e.morgioni.getMorgioniProps(),n=Object.assign({},r,o);slateAmplitude.track(i,n)},e.redirectToSpotify=redirectToSpotify,"/sign-in"===location.pathname||0===location.pathname.indexOf("/_pages/ckcwddy7w0000fhnb8lirc5ip")?signInExperience():"/create-account"!==location.pathname&&0!==location.pathname.indexOf("/_pages/ckd7owq8k00hp0mnbelmdx0lm")||createAccountExperience(),e.pianoId.isUserValid()||"/account/podcasts"!==location.pathname||addNoAccessClass(),e.pianoId.init({loggedOut:function(e){[".local.dev.slate.com",".dev.slate.com",".stage.slate.com",".slate.com"].forEach(function(e){["__utp","splus","show_slugs","sp_secure_id","coral_secure_login_token"].forEach(function(i){cookies.remove(i,{domain:e})})})},profileUpdate:function(){sendUserDataToProfileFrame()}})}function addNoAccessClass(){document.body.classList.add("js-podcast-feed--no-access")}function renderScreen(e){window.tp.pianoId.show({displayMode:"inline",screen:e,containerSelector:"#createAccountOrSignIn"})}function signInExperience(){window.tp.pianoId.getUser()?location.href=getRedirectUrl()||"/":renderScreen("login")}function createAccountExperience(){window.tp.pianoId.getUser()?location.href=getRedirectUrl()||"/account":renderScreen("register")}var accountEl=document.querySelector("#account");accountEl&&window.addEventListener("message",function(e){!e.data.profileReady||null===e.origin.match(/\bpiano\.io$/)&&null===e.origin.match(/\btinypass\.com$/)||(profileFrame={source:e.source,origin:e.origin},sendUserDataToProfileFrame())}),coordinateHeights(),module.exports=init; }, {"18":18,"40":40,"57":57,"71":71,"72":72,"73":73}]; window.modules["70"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,r){try{var t=e()}catch(e){return r(e)}return t&&t.then?t.then(void 0,r):t}var loginSuccessHandler=function(e){try{return Promise.resolve(membership.updateUser()).then(function(){var r=!1;function t(t){return r?t:(slateAmplitude.track("Account: Sign In",i),function(){if("PIANOID"===e.source){return Promise.resolve(membership.isMember()).then(function(e){var r=!1;function t(e){if(r)return e;var t=getRedirectUrl();t&&(location.href=t)}var i=function(){if(e&&isSpotifyPlus())return Promise.resolve(redirectToSpotify()).then(function(){!0})}();return i&&i.then?i.then(t):t(i)})}}())}var i={};track("loginSuccessHandlerData",e);var n=function(){if(e.registration){localStorage.removeItem("show_slugs"),slateAmplitude.track("Account: Create New",i);var t=e.params.email;return Promise.resolve(getExtendedUserData("RegistrationFields")).then(function(i){function n(){var t,i=new URL(location.href);"PIANOID"!==e.source||null!=(t=e.params)&&t.email_confirmation_required||"/license"===i.pathname||(location.href=getRedirectUrl()||"/account"),r=!0}var c=getCustomFieldValue(i,"marketing_opt_in"),u=function(){if(JSON.parse(c)){var e=function(){return Promise.resolve(executeRecaptcha()).then(function(e){return Promise.resolve(updateSubscriptions({subscribed:["Marketing"]},t,e)).then(function(){})})},r=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(loadRecaptcha()).then(function(){})},function(e){console.error("Error loading recaptcha in login-success.js",e)});return r&&r.then?r.then(e):e()}}();return u&&u.then?u.then(n):n()})}}();return n&&n.then?n.then(t):t(n)})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},membership=require(6),_require=require(57),getCustomFieldValue=_require.getCustomFieldValue,getExtendedUserData=_require.getExtendedUserData,_require2=require(56),updateSubscriptions=_require2.updateSubscriptions,slateAmplitude=require(18),_require3=require(71),getRedirectUrl=_require3.getRedirectUrl,isSpotifyPlus=_require3.isSpotifyPlus,redirectToSpotify=_require3.redirectToSpotify,_require4=require(74),loadRecaptcha=_require4.loadRecaptcha,executeRecaptcha=_require4.executeRecaptcha,_require5=require(75),track=_require5.track;module.exports=loginSuccessHandler; }, {"6":6,"18":18,"56":56,"57":57,"71":71,"74":74,"75":75}]; window.modules["71"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,t){try{var r=e()}catch(e){return t(e)}return r&&r.then?r.then(void 0,t):r}var getSpotifyFeedUrls=function(){try{var e=function(e){if(t)return e;for(var r=[],o=0;o<n.length;o++)if(n[o].desktop_schemes&&n[o].desktop_schemes.length)for(var i=n[o].desktop_schemes,s=0;s<i.length;s++)"Spotify"===i[s]._name&&r.push(i[s]._url);return r},t=!1,r=document.documentElement.dataset.myslateurl||"https://my.slate.com",o=new URL(r);o.pathname="membership/setup_feeds/";var n,i=o.href,s=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(fetch(i,{method:"GET",credentials:"include",headers:{Accept:"application/json"}}).then(function(e){return e.json()})).then(function(e){n=e})},function(e){throw Error("Error getting user feeds from Supporting Cast: "+e)});return Promise.resolve(s&&s.then?s.then(e):e(s))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},redirectToSpotify=function(e){void 0===e&&(e="/account/podcasts");try{var t=function(e){if(r)return e;location.href=o},r=!1;if(!window.confirm('You\'re about to be redirected to Spotify. Click "OK" to proceed. Click "Cancel" to sign in as another user.'))return window.tp.pianoId.logout(),location.href="/sign-in",Promise.resolve();var o=e,n=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(getSpotifyFeedUrls()).then(function(e){if(!e.length)throw new Error("No Spotify feed URLs retrieved from MySlate");o=e[0]})},function(e){console.error(e)});return Promise.resolve(n&&n.then?n.then(t):t(n))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},_require=require(26),hasParam=_require.hasParam;function isValidOrigin(e){var t=new URL(e).origin;return["spotify.com","slate.com"].some(function(e){return t==="https://"+e||t.endsWith("."+e)})}function getRedirectUrl(){var e=new URL(location.href).searchParams.get("redirect_uri");if(e)return isValidOrigin(e)?e:"/"}function isSpotifyPlus(){return"/spotify-plus"===location.pathname||"/_pages/ckw5hrtr4000pz3m9pdlxohl1.html"===location.pathame||hasParam(location.href,"spotify")}module.exports={getRedirectUrl:getRedirectUrl,isSpotifyPlus:isSpotifyPlus,redirectToSpotify:redirectToSpotify}; }, {"26":26}]; window.modules["72"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var STORAGE_KEY="morgioni",PARAM_NAMES=["utm_medium","utm_campaign","utm_content","utm_source"];function setMorgioniProps(){if(location.search){var o=new URLSearchParams(location.search).get("redirect_uri"),r={};if(o)for(var e=new URLSearchParams(o),t=0,i=Array.from(e);t<i.length;t++){var s=i[t],n=s[0],a=s[1];a&&PARAM_NAMES.includes(n)&&(r[n]=a)}if(Object.keys(r).length>0){var c=Object.assign({},getMorgioniProps(),r);try{localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY,JSON.stringify(c))}catch(o){console.error("failed to store event props",o)}}}}function getMorgioniProps(){try{return JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY))||void 0}catch(o){console.error("failed to access event props",o)}}function removeMorgioniProps(){localStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY)}module.exports={getMorgioniProps:getMorgioniProps,setMorgioniProps:setMorgioniProps,removeMorgioniProps:removeMorgioniProps}; }, {}]; window.modules["73"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";module.exports.coordinateHeights=function(){var e,t,i=[],a=!1;function n(){i=i.sort(function(e,t){return t.height-e.height}),e=i[0],r(i,e.height)}function r(t,i){t.forEach(function(t){var a={offerCard:!0,isTallest:t.uid===e.uid,height:i,uid:t.uid};t.source.postMessage(a,t.origin)})}window.addEventListener("message",function(s){var u,d;s.data.offerCard&&(s.data.isResize&&i.length?r(i,s.data.height):(t=performance.now(),s.data.source=s.source,s.data.origin=s.origin,i.push(s.data),a||e||(a=!0,u=n,d=setInterval(function(){performance.now()-t>o&&(clearInterval(d),u(d))},o))))});var o=1e3}; }, {}]; window.modules["74"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function loadRecaptcha(){return new Promise(function(e,t){slateGlobal.injectScript("https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeXl6gZAAAAADIqQtfiQY8WxxgvnbZIbQV2SjHB",function(t){return function(e,t){t(!0)}(0,e)},function(e){return function(e,t){t(new Error("Error loading script "+e.target.src))}(e,t)})})}function executeRecaptcha(){return new Promise(function(e,t){window.grecaptcha.ready(function(){window.grecaptcha.execute("6LeXl6gZAAAAADIqQtfiQY8WxxgvnbZIbQV2SjHB").then(function(t){e(t)}).catch(function(e){return t(e)})})})}module.exports.loadRecaptcha=loadRecaptcha,module.exports.executeRecaptcha=executeRecaptcha; }, {}]; window.modules["75"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function track(e,t,o,n){if(void 0===o&&(o={}),!e||!e.length)throw new Error("eventName is required. Got "+e);if(e.length>255)throw new Error("eventName must be shorter than 255 characters. Got "+e);var r=new URL(document.location.protocol+"//"+document.location.hostname);if(r.pathname="analytics",r.searchParams.set("eventName",encodeURIComponent(e)),t){if("object"!=typeof t)throw new Error("eventData must be an object. Got "+t);r.searchParams.set("eventData",encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(t)))}return n||(n=Function.prototype),fetch(r).then(n)}module.exports.track=track; }, {}]; window.modules["76"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(26),toUrl=_require.toUrl,_require2=require(18),afterPageview=_require2.afterPageview,hasParams=location.search.includes("support_journalism");if(hasParams){var thisUrl=toUrl(location.href);thisUrl.searchParams.delete("support_journalism"),thisUrl.searchParams.delete("pay"),history.replaceState(null,"",thisUrl.href)}exports.hasParams=function(){return hasParams},exports.setParams=function(){return Promise.resolve(afterPageview).then(function(){history.replaceState(null,"",toUrl(location.href,{pay:Date.now(),support_journalism:"please"}).href)})}; }, {"18":18,"26":26}]; window.modules["80"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";module.exports.track=function(e,t,r){try{var a,i=Object.assign({},null==(a=window.slatePermutiveData)?void 0:a.page,t);i.article&&i.article.gsChannels&&delete i.article.gsChannels,window.permutive&&window.permutive.track(e,i,r)}catch(e){console.error("failed to log permutive",e)}}; }, {}]; window.modules["81"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var STORAGE_KEY="promoline-testing",_require=require(26),toUrl=_require.toUrl;function getStorageValuePrefix(e){return toUrl(e).pathname}var storedValue=localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);if(storedValue){var prefix=getStorageValuePrefix(location.href);storedValue=0===storedValue.indexOf(prefix)?storedValue.slice(prefix.length):"",localStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY)}function storePromoLineVariant(e,r){try{localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY,getStorageValuePrefix(r)+e)}catch(e){console.warn("failed to store promo line testing candidate",e)}}exports.trackExperimentalPromolines=function(e){var r=e.querySelector("[data-promoline-variant]:not([hidden])"),t=null==r?void 0:r.closest("a[href]");if(t){var o=function(e){storePromoLineVariant(r.innerText,t.href)};t.addEventListener("click",o),t.addEventListener("contextmenu",o),t.addEventListener("touchstart",o,{passive:!0})}},exports.retrieveExperimentalPromoline=function(){return storedValue}; }, {"26":26}]; window.modules["83"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.getCurrentBatch=getCurrentBatch;var