CINXE.COM
Euskal Herria - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.
<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Euskal Herria - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )euwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","urtarrila","otsaila","martxoa","apirila","maiatza","ekaina","uztaila","abuztua","iraila","urria","azaroa","abendua"],"wgRequestId":"2ed6d666-2eae-4354-8397-9e44ed7dc1ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Euskal_Herria","wgTitle":"Euskal Herria","wgCurRevisionId":9949629,"wgRevisionId":9949629,"wgArticleId":3367 ,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Euskal_Herria","wgRelevantArticleId":3367,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"eu","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"eu"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample": false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":42.882222222222225,"lon":-1.9172222222222222},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce", "autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym": "эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap", "autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym": "Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd", "autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi", "bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu", "rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q47588","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false, "wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":false,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.link","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ErrefAurrebista","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.TxikipediaTab","ext.gadget.ArtikuluenKalitatea","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="672"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="448"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="358"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Euskal Herria - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea."> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Euskal_Herria rootpage-Euskal_Herria stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="eu" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Azala</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Ausazkoa</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Hurbilekoak</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Euskal+Herria&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Hasi saioa</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berezi:MobileOptions&returnto=Euskal+Herria&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Ezarpenak</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_eu.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Deu%26utm_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Dohaintza egin</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Wikipediari buruz</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Lege oharra</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Erabiltzailearen nabigazioa"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"> <!-- CentralNotice --> </div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euskal Herria</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> Europako herrialdea, historikoki euskaldunen eta euskararen lurraldea dena </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Hizkuntza" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Hizkuntza</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Euskal+Herria&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Jarraitu</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Herria&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>Kodea ikusi</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8986446">.mw-parser-output .noexcerpt{padding-top:10px}</style> <div> <dl> <dd> <i>Artikulu hau euskal herritarron herrialdeari buruzkoa da; beste esanahietarako, ikus «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_(argipena)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Euskal Herria (argipena)">Euskal Herria (argipena)</a>».</i> </dd> </dl> </div> <p><b>Euskal Herria</b> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europako</a> herrialde bat da. Historikoki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldunen</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskararen</a> lurraldea da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioak">Pirinio</a> mendien mendebaldean kokatua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainiaren</a> arteko muga egiten duen mendilerroaren inguruan, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_golkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko golkoa">Bizkaiko golkorantz</a> zabaltzen dena. Zazpi lurralde historiko edo probintzia ditu: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a>. Hala ere, ez dago haien arteko antolamendu politiko-administratibo egituraturik. Guztira, Euskal Herriak 20.950,3 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilometro_koadro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilometro koadro">km²</a> ditu, eta 3.193.513 biztanle zituen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020">2020an</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:2px solid #ccc;">Euskal Herria</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;">Goiburua: "<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazpiak_Bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazpiak Bat">Zazpiak Bat</a>"</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <table style="width: 100%; border: none; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_bandera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko bandera"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560"></a></span><br><small></small></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_armarria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko armarria"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg/67px-Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg/100px-Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg/133px-Euskal_Herriko_armarria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="602"></a></span><br><small></small></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <div class="switcher-container"> <div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herria_Europa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Euskal_Herria_Europa.png/285px-Euskal_Herria_Europa.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Euskal_Herria_Europa.png/428px-Euskal_Herria_Europa.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Euskal_Herria_Europa.png/570px-Euskal_Herria_Europa.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="700"></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default=" Guztiak"> Kokapena Europan </span> </div> <div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg/285px-Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg/428px-Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg/570px-Euskal_Herriko_herrialdeak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="642"></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"> Herrialdeak </span> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;border-top:2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;">Geografia</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hiriburua</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñea">Iruñea</a><br><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:Map/0/42.8831/-1.9356/eu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-lat="42.8831" data-lon="-1.9356" data-overlays="["_c0be9b59516f0b8ebc06ba8d67222bad4c3e2e48"]">42°52′59″N 1°56′8″W</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hiririk handiena</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilbo">Bilbo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Azalera</th> <td class="infobox-data">20.947 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilometro_koadro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilometro koadro">km<sup>2</sup></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Punturik altuena</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiru_Erregeen_Mahaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiru Erregeen Mahaia">Hiru Erregeen Mahaia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kontinentea</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;border-top:2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;">Administrazioa</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Gobernu-sistema</th> <td class="infobox-data">Iparraldean: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a><br> Hegoaldean: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritzako_lehendakaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Jaurlaritzako lehendakaria">EAEko lehendakaria</a><br><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Gobernuko_lehendakari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Gobernuko lehendakari">Nafarroa Garaiko lehendakaria</a><br><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herriko_Herri_Elkargoko_lehendakaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipar Euskal Herriko Herri Elkargoko lehendakaria">Ipar Euskal Herriko Herri Elkargoko lehendakaria</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_Urkullu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iñigo Urkullu">Iñigo Urkullu</a><br><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Chivite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="María Chivite">María Chivite</a><br><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Etxegarai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-René Etxegarai">Jean-René Etxegarai</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;border-top:2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;">Demografia</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Biztanleria</th> <td class="infobox-data">3.193.513</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dentsitatea</th> <td class="infobox-data">153,02 bizt/km²</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erabilitako hizkuntzak</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;"> ikusi </div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskara</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztelania">gaztelania</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantses">frantses</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskoi_okzitaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaskoi okzitaniera">gaskoi</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">BPG per capita</th> <td class="infobox-data">39.640 $ <small>(2017)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">BPG per capita EAPn</th> <td class="infobox-data">34.900 € <small>(2017)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;border-top:2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;">Bestelako informazioa</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñea">Iruñea</a> hiriburutzat jo ohi da, arrazoi historikoak direla kausa, nahiz eta izendapen ofizialik ez den. Halaxe iritzi zion <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendearen</a> hasieran <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Etxeberri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Etxeberri">Joanes Etxeberri Sarakoak</a>: «Iruiñea eskualdunen hiri buruzagia».<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiririk handiena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilbo">Bilbo</a> da, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasteiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasteiz">Gasteiz</a> <i>de facto</i> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidego">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoaren</a> hiriburua da<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gainera, beste hiru udalerrik dute 100.000 biztanle baino gehiago. 1980tik aurrera, Euskal Herria hiru eremu politikotan banatu da: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Foru_Komunitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea">Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea</a> Espainian, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Frantziako euskal lurraldea</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinio_Atlantikoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinio Atlantikoak">Pirinio Atlantikoetan</a>, 2017tik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Hirigune_Elkargoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa">Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa</a> bilakatua. Euskal Herriko biztanleei <b>euskal herritar</b> edo —gaur egun gutxiago erabiltzen den izena— <b>euskotar</b> deritze; lurraldeari izena eman dion hizkuntza jakin edo hitz egiten dutenei, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldun</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizaki">Gizaki</a> modernoa orain dela 35.000 urte iritsi zen gaur egungo Euskal Herrira, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_historiaurrea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko historiaurrea">historiaurrean</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labar-arte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labar-arte">labar-artea</a> zein hainbat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monumentu_megalitiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentu megalitiko">monumentu megalitiko</a> utzi zituzten. VII. mendetik aurrera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskoi">Erdi Aroko baskoiak</a> agertzen hasi ziren, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskoniako_Dukerria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskoniako Dukerria">Baskoniako Dukerriaren</a> inguruan kokatu ziren. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="824">824an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1eko_Erresuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñeko Erresuma">Iruñeko Erresuma</a> hasi zen eratzen Orreagako Guduen lorratzean (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orreagako_gudua_(778)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orreagako gudua (778)">778</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orreagako_gudua_(824)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orreagako gudua (824)">824</a>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_III.a_Garzeitz_Nagusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antso III.a Garzeitz Nagusia">Antso III.a Handiaren</a> erresumatik XII. mendera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Erresuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Erresuma">Nafarroako Erresuma</a> bihurtzekoa. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errando_II.a_Aragoikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Errando II.a Aragoikoa">Errando II.a Aragoikoa</a> gaztelar leinuko erregeak, baina, garai bateko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_konkista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako konkista">Nafarroaren erdigunea inbaditu</a> zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1512?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1512">1512an</a>, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelako_koroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaztelako koroa">Gaztelako Koroari</a> atxiki. Pirinioez iparraldera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa independenteak</a> mende batez iraun zuen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantziako Iraultzaz</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlistaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlistaldi">Karlistaldien</a> garaian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainiako</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazio-estatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazio-estatu">nazio estatuen</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antzinako_Erregimenaren_krisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antzinako Erregimenaren krisia">zentralizazioa gailendu zen</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX. mende">XIX. mendean,</a> baina, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">industrializazioaren epelean</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_abertzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusko abertzaletasun">eusko abertzaletasuna</a> sortu zen. XX. mendera arte, hala ere, gerra gogorrek astindu zuten Euskal Herria, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francoren_diktadura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francoren diktadura">Francoren diktadura</a> zapaltzailea ere tartean. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_gatazka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko gatazka">Euskal gatazka</a> piztu zen testuinguru horretan.</p> <p>Euskal Herriaren lehen aipamena XVI. mendekoa da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Perez_Lazarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Perez Lazarraga">Juan Perez Lazarraga</a> egile arabarrak eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Leizarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Leizarraga">Joanes Leizarraga</a> nafarrak idatzita. Euskaldunak egungoan baino lurralde zabalagoan bizi izan dira iraganean, eta egungo lurralde identifikazioa XVII. mendean hasi zen eratzen: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Axular">Axular</a> idazleak euskaldunen egungo hedadura politiko-administratiboa aipatzen du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gero_(Axular)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gero (Axular)"><i>Gero</i>ren</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hitzaurre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hitzaurre">aitzin-solasean</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Eduki-taula</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Izenak_eta_etimologia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Izenak eta etimologia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herria"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskadi"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Euskadi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskaria"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Euskaria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lurralde_zatiketa"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Lurralde zatiketa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminoen_erabilera"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Terminoen erabilera</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografia_fisikoa"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geografia fisikoa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geologia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Geologia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kostaldea"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kostaldea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mendiak"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mendiak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ingurune_naturala"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ingurune naturala</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ibaiak"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ibaiak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klima"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Klima</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Historia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historiaurrea"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historiaurrea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antzinaroa"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Antzinaroa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_tribuak_Erromatarren_garaian"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal tribuak Erromatarren garaian</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erdi_Aroa"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Erdi Aroa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Baskoien_antolamendu_politikoa"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Baskoien antolamendu politikoa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nafarroako_Erresuma_nazioarteko_jokoan"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nafarroako