adService=require("ads.legacy"),_require=require(111),displayForPlus=_require.displayForPlus;function getCurrentBatch(e,r){var t=[];return e.forEach(function(e){e.isIntersecting&&(t.push(e.target),r.unobserve(e.target))}),t.map(createAd).filter(displayForPlus)}function createAd(e){return adService.createAd(e)} }, {"111":111,"ads.legacy":"ads.legacy"}]; window.modules["84"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.isBiddingEnabled=isBiddingEnabled;var _require=require(111),isPlusPage=_require.isPlusPage,biddingEnabled={leaderboard:!0,"leaderboard-tablet":!0,"mid-article-spot-mobile":!0,"mid-article-spot-tablet":!0,"mid-article-spot":!0,"mid-article-spot-xl":!0,"mid-article-box":!0,"mobile-outstream-video":!1,"outstream-video":!1,"outstream-video-xl":!1,"mobile-outstream-video-backfill":!0,"outstream-video-backfill":!0,"outstream-video-xl-backfill":!0,"rr-flex":!0,"rr-article-flex":!0,"mob-adhesion":!0,"hp-mob-mid":!0,"hp-mob-top":!0,"hp-leaderboard-mid":!0,"hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":!0,"hp-leaderboard-bottom":!0,"hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":!0,"hp-native-main":!1,"hp-native-flex":!0,"rr-front-flex":!0,"mobile-front":!0,"rr-podcast":!0,"podcast-headline":!1,"mobile-only-bottom":!0,"leaderboard-mobile":!1,"hp-mob-bottom":!0,"recirc-flex-left":!0,"recirc-flex-right":!0,"recirc-mob":!0};function isBiddingEnabled(e){return!isPlusPage()&&biddingEnabled[e.type]} }, {"111":111}]; window.modules["85"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(884),isElementInViewport=_require.isElementInViewport,_require2=require(885),isElementNotHidden=_require2.isElementNotHidden,_throttle=require(91),sticky="ad--sticky-desktop",hide="ad--sticky-hide",time=3e3,leaderboard=document.querySelector(".top-ad"),taboola=document.querySelector(".taboola-recirc"),leaderboardIds=["leaderboard-1","leaderboard-tablet-1"],throttledAvoidTaboola=_throttle(avoidTaboola,200),refresh=!1,isLeaderboardSticky=!1;function avoidTaboola(){isLeaderboardSticky&&isElementNotHidden(taboola)&&(leaderboard.getBoundingClientRect().bottom>taboola.getBoundingClientRect().top&&done(0))}function unstick(e){var t=e.slot.getSlotElementId();leaderboardIds.includes(t)&&isLeaderboardSticky&&setTimeout(function(){leaderboard.classList.add(hide),done(1e3)},time)}function stick(e){var t=e.slot.getSlotElementId();document.querySelector("#"+t);leaderboardIds.includes(t)&&(refresh||(refresh=!0,isLeaderboardSticky=!0,leaderboard.classList.add(sticky),window.addEventListener("scroll",throttledAvoidTaboola)))}function done(e){setTimeout(function(){leaderboard.classList.remove(hide),leaderboard.classList.remove(sticky),isLeaderboardSticky=!1,window.removeEventListener("scroll",throttledAvoidTaboola)},e)}module.exports.enableStickyLeaderboard=function(){window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=googletag.pubads();e.addEventListener("slotOnload",function(e){return stick(e)}),e.addEventListener("impressionViewable",function(e){return unstick(e)})})}; }, {"91":91,"884":884,"885":885}]; window.modules["87"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var STORAGE_KEY="via",DELIMITER="_";function store(e){if(e.length){pageType&&e.unshift(pageType);var t=e.join(DELIMITER);try{sessionStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY,t)}catch(e){console.warn("failed to store via",e)}}else sessionStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY)}exports.retrieve=function(){try{var e=sessionStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);return sessionStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY),e}catch(e){console.warn("failed to retrieve via",e)}};var pageType,PREFIXES={article:"article",homepage:"homepage","vertical front":"section","rubric front":"rubric"};function collectVias(e){var t=e.target;if(t.closest("a[href],form[action]")){var a=[];for(t=t.closest("[data-via]");t;)a.push(t.dataset.via),t=t.parentElement.closest("[data-via]");store(a)}}exports.setPageType=function(e){pageType=PREFIXES[e]},document.documentElement.addEventListener("click",collectVias),document.documentElement.addEventListener("submit",collectVias); }, {}]; window.modules["88"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var visitStart=!1;function isVisitStart(){try{return window.sessionStorage.getItem("visitstarted")||(window.sessionStorage.setItem("visitstarted","1"),visitStart=!0),visitStart}catch(t){console.error(t)}}module.exports.isVisitStart=isVisitStart; }, {}]; window.modules["89"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var TWA_PROTOCOL="android-app:",KEY_IS_TWA="isTrustedWebActivity",ANDROID_QUERY_PARAM="android-app",PACKAGE_NAME="com.wapo.slate.android";function isTrustedWebActivity(){var r=document.referrer&&document.referrer.trim()||"";if(0===r.length)return!1;var e=new URL(r);return e.protocol===TWA_PROTOCOL&&(e.hostname===PACKAGE_NAME||0===e.pathname.indexOf("//"+PACKAGE_NAME))}function hasAndroidSearchParam(){return!!location.search&&"1"===new URLSearchParams(location.search).get(ANDROID_QUERY_PARAM)}function isAndroidSession(){if("Y"===sessionStorage.getItem(KEY_IS_TWA))return!0;var r=isTrustedWebActivity()||hasAndroidSearchParam();return r&&sessionStorage.setItem(KEY_IS_TWA,"Y"),r}module.exports.isAndroidSession=isAndroidSession; }, {}]; window.modules["90"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var abStringRe=new RegExp("^([0-9]+)_([0-9]+)$");function parseAbTestString(e){return abStringRe.exec(e)}function isValidAbTestString(e){return!!parseAbTestString(e)}module.exports.parseAbTestString=parseAbTestString,module.exports.isValidAbTestString=isValidAbTestString; }, {}]; window.modules["91"] = [function(require,module,exports){var debounce=require(60),isObject=require(600),FUNC_ERROR_TEXT="Expected a function";function throttle(e,i,t){var n=!0,r=!0;if("function"!=typeof e)throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);return isObject(t)&&(n="leading"in t?!!t.leading:n,r="trailing"in t?!!t.trailing:r),debounce(e,i,{leading:n,maxWait:i,trailing:r})}module.exports=throttle; }, {"60":60,"600":600}]; window.modules["92"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var Cookies=require(40),_require=require(88),isVisitStart=_require.isVisitStart,VISIT_COOKIE_NAME="slatevisits",MONTHLY_VISIT_COOKIE_NAME="slatevisitsmon";function cookieSettings(t){var i={domain:document.documentElement.dataset.trackingdomain,secure:!0,SameSite:"Strict"};return t?Object.assign(t,i):i}function setTotalVisits(t){Cookies.set(VISIT_COOKIE_NAME,t,cookieSettings({expires:1825}))}function setMonthlyVisits(t){Cookies.set(MONTHLY_VISIT_COOKIE_NAME,t,cookieSettings({expires:30}))}function getTotalVisits(){return Cookies.get(VISIT_COOKIE_NAME)}function getMonthlyVisits(){return Cookies.get(MONTHLY_VISIT_COOKIE_NAME)}function incrementVisitCookies(){var t=getTotalVisits();setTotalVisits(t=t?parseInt(t)+1:1);var i=Cookies.get(MONTHLY_VISIT_COOKIE_NAME);setMonthlyVisits(i=i?parseInt(i)+1:1)}function getVisitCounts(){return isVisitStart()&&incrementVisitCookies(),{totalVisits:getTotalVisits()||"1",monthlyVisits:getMonthlyVisits()||"1"}}module.exports.getVisitCounts=getVisitCounts; }, {"40":40,"88":88}]; window.modules["93"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _once=require(94),slateAmplitude=require(18);function cb(e,t){void 0===t&&(t=!1);for(var n=window.webVitals,i=n.onCLS,r=n.onLCP,a=n.onINP,o={},c={CLS:["largestShiftTarget","largestShiftTime","largestShiftValue","largestShiftEntry","largestShiftSource","loadState"],INP:["interactionTarget","interactionTime","interactionType","loadState"],LCP:["element","elementRenderDelay","url","timeToFirstByte","resourceLoadDelay","resourceLoadDuration","lcpResourceEntry"]},l=0,s=[i,r,a];l<s.length;l++){(0,s[l])(function(e){t&&console.debug("%cWeb Vitals: "+e.name,"background-color: mediumSeaGreen; color: white; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 2px;",JSON.stringify(e)),o[e.name]=e.value,o[e.name+"_rating"]=e.rating;var n=c[e.name];n&&n.forEach(function(t){o[e.name+"_"+t]=e.attribution[t]}),"INP"===e.name&&"GOOD"!==e.rating&&u(o,e),o.Load_event=d()})}var u=function(e,t){if(t.attribution.longAnimationFrameEntries.length){var n=t.attribution.longAnimationFrameEntries.sort(function(e,t){return t.blockingDuration-e.blockingDuration})[0];if(n.scripts.length){var i=n.scripts.toSorted(function(e,t){return t.duration-e.duration})[0];e[t.name+"_scriptUrl"]=i.sourceURL,e[t.name+"_invoker"]=i.invoker,e[t.name+"_invokerType"]=i.invokerType}}},d=function(){return Math.round(performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0].loadEventStart)},g=_once(function(){var t=Object.assign({},o,{version:e});slateAmplitude.track("web_vitals",t)});addEventListener("visibilitychange",function(){"hidden"===document.visibilityState&&g()}),addEventListener("pagehide",g)}module.exports.track=function(e){var t=e.dataset,n=t.version,i=t.webVitalsSampling,r=t.webVitalsUrl,a=function(e,t){slateGlobal.injectScript(r,function(){return cb(e,t)})};"true"!==new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("vitals_debug")?Math.random()>parseFloat(i)||a(n):a(n,!0)}; }, {"18":18,"94":94}]; window.modules["94"] = [function(require,module,exports){var before=require(718);function once(e){return before(2,e)}module.exports=once; }, {"718":718}]; window.modules["107"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";module.exports.sizes={"mid-article-spot":{adserver:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[455,256],[300,250],[300,251],[325,204],[620,366],[1,3]],bidding:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250],[325,204],[620,366]]},"mid-article-spot-xl":{adserver:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[455,256],[300,250],[300,251],[325,204],[620,366]],bidding:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250],[325,204],[620,366]]},"mid-article-spot-tablet":{adserver:[[728,90],[300,250],[455,256],[300,251],[1,3],[325,204],[620,366]],bidding:[[728,90],[300,250],[325,204],[620,366]]},"mid-article-box":{adserver:[[300,250]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"mid-article-spot-mobile":{adserver:[[300,250],[300,251],[1,3],[325,508],[325,204]],bidding:[[300,250],[325,508],[325,204]]},"mobile-only-bottom":{adserver:[[300,250],[1,3]],bidding:[[300,250]]},leaderboard:{adserver:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"leaderboard-tablet":{adserver:[[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[728,90]]},"leaderboard-mobile":{adserver:[[320,100],[320,50]],bidding:[[320,100],[320,50]]},"rr-flex":{adserver:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],bidding:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]]},"hp-leaderboard-mid":{adserver:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":{adserver:[[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[728,90]]},"hp-mob-mid":{adserver:[[300,250],[1,3]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"hp-leaderboard-bottom":{adserver:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":{adserver:[[728,90],[1,3]],bidding:[[728,90]]},"hp-mob-bottom":{adserver:[[300,250],[1,3]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"hp-native-main":{adserver:[[1,2]],bidding:[]},"hp-native-flex":{adserver:[[1,2],[300,250]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"hp-mob-top":{adserver:[[300,250],[1,3]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"rr-front-flex":{adserver:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],bidding:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]]},"mobile-front":{adserver:[[300,250],[1,3]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"rr-podcast":{adserver:[[300,250]],bidding:[[300,250]]},"podcast-headline":{adserver:[[1,4]],bidding:[]},"rr-article-flex":{adserver:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],bidding:[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]]},"mob-adhesion":{adserver:[[320,50]],bidding:[[320,50]]}}; }, {}]; window.modules["108"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.getSlotData=getSlotData,exports.saveSlotData=saveSlotData;var allSlotsData={};function saveSlotData(t){allSlotsData[t.id]=t}function getSlotData(t){return allSlotsData[t]} }, {}]; window.modules["109"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function getAdNode(){var e=document.querySelector("div[data-adnode]"),t="";return e&&(t=e.getAttribute("data-adnode")),t}Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.getAdNode=getAdNode; }, {}]; window.modules["110"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var getEmailHashFromMembership=function(){try{var e=getUserEmail();return Promise.resolve(e&&hash(e,"hex"))}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},_require=require(59),hash=_require.hash,_require2=require(6),getUserEmail=_require2.getUserEmail,EMAIL_HASH_PARAMS={sha256:"email",md5:"email2",sha1:"email3"};for(var type in EMAIL_HASH_PARAMS)localStorage.removeItem("email."+type);function getEmailHashesFromUrl(){var e=new URL(document.location).searchParams;return Object.values(EMAIL_HASH_PARAMS).map(function(r){return e.get(r)})}exports.getEmailHashes=function(){try{var e=getEmailHashesFromUrl();return Promise.resolve(getEmailHashFromMembership()).then(function(r){if(r){var t=Object.keys(EMAIL_HASH_PARAMS).indexOf("sha256");e[t]=r}return e.filter(function(e){return!!e})})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}}; }, {"6":6,"59":59}]; window.modules["111"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.displayForPlus=displayForPlus;var isMember=require(6).isMemberSkipLookup(),slotsToExclude=["mid-article-spot-mobile-2","mid-article-spot-mobile-4","mid-article-spot-tablet-2","mid-article-spot-tablet-4","mid-article-spot-2","mid-article-spot-4","mid-article-spot-xl-2","mid-article-spot-xl-4","mob-adhesion-1"];function displayForPlus(e){return!isMember||!slotsToExclude.includes(e.id)||(hideSlot(e),!1)}function hideSlot(e){document.querySelector("#"+e.id).parentElement.setAttribute("hidden","")}var isPlusPage=function(){var e=document.querySelector(".article");return!!e&&e.classList.contains("article--plus")};module.exports.isPlusPage=isPlusPage; }, {"6":6}]; window.modules["112"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.enableAdRefresh=enableAdRefresh;var _require=require(884),isElementInViewport=_require.isElementInViewport,_require2=require(885),isElementNotHidden=_require2.isElementNotHidden,_require3=require(108),getSlotData=_require3.getSlotData,headerBidding=require("headerbidding.legacy"),adSlotsWithRefresh={};function enableAdRefresh(){window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded",function(e){var t=e.slot,r=t.getSlotElementId(),i=window.document.getElementById(r),n=t.getTargeting("hb_bidder"),d=getSize(e);d&&refreshEnabled(d,r,n)&&!adSlotsWithRefresh[r]&&(updateSlotTargeting(t),addRefreshToSlot(t,getSlotData(r),i),adSlotsWithRefresh[r]=!0)})}function addRefreshToSlot(e,t,r){var i=getRefreshInterval(t);setInterval(function(){adIsInView(r)&&headerBidding.init([t],!0)},i)}function getRefreshInterval(e){return"mob-adhesion-1"===e.id?45e3:3e4}function refreshEnabled(e,t,r){return"1x2"!==e&&"1x3"!==e&&"1x4"!==e&&"300x251"!==e&&!isStickyKargoAd(e,t,r)}function adIsInView(e){return!!window.document.hasFocus()&&(isElementInViewport(e)&&isElementNotHidden(e))}function isStickyKargoAd(e,t,r){return"mob-adhesion-1"===t&&"1x1"===e&&"kargo"===r[0]}function updateSlotTargeting(e){e.clearTargeting("hb_adid"),e.clearTargeting("hb_bidder"),e.clearTargeting("hb_pb"),e.clearTargeting("hb_size"),e.setTargeting("refresh","yes")}var getSize=function(e){return null!==e.size&&("string"==typeof e.size?e.size:e.size[0]+"x"+e.size[1])}; }, {"108":108,"884":884,"885":885,"headerbidding.legacy":"headerbidding.legacy"}]; window.modules["113"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _window$googletag,bqLog=require(75),criteo=require(114),EVENT_NAME="Ads Performance",SAMPLING=.05,eventProperties={};function sendRequest(){bqLog.track(EVENT_NAME,eventProperties),Math.random()<SAMPLING&&window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(e){e.track(EVENT_NAME,eventProperties)})}function getIncrementalValue(e){var t,n=convertToCents(e[0].cpm);1===e.length?t=n:t=n-convertToCents(e[1].cpm);return convertToDollars(t)}function sortBids(e){return e.sort(function(e,t){return e.cpm<t.cpm?1:-1})}function convertToCents(e){return Math.round(100*e)}function convertToDollars(e){return e/100}function roundCpm(e){return Math.round(100*e)/100}function containsLiveRampId(){var e=!1;return pbjs.getUserIds().idl_env&&(e=!0),e}function permutiveSegmentsExist(){var e=window.localStorage.getItem("_pdfps");return null!==e&&e.length>0}module.exports.leaderboardRequest=function(e){eventProperties.timeToLeaderboardRequest=e},module.exports.firstRequest=function(e){eventProperties.timeToFirstAdRequest=e},module.exports.firstAdLoaded=function(e,t){eventProperties.timeToFirstAdLoad=e,eventProperties.campaignId=t,sendRequest()},module.exports.prebidWinner=function(e){var t=sortBids(e),n=t[0];bqLog.track("Prebid Winning Bid",{bidder:n.bidder,cpm:roundCpm(n.cpm),adUnit:n.adUnitCode,incrementalValue:getIncrementalValue(t),liveRampId:containsLiveRampId(),criteoEmail:criteo.hashedEmailIncluded,permutiveSegments:permutiveSegmentsExist()})},module.exports.noPrebidBids=function(e){bqLog.track("Prebid No Bids",{adUnit:e,liveRampId:containsLiveRampId()})};var firstAdLoaded=!1;null==(_window$googletag=window.googletag)||_window$googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e;null==(e=window.googletag)||e.pubads().addEventListener("slotResponseReceived",function(){firstAdLoaded||(bqLog.track("Page View with Ads"),firstAdLoaded=!0)})}); }, {"75":75,"114":114}]; window.modules["114"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(6),getUserEmail=_require.getUserEmail,_require2=require(59),hash=_require2.hash,hashedEmailIncluded=!1;module.exports.zoneIds={leaderboard:"1157134","leaderboard-tablet":"1157133","mid-article-spot-mobile":"1157131","hp-mob-mid":"1157131","hp-mob-top":"1157131","mobile-outstream-video-backfill":"1157131","mobile-only-bottom":"1157131","hp-mob-bottom":"1157131","recirc-mob":"1157131","mid-article-spot-tablet":"1157133","mid-article-spot":"1157134","mid-article-spot-xl":"1157134","outstream-video-backfill":"1157134","outstream-video-xl-backfill":"1157134","mid-article-box":"1157131","hp-native-flex":"1157131","rr-flex":"1157132","rr-article-flex":"1157132","recirc-flex-left":"1157132","recirc-flex-right":"1157132","mobile-front":"1157131","rr-podcast":"1157131","rr-front-flex":"1157132","hp-leaderboard-mid":"1157134","hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":"1157133","hp-leaderboard-bottom":"1157134","hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":"1157133","mob-adhesion":"1362447"},module.exports.syncEmail=function(){try{var e=getUserEmail();return e?Promise.resolve(hash(e,"hex")).then(function(e){e&&(pbjs.que.push(function(){pbjs.setBidderConfig({bidders:["criteo"],config:{ortb2:{user:{ext:{data:{eids:[{source:"slate.com",uids:[{id:e,atype:3,ext:{stype:"hemsha256"}}]}]}}}}}})}),hashedEmailIncluded=!0)}):Promise.resolve()}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},module.exports.hashedEmailIncluded=hashedEmailIncluded; }, {"6":6,"59":59}]; window.modules["115"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function slotSupportsOutstream(t){return["mid-article-spot","mid-article-spot-xl","mid-article-spot-tablet","mid-article-spot-mobile"].includes(t)}Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.slotSupportsOutstream=slotSupportsOutstream; }, {}]; window.modules["116"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.assignTestGroup=assignTestGroup,exports.getTestValue=getTestValue,exports.isBidderEnabled=isBidderEnabled,exports.testGroups=void 0;var tests={},testGroups=exports.testGroups={index:"index_disabled",appnexus:"xandr_disabled",rubicon:"rubicon_disabled",pubmatic:"pubmatic_disabled",openx:"openx_disabled",taboola:"taboola_disabled",criteo:"criteo_disabled",kargo:"kargo_disabled",control:"control"};function assignTestGroup(t){var e=Math.random();tests[t]=e<.1?testGroups.index:e<.2?testGroups.appnexus:e<.3?testGroups.rubicon:e<.4?testGroups.pubmatic:e<.5?testGroups.openx:e<.6?testGroups.taboola:e<.7?testGroups.criteo:e<.8?testGroups.kargo:testGroups.control}function isBidderEnabled(t,e){return tests[t]!==testGroups[e]}function getTestValue(t){return tests[t]} }, {}]; window.modules["117"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.inventoryCodes=void 0;var inventoryCodes=exports.inventoryCodes={leaderboard:"slate_d_leaderboard_pb","leaderboard-tablet":"slate_d_leaderboard_pb","mid-article-spot-mobile":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","hp-mob-mid":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","hp-mob-top":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","mobile-outstream-video-backfill":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","mobile-only-bottom":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","hp-mob-bottom":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","recirc-mob":"slate_m_infeedrec_pb","mob-adhesion":"slate_320x50_hdx_prebid","mid-article-spot-tablet":"slate_d_leaderboard_inline_pb","mid-article-spot":"slate_d_leaderboard_inline_pb","mid-article-spot-xl":"slate_d_leaderboard_inline_pb","outstream-video-backfill":"slate_d_leaderboard_inline_pb","outstream-video-xl-backfill":"slate_d_leaderboard_inline_pb","mid-article-box":"slate_dm_inline_rec_pb","hp-native-flex":"slate_dm_inline_rec_pb","rr-flex":"slate_d_rrail_largerec_pb","rr-article-flex":"slate_d_rrail_largerec_pb","recirc-flex-left":"slate_d_rrail_largerec_pb","recirc-flex-right":"slate_d_rrail_largerec_pb","mobile-front":"Slate_NonArticle_Mobile_Prebid","rr-podcast":"Slate_NonArticle_Mobile_Prebid","rr-front-flex":"Slate_NonArticle_Desktop_Prebid","hp-leaderboard-mid":"Slate_NonArticle_Desktop_Prebid","hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":"Slate_NonArticle_Desktop_Prebid","hp-leaderboard-bottom":"Slate_NonArticle_Desktop_Prebid","hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":"Slate_NonArticle_Desktop_Prebid"}; }, {}]; window.modules["118"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.placementIds=void 0;var