Erresuma nazioarteko jokoan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bandoen_gerrak"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bandoen gerrak</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aro_Modernoa"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Aro Modernoa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nafarroako_Erresumaren_konkistatik_Ameriketara"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nafarroako Erresumaren konkistatik Ameriketara</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jazarpenaren_itzalean,_itsasoari_begira"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Jazarpenaren itzalean, itsasoari begira</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Absolutismoaren_goraldia"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Absolutismoaren goraldia</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aro_Garaikidea"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Aro Garaikidea</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frantses_Iraultzaren_astindua"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Frantses Iraultzaren astindua</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Karlistaldiak_eta_foruen_amaiera"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Karlistaldiak eta foruen amaiera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industrializazio_masiboa_eta_turismoa,_nazio_estatuen_pean"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Industrializazio masiboa eta turismoa, nazio estatuen pean</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gerra,_diktadura_eta_kontsumoaren_gizartea"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gerra, diktadura eta kontsumoaren gizartea</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demografia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hiriak_eta_udalerriak"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hiriak eta udalerriak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hizkuntzak"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hizkuntzak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erlijioak"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Erlijioak</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politika"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politika</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_politika"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal politika</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herria_proiektu_politiko_gisa"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herria proiektu politiko gisa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Banaketa_administratiboa"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Banaketa administratiboa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alderdi_politikoak_eta_hauteskundeak"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Alderdi politikoak eta hauteskundeak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ikurrak"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ikurrak</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bandera"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bandera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ereserkia"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ereserkia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Beste_ikur_batzuk"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Beste ikur batzuk</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomia"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ekonomia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lehen_sektorea"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lehen sektorea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industria"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zerbitzuak"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Zerbitzuak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zientzia_eta_teknologia"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Zientzia eta teknologia</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Azpiegiturak"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Azpiegiturak</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Garraiobideak"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Garraiobideak</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Errepideak"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Errepideak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Trenbideak"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Trenbideak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aireportuak"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Aireportuak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Itsas-portuak"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Itsas-portuak</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Energia"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Energia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industrializazioa_aintzineko_energia-iturri_eta_azpiegiturak"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Industrializazioa aintzineko energia-iturri eta azpiegiturak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industrializazioarekin_sortu_edo_indartu_ziren_energia-iturri_eta_azpiegiturak"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industrializazioarekin sortu edo indartu ziren energia-iturri eta azpiegiturak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Energia-iturri_mota_berriak_eta_zahar-berriak"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Energia-iturri mota berriak eta zahar-berriak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herriko_energia_ekoizle_eta_hornitzaileak"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herriko energia ekoizle eta hornitzaileak</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ura"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ur-hornikuntza_eta_saneamendua"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ur-hornikuntza eta saneamendua</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Osasun-azpiegiturak"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Osasun-azpiegiturak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hezkuntza_eta_azpiegiturak"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Hezkuntza eta azpiegiturak</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-64"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unibertsitateak"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Unibertsitateak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hizkuntza_Eskola_Ofizialak,_Musika_Kontserbatorioak,_Arte_Eskolak"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hizkuntza Eskola Ofizialak, Musika Kontserbatorioak, Arte Eskolak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-66"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Helduen_alfabetatze_eta_euskalduntzea"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Helduen alfabetatze eta euskalduntzea</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Kultura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatura"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literatura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-69"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskarazko_literatura"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Euskarazko literatura</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-70"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herriko_erdal_literaturak"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herriko erdal literaturak</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Filosofia"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Filosofia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-72"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arte_bisualak"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arte bisualak</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-73"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herriko_margolaritza"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herriko margolaritza</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-74"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Euskal_Herriko_eskulturagintza"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Euskal Herriko eskulturagintza</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-75"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musika"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Musika</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-76"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antzerkigintza"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Antzerkigintza</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-77"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zinema"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Zinema</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-78"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kirolak"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Kirolak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-79"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gastronomia"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Gastronomia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-80"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hedabideak"><span class="tocnumber">8.9</span> <span class="toctext">Hedabideak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-81"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mitologia"><span class="tocnumber">8.10</span> <span class="toctext">Mitologia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erlijioa"><span class="tocnumber">8.11</span> <span class="toctext">Erlijioa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-83"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Onomastika"><span class="tocnumber">8.12</span> <span class="toctext">Onomastika</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-84"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Oharrak"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Oharrak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-85"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erreferentziak"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Erreferentziak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-86"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ikus,_gainera"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Ikus, gainera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-87"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kanpo_estekak"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Kanpo estekak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Izenak_eta_etimologia">Izenak eta etimologia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Gehiago jakiteko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_(terminoaren_historia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi (terminoaren historia)">Euskadi (terminoaren historia)</a>» </div> <p><i><b>Eusk-</b></i> morfemaren etimologiaz hipotesi asko egin dira. Ezagunena, agian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabin Aranak</a> proposatutako <i>eusk</i>- < e(g)uzk(i). Gaur egun, baina, etimologia horretan inork gutxik sinesten du. (<i>egu-z-ki</i> hitzaren morfemen zatiketa eta bilakaera, gaur egungo hizkuntzalari gehienen ustez, hipotesi honen kontra egingo lukete). Nolabaiteko sinesgarritasuna, ordea, eman izan zaio erromatarren garaian dokumentatutako <i>ausci</i> hitzaren hipotesiari. <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auskiar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auskiar">Ausci</a></i> hori, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akitaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akitaniera">akitanieraren</a> garaiko inguruko herri baten izena zen. <i>Ausc-</i> hori <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auch">Auch</a> bilakatu bide da. Agian loturaren bat egon liteke gaur egungo <i><b>Eusk-</b></i> horren eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akitaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akitaniera">akitanieraren</a> garaiko <i><b>ausc</b></i>-i horren artean. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Mitxelenak</a>, esate baterako, noiz edo noiz<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zuhurtziaz aipatu zuen hipotesi hau.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Euskal_Herria">Euskal Herria</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Lazarraga_Eusquel_erriau.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Lazarraga_Eusquel_erriau.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="56"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 203px;height: 56px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Lazarraga_Eusquel_erriau.jpg" data-width="203" data-height="56" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazarragaren_eskuizkribua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazarragaren eskuizkribua">Lazarragaren eskuizkribuko</a> 18. orriko hitzak: <i>eusquel erriau</i> (Euskal Herri hau). </figcaption> </figure> <p><i>Euskal Herria</i> izenak, hitzez hitz, «euskararen lurraldea» esan nahi du; hau da, euskaraz egiten den lur eremua, hori baitzuen hasierako esanahia. Alabaina, azken mendeotan, zazpi herrialdeak izendatzeko erabili da. Gaur egungo euskaran, bada, esanahi horixe du, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaltzaindia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindiak</a> 2004ko uztailean euskara baturako emandako 139. arauan zehaztu zuenez.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Historian zehar asko izan dira izen hori erabili dutenak. Aipamen idatzirik zaharrenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVI._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVI. mendea">XVI.</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeetakoak</a> dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Leizarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Leizarraga">Joanes Leizarraga</a> lapurtarraren <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Krist_Gure_Jaunaren_Testamentu_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus Krist Gure Jaunaren Testamentu Berria">Testamentu Berrian</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1571?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1571">1571n</a> argitaratua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arroxela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arroxela">Arroxelan</a>) hiru aldiz ageri da;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Perez_Lazarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Perez Lazarraga">Joan Perez Lazarraga</a> arabarraren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazarragaren_eskuizkribua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazarragaren eskuizkribua">eskuizkribuan</a> (1567tik 1602ra bitartean idatzia) ere, hiru aldiz ageri da;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteve_Materra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteve Materra">Esteve Materra</a> frantziar euskaldunduaren <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i> liburuxkan (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1617?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1617">1617an</a> argitaratua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bordele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bordele">Bordelen</a>) bost aldiz ageri da;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Axular">Axular</a> nafarrak, <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gero_(Axular)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gero (Axular)">Gero</a></i> maisulanean (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1643">1643n</a> argitaratua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bordele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bordele">Bordelen</a>), liburuaren aitzin solasean erabili zuen, eta Euskal Herriko zazpi lurraldeak ere aipatu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Euskadi">Euskadi</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg/220px-Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="643"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg/220px-Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg/330px-Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg/440px-Euskal_Herriaren_Euler_diagrama_-_Euler_diagram_of_the_Basque_Country.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herriaren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euler_diagrama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euler diagrama">Euler diagrama</a> ikusgai. </figcaption> </figure> <p><i>Euskadi</i> izena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabin Aranak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1896?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1896">1896</a>. urtean asmatua da,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Euzkadi</i> formarekin (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko hamarkadaren</a> bukaeraz geroztik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara_batu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskara batu">euskara batuaren</a> sorrerarekin batera, euskara batuko <i>Euskadi</i> forma nagusitu da). Izan ere, <i>Euskal Herria</i> zentzu hertsian «euskararen herria» izanik, hizkuntzarekiko loturarik ez zuen hitz horren beharra sumatu zuen, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Araba, Nafarroa Garaia, Lapurdi, Nafarroa Beherea eta Zuberoa barne hartzen dituen lurraldea izendatzeko.</p> <p>Izen berriak arrakasta handia izan zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_abertzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusko abertzaletasun">eusko abertzaleen</a> artean. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankismo">Frankistek</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936">1936</a>. urtean —<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Bigarren_Errepublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Bigarren Errepublika">Espainiako Bigarren Errepublikaren</a> kontra altxatu zirenean— eta ondorengo urte luzeetan, gainera, oso errepresio gogorra egin zuten Euskadi aberritzat zutenen kontra, eta <i>Euskadi</i> hitza herriaren askatasunaren aldarrikapen bihurtu zen. Gerora, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970">1970eko</a> hamarkadaren bukaeratik hona, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independentzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independentzia">independentismo</a> kutsua <i>Euskal Herria</i> izenak hartu du batez ere.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaur egun, bada, <i>Euskadi</i> terminoa gehienbat «Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa» esanahiarekin erabiltzen da, baina euskaldun guztiak ez datoz bat horretan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Euskaria">Euskaria</h3> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> bigarren erdian, <i>Euskeria</i>, <i>Euskaria</i> eta <i>Euskadia</i> terminoak erabili zituzten Euskal Herri osoa izendatzeko. Gaztelaniazko <i>Vasconia</i> ere igaro da euskarazko esamolde izatera, <i>Baskonia</i> grafiarekin.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lurralde_zatiketa">Lurralde zatiketa</h3> </div> <p>Gaur egun, Euskal Herria zatitua dagoen administrazio eremuak izendatzeko bestelako izenak ere erabiltzen dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herria</a> deritzona frantsesezko <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_(Frantziako_herrialdea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria (Frantziako herrialdea)">Pays Basque</a></i> ere bada. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017">2017ko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urtarrilaren_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urtarrilaren 1">urtarrilaren 1etik</a> aurrera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herriko</a> udalerriek, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eskiula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eskiula">Eskiula</a>k eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeztaze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeztaze">Jeztaze</a>k ez beste, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Hirigune_Elkargoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa">Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa</a> erakundearen barnean egituraketa administratibo bateratua dute.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herriko</a> bi <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomia_erkidego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomia erkidego">autonomia erkidegoetako</a> bati, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoari</a>, askotan deitzen zaio ere <i>Euskadi</i> zein <i>Euskal Herria</i>, nahiz eta hiru herrialde baino ez izan. Hala, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979ko_Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Estatutua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1979ko Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Estatutua">Gernikako Estatutuaren</a> arabera, «Euskadi zein Euskal Herria» da autonomia erkidego horren izena, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Estatua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Espainiako Estatua">Espainiako Estatuaren</a> barruan eratua.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estatutu horrek berak dioenez, Nafarroa Garaiak ere badu «Euskal Herriko Autonomia Erkidegoa osatzeko eskubidea»,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baina <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Auzitegi_Nagusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Auzitegi Nagusia">EAEko Auzitegi Nagusiak</a> ebatzi duenez, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko eskola curriculumean <i>Euskal Herria</i> izena erabiltzean ezin da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroako Foru Erkidegoa</a> barne hartu.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Aipatu bezala, Euskal Herriak zazpi lurralde ditu: haietako lau <i>Hegoalde</i>an daude, Espainiako Erreinuaren administraziopean, eta beste hirurak ipar-ekialdean, Frantses Errepublikaren administraziopean, <i>Iparralde</i>an. Hala ere, geografiari bagagozkio, datu hori ez da guztiz baliagarria: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a> iparralderago dago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a> baino.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Terminoen_erabilera">Terminoen erabilera</h3> </div> <p>2020. urtean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telesforo_Monzon_eLab_Euskal_Herrigintza_Laborategia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telesforo Monzon eLab Euskal Herrigintza Laborategia">Telesforo Monzon Laborategiak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parte_Hartuz_(ikerketa_taldea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parte Hartuz (ikerketa taldea)">EHUko Parte Hartuz</a> ikerketa taldeak "Naziometroa" deitutako barometroa sortu zuten, euskal herritarrek burujabetzaz eta independentziaz dituzten iritzi eta hautemateak aztertzeko. Barometroak herritarrek zazpi lurraldeek osatutako eremua (Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Lapurdi, Nafarroa Garaia eta Behera, eta Zuberoa) izendatzeko gustuko duten edo dituzten terminoetaz galdetzen du, erantzun bat baino gehiago emateko aukera emanez. Hona hemen azken neurketaren emaitzak:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Izena</th> <th colspan="2">Emaitzak (erantzun anitza)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Euskal Herria</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%50,9</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 50px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Euskadi</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%42,1</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 42px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">País Vasco</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%32,0</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 32px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Pays Basque</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%18,2</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 18px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Nafarroa/Navarra/Navarre</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%13,6</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 13px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">País Vasconavarro/Pays Basquenavarre</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%5,3</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 5px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Vasconia/Baskonia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%4,8</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 4px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Beste bat</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%0,8</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 0px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Batere ez</td> <td style="text-align:right;">%7,6</td> <td> <div style="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; background-color: #f0f0f0; width: 100px; height: 1.5em;"> <div style="position: absolute; background-color:#72ccff; width: 7px; height: 1.5em;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-weight: bold; width: 100px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center; z-index: 10; color: #000;"></div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geografia_fisikoa">Geografia fisikoa</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_geografia_fisikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko geografia fisikoa">Euskal Herriko geografia fisikoa</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriaren_mugak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriaren mugak">Euskal Herriaren mugak</a>» </div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriaren_mugak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriaren mugak">Euskal Herriaren mugak</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_eta_Aragoi_arteko_muga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria eta Aragoi arteko muga">Aragoi</a> • <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Herria_eta_Errioxa_arteko_muga&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Euskal Herria eta Errioxa arteko muga (sortu gabe)">Errioxa</a> • <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_kostaldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal kostaldea">Euskal kostaldea</a> • <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_eta_Gaskoinia_arteko_muga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria eta Gaskoinia arteko muga">Gaskoinia</a> • <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Herria_eta_Gaztela_eta_Leon_arteko_muga&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Euskal Herria eta Gaztela eta Leon arteko muga (sortu gabe)">Gaztela eta Leon</a> • <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_eta_Kantabria_arteko_muga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria eta Kantabria arteko muga">Kantabria</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:E3d_handia.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/E3d_handia.png/220px-E3d_handia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1292"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/E3d_handia.png/220px-E3d_handia.png" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/E3d_handia.png/330px-E3d_handia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/E3d_handia.png/440px-E3d_handia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herriko mapa fisikoa. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_geografia_fisikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko geografia fisikoa">Euskal Herriko geografia fisikoa</a> oso aldakorra da, nahiz eta hedaduraz lurralde txikia izan. Kostaldeko paisaia malkartsutik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bardeetako_natura_parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardeetako natura parkea">Bardeetako</a> basamorturaino hedatzen da <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euskal Herria</a> eta bide horretan lautadak, mendilerroak eta bailara ugari ditu. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriaren_mugak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriaren mugak">Euskal Herriaren muga natural nagusiak</a> hauek dira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kantauri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kantauri">Kantauri itsasoa</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_golkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko golkoa">Bizkaiko golkoa</a>) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aturri">Aturri</a> iparraldean, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> ibaia hegoaldean (nahiz eta muga zehatz-mehatz bi ibai horietan ez izan).</p> <p>Euskal Herriko muturreko puntu geografikoei dagokionez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samatze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samatze">Samatze</a> da iparraldeenen dagoen udalerria, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortes">Cortes</a> hegoaldeenen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lanestosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lanestosa">Lanestosa</a> mendebaldeenen eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eskiula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eskiula">Eskiula</a> ekialdeenen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beriain_(mendia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beriain (mendia)">Beriain</a> mendiaren ingurunean dago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_zentro_geografikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko zentro geografikoa">Euskal Herriko zentro geografikoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tokirik garaiena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiru_Erregeen_Mahaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiru Erregeen Mahaia">Hiru Erregeen Mahaiaren</a> tontorra da, itsas mailatik 2.438 metrora.</p> <p>Espainiako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errioxako_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errioxako Autonomia Erkidegoa">Errioxarekin</a> egiten du muga hegoaldean eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aragoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aragoi">Aragoirekin</a> hegoaldean zein ekialdean; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztela_eta_Leon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztela eta Leon">Gaztela eta Leonekin</a> hegoaldean eta mendebaldean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kantabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kantabria">Kantabriarekin</a> egiten duen bezala. Iparraldean Frantziako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landak">Landak</a> departamenduarekin egiten du muga; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinio_Atlantikoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinio Atlantikoak">Pirinio Atlantikoetako</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bearno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bearno">Bearnorekin</a> ekitaldian.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Geologia">Geologia</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_geologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko geologia">Euskal Herriko geologia</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg/220px-Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1012"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg/220px-Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg/330px-Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg/440px-Euskal_Herriko_geologia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herriko mapa geologikoa. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_geologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko geologia">Euskal Herriko geologia</a> markatuta dago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orogenia_alpetar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogenia alpetar">orogenia alpetarrarengatik</a>. Estrukturalki, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirinio">Pirinioen</a> eta bere mendebaldeko hedapenaren parte da<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Arrokarik zaharrenak Pirinioetako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arroka_plutoniko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arroka plutoniko">arroka plutonikoak</a> dira<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aiako_Harriak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiako Harriak">Aiako Harria</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karbonifero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karbonifero">Karbonifero</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siluriar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siluriar">Siluriar</a> garaiko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arroka_metamorfiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arroka metamorfiko">arroka metamorfikoz</a> osatuta dago. Bere gainean dagoen gehiena, Euskal Herriko mendigune gehienak markatzen dituena, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurasiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurasiko">Jurasiko</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kretazeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kretazeo">Kretazeoko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kareharri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kareharri">kareharriak</a> dira, sakonera eskaseko itsaso tropikal batean sortutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koral">koral</a> arrezifeek osatuak. Denborarekin, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberiar_plaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iberiar plaka">Iberiar plaka</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasiar_plaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasiar plaka">Eurasiar plakak</a> talka egin zuten, Pirinioak altxatuz eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_arkua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko arkua">Euskal Arkua</a> izena duen eremua goratuz<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Euskal Arkuaren muinean dauden arroketan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bizkaiko_sinklinorioa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bizkaiko sinklinorioa (sortu gabe)">Bizkaiko sinklinorioan</a> kokatuak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleogeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleogeno">Paleogenoko</a> arrokak daude, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deba_eta_Zumaia_arteko_marearteko_zabalgunea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deba eta Zumaia arteko marearteko zabalgunea">Deba eta Zumaia arteko marearteko zabalgunean</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urbasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urbasa">Urbasa</a> inguruetan ere<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pirinioak altxatu ostean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higadura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higadura">higadurak</a> gaur egun ezagutzen ditugun bailarak sortu zituen, bereziki Kantauriko isurialdean. Hegoalderantz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> ibaiaren inguruan, laku handiak izan ziren, Nafarroako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erribera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Erribera">Erriberan</a> aurki daitezkeen egiturak osatuz<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uneren batean, Ebroko lakua Mediterraneorantz zabaldu zenean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arroka_sedimentario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arroka sedimentario">arroka sedimentario</a> finez osatutako erliebeak agertu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faila">Faila</a> nagusi batzuk ere badaude (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Iru%C3%B1eko_faila&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iruñeko faila (sortu gabe)">Iruñeko faila</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leitzako_faila&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leitzako faila (sortu gabe)">Leitzako faila</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sismologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sismologia">sismologia</a> aldetik ingurune lasaia da Euskal Herrikoa<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hegoaldean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolo%C3%B1o_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toloño mendilerroa">Toloñoko mendilerroak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamalkadura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamalkadura">zamalkadura</a> bat eratzen du Ebroko lurren gainean<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ingurune asko kareharriz osatuta daudenez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karst">karst</a>-paisaiak ohikoak dira<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haitzulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haitzulo">haitzuloak</a> ere.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kostaldea">Kostaldea</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_kostaldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko kostaldea">Euskal Herriko kostaldea</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_kostaldea.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euskal_kostaldea.jpg/220px-Euskal_kostaldea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 66px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euskal_kostaldea.jpg/220px-Euskal_kostaldea.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="66" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euskal_kostaldea.jpg/330px-Euskal_kostaldea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Euskal_kostaldea.jpg/440px-Euskal_kostaldea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euskal Herriko</a> kostaldearen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NASA">NASAren</a> satelite bidezko ikuspegia. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_golkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko golkoa">Bizkaiko golkoan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euskal Herriak mutur batetik bestera 252 kilometroko kostaldea du, eta bertan, 104 hondartza inguru aurki daitezke. Bizkaia da kostalde luzeena duen euskal herrialdea: 154 kilometro, eta 35 hondartza. Gipuzkoak 66 kilometroko kostaldea du, eta 28 hondartza; eta Lapurdik, 32 kilometrotako kostaldea, eta 41 hondartza. Lapurdi da, beraz, kostalde laburrena izan arren, hondartza gehien duen herrialdea.</p> <p>Euskal Herriko kostak hiru alde ezberdin ditu, eta haien mugek ia-ia guztiz bat egiten dute <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkai</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdiren</a> mugekin. Bizkaiko kostaldea malkartsua da, baina oro har hondartza handiak ditu. Gainera, bi itsas-adar daude alde horretan: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_itsasadarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboko itsasadarra">Ibaizabaleko itsasadarra</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdaibai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urdaibai">Urdaibai</a>.</p> <p>Gipuzkoako kostak gorabehera handiagoak ditu, eta oro har hegiak handiagoak dira. Hondartza txikiagoak eta harritsuagoak daude Bizkaiko mugatik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zumaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zumaia">Zumaiaraino</a>, eta hortik aurrera gero eta luzeagoak dira. Ibaien itsasoratzeetan estuario txikiak sortzen dira zenbaitetan (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oria">Oria</a>), eta beste batzuetan itsasadarrak (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urumea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urumea">Urumea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a>).</p> <p>Lapurdiko kostaldea, azkenik, askoz lauagoa da. Hondartza luzeak daude eta hegiak altuera txikikoak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aturri">Atturri</a> ibaiek urak bertan isurtzen dituzte.