placementIds=exports.placementIds={"mob-adhesion":"_yB1S81ij3k",leaderboard:"_mn5P4mLiWZ","hp-leaderboard-mid":"_mn5P4mLiWZ","hp-leaderboard-bottom":"_mn5P4mLiWZ","leaderboard-tablet":"_vFXQXj3ivh","hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":"_vFXQXj3ivh","hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":"_vFXQXj3ivh","mid-article-spot-mobile":"_uG77kNNswo","hp-mob-mid":"_uG77kNNswo","hp-mob-top":"_uG77kNNswo","mobile-outstream-video-backfill":"_uG77kNNswo","mobile-only-bottom":"_uG77kNNswo","hp-mob-bottom":"_uG77kNNswo","recirc-mob":"_uG77kNNswo","mobile-front":"_uG77kNNswo","mid-article-spot-tablet":"_phl6yqtyoC","mid-article-spot":"_phl6yqtyoC","mid-article-spot-xl":"_phl6yqtyoC","outstream-video-backfill":"_phl6yqtyoC","outstream-video-xl-backfill":"_phl6yqtyoC","mid-article-box":"_phl6yqtyoC","hp-native-flex":"_phl6yqtyoC","rr-podcast":"_phl6yqtyoC","rr-flex":"_g4BCn63GiZ","rr-article-flex":"_g4BCn63GiZ","recirc-flex-left":"_g4BCn63GiZ","recirc-flex-right":"_g4BCn63GiZ","rr-front-flex":"_g4BCn63GiZ"}; }, {}]; window.modules["119"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.adSlot=adSlot,exports.publisherId=void 0;var publisherId=exports.publisherId="161864";function adSlot(){var e;switch(window.location.href.split("/")[3]){case"news-and-politics":e="4456585";break;case"culture":e="4456584";break;case"technology":e="4456587";break;case"business":e="4456588";break;case"human-interest":e="4456586";break;case"":e="4456582";break;default:e="4456583"}return e} }, {}]; window.modules["120"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.videoSize=exports.oustreamRubrics=exports.displaySizes=void 0;var videoSize=exports.videoSize=[[300,250]],displaySizes=exports.displaySizes={leaderboard:[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]],"leaderboard-tablet":[[728,90]],"mid-article-spot-mobile":[[300,250]],"hp-mob-mid":[[300,250]],"hp-mob-top":[[300,250]],"mobile-outstream-video-backfill":[[300,250]],"mobile-only-bottom":[[300,250]],"hp-mob-bottom":[[300,250]],"recirc-mob":[[300,250]],"mid-article-spot-tablet":[[728,90],[300,250]],"mid-article-spot":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250]],"mid-article-spot-xl":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250]],"outstream-video-backfill":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250]],"outstream-video-xl-backfill":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[300,250]],"mid-article-box":[[300,250]],"hp-native-flex":[[300,250]],"rr-flex":[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],"rr-article-flex":[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],"recirc-flex-left":[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],"recirc-flex-right":[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],"mobile-front":[[300,250]],"rr-podcast":[[300,250]],"rr-front-flex":[[300,250],[300,600],[160,600]],"hp-leaderboard-mid":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]],"hp-leaderboard-mid-tablet":[[728,90]],"hp-leaderboard-bottom":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]],"hp-leaderboard-bottom-tablet":[[728,90]],"mob-adhesion":[[320,50]]},oustreamRubrics=exports.oustreamRubrics=["culture/books","news_and_politics/jurisprudence","news_and_politics/the_slatest","human_interest/dear_prudence","business/the_media"]; }, {}]; window.modules["121"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.domain=void 0,exports.getUnit=getUnit;var domain=exports.domain="slate-d.openx.net";function getUnit(){var e;switch(window.location.href.split("/")[3]){case"news-and-politics":e="557570604";break;case"culture":e="557570603";break;case"technology":e="557570606";break;case"business":e="557570607";break;case"human-interest":e="557570605";break;case"":e="557570601";break;default:e="557570602"}return e} }, {}]; window.modules["122"] = [function(require,module,exports){!function(t,e){var i=function(t,e){"use strict";if(!e.getElementsByClassName)return;var i,n,a=e.documentElement,r=t.Date,s=t.HTMLPictureElement,o=t.addEventListener,l=t.setTimeout,d=t.requestAnimationFrame||l,c=t.requestIdleCallback,u=/^picture$/i,f=["load","error","lazyincluded","_lazyloaded"],m={},g=Array.prototype.forEach,z=function(t,e){return m[e]||(m[e]=new RegExp("(\\s|^)"+e+"(\\s|$)")),m[e].test(t.getAttribute("class")||"")&&m[e]},v=function(t,e){z(t,e)||t.setAttribute("class",(t.getAttribute("class")||"").trim()+" "+e)},y=function(t,e){var i;(i=z(t,e))&&t.setAttribute("class",(t.getAttribute("class")||"").replace(i," "))},h=function(t,e,i){var n=i?"addEventListener":"removeEventListener";i&&h(t,e),f.forEach(function(i){t[n](i,e)})},b=function(t,n,a,r,s){var o=e.createEvent("Event");return a||(a={}),a.instance=i,o.initEvent(n,!r,!s),o.detail=a,t.dispatchEvent(o),o},p=function(e,i){var a;!s&&(a=t.picturefill||n.pf)?(i&&i.src&&!e.getAttribute("srcset")&&e.setAttribute("srcset",i.src),a({reevaluate:!0,elements:[e]})):i&&i.src&&(e.src=i.src)},A=function(t,e){return(getComputedStyle(t,null)||{})[e]},C=function(t,e,i){for(i=i||t.offsetWidth;i<n.minSize&&e&&!t._lazysizesWidth;)i=e.offsetWidth,e=e.parentNode;return i},E=(L=[],x=[],W=L,T=function(){var t=W;for(W=L.length?x:L,M=!0,N=!1;t.length;)t.shift()();M=!1},B=function(t,i){M&&!i?t.apply(this,arguments):(W.push(t),N||(N=!0,(e.hidden?l:d)(T)))},B._lsFlush=T,B),_=function(t,e){return e?function(){E(t)}:function(){var e=this,i=arguments;E(function(){t.apply(e,i)})}},w=function(t){var e,i,n=function(){e=null,t()},a=function(){var t=r.now()-i;t<99?l(a,99-t):(c||n)(n)};return function(){i=r.now(),e||(e=l(a,99))}};var M,N,L,x,W,T,B;!function(){var e,i={lazyClass:"lazyload",loadedClass:"lazyloaded",loadingClass:"lazyloading",preloadClass:"lazypreload",errorClass:"lazyerror",autosizesClass:"lazyautosizes",srcAttr:"data-src",srcsetAttr:"data-srcset",sizesAttr:"data-sizes",minSize:40,customMedia:{},init:!0,expFactor:1.5,hFac:.8,loadMode:2,loadHidden:!0,ricTimeout:0,throttleDelay:125};for(e in n=t.lazySizesConfig||t.lazysizesConfig||{},i)e in n||(n[e]=i[e]);t.lazySizesConfig=n,l(function(){n.init&&R()})}();var F=function(){var s,d,f,m,C,M,N,L,x,W,T,B,F,R,k,D,H,O,P,$=/^img$/i,I=/^iframe$/i,q="onscroll"in t&&!/(gle|ing)bot/.test(navigator.userAgent),j=0,G=0,J=-1,K=function(t){G--,(!t||G<0||!t.target)&&(G=0)},Q=function(t){return null==B&&(B="hidden"==A(e.body,"visibility")),B||"hidden"!=A(t.parentNode,"visibility")&&"hidden"!=A(t,"visibility")},U=function(t,i){var n,r=t,s=Q(t);for(L-=i,T+=i,x-=i,W+=i;s&&(r=r.offsetParent)&&r!=e.body&&r!=a;)(s=(A(r,"opacity")||1)>0)&&"visible"!=A(r,"overflow")&&(n=r.getBoundingClientRect(),s=W>n.left&&x<n.right&&T>n.top-1&&L<n.bottom+1);return s},V=function(){var t,r,o,l,c,u,f,g,z,v,y,h,b=i.elements;if((m=n.loadMode)&&G<8&&(t=b.length)){for(r=0,J++,v=!n.expand||n.expand<1?a.clientHeight>500&&a.clientWidth>500?500:370:n.expand,i._defEx=v,y=v*n.expFactor,h=n.hFac,B=null,j<y&&G<1&&J>2&&m>2&&!e.hidden?(j=y,J=0):j=m>1&&J>1&&G<6?v:0;r<t;r++)if(b[r]&&!b[r]._lazyRace)if(q)if((g=b[r].getAttribute("data-expand"))&&(u=1*g)||(u=j),z!==u&&(M=innerWidth+u*h,N=innerHeight+u,f=-1*u,z=u),o=b[r].getBoundingClientRect(),(T=o.bottom)>=f&&(L=o.top)<=N&&(W=o.right)>=f*h&&(x=o.left)<=M&&(T||W||x||L)&&(n.loadHidden||Q(b[r]))&&(d&&G<3&&!g&&(m<3||J<4)||U(b[r],u))){if(nt(b[r]),c=!0,G>9)break}else!c&&d&&!l&&G<4&&J<4&&m>2&&(s[0]||n.preloadAfterLoad)&&(s[0]||!g&&(T||W||x||L||"auto"!=b[r].getAttribute(n.sizesAttr)))&&(l=s[0]||b[r]);else nt(b[r]);l&&!c&&nt(l)}},X=(F=V,k=0,D=n.throttleDelay,H=n.ricTimeout,O=function(){R=!1,k=r.now(),F()},P=c&&H>49?function(){c(O,{timeout:H}),H!==n.ricTimeout&&(H=n.ricTimeout)}:_(function(){l(O)},!0),function(t){var e;(t=!0===t)&&(H=33),R||(R=!0,(e=D-(r.now()-k))<0&&(e=0),t||e<9?P():l(P,e))}),Y=function(t){var e=t.target;e._lazyCache?delete e._lazyCache:(K(t),v(e,n.loadedClass),y(e,n.loadingClass),h(e,tt),b(e,"lazyloaded"))},Z=_(Y),tt=function(t){Z({target:t.target})},et=function(t){var e,i=t.getAttribute(n.srcsetAttr);(e=n.customMedia[t.getAttribute("data-media")||t.getAttribute("media")])&&t.setAttribute("media",e),i&&t.setAttribute("srcset",i)},it=_(function(t,e,i,a,r){var s,o,d,c,m,z;(m=b(t,"lazybeforeunveil",e)).defaultPrevented||(a&&(i?v(t,n.autosizesClass):t.setAttribute("sizes",a)),o=t.getAttribute(n.srcsetAttr),s=t.getAttribute(n.srcAttr),r&&(d=t.parentNode,c=d&&u.test(d.nodeName||"")),z=e.firesLoad||"src"in t&&(o||s||c),m={target:t},v(t,n.loadingClass),z&&(clearTimeout(f),f=l(K,2500),h(t,tt,!0)),c&&g.call(d.getElementsByTagName("source"),et),o?t.setAttribute("srcset",o):s&&!c&&(I.test(t.nodeName)?function(t,e){try{t.contentWindow.location.replace(e)}catch(i){t.src=e}}(t,s):t.src=s),r&&(o||c)&&p(t,{src:s})),t._lazyRace&&delete t._lazyRace,y(t,n.lazyClass),E(function(){var e=t.complete&&t.naturalWidth>1;z&&!e||(e&&v(t,"ls-is-cached"),Y(m),t._lazyCache=!0,l(function(){"_lazyCache"in t&&delete t._lazyCache},9))},!0)}),nt=function(t){var e,i=$.test(t.nodeName),a=i&&(t.getAttribute(n.sizesAttr)||t.getAttribute("sizes")),r="auto"==a;(!r&&d||!i||!t.getAttribute("src")&&!t.srcset||t.complete||z(t,n.errorClass)||!z(t,n.lazyClass))&&(e=b(t,"lazyunveilread").detail,r&&S.updateElem(t,!0,t.offsetWidth),t._lazyRace=!0,G++,it(t,e,r,a,i))},at=function(){if(!d)if(r.now()-C<999)l(at,999);else{var t=w(function(){n.loadMode=3,X()});d=!0,n.loadMode=3,X(),o("scroll",function(){3==n.loadMode&&(n.loadMode=2),t()},!0)}};return{_:function(){C=r.now(),i.elements=e.getElementsByClassName(n.lazyClass),s=e.getElementsByClassName(n.lazyClass+" "+n.preloadClass),o("scroll",X,!0),o("resize",X,!0),t.MutationObserver?new MutationObserver(X).observe(a,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0}):(a.addEventListener("DOMNodeInserted",X,!0),a.addEventListener("DOMAttrModified",X,!0),setInterval(X,999)),o("hashchange",X,!0),["focus","mouseover","click","load","transitionend","animationend","webkitAnimationEnd"].forEach(function(t){e.addEventListener(t,X,!0)}),/d$|^c/.test(e.readyState)?at():(o("load",at),e.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",X),l(at,2e4)),i.elements.length?(V(),E._lsFlush()):X()},checkElems:X,unveil:nt}}(),S=(D=_(function(t,e,i,n){var a,r,s;if(t._lazysizesWidth=n,n+="px",t.setAttribute("sizes",n),u.test(e.nodeName||""))for(a=e.getElementsByTagName("source"),r=0,s=a.length;r<s;r++)a[r].setAttribute("sizes",n);i.detail.dataAttr||p(t,i.detail)}),H=function(t,e,i){var n,a=t.parentNode;a&&(i=C(t,a,i),(n=b(t,"lazybeforesizes",{width:i,dataAttr:!!e})).defaultPrevented||(i=n.detail.width)&&i!==t._lazysizesWidth&&D(t,a,n,i))},O=w(function(){var t,e=k.length;if(e)for(t=0;t<e;t++)H(k[t])}),{_:function(){k=e.getElementsByClassName(n.autosizesClass),o("resize",O)},checkElems:O,updateElem:H}),R=function(){R.i||(R.i=!0,S._(),F._())};var k,D,H,O;return i={cfg:n,autoSizer:S,loader:F,init:R,uP:p,aC:v,rC:y,hC:z,fire:b,gW:C,rAF:E}}(t,t.document);t.lazySizes=i,"object"==typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=i)}(window); }, {}]; window.modules["165"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME="turnstile-widget";module.exports={TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME:TURNSTILE_CLASSNAME}; }, {}]; window.modules["543"] = [function(require,module,exports){var freeGlobal=require(702),freeSelf="object"==typeof self&&self&&self.Object===Object&&self,root=freeGlobal||freeSelf||Function("return this")();module.exports=root; }, {"702":702}]; window.modules["575"] = [function(require,module,exports){var root=require(543),Symbol=root.Symbol;module.exports=Symbol; }, {"543":543}]; window.modules["600"] = [function(require,module,exports){function isObject(t){var e=typeof t;return null!