</p> <p>Euskal Herriko kostaldeak 19 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itsasargi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itsasargi">itsasargi</a> handi ditu: hiru, Lapurdin; zazpi, Gipuzkoan; eta bederatzi, Bizkaian (ikus <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zerrenda:Euskal_Herriko_itsasargiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zerrenda:Euskal Herriko itsasargiak">zerrenda</a>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mendiak">Mendiak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_mendiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko mendiak">Euskal Herriko mendiak</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg/220px-Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg/220px-Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg/330px-Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg/440px-Hiru_erregeen_mahaia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiru_Erregeen_Mahaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiru Erregeen Mahaia">Hiru Erregeen Mahaia</a> (2.438 metro), gailurrean Euskal Herriaren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bearno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bearno">Bearnoren</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aragoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aragoi">Aragoiren</a> artean muga egiten duena. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herria oso menditsua da. Mendilerro gehienak mendebalde-ekialde ardatzean kokatzen dira. Arroka nagusia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kareharri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kareharri">kareharria</a> da, baina beste material batzuez osatutakorik ere badago; adibidez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aiako_harria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aiako harria">Aiako Harria</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granito">granitoz</a> osatuta dago.</p> <p>Mendirik altuenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioak">Pirinioetan</a> daude eta denetan garaiena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiru_Erregeen_Mahaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiru Erregeen Mahaia">Hiru Erregeen Mahaia</a> da, askotan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Au%C3%B1amendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auñamendi">Auñamendi</a> aipatzen bada ere. Mendilerro hori itsasoan bertan jaio eta ekialderantz igoz doa: 2.000 metrotik gora duen lehen mendia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orhi">Orhi</a> da.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Arabako eta Nafarroako hegoaldean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kantauriar_mendikatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kantauriar mendikatea">Kantauriar mendilerroaren</a> ekialdeko muga dago. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kodesko_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kodesko mendilerroa">Kodes</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolo%C3%B1o_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toloño mendilerroa">Toloño</a> mendilerroak dira Kantauriar mendilerroaren parte.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bi mendilerro garrantzitsuon artean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_arkua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko arkua">Euskal Herriko arkua</a> dago: ekialde-mendebalde orientazio orokorra duten mendilerroak dira; adibidez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urbasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urbasa">Urbasa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andimendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andimendi">Andimendi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aralar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aralar">Aralar</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anbotoko_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anbotoko mendilerroa">Anbotoko mendilerroa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordunteko_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordunteko mendilerroa">Ordunteko mendilerroa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aizkorri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aizkorri">Aizkorri</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alo%C3%B1a_mendilerroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloña mendilerroa">Aloña mendilerroa</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ingurune_naturala">Ingurune naturala</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_naturagune_babestuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko naturagune babestuak">Euskal Herriko naturagune babestuak</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_natura_parkeak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko natura parkeak">Euskal Herriko natura parkeak</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura_2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natura_2000_sarea_Euskal_Herrian" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000#Natura 2000 sarea Euskal Herrian</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Mundaka_2,_Euskal_Herria.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg/220px-Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg/220px-Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg/330px-Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg/440px-Mundaka_2%2C_Euskal_Herria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdaibai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urdaibai">Urdaibaiko</a> erreserbak 224,5238 ha-ko azalera hartzen du, hau da, Bizkaiaren %10. Azalera honen 943 ha (%4,2) hezegunea da, Euskal Herriko handiena. (Antzeko hezegune bat egon zen Bizkaian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_itsasadarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboko itsasadarra">Ibaizabaleko itsasadarrean</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">industrializazioa</a> hasi baino lehen) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herriak duen klimaren eraginez, hainbat ingurune natural ezberdin ditu. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baso">Basoek</a> estalitako ehunekoa handia da biztanleria handirik ez dagoen eremuetan. Baso horietatik gehienak diru irabaziak ateratzeko asmoz jarritako zuhaitz landaketak (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biodibertsitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biodibertsitate">biodibertsitate</a> txikikoak) dira Bizkai-Gipuzkoetan; gehienbat berezko basoak (biodibertsitate ugarikoak), berriz, Araban eta Nafarroa Garaian. Bestetik, Euskal Herriak biztanleria dentsitate handia du hainbat eskualdetan, bereziki kostaldean, eta natura degradatuta dago gune askotan<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Industrializazioaren eraginez, poluzio handia izan duten ibai arroak aurki daitezke, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lindane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindane">lindanea</a> bezalako produktuek sortutako arazoak handiak dira. Burdinolek, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arto">artoaren</a> landaketak eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardi">ardien</a> zaintzak eragindako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basogabetze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basogabetze">basogabetzeari</a> gehitu behar zaio <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Papergintza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Papergintza (sortu gabe)">papergintza</a> industria asetzeko bertakoak ez diren zuhaitz espezieak landu izan dira, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intsinis_pinu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intsinis pinu">intsinis pinua</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eukalipto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eukalipto">eukaliptoa</a> kasu<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Hala ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_naturagune_babestuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko naturagune babestuak">Euskal Herrian badira babestutako ingurune naturalak</a>. Horietako batzuk <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_natura_parkeak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko natura parkeak">parke izendatu dira</a>, eta beste batzuk <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura_2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natura_2000_sarea_Euskal_Herrian" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000 sarekoak dira</a>. Badira ere horietako batzuk nazioarteko babesa maila dutenak, besteak beste, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramsarko_hitzarmena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramsarko hitzarmena">Ramsarko hitzarmena</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegaztien_kontserbaziorako_gune_garrantzitsuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hegaztien kontserbaziorako gune garrantzitsuak">Hegaztien kontserbaziorako gune garrantzitsuak</a>. Dena dela, Administrazio bakoitzak bere legeak ditu babes maila horiek emateko, beraz babes-mailak ez datoz guztiz bat<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Industriak bereziki, baina baita beste ekonomia-ekimenek kutsadura sortzen dute, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ingurumen-arazoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ingurumen-arazoak">Euskal Herriko ingurumen-arazoak</a> beraz aldakorrak dira guneen arabera.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Natura 2000 sareko gune babestuak."> <noscript> <img alt="Natura 2000 sareko gune babestuak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg/269px-Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg/269px-Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg.png" data-alt="Natura 2000 sareko gune babestuak." data-width="180" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg/403px-Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg/538px-Natura2000_Euskal_Herrian.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura_2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> sareko gune babestuak. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa,_2006.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Basoek estalitako lurren ehunekoa (2006)."> <noscript> <img alt="Basoek estalitako lurren ehunekoa (2006)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/269px-Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/269px-Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png" data-alt="Basoek estalitako lurren ehunekoa (2006)." data-width="180" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/403px-Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/538px-Basoek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Basoek estalitako lurren ehunekoa (2006). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Artifizialdutako_lurra.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Artifizaldutako lurren ehunekoa."> <noscript> <img alt="Artifizaldutako lurren ehunekoa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Artifizialdutako_lurra.png/272px-Artifizialdutako_lurra.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="718"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Artifizialdutako_lurra.png/272px-Artifizialdutako_lurra.png" data-alt="Artifizaldutako lurren ehunekoa." data-width="182" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Artifizialdutako_lurra.png/407px-Artifizialdutako_lurra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Artifizialdutako_lurra.png/543px-Artifizialdutako_lurra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Artifizaldutako lurren ehunekoa. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ibaiak">Ibaiak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ibaiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ibaiak">Euskal Herriko ibaiak</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg/220px-Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg/220px-Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg/330px-Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg/440px-Ibaiak_eta_isurialdeak.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ibaiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ibaiak">Euskal Herriko ibaiak</a> eta isurialdeak. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> da Euskal Herria zeharkatzen duten ibaien artean luzeena (910 km).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europako_mendiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europako mendiak">Europako Mendietan</a> sortzen da eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterraneoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneo itsasoan</a> isurtzen du bere emaria. Bide horretan, hainbat kilometroz Euskal Herriko hegoaldeko muga da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroan</a>. Atlantikora ez doazen beste ibai eta errekek bertara isurtzen dituzte urak; besteak beste, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zadorra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zadorra">Zadorra</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baia_(ibaia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baia (ibaia)">Baias</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ega?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ega">Ega</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aragoi_(ibaia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aragoi (ibaia)">Aragoi ibaiek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aragoi ibaia Euskal Herrian zehar ibilbide luzeena egiten duena da, 192 km Esako urtegian jaio eta, Nafarroa Garaia zeharkatu ondoren, Ebro ibaira isuri arte.</p> <p>Euskal Herriko kostaldean ura isurtzen duten ibaietatik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aturri">Aturri</a> da luzeena eta ur emari handiena duena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourmalet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourmalet">Tourmalet</a> inguruan jaiotzen denetik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baiona">Baionan</a> itsasoratu arte, 335 kilometro inguru zeharkatzen ditu, azken 30ak euskal lurretatik.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bide luze horretan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioak">Pirinioetan</a> jaiotako hainbat ibai eta errekaren emaria jasotzen du (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biduze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biduze">Biduze</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errobi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errobi">Errobi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arhan">Harana</a>...). Aturrik bezala, beste ibai askok ere Bizkaiko golkoan isurtzen dituzte urak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nerbioi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nerbioi">Nerbioik</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oria">Oriak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deba_(ibaia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deba (ibaia)">Debak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urola">Urolak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urumea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urumea">Urumeak</a>... Nerbioi ibaia da, hain zuzen ere, Bizkaiko golkoan itsasoratzen direnen artean Euskal Herriko lurraldeetan ibilbiderik luzeena egiten duena (75 km).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klima">Klima</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_klima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko klima">Euskal Herriko klima</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png/220px-Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="3507"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png/220px-Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png/330px-Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png/440px-Euskal_Herriko_mapa_klimatikoa.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herriko mapa klimatikoa. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herriak bi klima nagusi (ozeanikoa eta mediterranearra) eta euren arteko trantsizio eskualde bat du. Horrez gain, mendialdeko klima ere badu. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_golkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko golkoa">Bizkaiko golkotik</a> igarotzen den <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golkoko_itsaslasterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golkoko itsaslasterra">Golkoko itsaslasterrak</a> klima erlatiboki beroa eskaintzen du bizkaiko golkotik hurbil dauden eskualdeetan. Bertan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klima_ozeanikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Klima ozeanikoa">klima ozeanikoa</a> topa dezakegu: tenperatura leunak (minimoen batez bestekoa 4 °C eta 9 °C artean; beroenena 18 °C eta 21 °C artean) eta klima hezea izaten da, 1.000 milimetro baino gehiago urtean leku gehienetan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artikutza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artikutza">Artikutzan</a> 2.500 mm arte bota ditzake urtero. Barnealdean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidotze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidotze">izozteak</a> egin ditzake neguko hainbat egunetan. Itsasotik gertu, udako egun sargorietan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enbata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enbata">enbata</a> ere egin dezake.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebroko</a> haranean zehar mediterraneoko eragina dator euskal arkua dela eta atlantikotik batestua diren eremuetan. Bertan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klima_mediterraneo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klima mediterraneo">klima mediterraneoa</a> egiten du: udak beroak izaten dira, 22 °C baino batez besteko tenperatura altuagoekin, eta neguak hotzak, batez besteko 5 °C hilerik hotzenean. Izotz egunak ohikoak dira azarotik martxora. Klima lehorragoa da, urtean 400 milimetro inguru. Udaberria eta udazkena dira hezeenak eta negua lehorra da. Udan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekaitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekaitz">ekaitzak</a> egin ditzake. Berezitasun bezala <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziertzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ziertzo">ziertzo</a> izeneko haize hotz bortitza dago.</p> <p>Klima ozeaniko eta mediterranoko eremuen artean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trantsizioko_klima&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trantsizioko klima (sortu gabe)">trantsizioko klima</a> ematen den eremua dago, Cbg eta Csa sailkapenekoak. Iparraldetik hegoaldera aldatzen da, prezipitazioak gero eta urriagoak dira eta tenperaturak muturrekoagoak dira, hau da uda beroagoak eta negu hotzagoak, itsasoaren ahalmen termo-erregulatzailearen eragina txikiagoa delako. Arabako lurralde gehienak eta Nafarroako erdialdeak dute klima hau.</p> <p>Gune menditsuetan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendiko_klima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendiko klima">mendiko klima</a> egoten da, klimarik hotzena. Urteko batez besteko tenperatura 7-9 °C inguru izaten da, baina neguan askotan egiten du 0 °Ctik behera. Ehun izotz egun izan daitezke urtean eta klima hezea izanda, 1.300 eta 1.700 milimetro urtean, askotan egiten du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elur">elurra</a> bertan. Ez dago urtaro lehorrik, baina uda lehorragoa izan ohi da.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko historia">Euskal Herriko historia</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_historia_ekonomikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko historia ekonomikoa">Euskal Herriko historia ekonomikoa</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herriko historia eta bertan bizi diren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldun</a> etniaren arteko desberdintasuna egitea komeni bada ere, askotan esan ohi da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europako</a> herri zaharrenetariko baten historia dela. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_substratuaren_teoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal substratuaren teoria">Euskal substratuaren teoriak</a> babesten du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleolito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolito">Paleolitotik</a> euskaldunak bertan bizi izan direla, eta Europan zehar hedatzen zen herri eta familia baten azken ordezkaria dela<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskararen_jatorria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskararen jatorria">Euskararen jatorria</a> ere ez da ziurra, eta ez da ziurra ere bertan bizi ziren herriek euskararen arbaso bat hitz egiten ote zuten<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gaur egun euskaldunen arbasotzat hartutako herrietako batzuek jatorri zelta bazuten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt kultura">Hallstatt kulturari</a> loturikoak lirateke<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historiaurrea">Historiaurrea</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg/220px-Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg/220px-Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg/330px-Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg/440px-Santimami%C3%B1e.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santimami%C3%B1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santimamiñe">Santimamiñeko</a> labar artea, Euskal Herriko ezagunenetako bat. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Trikuharriak.pdf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trikuharriak.pdf/page1-220px-Trikuharriak.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2479"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trikuharriak.pdf/page1-220px-Trikuharriak.pdf.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trikuharriak.pdf/page1-330px-Trikuharriak.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trikuharriak.pdf/page1-440px-Trikuharriak.pdf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herrian kokatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trikuharri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trikuharri">trikuharrien</a> ezaugarriak. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herrian, historiaurreko aztarnategi aberatsenak dituen eskualdetako bat izanik, bertan egin diren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkeologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkeologia">arkeologia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleoantropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleoantropologia">paleoantropologiako</a> ikerketen etengabeko garapenak eta haietako aurkikuntzek gero eta atzerago eramaten gaituzte, gure lurrean gizonaren lehen kokapena zehazterakoan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atapuerca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atapuerca">Atapuercan</a> eginiko indusketek hurbilketa geografikoagatik pentsarazten dute Euskal Herrian gizakiaren kokapena, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Behe_Paleolito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Behe Paleolito">Behe Paleolitora</a>, 200.000 urte baino atzerago eraman behar dela. <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i>ek artea egiten ote zuen ezbaian dago<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta badakigu Euskal Herrian ia desagertu ziren garaira arte bizi izan zirela<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; baina gerora iritsitako <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>ak aztarna ugari utzi ditu Euskal Herrian. Zentsu hertsian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herri">Euskal Herririk</a> ez zen historiaurrean, eta ez dakigu ere bertan bizi ziren gizakiek zein hizkuntza hitz egiten ote zuten.</p> <p>Ez dakigu noiz, ezta zein hedapenarekin ere, baina orain dela 8.500 urte inguru <i>Early European Farmers</i> (EEF) deitu zen populazio batek migrazioa hasi zuen Europan zehar. Talde hori <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatoliatik</a> atera zen, eta baliteke <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolito">Neolitoaren</a> ezaugarria zen nekazaritza berarekin ere eramatea. Edonola ere, talde hori orain 7.300 urte inguru iritsi zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberiar_penintsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iberiar penintsula">Iberiar penintsulara</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Duela 5.000 urte inguru <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aitzinindoeuropera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aitzinindoeuropera">indoeuroperarekin</a> lotuta legokeen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yamnaya_kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yamnaya kultura">Yamnaya kultura</a> iritsi zen<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Herri horiek, bereziki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelta">zeltek</a>, ekarri zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolito_eta_Kalkolitoa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolito eta Kalkolitoa Euskal Herrian">Neolitoa Euskal Herrira</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolitoko_iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitoko iraultza">Neolitoaren ezaugarria</a> lehenengo aldiz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekazaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abeltzaintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abeltzaintza">abeltzaintza</a> agertzea izan zen. Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gari">garia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artatxiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artatxiki">artatxikia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olo">oloa</a>... agertu ziren eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txakur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txakur">txakur</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaldi">zaldi</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardi">ardiak</a> etxekotu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroa</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskal_tribuak_Erromatarren_garaian">Euskal tribuak Erromatarren garaian</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Baskoiak.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baskoiak.png/220px-Baskoiak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1573"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baskoiak.png/220px-Baskoiak.png" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baskoiak.png/330px-Baskoiak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baskoiak.png/440px-Baskoiak.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Datu gutxi daude Erromatarren garaiko inguruko tribuen kokapena jakiteko. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antzinako Erroma">Antzinako Erroma</a> gaur egungo Euskal Herrira iritsi zenean, hainbat ziren eremu horretan bizi ziren herriak<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskoi">baskoiak</a> gutxi gorabehera gaur egungo Nafarroan bizi ziren; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barduliar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barduliar">barduliarrak</a> Gipuzkoa eta Araba ekialdean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deba">Deba</a> ibaiaren ekialdean; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karistiar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karistiar">karistiarrak</a> Deba ibaitik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nerbioi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nerbioi">Nerbioi</a> ibairaino; gaur egungo Bizkaiko mendebaldean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autrigoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autrigoi">autrigoiak</a> bizi ziren<sup id="cite_ref-paleografia_61-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-paleografia-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; Araba eta Nafarroako hegoaldean, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> ibaiaren hegoaldean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beroi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beroi">beroiak</a> bizi ziren; azkenik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akitaniar_(antzinako_herria)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akitaniar (antzinako herria)">akitaniarrak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a> eta iparralderago bizi ziren. Tentagarria izan badaiteke ere, bereizketa horrek ez du zerikusirik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalki">euskalkiekin</a>, askoz geroago sortu baitziren<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Egile batzuen arabera, leinu horiek guztiak euskaldunak ziren, toponimiak eta onomastikak adierazten duten bezala<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste ikerketa batzuen arabera, egoera korapilotsuagoa zen: beroiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelta">zeltak</a> ziren, baina ez <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeltiberiar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeltiberiar">zeltiberiarrak</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikerketa batzuen arabera, autrigoiak ere zeltak zirela uste da, haien hiri batzuen <i>-briga</i> amaiera dela eta<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mugak_66-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mugak-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina egun -briga, ez da beti zeltiar izenen ezaugarria, erromatarrek erabili zutelako garai batean, eurek sortutako herri berri askori izena emateko<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Erromatarrak Ebro eta Garona ibaietatik heldu ziren. Ebrotik, K.a. I. mendean heldu ziren gerra zibilen inguruetan. Galiaren inbasioaren garaian heldu ziren Akitaniara (K.a. 46. urtean). Erromatarrak Arku Atlantikoan nabigatzen hasi zirenean, kabotajeko itsas trafikoa loratu zen, hainbat produkturi loturik, bereziki mea. Portu naturalen aldamenean itsasertzeko herriak sortu ziren. Bidasoaren bokalean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oiasso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oiasso">Oisassok</a> garrantzi handia izan zuen.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Erdi_Aroa">Erdi Aroa</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Baskoien_antolamendu_politikoa">Baskoien antolamendu politikoa</h4> </div> <p>581ean, Bladastes duke <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoak">frankoak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txilperiko_I.a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txilperiko I.a">Txilperiko I.a</a> erregearen agindupean, baskoien kontrako espedizio bat bidali zuen Baskoniara;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baskonia hori ez da erromatarren garaikoa eremu murritza, euskal herri guztiak biltzen dituen errealitate bat baizik. Aldi berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioak">Pirinioez</a> hegoaldera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leovigildo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leovigildo">Leovigildo errege</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bisigodo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bisigodo">bisigodoak</a> erasoei ekin zien baskoien kontra Zadorra inguruan, baita inguru horretako baskoiak garaitu ere, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoriacum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoriacum">Victoriacum</a> sortu, egungo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasteiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasteiz">Gasteizen</a> edo gertu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/587?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="587">587an</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskoi">baskoiak</a> aipatzen dira egungo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gers">Gersen</a> edo hurbil erasoka, une horretan frankoen mende zena. Une horretatik, baskoi izenez aipatzen diren herri horiek asaldatuta zebiltzan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eudon_Handia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eudon Handia">Eudon</a> Baskoniako dukea (printzea) zela, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musulmanek_Iberiar_penintsula_konkistatzea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musulmanek Iberiar penintsula konkistatzea">omeiatarrak Iruñera heldu ziren Ipar Afrikatik</a> (714 inguru), 711n <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roderiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roderiko">Roderiko</a> bisigodoa hortxe baskoien kontra borrokan izan ondoren.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karolingioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karolingioak">Karolingiar</a> dinastia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoak">frankoen</a> agintari gailendu zenean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akitania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akitania">Akitania</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskoniako_Dukerria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskoniako Dukerria">Baskoniaren</a> kontra jo zuten, eta baskoiek Pirinioetan aurre egin zieten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orreagako_gudua_(778)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orreagako gudua (778)">778an (Errozabal/Orreaga)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antzeko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orreagako_gudua_(824)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orreagako gudua (824)">824ko batailaren</a> ondorioz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Erresuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Erresuma">Iruñeko jaurerri independentea</a> sortu zen, Nafarroaren ernamuina, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eneko_Arista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eneko Arista">Eneko Enekoitz (Eneko Arista)</a> buruzagi nagusi zuela. Horretarako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutera">Tuterako</a> senide <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muladi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muladi">muladiak</a> izan zituzten lagun, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banukasitarrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banukasitarrak">Banu Qasi</a> izena hartu zutenak.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg/220px-Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg/220px-Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg/330px-Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg/440px-Aragoi_ibaia_-_Pe%C3%B1alen_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> "Erregearen Barga" urrunean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%C3%B1alen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peñalen">Peñalen</a>: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_IV.a_Gartzeitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antso IV.a Gartzeitz">Antso IV.a Gartzeitz erregea</a> erail zuten lekua </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Puente_la_Reina.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Puente_la_Reina.jpg/220px-Puente_la_Reina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="2332"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Puente_la_Reina.jpg/220px-Puente_la_Reina.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Puente_la_Reina.jpg/330px-Puente_la_Reina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Puente_la_Reina.jpg/440px-Puente_la_Reina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gares">Garesko</a> zubia, Donejakueko bideen elkargune </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Foruak.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/220px-Foruak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="998"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/220px-Foruak.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/330px-Foruak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/440px-Foruak.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Foruen zina Gernikan (1476), Mendietaren margolana </figcaption> </figure> <p>Hurrengo bi mendeen gehienean, Baskoniako dukerriak eta Iruñeko Erresumak (905etik) dinamika autonomo bat eraman zuten, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_II.a_Gartzeitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antso II.a Gartzeitz">Antso II.a Gartzeitzen</a> garaian Nafarroak eta Baskoniako dukerriak harremanak estutu zituzten.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_III.a_Gartzeitz_Nagusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antso III.a Gartzeitz Nagusia">Antso III.a Nagusiak</a>, "baskoien erregeak", bere hedadura handienera eraman zuen Iruñeko Erresuma 1032tik 1035era.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lurralde euskaldun guztiak biltzen zituen, beste hainbat lurralderekin batera.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1076?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1076">1076an</a>, ordea, Iruñeko Erresumak utzi egin zion existitzeari, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_IV.a_Gartzeitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antso IV.a Gartzeitz">Antso IV.a Gartzeitz Peñalengoa</a> senideek erail ondoren.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia urte berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donejakue_bidea_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donejakue bidea Euskal Herrian">Donejakue bideko</a> kolonizazioa hasi zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clunyko_abadia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clunyko abadia">Clunyko abadiak</a> bultzaturik. Iruñean, arrotz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoak">frankoentzako</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgu_(hirigintza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgu (hirigintza)">burgu</a> berriak sortu ziren. 1073. urterako, ordu arteko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erritu_hispano-bisigotiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erritu hispano-bisigotiko">mozarabiar erritu kristaua</a> ere baztertua izaten ari zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabako_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabako historia">Araban</a>, eta Erromako erritu berriak ordezkatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapurdi eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoako_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoako historia">Zuberoa</a> Iruñeko Erresumaren inguruan hazi ziren.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nafarroako_Erresuma_nazioarteko_jokoan">Nafarroako Erresuma nazioarteko jokoan</h4> </div> <p>1104tik 1134ra <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfontso_I.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfontso I.a Nafarroakoa">Alfontso <i>Borrokalaria</i></a> Iruñea eta Aragoiko erregeak hegoalderako zabalkunde handia hasi zuen, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebro ibaira</a> heldu: 1119an, Tutera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">andalustarra</a> azpiratu zuen. Errege hori Lapurdi nafarrentzat berreskuratzen ahalegindu zen 1131n, Baionari urtebetez setioa jarriz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilen_X.a_Akitaniakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilen X.a Akitaniakoa">Gilen X.a Akitaniakoaren</a> kontra, baina ez zuen lortu hura hartzea.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1152an, Baiona eta Lapurdi <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantagenet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet dinastiaren</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskoinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaskoinia">Gaskoinian</a> sartuta geratu ziren, hiribildu hori merkataritza-hiri garrantzitsu bihurturik.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>1134an, ezegonkortasun aldi bat ireki zen, Iruñea-Aragoiko erregetza eskuratzeko. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antso_VI.