=t&&("object"==e||"function"==e)}module.exports=isObject; }, {}]; window.modules["616"] = [function(require,module,exports){var Symbol=require(575),getRawTag=require(618),objectToString=require(617),nullTag="[object Null]",undefinedTag="[object Undefined]",symToStringTag=Symbol?Symbol.toStringTag:void 0;function baseGetTag(e){return null==e?void 0===e?undefinedTag:nullTag:symToStringTag&&symToStringTag in Object(e)?getRawTag(e):objectToString(e)}module.exports=baseGetTag; }, {"575":575,"617":617,"618":618}]; window.modules["617"] = [function(require,module,exports){var objectProto=Object.prototype,nativeObjectToString=objectProto.toString;function objectToString(t){return nativeObjectToString.call(t)}module.exports=objectToString; }, {}]; window.modules["618"] = [function(require,module,exports){var Symbol=require(575),objectProto=Object.prototype,hasOwnProperty=objectProto.hasOwnProperty,nativeObjectToString=objectProto.toString,symToStringTag=Symbol?Symbol.toStringTag:void 0;function getRawTag(t){var o=hasOwnProperty.call(t,symToStringTag),r=t[symToStringTag];try{t[symToStringTag]=void 0;var a=!0}catch(t){}var e=nativeObjectToString.call(t);return a&&(o?t[symToStringTag]=r:delete t[symToStringTag]),e}module.exports=getRawTag; }, {"575":575}]; window.modules["625"] = [function(require,module,exports){function isObjectLike(e){return null!=e&&"object"==typeof e}module.exports=isObjectLike; }, {}]; window.modules["675"] = [function(require,module,exports){var baseGetTag=require(616),isObjectLike=require(625),symbolTag="[object Symbol]";function isSymbol(e){return"symbol"==typeof e||isObjectLike(e)&&baseGetTag(e)==symbolTag}module.exports=isSymbol; }, {"616":616,"625":625}]; window.modules["676"] = [function(require,module,exports){var trimmedEndIndex=require(677),reTrimStart=/^\s+/;function baseTrim(e){return e?e.slice(0,trimmedEndIndex(e)+1).replace(reTrimStart,""):e}module.exports=baseTrim; }, {"677":677}]; window.modules["677"] = [function(require,module,exports){var reWhitespace=/\s/;function trimmedEndIndex(e){for(var r=e.length;r--&&reWhitespace.test(e.charAt(r)););return r}module.exports=trimmedEndIndex; }, {}]; window.modules["702"] = [function(require,module,exports){(function (global){(function (){ var freeGlobal="object"==typeof global&&global&&global.Object===Object&&global;module.exports=freeGlobal; }).call(this)}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})}, {}]; window.modules["718"] = [function(require,module,exports){var toInteger=require(719),FUNC_ERROR_TEXT="Expected a function";function before(e,r){var t;if("function"!=typeof r)throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);return e=toInteger(e),function(){return--e>0&&(t=r.apply(this,arguments)),e<=1&&(r=void 0),t}}module.exports=before; }, {"719":719}]; window.modules["719"] = [function(require,module,exports){var toFinite=require(737);function toInteger(t){var e=toFinite(t),r=e%1;return e==e?r?e-r:e:0}module.exports=toInteger; }, {"737":737}]; window.modules["720"] = [function(require,module,exports){var root=require(543),now=function(){return root.Date.now()};module.exports=now; }, {"543":543}]; window.modules["721"] = [function(require,module,exports){var baseTrim=require(676),isObject=require(600),isSymbol=require(675),NAN=NaN,reIsBadHex=/^[-+]0x[0-9a-f]+$/i,reIsBinary=/^0b[01]+$/i,reIsOctal=/^0o[0-7]+$/i,freeParseInt=parseInt;function toNumber(e){if("number"==typeof e)return e;if(isSymbol(e))return NAN;if(isObject(e)){var r="function"==typeof e.valueOf?e.valueOf():e;e=isObject(r)?r+"":r}if("string"!=typeof e)return 0===e?e:+e;e=baseTrim(e);var t=reIsBinary.test(e);return t||reIsOctal.test(e)?freeParseInt(e.slice(2),t?2:8):reIsBadHex.test(e)?NAN:+e}module.exports=toNumber; }, {"600":600,"675":675,"676":676}]; window.modules["737"] = [function(require,module,exports){var toNumber=require(721),INFINITY=1/0,MAX_INTEGER=1.7976931348623157e308;function toFinite(e){return e?(e=toNumber(e))===INFINITY||e===-INFINITY?(e<0?-1:1)*MAX_INTEGER:e==e?e:0:0===e?e:0}module.exports=toFinite; }, {"721":721}]; window.modules["884"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function isElementInViewport(e){var t=e.getBoundingClientRect();return t.top>=0&&t.left>=0&&t.bottom<=(window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight)&&t.right<=(window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth)}Object.defineProperty(exports,"__esModule",{value:!0}),exports.isElementInViewport=isElementInViewport; }, {}]; window.modules["885"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function isElementNotHidden(e){return e&&null!==e.offsetParent&&!e.getAttribute("hidden")&&"none"!==getComputedStyle(e).display&&"hidden"!==getComputedStyle(e).visibility}module.exports.isElementNotHidden=isElementNotHidden; }, {}]; window.modules["887"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(t,e){try{var n=t()}catch(t){return e(t)}return n&&n.then?n.then(void 0,e):n}function _settle(t,e,n){if(!t.s){if(n instanceof _Pact){if(!n.s)return void(n.o=_settle.bind(null,t,e));1&e&&(e=n.s),n=n.v}if(n&&n.then)return void n.then(_settle.bind(null,t,e),_settle.bind(null,t,2));t.s=e,t.v=n;var r=t.o;r&&r(t)}}var _Pact=function(){function t(){}return t.prototype.then=function(e,n){var r=new t,i=this.s;if(i){var o=1&i?e:n;if(o){try{_settle(r,1,o(this.v))}catch(t){_settle(r,2,t)}return r}return this}return this.o=function(t){try{var i=t.v;1&t.s?_settle(r,1,e?e(i):i):n?_settle(r,1,n(i)):_settle(r,2,i)}catch(t){_settle(r,2,t)}},r},t}();function _isSettledPact(t){return t instanceof _Pact&&1&t.s}function _for(t,e,n){for(var r;;){var i=t();if(_isSettledPact(i)&&(i=i.v),!i)return o;if(i.then){r=0;break}var o=n();if(o&&o.then){if(!_isSettledPact(o)){r=1;break}o=o.s}if(e){var s=e();if(s&&s.then&&!_isSettledPact(s)){r=2;break}}}var u=new _Pact,c=_settle.bind(null,u,2);return(0===r?i.then(a):1===r?o.then(h):s.then(f)).then(void 0,c),u;function h(r){o=r;do{if(e&&(s=e())&&s.then&&!_isSettledPact(s))return void s.then(f).then(void 0,c);if(!(i=t())||_isSettledPact(i)&&!i.v)return void _settle(u,1,o);if(i.then)return void i.then(a).then(void 0,c);_isSettledPact(o=n())&&(o=o.v)}while(!o||!o.then);o.then(h).then(void 0,c)}function a(t){t?(o=n())&&o.then?o.then(h).then(void 0,c):h(o):_settle(u,1,o)}function f(){(i=t())?i.then?i.then(a).then(void 0,c):a(i):_settle(u,1,o)}}function checkStatus(t){if(t.status>=200&&t.status<300)return t;var e=new Error(t.statusText);throw e.response=t,e}module.exports.get=function(t,e){return fetch(t,e).then(checkStatus).then(function(t){var e=t.headers.get("content-type");return e.includes("json")?t.json():e.includes("text")?t.text():(console.warn("unable to guess stream reader for response"),t)})},module.exports.retry=function(t,e,n,r){void 0===n&&(n=5),void 0===r&&(r=1e3);try{var i=!1;return Promise.resolve(_for(function(){return!i&&1},void 0,function(){return _catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(t.apply(void 0,e)).then(function(t){return i=!0,t})},function(t){if(!--n)throw t;return Promise.resolve(new Promise(function(t){return setTimeout(t,r)})).then(function(){})})}))}catch(t){return Promise.reject(t)}}; }, {}]; window.modules["slate-ad.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var headerBidding=require("headerbidding.legacy"),sticky=require(85),_require=require(83),getCurrentBatch=_require.getCurrentBatch,_require2=require(84),isBiddingEnabled=_require2.isBiddingEnabled;sticky.enableStickyLeaderboard();var requestFromAdServer=function(e){window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var r=e.map(function(e){return e.defineSlot()});window.googletag.pubads().refresh(r)})},slots=document.querySelectorAll(".slate-ad .slate-ad__creative"),callback=function(e,r){var i=getCurrentBatch(e,r),t=i.filter(isBiddingEnabled),n=i.filter(function(e){return!isBiddingEnabled(e)});t.length&&headerBidding.init(t,!1),n.length&&requestFromAdServer(n)},observer=new IntersectionObserver(callback,{rootMargin:"0px 0px 400px 0px"});slots.forEach(function(e){return observer.observe(e)}); }, {"83":83,"84":84,"85":85,"headerbidding.legacy":"headerbidding.legacy"}]; window.modules["ads.legacy"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _window$googletag,loadAts=function(){try{var e=membership.getUserEmail();return Promise.resolve(getEmailHashes()).then(function(t){var i=document.createElement("script");i.onload=function(){e&&window.ats.setAdditionalData({type:"email",id:e}),t.length>0&&window.ats.setAdditionalData({type:"emailHashes",id:t})},i.src="https://ats-wrapper.privacymanager.io/ats-modules/f6ed6589-5170-40c6-98bc-a4a49ff26fa8/ats.js",document.body.appendChild(i)})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},metrics=require(113),refresh=require(112),membership=require(6),criteo=require(114),isMember=membership.isMemberSkipLookup(),_require=require(109),getAdNode=_require.getAdNode,_require2=require(110),getEmailHashes=_require2.getEmailHashes,_require3=require(107),sizes=_require3.sizes,_require4=require(108),saveSlotData=_require4.saveSlotData,_require5=require(111),isPlusPage=_require5.isPlusPage,adIndex={},testParam=getTestParam(),pageId=getPageId(),firstRequest=!0;function getTestParam(){var e=/[?&]test_ads=([^&#?]+)/.exec(window.location.search);return e?e[1]:""}function requestAd(e){e.defineSlot(),googletag.pubads().refresh([e.gptSlot],{changeCorrelator:!1})}function createAd(e){var t=e.getAttribute("data-type"),i=e.getAttribute("data-zone-id"),a=e.getAttribute("data-placement-id"),r=e.getAttribute("data-criteo-id"),s=e.getAttribute("data-site-id"),o=parseInt(e.getAttribute("data-ll-threshold"));return adIndex[t]||(adIndex[t]=1),e.id=t+"-"+adIndex[t],adIndex[t]++,{id:e.id,type:t,adUnit:getAdUnit(),gpid:getAdNode()+"/"+e.id,dfpSizes:sizes[t].adserver,prebidSizes:sizes[t].bidding,rubiconZoneId:i,appnexusPlacementId:a,criteoZoneId:r,indexSiteId:s,threshold:o,gptSlot:null,defineSlot:function(){this.gptSlot=window.googletag.defineSlot(this.adUnit,this.dfpSizes,this.id),saveSlotData(this),this.gptSlot.addService(window.googletag.pubads()),this.gptSlot.setTargeting("refresh","no"),this.gptSlot.setTargeting("pos",this.id),this.gptSlot.setTargeting("threshold",this.threshold);return["mid-article-spot","mid-article-spot-tablet","mid-article-spot-mobile","mid-article-spot-xl","outstream-video","mobile-outstream-video","outstream-video-xl"].includes(this.type)?this.gptSlot.setTargeting("outstream_eligible","true"):this.gptSlot.setTargeting("outstream_eligible","false"),window.googletag.display(this.id),this.gptSlot}}}function getAdUnit(){return"91898098/slate.com/"+getAdNode()}function getPageId(){return window.document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-uri").split("/")[2].replace("@published","")}loadAts(),criteo.syncEmail(),null==(_window$googletag=window.googletag)||_window$googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=document.querySelector(".js-analytics-js-data").getAttribute("data-pagetype").replace(" ","-");window.googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(),window.googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(),window.googletag.enableServices();var t=Math.floor(1e13*Math.random()),i=document.querySelectorAll('meta[name="dfp-cache-buster"]')[0];i&&i.content&&(t=i.content),window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("dfp_cache_buster",t).setTargeting("page_id",pageId).setTargeting("page_type",e).setTargeting("plus_page",isPlusPage().toString());document.cookie.match(/usprivacy=\d+[YN]Y/)&&window.googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1),testParam&&window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("kw","test_"+testParam);var