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antso VI.a Nafarroakoa">Antso Jakitunak</a> lortu zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelestino_III.a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelestino III.a">Zelestino III.a</a> aita santuak Antso erregetzat ofizialki aitortzea, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Almohade_dinastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Almohade dinastia">almohadeekin</a> neutraltasuna haustearen truke (1196ko martxoa), baina 1199-1201ean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfontso_VIII.a_Gaztelakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfontso VIII.a Gaztelakoa">Alfontso VIII.ak</a> Nafarroa inbaditu zuen, eta euskal erresumak galdu egin zituen Gipuzkoa, Araba eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durangaldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durangaldea">Durangaldea</a>, Gaztelaren alde.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nafarroa Behereko eskualdeek bat egin zuten 1178tik 1249ra Nafarroako Erresumarekin.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1234?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1234">1234an</a>, Nafarroako errege-erreginen leinuaren azkena izan zen, oinordekorik gabe geratzean, eta kanpoko dinastiak hasi ziren Nafarroan agintzen: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibalt_I.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibalt I.a Nafarroakoa">Tibalt I.a <i>Trobalaria</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_79-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horrek gatazka harrotu zuen euskaldunen eta jatorri arrotzeko burgu eta agintarien artean. Ondorioz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1276?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1276">1276an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nabarreriako_Gerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nabarreriako Gerra">Iruñeko Nabarreria suntsitua</a> izan zen.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_79-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arku Atlantikoko itsas trafikoa sendotzen ari zen, bale ehiza eta salerosketa bereziki, eta Gaztelako erregeak euskal portuetara zihoazen bideak sendotu zituen, hiribildu gehiago sortuz (1256): <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segura">Segura</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agurain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agurain">Agurain</a>, etab.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Bandoen_gerrak">Bandoen gerrak</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahaide_nagusiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahaide nagusiak">Jauntxo askok</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andaluseko</a> gerretan parte hartu zuten eta, Euskal Herrira itzulita, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leinu_gerrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leinu gerrak">bandoen arteko gerra</a> piztu zen, bi taldetan: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agaramontar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agaramontar">agaramontarrak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beaumontar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beaumontar">beaumontarrak</a> Nafarroan, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oinaztar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oinaztar">oinaztarrak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganboatar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganboatar">ganboatarrak</a> Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa eta Lapurdin. Hortik, Gaztelako monarkak atera ziren sendotuta.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>1476an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elisabet_I.a_Gaztelakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elisabet I.a Gaztelakoa">Elisabet I.a</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fernando_II.a_Aragoikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fernando II.a Aragoikoa">Fernando Trastamarakoa</a> errege-erreginak hitzarmen batera heldu ziren Gaztelaren peko euskaldunekin. Bitartean, errege horrek Nafarroako Erresuma <i>de facto</i> Gaztelaren protektoratu bihurtu zuen Tuterako Hitzarmenaz (1476an bertan),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta hura erabat kontrolatzeko taktika politiko-militarrei ekin zien, Nafarroan beaumontarrak lagun hartuta.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_82-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1454an, Baiona Frantziako Koroaren eskuetan erori zen.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aro_Modernoa">Aro Modernoa</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_(8347674349).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg/220px-Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg/220px-Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg/330px-Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg/440px-Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_%288347674349%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Arrantzale euskaldun bat itsasontzian etzanda Ternuara bidean </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg/220px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="777"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg/220px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg/330px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg/440px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_079_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joana_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joana III.a Nafarroakoa">Joana III.a nafar erregina</a> (1555-1572) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png/220px-Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png/220px-Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png/330px-Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png/440px-Mirandaola_burdinola_0001.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mirandaola_burdinola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mirandaola burdinola">Mirandaolako</a> olagizonak lanean (egungo itxurapena) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:1712_Basque_districts.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1712_Basque_districts.png/220px-1712_Basque_districts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="767"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1712_Basque_districts.png/220px-1712_Basque_districts.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1712_Basque_districts.png/330px-1712_Basque_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1712_Basque_districts.png/440px-1712_Basque_districts.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 1712ko Euskal Herriko mapa </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nafarroako_Erresumaren_konkistatik_Ameriketara">Nafarroako Erresumaren konkistatik Ameriketara</h4> </div> <p>Errege Katolikoen interbentzioaz, bandoen gerra amaitu zen, eta jauntxoen dorretxeen goialdeak moztu zituzten. 1512an, berriz, Fernando Trastamarakoak (Katolikoak) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_konkista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako konkista">Nafarroako Erresuma inbaditzeko</a> agindu zuen azkenean.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontraerasoak eta erresistentzia izan baziren ere (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noaingo_gudua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noaingo gudua">Noaingo gudua</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amaiurko_gazteluaren_setioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amaiurko gazteluaren setioa">Amaiurko setioa</a>), Gaztela-Espainia garaile atera zen 1528 arte luzatu zen gerra ia etengabean. Cisnerosek erresumako gaztelu dorreak eraisteko agindu zuen (1516).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Erresumaren konkistari errepresio gogor batek jarraitu zion,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_82-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_sorgin_ehiza_(1525)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako sorgin ehiza (1525)">Nafarroako lehen "sorgin ehizak"</a> hasi ziren (1525).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrike_II.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrike II.a Nafarroakoa">Henrike II.a</a> nafar errege-erreginen premuak Pirinioez iparraldeko Nafarroako Erresuma independenteari eman zion hasiera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bearnoko_bizkonderria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearnoko bizkonderria">Bearnoko printzerriari</a> lotua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aita_Santuen_Lurraldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aita Santuen Lurraldea">Erromaren</a> dogmei eta politikei aurkajarria, erreformista.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, Nafarroa Garaiak ez zituen galdu bere ordu arteko erakundeak. Hala Nafarroa Garaian, nola Araba, Bizkai eta Gipuzkoan aldundiak sortu ziren.</p> <p>Bitartean, Gaztelako errege-erreginek eta, gero, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlos_V.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlos V.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa">Karlos V.a enperadoreak</a> diruz lagundu zituzten hasieran <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoaz</a> mendebaldeko euskal <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontziola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontziola">ontziolak</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burdinola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burdinola">Burdinolen</a> aurrerabide teknologikoak ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontziola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontziola">itsasontzigintza</a> hauspotu zuen; euskaldunek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ternuako_Banku_Handiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ternuako Banku Handiak">Ternuan baseak</a> ezarri ere zituzten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balea">bale</a> ehiza eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bakailao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bakailao">bakailao</a> arrantzaren epelean.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ipar Atlantikoko euskaldunen arrantza eta merkataritza bere gorenera heldu zen, eta Ameriketara, oro har, hedatu ziren, XVI. mendean Atlantiko Itsasoko nagusi bihurtzeraino.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bestalde, euskaldun asko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarkia_Hispaniko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarkia Hispaniko">Karlos V.aren Ameriketako inperio berrira</a> erbesteratzen hasi ziren bizitza hobe baten bila. Lehen garai honetan, Gaztelako Koroaren banderapean zenbait pertsonaia ezagun heldu ziren Ameriketara: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lope_Agirre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lope Agirre">Lope Agirre</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedro_Urtsua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedro Urtsua">Petri Urtsua</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Garai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Garai">Juan Garai</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Zumarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Zumarraga">Juan Zumarraga</a>, etab. Fortuna hobearen bila joandako euskaldunek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arto">artoa</a> ekarri zuten, besteak beste, ordu arte erein gabeko lurren lanketa eta demografia hazkundea sustatu zuena. Aldi berean, baserrien eraikuntzak ugaldu egin ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Jazarpenaren_itzalean,_itsasoari_begira"><span id="Jazarpenaren_itzalean.2C_itsasoari_begira"></span>Jazarpenaren itzalean, itsasoari begira</h4> </div> <p>Aldiz, Ameriketarako kontratazio etxea Sevilla eta Cadizera aldatzeak eta erregeen gerrarako deiek (bertan behera uzten zituzten arrantza kanpainak, eta itsasontziak konfiskatzen), handiena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itsas_Armada_Garaiezina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itsas Armada Garaiezina">Itsas Armada Garaiezina</a> (1588), kinka batean jarri zuten euskal itsas jarduera Bidasoaz mendebaldera; koroak, gainera, zerga berriak ezarri zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lehia handia zen euskal portuen artean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baiona">Baiona</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostiako_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostiako historia">Donostia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboko historia">Bilbo</a> bereziki, Gaztela eta Nafarroako (eta gutxiago Aragoiko) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artile">artile</a> eta beste ondasun batzuen trafikoa itsasoratzeko. Donostiako Udalak bere diru kutxa hutsak betetzeko, zerga berriak ezarri zizkien porturatutako salgaiei, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aturri">Aturri ibaia</a> berriz hasi zen Baionan itsasoratzen eta, ondorioz, Nafarroako merkataritzaren trafiko nagusia Baionara bideratu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bitartean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joana_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joana III.a Nafarroakoa">Joana Albretekoa</a> erreginaren Nafarroak kultura eta politika dinamismo handiko estatu bihurtu zen, bi erresuma handiren artean kolokan; izan ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Erresuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Erresuma">Frantzia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelako_koroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaztelako koroa">Gaztelako Koroek</a> beren zentralizazio ahaleginak areagotu zituzten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foru">foruen</a> kontra talka eginez. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1620?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1620">1620</a> Nafarroako Erresuma-Biarnoren azkena izan zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luis_XII.a_Frantziakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luis XII.a Frantziakoa">Luis XII.a errege frantsesak</a>, armada baten buruan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paue">Pauen</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paueko_ediktua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paueko ediktua">Nafarroa Frantziako lurraldeei lotzeko agindu</a> zuenean.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_baleazaleak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko baleazaleak">Bale ehizaren epelean</a>, Lapurdik oparoaldia bizi zuen, idazlanen argitalpenean islatu zena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrike_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrike III.a Nafarroakoa">Henrike IV.ak (Nafarroako III.ak)</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_de_Lancre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre de Lancre">Pierre de Lancre</a> epailea bidali zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorgin-ehiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorgin-ehiza">"sorgin ehizara"</a> bertara 1609an; jazarpenaren izua <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugarramurdiko_sorginkeria_prozesua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugarramurdiko sorginkeria prozesua">Zugarramurdira zabaldu zen</a> ia berehala, ordurakoan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inkisizioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inkisizioa">Inkisizioaren</a> eskutik. 1631tik 1634ra, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gatzaren_matxinada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gatzaren matxinada">Gatzaren Matxinada</a> piztu zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko historia">Bizkaian</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espekulazio_(ekonomia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espekulazio (ekonomia)">espekulazioaren</a> kontra.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Absolutismoaren_goraldia">Absolutismoaren goraldia</h4> </div> <p>Koroak begiz jota baitzituen herri lurrak, jauntxoen artean banatuz, 1659an <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matalas_apaizaren_matxinada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matalas apaizaren matxinada">Matalaz horren kontra altxa</a> zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoako_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoako historia">Zuberoan</a>. Hurrengo urtean, hura zapalduta, Frantziako eta Gaztelako Koroak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioetako_Hitzarmena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioetako Hitzarmena">Pirinioetako Hitzarmena</a> sinatu zuten, Nafarroaren inguruko auzia itxiz. Europako erregeek sinatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrechteko_Ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrechteko Ituna">Utretchtko Ituna (1713)</a> kaltegarria izan zen euskal marinelentzat<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta handik gutxira, gainera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipe_V.a_Espainiakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipe V.a Espainiakoa">Filipe V.a Borboi erregeak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aduana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aduana">aduanak</a> Ebrotik Pirinioetara eta itsasora eramateko egindako ahaleginak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1718ko_matxinada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1718ko matxinada">matxinada piztu zuen 1718an</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aduana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aduana">Aduanak</a>, baina, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebro">Ebrora</a> leheneratu ziren eta, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1727ko_Hitzarmena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1727ko Hitzarmena">lortutako hitzarmenaren</a> ondorioz (1727), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracasko_Gipuzkoar_Konpainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracasko Gipuzkoar Konpainia">Caracasko Gipuzkoar Konpainia</a> sortu zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merkantilismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merkantilismo">joera politiko-ekonomiko berrien haritik</a>.</p> <p>Hurrengo urteetan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazioa</a> zabaldu zen Euskal Herrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uztaritze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uztaritze">Uztaritzen</a> adibidez, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalerriaren_Adiskideen_Elkartea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalerriaren Adiskideen Elkartea">Euskalerrriaren Adiskideen Elkartea</a> sortu zen (1765), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesusen_Lagundiaren_1767ko_kanporaketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesusen Lagundiaren 1767ko kanporaketa">Jesusen Konpainiaren kaltetan</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1766?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1766">1766an</a> kanporatua izan baitzen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1766ko_matxinada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1766ko matxinada">urte bereko matxinadaren</a> ostean. 1766 eta 1768an, Karlos III.a erregeak emandako agindu batek gaztelania ezarri zuen goi-mailako hezkuntza bakartzat, eta debekatu egin zen gaztelaniaz bestelako hizkuntzetan argitaratzea;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ondorioz, ez zen euskarazko argitalpenik izan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberiar_Penintsulako_Gerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iberiar Penintsulako Gerra">frantsestea</a> amaitu arte.</p> <p>1778an, errege berberak emandako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merkataritza_Libreko_Erregelamendua_(1778)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merkataritza Libreko Erregelamendua (1778)">Merkataritza Libreko Erregelamenduak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldunen</a> interesen kontra jokatu zuen, Bilbo, Donostia eta beste portuak Espainiar Inperioan atzerritartzat hartuz, Ebroko aduanen inguruko tentsioaren erdian. 1780an, britainiarrek Caracasko Gipuzkoar Konpainiaren ia ontzidi osoa harrapatu zuten, konpainia kinka larri batean utziz; 1785ean, desegin egin zen eta, konpainiaren hondarrak probestuz (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banco_San_Carlos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banco San Carlos">San Carlos Bankua</a> sortzearen bidez), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipinetako_Konpainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipinetako Konpainia">Filipinetako Errege Konpainia</a> sortu zen.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aro_Garaikidea">Aro Garaikidea</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Frantses_Iraultzaren_astindua">Frantses Iraultzaren astindua</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_(1793-1795).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png/220px-Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="802"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png/220px-Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png/330px-Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png/440px-Konbentzioaren_Gerra_EHn_%281793-1795%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Konbentzioaren Gerra (1793-1795) </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1789?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1789">1789an</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantziar Iraultzak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruen_amaiera_Ipar_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruen amaiera Ipar Euskal Herrian">eragin erabatekoa izan zuen Ipar Euskal Herrian</a>, haren asimilazio politikoa ekarri baitzuen. Hala <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirinioak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirinioak">Pirinioez</a> iparraldera nola hegoaldera, estatu handien konstituzioen garaia hasi zen, baita Euskal Herriarentzako gerra aro luze eta lazgarri bat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pío Baroja">Pio Barojak</a> 1793tik 1876ra bitartean kokatzen duena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_departamendu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako departamendu">1790ko departamenduen sorrerari</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Pirinioetako_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendebaldeko Pirinioetako Armada">Pirinio Mendebaldeko Armadaren</a> etorrerak jarraitu zion, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurtarren_deportazioa_(1794)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurtarren deportazioa (1794)">izuaren hasiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konbentzioaren_Gerra_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konbentzioaren Gerra Euskal Herrian">1793ko otsailean Konbentzioaren Gerra</a> piztu ondoren. Lapurdik bereziki pairatu zuen hura, jazarpen handi batez: askok hegoaldera muga pasa zuten, edo erbesteratu.</p> <p>Gerra giroan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoako_Foru_Aldundia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia">foru aldundia</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoako_Errepublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoako Errepublika">Gipuzkoako Errepublika aldarrikatzera</a> heldu zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Godoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy espainiar ministro ahalguztidunak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruen_amaiera_Hego_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruen amaiera Hego Euskal Herrian">Hego Euskal Herriko foruen kontra</a> jo zuen, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basileako_Ituna_(1795eko_apirilaren_5)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basileako Ituna (1795eko apirilaren 5)">Basileako Bakea</a> sinatu (1795). Godoyen planen kontra, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamakolada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamakolada">Zamakolada altxamendua</a> piztu zen Bilbon (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1804?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1804">1804</a>). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberiar_Penintsulako_Gerra_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iberiar Penintsulako Gerra Euskal Herrian">Frantsestean (1808tik aurrera)</a>, armada frantsesa Euskal Herrian zabaldu zen berriz ere; foruak eta gizarte egitura tradizionalak kolokan jarri ziren. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1812ko_Espainiako_Konstituzioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1812ko Espainiako Konstituzioa">1812ko Cadizko Konstituzioak</a> Euskal Herriko foruak laudatu zituen, baina <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiar_nazionalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiar nazionalismo">espainiar nazio bakarraz</a> hitz egiten zuen, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1812ko_Espainiako_Konstituzioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1812ko Espainiako Konstituzioa Euskal Herrian">foruak desegin beharraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1813">1813ko</a> irailean, frantseste ia amaieran, Cadizko agintarien aliatuek, britainiar eta portugaldarrek, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostiako_Setioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostiako Setioa">Donostia suntsitu zuten</a>. Ipar Euskal Herrian, Kode Napoleonikoaren aplikazioak oinordekotza tradizionala eta herri lurren erabilera errotik aldatu zuen. Askok erbesterako bidea hartu zuten, Ameriketara. Lapurdik eta Ipar Euskal Herriak berezko dinamika bat izatetik estatu handi baten periferia izatera pasa ziren, eta eliteen turismorako atsedenleku: 1854tik aurrera, Baionara burdinbidea heltzearekin batera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biarritz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> turismogune bihurtu zen eta bide bera jarraitu zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanbo">Kanbok</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donibane_Lohizune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donibane Lohizune">Donibane Lohizunek</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hendaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hendaia">Hendaiak</a> eta abarrek. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burdinbide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burdinbide">Burdinbideak</a> estatu frantses berriaren oinarriak ekarri zituen.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Karlistaldiak_eta_foruen_amaiera">Karlistaldiak eta foruen amaiera</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> Europan garaituta, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fernando_VII.a_Borboikoa_(Espainia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fernando VII.a Borboikoa (Espainia)">Fernando VII.a</a> "Espainietako Errege" izendatu zuten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absolutismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutismo">absolutista</a> berrezarri zuena, eta foruen aldekoa. Horrek euskaldunen babesa ekarri zion, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1812ko_Espainiako_Konstituzioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1812ko Espainiako Konstituzioa">Cadizko Konstituzioaren</a> kontra. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inkisizioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inkisizioa">Inkisizioa</a> berrezarri zen, eta ez zuen eragotzi neurri <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zentralismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zentralismo">zentralizatzaile</a> berriak ezartzea. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafalgarko_gudua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafalgarko gudua">Trafalgarko Guduaren</a> ondoren, Espainiako Borboien armada suntsituta geratu zen, tartean zela Euskal Herriko gehiena. Bretainia Handia bilakatu zen Atlantikoaren jaun eta jabe eta, itsas azpiegitura hautsita, Ameriketako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiatik_independentzia_lortu_duten_herrialdeen_zerrenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Espainiatik independentzia lortu duten herrialdeen zerrenda">independentzia prozesua hasi zen</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipinetako_Errege_Konpainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinetako Errege Konpainia">Filipinetako Errege Konpainia</a> desegin egin zen 1830erako, lehia arazoek eta Espainiako Koroaren diru kutxa hutsetarako eman kredituek zamatuta. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burdinola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burdinola">Burdinolak</a> ezin ziren lehiatu gehiago Britainia Handiko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_Iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria Iraultza">industriaren aurrerapen teknologikoekin</a>, baina kinka larri horretan, burgesia merkatariko elementu batzuek, adibidez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Ybarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Antonio Ybarra">Jose Antonio Ybarrak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espekulazio_(ekonomia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espekulazio (ekonomia)">espekulaziotik</a> ateratako irabaziak kapital bihurtu eta berrinbertitu zituzten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bessemer_prozesua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer prozesua">Bessemer prozesuan</a> (1856ko abendutik aurrera). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1843">1843an</a>, Lehen Karlistaldiaren ondoren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Santa_Ana_de_Bolueta&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Santa Ana de Bolueta (sortu gabe)">Santa Ana de Bolueta fabrika</a> ireki zen, ugazaba eta enplegatuak zituena.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg/220px-Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg/220px-Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg/330px-Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg/440px-Fin_de_la_Guerra_del_Norte_Karlistaldia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Lehen Karlistaldiaren amaiera </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg/170px-Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg/170px-Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg/255px-Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg/340px-Donibane_Lohizuneko_Lore_Jokoak_1892.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Lore Jokoen posterra, Donibane Lohizune </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg/220px-Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg/220px-Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg/330px-Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg/440px-Pasaiako_San_Roke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> San Roke ontziola, Pasaia (1920) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal herritarrak armatu egin ziren, kanpotar armaden gehiegikeriei eta liberal konstituzionalistei aurre egiteko. 1829an, azken <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Gorteak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Gorteak">Nafarroako Gorteak</a> egin ziren. Handik gutxira, 1833ko urrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lehen_Karlistaldia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lehen Karlistaldia">Lehen Karlistaldia</a> piztu zen, Fernando VII.aren oinordekoaren auzia piztu zenean. 1836an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Diputazioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Diputazioa">Nafarroako Erresumako Aldundia</a> desegin egin zen indarrez, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probintziako_aldundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Probintziako aldundi">probintziako aldundia</a> ezarri zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yanguas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Yanguas">José Yanguas</a> idazkari izango zuena.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_95-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:32-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1839an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%C3%B1atiko_ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oñatiko ituna">Oñatiko itunak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bergarako_besarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bergarako besarkada">Bergarako besarkadak</a> amaiera eman zioten karlistaldiari. 1841eko udan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Foruak_Eraldatzeko_Legea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako Foruak Eraldatzeko Legea">Foruak Eraldatzeko Legea</a> ezarri zen Nafarroan, probintziako aldundiak hala onartuta, gobernuaren armadak Nafarroa okupatuta zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_95-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:32-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruen_amaiera_Hego_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruen amaiera Hego Euskal Herrian">Aduanak Ebrotik Pirinio eta itsasora</a> eraman ziren, abuztu horretan eta 1841eko urrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Esparterok</a> armadaren buruan Gasteizen emandako aginduz.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_96-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:33-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Artean, Arabak, Bizkaiak eta Gipuzkoak gorde egin zuten erregimen autonomo bat, Espainiako Konstituzioetan txertatuta (1837, 1844...). Probintzia horietan, herritarrek ez zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soldadutza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soldadutza">zerbitzu militarra</a> egingo eta eutsi egin zieten beren zerga bilketari. 1872an, baina, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigarren_Karlistaldia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigarren Karlistaldia">Bigarren Karlistaldia</a> hasi zen Hego Euskal Herrian. Gerra gogorra eta higatzailea izan zen hau ere eta, amaitutakoan, Espainiako gobernuak bertan behera utzi zituen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruen_amaiera_Hego_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruen amaiera Hego Euskal Herrian">indarrean geratzen ziren foruen hondarrak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Industrializazio_masiboa_eta_turismoa,_nazio_estatuen_pean"><span id="Industrializazio_masiboa_eta_turismoa.2C_nazio_estatuen_pean"></span>Industrializazio masiboa eta turismoa, nazio estatuen pean</h4> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerra-lege?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerra-lege">Gerra legea</a> ezarri zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876">1876an</a> Hego Euskal Herrian, bi urtez. Trukean, Arabak, Bizkaiak eta Gipuzkoak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Ekonomia_Ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Ekonomia Ituna">Ekonomia Ituna</a> eskuratu zuten 1878an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermin_Lasala_Collado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermin Lasala Collado">Fermin Lasalak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Canovas del Castillok</a> bultzatua.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_99-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:41-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasieran, aldi baterako zen itun horrek arrakasta handia izan zuen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">industria garapen handia</a> eta irabaziak barra-barra ekarriz tokiko eliteentzat, eta formula errepikatu egin zen behin eta berriz. Espainiako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Merkatu_gatibu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Merkatu gatibu (sortu gabe)">merkatu gatibuak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboaldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboaldea">Bilbo Handiko</a> industria garapena ekarri zuen, eta Espainiatik esku merke ugari erakarri.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_100-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euskaldunek, berriz, hamar milaka hartu zuten deserriko bidea, Ameriketara gehienetan. Hor kokatzen zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Maria_Iparragirre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Maria Iparragirre">Jose Mari Iparragirre</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlismo">Karlismoa</a> indartsu hazi zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_100-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Industriaren garapenarekin batera, demografia hazkundea izugarri hazi zen, bereziki Bilbo inguruan. Erdal etorkin horien baldintzak, berriz, oso eskasak ziren, eta berehala espainiar sindikatu sozialistak sortu ziren Bilbo inguruan, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890eko_Bizkaiko_greba_orokorra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890eko Bizkaiko greba orokorra">lehen greba orokorra deitu ere 1890ean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nafarroan, Espainiako gobernuak alde bakarrez Nafarroako baldintza fiskalak aldatzeko egin zuen ahaleginaren ondorioz, foruen aldeko aldarri bihurtu ziren 1893an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamazada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamazada">Gamazada deitutako protestak</a> harrotuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_102-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:43-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabino Aranak</a> hurbiletik jarraitu zituen Nafarroako gertakariak, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elkartasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elkartasun">elkartasuna</a> agertu ere; 1893ko abuztuan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanrokada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanrokada">Sanrokada</a> izan zen Gernikan, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euzko_Alderdi_Jeltzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea">Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea</a> sortu zen gutxira.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_102-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:43-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitartean, Hego Euskal Herriko lau aldundiek loturak ezarri zituzten elkarren interesak babesteko. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_abertzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusko abertzaletasun">Euskal abertzaletasuna</a> Bizkaitik Gipuzkoa, Araba, eta Nafarroara hedatu zen, baita egindako hauteskundeetan sendotu ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_100-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>1852an <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urru%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urruña">Urruñan</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Abadia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Abadia">Anton Abadiak</a> bultzaturik hasitako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Lore_Jokoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Lore Jokoak">Lore Jokoak</a> beste lurraldeetara hedatu ziren XIX. mende amaiera baino lehen. Bigarren Karlistaldiaren amaierak euskal kulturaren aldeko ekintzen aldi bati eman zion hasiera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936">1936an</a> amaitu zena, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lehen_Euskal_Pizkundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehen Euskal Pizkundea">Pizkundea deitua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_103-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#2_101-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrako aldean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerrak</a> Frantziako Iraultzak baino eragin handiagoa izan zuen euskal nortasunaren oinarrietan.