a=document.cookie.match(/AB=(\d+_\d+)/);a&&a.length>1&&window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("ab_var",a[1]);var r=document.querySelector(".article__right-rail"),s=window.innerWidth>=1440;r&&s?window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("article_right_rail","true"):window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("article_right_rail","false"),window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotOnload",function(e){if(firstRequest){var t=Math.round(performance.now()),i=e.slot.getResponseInformation();metrics.firstAdLoaded(t,i.campaignId),firstRequest=!1}}),isMember&&window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("segs","plus"),refresh.enableAdRefresh()}),module.exports.createAd=createAd,module.exports.requestAd=requestAd; }, {"6":6,"107":107,"108":108,"109":109,"110":110,"111":111,"112":112,"113":113,"114":114}]; window.modules["headerbidding.legacy"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var adData,triplelift=require(117),amazon=require(120),pubmatic=require(119),kargo=require(118),criteo=require(114),openx=require(121),metrics=require(113),prebidTest=require(116),_require=require(109),getAdNode=_require.getAdNode,_require2=require(115),slotSupportsOutstream=_require2.slotSupportsOutstream,HARD_TIMEOUT=2500;function init(e,i){(adData=e).isRefreshing=i,adData.biddersManager={adserverRequestSent:!1,prebid:!1,amazon:!1},window.slateCMP.TCF.ready.then(function(e){requestBidsFromExchanges()}),setTimeout(function(){googletag.cmd.push(function(){defineGptSlot(adData),callAdServer(adData)})},HARD_TIMEOUT)}function requestBidsFromExchanges(){getBidsFromPrebidExchanges(),getBidsFromAmazon()}function getBidsFromPrebidExchanges(){var e=[],i=[];adData.forEach(function(t){e.push(createPrebidAdUnit(t)),i.push(t.id)}),pbjs.que.push(function(){pbjs.addAdUnits(e);var t=adData;pbjs.requestBids({adUnitCodes:i,bidsBackHandler:function(){googletag.cmd.push(function(){pbjs.que.push(function(){t.forEach(function(e){var i=pbjs.getBidResponsesForAdUnitCode(e.id).bids;i.length?metrics.prebidWinner(i):metrics.noPrebidBids(e.id)}),defineGptSlot(t),t.forEach(function(e){e.gptSlot.setTargeting("hb_test",prebidTest.getTestValue(e.id))}),pbjs.setTargetingForGPTAsync(e.map(function(e){return e.code})),t.forEach(function(e){return pbjs.removeAdUnit(e.id)}),t.biddersManager.prebid=!0,bidderFinished(t)})})}})})}function getBidsFromAmazon(){var e=document.querySelector("#amazon-aps"),i=[];adData.forEach(function(e){return i.push(createApsAdUnit(e))});var t=adData;apstag&&apstag.fetchBids({slots:i,timeout:e.bidderTimeout},function(e){googletag.cmd.push(function(){defineGptSlot(t),apstag.setDisplayBids(),t.biddersManager.amazon=!0,bidderFinished(t)})})}function bidderFinished(e){e.biddersManager.amazon&&e.biddersManager.prebid&&callAdServer(e)}function callAdServer(e){if(!e.biddersManager.adserverRequestSent){e.biddersManager.adserverRequestSent=!0;var i=[];e.forEach(function(e){return i.push(e.gptSlot)}),googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().refresh(i,{changeCorrelator:!1})})}}function defineGptSlot(e){e.forEach(function(e){e.gptSlot||e.defineSlot()})}function createPrebidAdUnit(e){var i={sizes:e.prebidSizes};return{code:e.id,ortb2Imp:{ext:{gpid:e.gpid,data:{pbadslot:e.gpid}}},mediaTypes:{banner:i},bids:getBidders(e)}}function getBidders(e){var i=[];if(prebidTest.assignTestGroup(e.id),prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"appnexus")&&i.push(appnexus(e)),prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"rubicon")&&i.push(rubicon(e)),prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"openx")&&i.push(openxBidder()),prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"pubmatic")&&i.push(pubmaticBidder()),prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"index"))for(var t=0;t<e.prebidSizes.length;t++){var r=index(e.prebidSizes[t],e);i.push(r)}(prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"taboola")&&i.push(taboola(e)),triplelift.inventoryCodes[e.type]&&i.push(tripleliftBidder(e)),isConcertAdAllowed(e.type)&&i.push(concert(e)),kargo.placementIds[e.type]&&prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"kargo"))&&("mob-adhesion"===e.type&&adData.isRefreshing||i.push(kargoBidder(e)));return criteo.zoneIds[e.type]&&prebidTest.isBidderEnabled(e.id,"criteo")&&i.push(criteoBidder()),i.push(ttd(e)),isTeadsAllowed(e.type)&&i.push(teads()),i}function createApsAdUnit(e){var i={};"mob-adhesion"===e.type&&(i.ggProduct="inScreen");var t={slotID:e.id,slotName:e.adUnit};return amazon.oustreamRubrics.includes(getAdNode())&&slotSupportsOutstream(e.type)?(t.mediaType="multi-format",t.multiFormatProperties={display:{sizes:amazon.displaySizes[e.type]},video:{sizes:amazon.videoSize}}):(t.sizes=amazon.displaySizes[e.type],t.slotParams=i),t}function appnexus(e){return{bidder:"appnexusAst",params:{placementId:e.appnexusPlacementId}}}function rubicon(e){return{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"13590",siteId:"60302",zoneId:e.rubiconZoneId}}}function criteoBidder(){return{bidder:"criteo",params:{networkId:"7462"}}}function index(e,i){return{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:i.indexSiteId,size:e}}}function kargoBidder(e){return{bidder:"kargo",params:{placementId:kargo.placementIds[e.type]}}}function tripleliftBidder(e){return{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:triplelift.inventoryCodes[e.type]}}}function concert(e){return{bidder:"concert",params:{partnerId:"slate",site:"slate.com",placementId:e.id,slot:e.type}}}function pubmaticBidder(){return{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:pubmatic.publisherId,adSlot:pubmatic.adSlot()}}}function openxBidder(){return{bidder:"openx",params:{delDomain:openx.domain,unit:openx.getUnit()}}}function ttd(){return{bidder:"ttd",params:{supplySourceId:"slate",publisherId:"1"}}}function teads(){return{bidder:"teads",params:{pageId:"166966",placementId:"181798"}}}function taboola(e){return{bidder:"taboola",params:{tagId:e.id,publisherId:"1719911"}}}function isConcertAdAllowed(e){return"mid-article-spot"===e||"mid-article-spot-xl"===e||"mid-article-spot-tablet"===e||"mid-article-spot-mobile"===e}function isTeadsAllowed(e){return"mid-article-spot"===e||"mid-article-spot-xl"===e||"mid-article-spot-tablet"===e||"mid-article-spot-mobile"===e}module.exports.init=init; }, {"109":109,"113":113,"114":114,"115":115,"116":116,"117":117,"118":118,"119":119,"120":120,"121":121}]; window.modules["analytics-js-loader.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var initCriteo=require(3),initParsely=require(5),loadAmplitudeSdk=require(4);module.exports=function(e){void 0===e.dataset.disableClientJs&&(loadAmplitudeSdk(),window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("amplitude",{categories:["C0002"],initFunc:function(n){var i,t=e.dataset.amplitudeApiKey;try{i=window.amplitude.Types.LogLevel[e.dataset.amplitudeLogLevel]}catch(n){i={0:"None",1:"Error",2:"Warn",3:"Verbose",4:"Debug",None:0,Error:1,Warn:2,Verbose:3,Debug:4}[e.dataset.amplitudeLogLevel]}var a={logLevel:i,domain:e.dataset.amplitudeDomain,defaultTracking:{pageViews:!1,sessions:!0}},o=e.dataset.amplitudeReplaySampleRate;return Math.random()<Number.parseFloat(o)&&slateGlobal.injectScript("https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/plugin-session-replay-browser-1.13.0-min.js.gz",function(){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(){var e=window.sessionReplay.plugin({forceSessionTracking:!0,sampleRate:1});window.amplitude.add(e)})}),window.amplitude.init(t,null,a).promise.then(function(){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.init(window.amplitude,n)}),!0},updateConsentFunc:function(e){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(n){n.setOptOut(!e)})}}),initParsely(e.dataset.parselyScriptSrc),window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("fbPixel",{categories:["C0002","C0003","C0004"],initFunc:function(e){return window.fbq("consent",e?"grant":"revoke"),window.fbq("set","autoConfig",!1,"166975463695820"),window.fbq("dataProcessingOptions",["LDU"]),window.fbq("init","166975463695820"),window.fbq("track","PageView"),!0},updateConsentFunc:function(e){window.fbq("consent",e?"grant":"revoke")}}),window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("google-tag-manager-marketing",{categories:["C0002","C0004","gad"],initFunc:function(e){if(!e)return!1;var n=document.createElement("script");n.src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-794295919";var i=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];function t(){window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}return i.parentNode.insertBefore(n,i),window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],t("js",new Date),t("config","AW-794295919",{allow_enhanced_conversions:!0}),window.gtag=t,!0},updateConsentFunc:function(e){e?window.gtag||window.nonIabVendorApi.vendors["google-tag-manager-marketing"].initFunc(e):window.gtag=void 0}}),initCriteo())}; }, {"3":3,"4":4,"5":5}]; window.modules["slate-ad-aps.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var syncEmailWithAps=function(){try{var e=membership.getUserEmail();return e?Promise.resolve(hash(e,"hex")).then(function(e){e&&(null==window.apstag.rpa||window.apstag.rpa({hashedRecords:[{type:"email",record:e}]}))}):Promise.resolve()}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},membership=require(6),_require=require(59),hash=_require.hash;try{window.__uspapi("getUSPData",1,function(e,r){var t={si_section:getApsSection()};r&&(t.us_privacy=e.uspString),window.slateCMP.TCF.ready.then(function(){window.apstag&&window.apstag.init({pubID:"3075",adServer:"googletag",params:t,deals:!0,gdpr:{cmpTimeout:200}}),syncEmailWithAps()})})}catch(e){console.warn("__uspapi failed",e)}function getApsSection(){var e=document.querySelector("div[data-adnode]"),r="";return e&&(r=e.getAttribute("data-adnode")),r.replace("/"," ").replace(/_/g," ")} }, {"6":6,"59":59}]; window.modules["global-footer.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var onboarding=require(42);module.exports=function(i){onboarding.init()}; }, {"42":42}]; window.modules["piano-mount.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _debounce=require(60),_require=require(50),isSlatePianoEvent=_require.isSlatePianoEvent,pianoInitPromise=_require.pianoInitPromise,LOADING_CLASS="piano-mount--loading",ERROR_CLASS="piano-mount--error";function waitForPiano(e){e.classList.add(LOADING_CLASS);var i=function(e){isSlatePianoEvent(e)&&n()},n=_debounce(function(){e.classList.remove(LOADING_CLASS,ERROR_CLASS),window.removeEventListener("message",i),clearTimeout(o)},200);window.addEventListener("message",i);var o=setTimeout(function(){e.classList.remove(LOADING_CLASS),e.classList.add(ERROR_CLASS)},3e4)}module.exports=function(e){pianoInitPromise.then(function(){waitForPiano(e)}).catch(function(i){e.classList.add(ERROR_CLASS),e.querySelector(".piano-mount__error-message").textContent="You will need to relax strict tracking protection in your browser to continue."})}; }, {"50":50,"60":60}]; window.modules["masthead.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var menu,membership=require(6),dropdown=require(49),initializeThemePicker=require(51),_require=require(50),isSlatePianoEvent=_require.isSlatePianoEvent;function toggleMenu(e){(menu=menu||e.target.closest(".menu")).classList.toggle("menu--open"),document.documentElement.classList.toggle("menu-open",menu.classList.contains("menu--open"))}function addRedirectParam(e){var t=new URL(location.href).searchParams.get("redirect_uri"),r=new URL(e.currentTarget.href),n=t||location.href;r.searchParams.set("redirect_uri",n),e.currentTarget.href=r.toString()}function injectPianoVariables(e,t){var r,n=t.desktopMastheadText,i=t.desktopMastheadUrl,a=t.mobileMastheadText,o=t.mobileMastheadUrl,s=t.iconUrl;(r=e.querySelector(".js-account--subscribe"))&&(r.hidden=!1),(r=e.querySelector("[data-piano-href='desktopMastheadUrl']"))&&(r.href=i),(r=e.querySelector("[data-piano-href='mobileMastheadUrl']"))&&(r.href=o),(r=e.querySelector("[data-piano-html='desktopMastheadText']"))&&r.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend","<span>"+n+"</span>"),(r=e.querySelector("[data-piano-icon-href='iconUrl']"))&&r.setAttribute("href",s),(r=e.querySelector("[data-piano-html='mobileMastheadText']"))&&(r.textContent=a)}function getVisibleSelectors(){return{signedOut:["mobile-subscribe","sign-in"],signedIn:["mobile-subscribe","account","sign-out"]}[membership.isLoggedIn()?"signedIn":"signedOut"]}module.exports=function(e){for(var t=getVisibleSelectors(),r=0;r<t.length;r++){var n=".js-account--"+t[r];document.querySelectorAll(n).forEach(function(e){return e.hidden=!1})}e.querySelectorAll(".js-toggle-menu").forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",toggleMenu)}),e.querySelectorAll(".js-redirect-return").forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",addRedirectParam)}),dropdown(e),initializeThemePicker(e);window.addEventListener("pianoResponseVariables",function t(r){var n=r.detail.responseVariables;n.masthead&&(injectPianoVariables(e,n),window.removeEventListener("pianoResponseVariables",t))}),window.addEventListener("message",function(e){if(isSlatePianoEvent(e)&&"redirect"===e.data.type){var t=e.data.path,r=document.location.href,n=new URL(t,window.location.origin);n.searchParams.append("redirect_uri",r),window.location.href=n}})}; }, {"6":6,"49":49,"50":50,"51":51}]; window.modules["slate-analytics-js.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,t){try{var i=e()}catch(e){return t(e)}return i&&i.then?i.then(void 0,t):i}var logUserProperties=function(e){try{var t={};return setABUserProp(t),Promise.resolve(setMemberStatusUserProp(t)).then(function(){setUserLoginId(t),setAndroidAppUserProp(t);var i=new e.Identify;for(var r in t)i.set(r,t[r]);return e.identify(i)})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},setMemberStatusUserProp=function(e){return Promise.resolve(getUserMembershipType()).then(function(t){t&&(e.plan=t)})},logPageView=function(e,t){try{var i=slateAmplitude.getDomEventData(t),r=new URLSearchParams(location.search),o=via.retrieve();return o&&r.set("via",o),i.search="?"+r.toString(),i.amplitude_id=e.getDeviceId()?e.getDeviceId():"no options - no deviceId",i.farejumper=castAsAmplitudeBool(supportJournalism.hasParams()),i.viewportWidth=document.documentElement.clientWidth,i.layoutBreakpoint=getLayoutBreakpoint(i.viewportWidth),i.colorScheme=localStorage.getItem("theme"),i.androidApp=castAsAmplitudeBool(isAndroidSession()),Promise.resolve(getUserMembershipType()).then(function(e){i.plan=e,loginId&&(i.signed_in_uuid=loginId),i.chumbox_loaded=castAsAmplitudeBool(isChumBoxLoaded()),i.taboola_eligible=castAsAmplitudeBool(isTaboolaEligible()),i.visitstart=castAsAmplitudeBool(isVisitStart());var t=getVisitCounts();return i.Nth_visit=t.totalVisits,i.Nth_monthly_visit=t.monthlyVisits,Promise.resolve(adblockDetection.getValue()).then(function(t){var r=t[0],o=t[1];i.adBlocker="boolean"==typeof r?castAsAmplitudeBool(r):"UNKNOWN",i.adBlockerDelay=o,getAffiliateLinks().length>0&&(i["Affiliate Link"]="✅"),findComponent("product")&&(i["Product Component"]="✅");var n=findComponent("newsletter-signup");i["Includes Newsletter Signup"]=castAsAmplitudeBool(n),n&&(i["Newsletter Signup Placement"]="In Content");var s=findComponent("slate-plus-button");if(s){var a=s.querySelector(".slate-plus-button__basic");a&&(i["Slate Plus Button Component"]=a.innerText)}var l=!e&&findComponent("slate-roadblock");i["Includes Slate Plus Roadblock"]=castAsAmplitudeBool(l),findComponent("header-promo")&&(i["Includes Header Promo"]="TRUE"),i.referrer=document.referrer;var u=promolineTesting.retrieveExperimentalPromoline();u&&(i.experimental_promoline=u),slateAmplitude.page(i)})})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},getUserMembershipType=function(){try{var e,t=function(){if(e){var t=membership.getMembershipType(),i=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(getExtendedUserData("MyAccountFields")).then(function(e){getCustomFieldValue(e,"is_staff")&&(t+="|staff")})},function(){console.error("Error getting extended User data")});return i&&i.then?i.then(function(){return t}):t}},i=_catch(function(){return Promise.resolve(membership.isMember()).then(function(t){e=t})},function(){console.error("Failure to get isMember")});return Promise.resolve(i&&i.then?i.then(t):t())}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},_once=require(94),_throttle=require(91),Cookies=require(40),via=require(87),_require=require(88),isVisitStart=_require.isVisitStart,_require2=require(92),getVisitCounts=_require2.getVisitCounts,slateAmplitude=require(18),slatePermutive=require(80),_require3=require(89),isAndroidSession=_require3.isAndroidSession,_require4=require(57),getExtendedUserData=_require4.getExtendedUserData,getCustomFieldValue=_require4.getCustomFieldValue,membership=require(6),adblockDetection=require(67),promolineTesting=require(81),_require5=require(90),isValidAbTestString=_require5.isValidAbTestString,supportJournalism=require(76),webVitals=require(93),loginId=membership.getLoginId();function castAsAmplitudeBool(e){return e?"TRUE":"FALSE"}function isTaboolaLoaded(){return isTaboolaEligible()&&void 0!==window._taboola.registered}function isTaboolaEligible(){return void 0!==window._taboola}var getAffiliateLinks=_once(function(){for(var e=[],t=document.body.querySelectorAll('a[href*="amazon"]'),i=0;i<t.length;i++){var r=t[i];-1===new URL(r.href).host.indexOf("amazon")||r.matches(".product a")||e.push(r)}return e});function isChumBoxLoaded(){return isTaboolaLoaded()||!!document.querySelector(".outbrain-widget")}function trackAffiliateLinks(){getAffiliateLinks().forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",function(e){slateAmplitude.track("Click - Affiliate Link")})})}function findComponent(e){var t=document.body.querySelector("."+e);if(t){var i=t.dataset.uri;if(i&&i.split("/")[2]===e)return t}}function getLayoutBreakpoint(e){for(var t=[["sm",320],["md",768],["lg",1024],["xl",1440]],i=t.length;i--;)if(e>=t[i][1])return t[i][0];return t[0][0]}function setUserLoginId(e){loginId&&(e.signed_in_uuid=loginId)}function setABUserProp(e){var t=Cookies.get("AB");e.abTest=isValidAbTestString(t)?t:"0"}function setAndroidAppUserProp(e){var t=isAndroidSession();t&&(e.androidUser=t)}function trackEndOfArticle(){var e=document.querySelector(".slate-paragraph--tombstone");if(e){var t=_once(function(){slateAmplitude.track("Completed article"),slatePermutive.track("ArticleCompletion"),document.removeEventListener("scroll",i)}),i=_throttle(function(){var i,r="scrollY"in window?window.scrollY:window.pageYOffset;!("none"===(null==(i=getComputedStyle(null==e?void 0:e.parentElement))?void 0:i.display))&&e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight<=r+window.innerHeight&&t()},300);document.addEventListener("scroll",i)}}module.exports=function(e){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(t){trackAffiliateLinks(),trackEndOfArticle(),webVitals.track(e),logPageView(t,e),logUserProperties(t),via.setPageType(e.dataset.pagetype)})}; }, {"6":6,"18":18,"40":40,"57":57,"67":67,"76":76,"80":80,"81":81,"87":87,"88":88,"89":89,"90":90,"91":91,"92":92,"93":93,"94":94}]; window.modules["social-share.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(32),setupSocialShareComponentButtons=_require.setupSocialShareComponentButtons;module.exports=function(e){try{var r=e.querySelectorAll(".js-share-link"),t=e.querySelector(".js-web-share-link");return setupSocialShareComponentButtons("social-share",t,r),Promise.resolve()}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}}; }, {"32":32}]; window.modules["newsletter-signup.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function _catch(e,r){try{var t=e()}catch(e){return r(e)}return t&&t.then?t.then(void 0,r):t}var darkMode=require(27),newsletters=require(56),_require=require(26),toUrl=_require.toUrl,_require2=require(55),loadTurnstile=_require2.loadTurnstile,executeTurnstile=_require2.executeTurnstile,_require3=require(6),getUserEmail=_require3.getUserEmail,io=new IntersectionObserver(function(e){for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++){var t=e[r];t.isIntersecting&&(init(t.target),io.unobserve(t.target))}},{rootMargin:"100% 0px 100% 0px"});function init(e){var r,t=function(){try{var r=function(){i.manageLinks.forEach(function(e){e.href=toUrl(e.href,{email:i.email.value}).href}),i.submitBtn.disabled=!1,i.submitBtn.innerHTML=s},t=_catch(function(){var r=e.dataset.turnstileSitekey;return Promise.resolve(executeTurnstile(r)).then(function(e){var r;return i.submitBtn.disabled=!0,Promise.resolve(newsletters.subscribe(i.email.value,n,(null==(r=i.marketing)?void 0:r.checked)||!1,e,!0)).then(function(){i.success.hidden=!1,i.error.hidden=!0,i.fields.hidden=!0})})},function(e){var r;i.submitBtn.disabled=!1,r=e,console.error("failed to signup for newsletter",r),i.error.hidden=!1});return Promise.resolve(t&&t.then?t.then(r):r())}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},n=e.dataset.list,i={email:e.querySelector(".slate-input[type='email']"),marketing:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__checkbox"),success:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__success"),redundant:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__redundant"),form:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__form"),fields:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__fields"),label:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__label"),labelText:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__label-text"),error:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__error"),submitBtn:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__submit"),headingImage:e.querySelector(".newsletter-signup__img"),manageLinks:e.querySelectorAll(".newsletter-signup__manage-link")},s=i.submitBtn.innerHTML,l=null==(r=i.labelText)?void 0:r.innerHTML;function u(e){e.preventDefault();var r=i.email.checkValidity();i.labelText&&(i.labelText.textContent=r?l:"Enter a valid email address"),i.label.classList.toggle("newsletter-signup__label--error",!r),r&&t()}i.email.value=getUserEmail()||"",i.headingImage&&(i.headingImage.addEventListener("load",function(){this.hidden=!1}),darkMode.onThemeChange(function(e){i.headingImage.src=i.headingImage.getAttribute("data-src-"+e)})),newsletters.isSubscribed(n).then(function(e){e?(i.fields.hidden=!0,i.redundant.hidden=!1):(i.form.addEventListener("submit",u),i.form.addEventListener("focusin",loadTurnstile,{once:!0}))})}module.exports=function(e){io.observe(e)}; }, {"6":6,"26":26,"27":27,"55":55,"56":56}]; window.modules["in-article-recirc.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function getOriginalReferenceNode(e){return e.parentNode.querySelector(".slate-paragraph, .partner-branding")}function getOverrideReferenceNode(e){for(var n=0,t=e.parentNode.children.length,i=e.parentNode.firstElementChild,r=0;r<t;r++){var d=window.getComputedStyle(i);if(i.matches("p.slate-paragraph, div.ad")&&"none"!==d.display&&n++,i=i.nextElementSibling,2===n)break}return i}function updatePosition(e){var n=!window.matchMedia("(min-width: 1024px)").matches,t=e.parentNode;if(!n){var i=getOriginalReferenceNode(e);return t.insertBefore(e,i),void(e.hidden=!1)}var r=getOverrideReferenceNode(e);r?(t.insertBefore(e,r),e.hidden=!1):e.hidden=n}module.exports=function(e){var n=e.nextElementSibling,t=getOriginalReferenceNode(e);n&&n===t&&(updatePosition(e),[320,768,1024,1440].forEach(function(n){window.matchMedia("(min-width: "+n+"px)").addEventListener(function(n){setTimeout(function(){updatePosition(e)})})}))}; }, {}]; window.modules["permutive.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var _require=require(57),getPianoId=_require.getPianoId,_require2=require(59),hash=_require2.hash,membership=require(6);module.exports=function(e){var t=function(t){try{if(!t)throw new Error("Consent not provided for permutive");permutive.consent({opt_in:t,token:r}),permutive.addon("web",window.slatePermutiveData);var n={Slate_Plus_All_Access:"All Access",Slate_Plus_Audio:"Audio",Slate_Plus_Digital:"Digital",Big_Mood_Plus:"Audio"};return Promise.resolve(membership.isMember()).then(function(t){if(t){for(var r,u=membership.getSplusCookie(),a=Object.keys(n),o=u.resourceIds||[],s=0;s<o.length;s++){var c=o[s];if(a.includes(c)){r=n[c];break}}r&&i("slatePlusSubscriptionType",r)}var m=document.createElement("script");m.src="//cdn.permutive.com/"+e.dataset.permutiveProjectId+"-web.js",m.defer=!0;var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];return d.parentNode.insertBefore(m,d),!0})}catch(e){return Promise.reject(e)}},r="slate-token";function i(e,t){window.slatePermutiveData.page.user||(window.slatePermutiveData.page.user={}),window.slatePermutiveData.page.user[e]=t}window.nonIabVendorApi.registerVendor("permutive",{categories:["C0002","C0003","C0004"],initFunc:function(r){if(!r)return!1;function n(e){var t=document.cookie.match("(^|[^;]+)\\s*"+e+"\\s*=\\s*([^;]+)");return t?t.pop():""}try{var u=new URL(document.location).searchParams;u.get("utm_source")&&(window.slatePermutiveData.page.utmSource=u.get("utm_source")),u.get("utm_medium")&&(window.slatePermutiveData.page.utmMedium=u.get("utm_medium")),u.get("utm_campaign")&&(window.slatePermutiveData.page.utmCampaign=u.get("utm_campaign"))}catch(e){console.error(e)}if(e.dataset.isSplusUser)try{i("slatePlus",!0)}catch(e){console.error(e)}var a=[];function o(e,t){t&&(a.push({tag:e,id:t}),i(e,t))}o("slateId",getPianoId()||n("wapo_login_id")),o("publisherUserId",n("slate-uuid")),o("sailthruId",function(e){try{return new URL(document.location).searchParams.get(e)}catch(t){console.error("could not get "+e+" url param",t)}}("sid"));var s=membership.getUserEmail();return s?hash(s,"hex").then(function(e){e&&(a.push({tag:"email_sha256",id:e}),a.length>0&&window.permutive.identify(a),t(r))}):(a.length>0&&window.permutive.identify(a),t(r)),!0},updateConsentFunc:function(e){if(permutive)try{JSON.parse(localStorage["permutive-consent"]).opt_in!=e&&permutive.consent({opt_in:e,token:r})}catch(t){permutive.consent({opt_in:e,token:r})}}}),permutive.ready(function(){window.slateAmplitudeQueue.push(function(){var e=[];permutive.context&&e.push({tag:"puid",id:permutive.context.user_id});try{var t=window.amplitude.getDeviceId();t&&e.push({tag:"amplitudeId",id:t})}catch(e){console.error("Error setting amplitudeId",e)}e.length>0&&permutive.identify(e)})})}; }, {"6":6,"57":57,"59":59}]; window.modules["piano.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var slateAmplitude=require(18),universalPianoService=require(50),adblockDetection=require(67),membership=require(6),loginSuccessHandler=require(70),afterCheckout=require(68),afterCheckoutClose=require(66),afterPianoInit=require(69),checkoutStateChangeHandler=require(64),showOffer=require(63),experienceExecute=require(61),newsletterSignup=require(65),setResponseVariable=require(62),script=document.createElement("script");function loadPianoExperience(e){slateGlobal.injectScript(e.url+"/api/tinypass.min.js",universalPianoService.pianoInitPromiseResolve,universalPianoService.pianoInitPromiseReject)}function initPianoExperience(e){window.tp||(window.tp=[]);var t=window.tp;try{var i=slateAmplitude.getDomEventData();for(var n in i=universalPianoService.formatArticleData(i),t.push(["setContentCreated",i.content_created]),t.push(["setContentAuthor",i.content_author]),t.push(["setContentSection",i.content_section]),t.push(["setTags",i.tags]),i.custom_variables)t.push(["setCustomVariable",n,i.custom_variables[n]])}catch(e){console.warn("failed to set article metadata for piano",e)}t.push(["setAid",e.aid]),t.push(["setEndpoint",e.endpoint]),t.push(["setComposerHost",e.url]),t.push(["setPianoIdUrl",e.idUrl]),t.push(["setUsePianoIdUserProvider",!0]),t.push(["setUseTinypassAccounts",!1]),e.cxenseSiteId&&t.push(["setCxenseSiteId",e.cxenseSiteId]),t.push(["init",afterPianoInit]),t.push(["addHandler","loginSuccess",loginSuccessHandler]),t.push(["addHandler","checkoutStateChange",checkoutStateChangeHandler]),t.push(["addHandler","checkoutComplete",afterCheckout]),t.push(["addHandler","checkoutClose",afterCheckoutClose]),t.push(["addHandler","showOffer",showOffer]),t.push(["addHandler","experienceExecute",experienceExecute]),t.push(["addHandler","customEvent",newsletterSignup]),t.push(["addHandler","setResponseVariable",setResponseVariable])}function is404(){var e=document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]");return!!e&&"/404"===new URL(e.href).pathname}script.src="/piano/scripts/resize.js",document.head.appendChild(script),module.exports=function(e){if(!is404()){membership.isMemberSkipLookup()||adblockDetection.enable();var t=JSON.parse(e.dataset.config);initPianoExperience(t),loadPianoExperience(t)}}; }, {"6":6,"18":18,"50":50,"61":61,"62":62,"63":63,"64":64,"65":65,"66":66,"67":67,"68":68,"69":69,"70":70}]; window.modules["webapp-serviceworker.client"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var slateAmplitude=require(18);module.exports=function(e){navigator.serviceWorker?(window.addEventListener("load",function(){navigator.serviceWorker.register("/sw.js").then(function(e){},function(e){console.error("ServiceWorker registration failed: ",e)})}),window.addEventListener("beforeinstallprompt",function(e){e.userChoice.then(function(e){"dismissed"===e.outcome?slateAmplitude.track("PWA - dismissed install prompt"):slateAmplitude.track("PWA - Added to Home Screen")})})):console.debug("Service worker not supported")}; }, {"18":18}]; window.modules["lazyload.legacy"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";function lazyloadSvgUseTags(e,t){for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++){var n=e[r];n.isIntersecting&&(n.target.querySelectorAll("use[data-href]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-href")),e.removeAttribute("data-href")}),t.unobserve(n.target),0==--count&&t.disconnect())}}require(122),require(31);var svgio=new IntersectionObserver(lazyloadSvgUseTags,{rootMargin:"100% 0px 100% 0px"}),count=0;document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){document.querySelectorAll("svg[loading=lazy]").forEach(function(e){svgio.observe(e),count++})}); }, {"31":31,"122":122}]; require=(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})(window.modules,{},[]); /* eslint-env browser */ 'use strict'; /** * mount legacy services from _global.js, if any */ function _createForOfIteratorHelper(r, e) { var t = "undefined" != typeof Symbol && r[Symbol.iterator] || r["@@iterator"]; if (!t) { if (Array.isArray(r) || (t = _unsupportedIterableToArray(r)) || e && r && "number" == typeof r.length) { t && (r = t); var _n = 0, F = function F() {}; return { s: F, n: function n() { return _n >= r.length ? { done: !0 } : { done: !1, value: r[_n++] }; }, e: function e(r) { throw r; }, f: F }; } throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to iterate non-iterable instance.\nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method."); } var o, a = !0, u = !1; return { s: function s() { t = t.call(r); }, n: function n() { var r = t.next(); return a = r.done, r; }, e: function e(r) { u = !0, o = r; }, f: function f() { try { a || null == t.return || t.return(); } finally { if (u) throw o; } } }; } function _unsupportedIterableToArray(r, a) { if (r) { if ("string" == typeof r) return _arrayLikeToArray(r, a); var t = {}.toString.call(r).slice(8, -1); return "Object" === t && r.constructor && (t = r.constructor.name), "Map" === t || "Set" === t ? Array.from(r) : "Arguments" === t || /^(?:Ui|I)nt(?:8|16|32)(?:Clamped)?Array$/.test(t) ? _arrayLikeToArray(r, a) : void 0; } } function _arrayLikeToArray(r, a) { (null == a || a > r.length) && (a = r.length); for (var e = 0, n = Array(a); e < a; e++) n[e] = r[e]; return n; } function mountLegacyServices() { Object.keys(window.modules).filter(function (key) { return typeof key === 'string' && key.match(/\.legacy$/); }).forEach(function (key) { return window.require(key); }); } function tryToMount(fn, el, name) { try { fn(el); // init the controller } catch (e) { var elementTag = el.outerHTML.slice(0, el.outerHTML.indexOf(el.innerHTML)); console.error("Error initializing controller for \"".concat(name, "\" on \"").concat(elementTag, "\""), e); } } /** * mount client.js component controllers */ function mountComponentModules() { Object.keys(window.modules).filter(function (key) { return typeof key === 'string' && key.match(/\.client$/); }).forEach(function (key) { var controllerFn = window.require(key); if (typeof controllerFn === 'function') { var name = key.replace('.client', ''), instancesSelector = "[data-uri*=\"_components/".concat(name, "/\"]"), defaultSelector = "[data-uri$=\"_components".concat(name, "\"]"), instances = document.querySelectorAll(instancesSelector), defaults = document.querySelectorAll(defaultSelector); var _iterator = _createForOfIteratorHelper(instances), _step; try { for (_iterator.s(); !(_step = _iterator.n()).done;) { var el = _step.value; tryToMount(controllerFn, el, name); } } catch (err) { _iterator.e(err); } finally { _iterator.f(); } var _iterator2 = _createForOfIteratorHelper(defaults), _step2; try { for (_iterator2.s(); !(_step2 = _iterator2.n()).done;) { var _el = _step2.value; tryToMount(controllerFn, _el, name); } } catch (err) { _iterator2.e(err); } finally { _iterator2.f(); } } }); } // Make sure that a `window.process.env.NODE_ENV` is available in the client for any dependencies, // services, or components that could require it // note: the `` value is swapped for the actual environment variable in /lib/cmd/compile/scripts.js window.process = window.process || {}; window.process.env = window.process.env || {}; if (!window.process.env.NODE_ENV) { window.process.env.NODE_ENV = ''; } // note: legacy controllers that require legacy services (e.g. dollar-slice) must // wait for DOMContentLoaded to initialize themselves, as the files themselves must be mounted first mountLegacyServices(); mountComponentModules(); // ]] </script></body> </html>