<sup id="cite_ref-Egaña20111106_104-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ega%C3%B1a20111106-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alde batetik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdin</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherean</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoan</a> «belaunaldi oso bat desagertu zen», <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Ega%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iñaki Egaña">Iñaki Egaña</a> historialariak dioenez; bestetik, ipar euskal herritarrak frantsestu zituen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskararen_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskararen historia">euskararen</a> transmisioan etenaldi luze bat izan zen. Ez bakarrik gerraren ondorioz, baina euskaldun izatea zama gisa bizi izan zuten anitzek.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidegain20081111_105-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bidegain20081111-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aldiz, gerrako ontzigintzaren eta altzairuzko produktuen esportazioei esker, ekonomiaren garapen handia izan zen Gipuzkoan eta Bilbo Handian.</p> <p>Hala ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">Sobiet Batasuna</a> sortu eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langileen_mugimendua_Espainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langileen mugimendua Espainian">langile mugimenduaren</a> indarraren aurrean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Riverak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primo_de_Riveraren_diktadura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primo de Riveraren diktadura">diktadura ezarri zuen Espainian</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1923">1923an</a>, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primo_de_Riveraren_diktadura_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primo de Riveraren diktadura Euskal Herrian">legez kanpo geratu ziren</a> mugimendu ezkertiarrak eta euskal abertzaleak. 1930ean, ordea, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfontso_XIII.a_Borboikoa_(Espainia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfontso XIII.a Borboikoa (Espainia)">Espainiako Monarkiaren</a> krisia heldu zen, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Bigarren_Errepublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Bigarren Errepublika">II. Errepublika</a> aldarrikatu estatu horretan. Euskal kulturak pizkundea bizi izan zuen berriz. Bitartean, Ipar Euskal Herrian euskaldunek politika aukera kontserbadore eta katolikoen aldeko hautua egin zuten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Ibarnegarai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Ibarnegarai">Jean Ibarnegarai pilotari nafarra</a> buru zutela.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hego Euskal Herrian, bi talde nagusi sortu ziren: batzuk <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriarentzako_Sortaraua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriarentzako Sortaraua">euskal estatutu</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demokrazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demokrazia">demokraziaren</a> aldekoak eta besteak, berriz, kontra, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faxismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faxismo">faxismoari</a> atxikiak.</p> <p><br></p> <table style="background-color: #F9D4D4; width:100%; border-radius: 6px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <center></center> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Iruñeko foruen monumentua (1903), herri diru bilketaz eraikia"> <noscript> <img alt="Iruñeko foruen monumentua (1903), herri diru bilketaz eraikia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg/180px-Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg/180px-Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg" data-alt="Iruñeko foruen monumentua (1903), herri diru bilketaz eraikia" data-width="120" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg/270px-Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg/360px-Pamplona_-_Monumento_a_los_Fueros_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruen_monumentua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruen monumentua">Iruñeko foruen monumentua (1903)</a>, herri diru bilketaz eraikia </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilboko Areatzako zubia (Darío de Regoyos, 1910)"> <noscript> <img alt="Bilboko Areatzako zubia (Darío de Regoyos, 1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg/316px-Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="779"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg/316px-Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg" data-alt="Bilboko Areatzako zubia (Darío de Regoyos, 1910)" data-width="211" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg/473px-Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg/631px-Dario_de_Regoyos_-_El_puente_del_arenal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bilboko Areatzako zubia (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_de_Regoyos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darío de Regoyos">Darío de Regoyos</a>, 1910) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 330.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 328.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercero y Cía ehundegian (Lasarte-Orian), 20ko hamarkada"> <noscript> <img alt="Mercero y Cía ehundegian (Lasarte-Orian), 20ko hamarkada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png/493px-Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png" decoding="async" width="329" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3517" data-file-height="1713"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 329px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png/493px-Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png" data-alt="Mercero y Cía ehundegian (Lasarte-Orian), 20ko hamarkada" data-width="329" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png/740px-Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png/986px-Industrializazioa_Oria_Brunet_5.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mercero y Cía ehundegian (Lasarte-Orian), 20ko hamarkada </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Irun eta Hondarribiaren okupazioa (1936ko iraila)"> <noscript> <img alt="Irun eta Hondarribiaren okupazioa (1936ko iraila)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg/179px-Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1417"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg/179px-Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg" data-alt="Irun eta Hondarribiaren okupazioa (1936ko iraila)" data-width="120" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg/268px-Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg/358px-Lagonie_dIrun_1936.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irungo_gudua_(1936)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irungo gudua (1936)">Irun eta Hondarribiaren okupazioa</a> (1936ko iraila) </div></li> </ul></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Gerra,_diktadura_eta_kontsumoaren_gizartea"><span id="Gerra.2C_diktadura_eta_kontsumoaren_gizartea"></span>Gerra, diktadura eta kontsumoaren gizartea</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Zazpiribai.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/220px-Zazpiribai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/220px-Zazpiribai.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/330px-Zazpiribai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zazpiribai.jpg/440px-Zazpiribai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairuren</a> epelean </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936ko_uztaileko_Espainiako_estatu-kolpea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936ko uztaileko Espainiako estatu-kolpea">1936ko uztailean, militarren eta karlisten estatu kolpea</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">Espainiako Gerra Zibila bihurtu zen</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila Euskal Herrian">1937 arte euskal lurraldean</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Ekonomia_Ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Ekonomia Ituna">Ekonomia Ituna</a> bertan behera geratu zen Gipuzkoan eta Bizkaian. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerra">Gerra</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerraoste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerraoste">gerraostea</a> latzak izan ziren, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gernikako_bonbardaketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gernikako bonbardaketa">Gernikako bonbardaketa</a> bilakatu zen euskal herriaren pairamenaren ikur. 150.000 euskaldunek deserriko bidea hartu zuten, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936ko_Euskadiren_Autonomia_Estatutua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936ko Euskadiren Autonomia Estatutua">Eusko Jaurlaritza sortu berriak</a> ere.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra Euskal Herrian">Mundu Gerraren</a> amaierak ez zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Franco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Franco">Franco diktadorea</a> boteretik urrundu uste ez bezala, eta euskaldun asko etsipenak jota zeuden. Iheslari batzuek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gurseko_kontzentrazio-esparrua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gurseko kontzentrazio-esparrua">Gurs aterpe esparruan</a> amaitu zuten, kontzentrazio esparru bihurtua. Gurs, Nafarroa Beherea ekialdea eta Zuberoa bezala, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vichyko_gobernua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vichyko gobernua">Vichyren pean</a> geratu zen; Lapurdi, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra Euskal Herrian">Alemaniaren okupaziopean (1940)</a>.</p> <p>Diktadoreak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autarkia_(ekonomia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autarkia (ekonomia)">autarkia</a> bat ezarri zuen Espainiarako, eta Gipuzkoa eta Bizkaiko industria sustatu; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskara</a> eta, oro har, euskal kultura debekatuak izan ziren. Espainiako etorkin ugari etorrarazi zituen, asmo politiko eta ekonomiko batez. Errepresio gogorraren erdian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_Ta_Askatasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi Ta Askatasuna">ETA erakundea</a> sortu zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1959">1959an</a>, erregimenaren kontrako ekintza zuzenaren aldekoa. 1968an eta hurrengo urteetan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salbuespen_egoera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salbuespen egoera">salbuespen egoera</a> ezarri zuen erregimenak. Kulturan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaur_(artista-taldea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaur (artista-taldea)">Gaur</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairu</a> taldeak sortu ziren;<sup id="cite_ref-#3_103-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a>, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enbata_(alderdi_politikoa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enbata (alderdi politikoa)">Enbata euskal mugimendu abertzalea</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1978">1978an</a>, berriz, Franco hil eta hauteskunde demokratikoen sistema ezarri zen, 1980an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa</a> sortu zen, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Ekonomia_Ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Ekonomia Ituna">ekonomia itunak</a> berrezarri ere. Nafarroak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Foru_Hobekuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Foru Hobekuntza">Foru Hobekuntza erregimenaren</a> bidea jarraitu zuen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Langile_Alderdi_Sozialista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Langile Alderdi Sozialista">PSOEk</a> bere jarrera aldatu ostean. Protesten eta ETAren erasoen indarrez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemoizko_zentral_nuklearra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemoizko zentral nuklearra">Lemoizko zentral nuklearra</a> itxi zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_astun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria astun">Industria astuna</a>, aldi berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria-birmoldaketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria-birmoldaketa">birmoldatzen</a> hasi zen, depresio giroan. Estatu arteko mugak irekitzen hasi ziren: 1993ko urtarrilean, Frantzia-Espainiakoa, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europar_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europar Batasuna">Europar Batasunaren</a> barruan.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusko Jaurlaritzak teknologia-berrikuntzaren eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Informazio_eta_komunikazio_teknologiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Informazio eta komunikazio teknologiak">IKTen</a> alde egin zuen; Euskaltel sortu zuen (1995), eta Guggenheim Museoa eztabaidagarria eraiki (1997). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikastola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ikastola">Ikastolak</a> ugaldu egin ziren, eta euskal hedabideak indarra hartzen joan ziren, tartean zela <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldunon_Egunkaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldunon Egunkaria">Euskaldunon Egunkaria</a>.</p> <p>1998tik aurrera, "<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dena_da_ETA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dena da ETA">Dena da ETA</a>" goiburupean hainbat errepresio ekintza egin ziren euskal erakunde abertzale eta euskaltzaleen kontra. Nafarroan euskal kulturaren kontrako joera politiko bat nagusitu zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafar_Herriaren_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafar Herriaren Batasuna">UPNren eskutik</a> 1998tik aurrera. Hurrengo urteetan, ekonomia oparoaldiko urteak izan ziren, eta azpiegituren garapen urteak. 1997an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mondragon_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mondragon Unibertsitatea">Mondragon Unibertsitatea</a> sortu zen, 1999an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia_International_Physics_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia International Physics Center">DIPC</a>, eta 2009an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NanoGUNE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NanoGUNE">Nanogunea</a>, ikerketa, berrikuntza eta teknologiaren aldeko sinergia publiko-pribatuen emaitza gisa. 2011n, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2008ko_krisialdi_ekonomikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2008ko krisialdi ekonomikoa">krisialdi ekonomikoak</a> gogor astindu zuen Euskal Herria; ETAk, berriz, behin betiko su-etena eman zuen.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Demografia">Demografia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_demografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko demografia">Euskal Herriko demografia</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaindegia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaindegia">Gaindegiak</a> bildutako datuen arabera, 2020an Euskal Herrian 3.193.513 pertsona bizi ziren. Horietatik, herena pasatxo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaian</a>, bostetik bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoan</a>, ia beste horrenbeste <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a>, hamarretik bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araban</a>, eta zerbait gutxiago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a> (xehetasunak beheko taulan).<sup id="cite_ref-EHbiztan2020_110-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EHbiztan2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><br></p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Herrialdea</th> <th>Urtea</th> <th>Biztanleria</th> <th>Biztanleria %</th> <th><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dentsitate_(argipena)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Dentsitate (argipena)">Dentsitatea</a></th> </tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td>Euskal Herria</td> <td>2020<sup id="cite_ref-EHbiztan2020_110-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EHbiztan2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3.193.513</td> <td>% 100</td> <td>152,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>335.805</td> <td>10,5</td> <td>101,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>1.159.717</td> <td>36,3</td> <td>523,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>727.121</td> <td>22,8</td> <td>380,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>263.175</td> <td>8,2</td> <td>306,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>31.832</td> <td>1,0</td> <td>24,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaia</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>661.197</td> <td>20,7</td> <td>63,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>14.666</td> <td>0,5</td> <td>18,0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> <p><br> 2014an, euskal herritarren % 72,8 dira bertan jaioak. Kanpoan jaiotakoen arteko gehienak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantzian</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainian</a> sortu dira (% 18,6), eta beste tokiren batean jaio dira % 8,6.<sup id="cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Petxarroman20141005-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2019ko Gaindegiaren datuek azaleratu zutenez, Euskal Herriko biztanleen laurdena kanpoan jaioa da; are, Ipar Euskal Herrian, % 43 izatera heltzen dira. Hego Euskal Herrian, berriz, % 29 jaio dira herrialdetik kanpora.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bost biztanletik lauk (% 79k) erdara dute lehen hizkuntza. Horien artean % 74,1ek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztelania">gaztelania</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantses">frantsesa</a> dute lehen hizkuntza, eta % 4,9k beste hizkuntzaren bat. Horien artean 34 hizkuntza antzeman dituzte inkesta egileek. Euskara lehen hizkuntza duten herritarrak % 15,6 dira, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskara</a> eta beste bat edo beste batzuk % 4,6. Euskara edo gaztelania eta frantsesa ez den beste hizkuntza bat dakiten gehienek (% 85,2) erabiltzen dute hizkuntza hori senide edo herrikideekin. Beste % 9,9k erabili nahiko lukete. Euskal herritar gehienak eremu pribatuan norbere kultura mantentzeko eskubidearen aldekoak dira (% 93,2). Administrazioak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kultura">kultura</a> bat baino gehiago bultzatzearen aldekoak: % 64,2. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hezkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hezkuntza">Hezkuntza</a> sisteman bertan bizi diren kolektiboen hizkuntzek eta kulturek toki bat izan beharko luketela % 56,3k babesten du. Euskal herritarren % 80,2k uste dute migratzaileei gaztelania eta frantsesa jakiteko eskatu behar zaiela. Askoz gutxiago dira, berriz, euskara jakin behar dutela diotenen portzentajea: % 53,2.<sup id="cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Petxarroman20141005-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Identitate&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Identitate (sortu gabe)">identitate</a> kolektibo nagusia euskal herritar eta espainiar edo frantziar sentitzen direnek osatutakoa da: % 33,2. Gertutik jarraitzen die euskal herritar bakarrik sentitzen direnek osatutako multzoak (% 28,6), eta atzerago dago soilik frantziar edo espainiar sentitzen direnek osatutako multzoa (% 10,6). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan</a> (EAE) euskal herritarra identitate «erosoena» da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a>, nafar identitatea nagusia da (% 26,4). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a>, gehienak frantziar eta euskal herritar sentitzen dira: % 53,6. Euskal Herriari buruz herritarrek duten pertzepzioan, % 45,2ren ustez, Euskal Herria zazpi herrialdez osatua da. Beste % 31,7ren ustez, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAEra</a> mugatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Petxarroman20141005-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal diaspora">Euskal diaspora</a> Euskal Herritik at bizi diren euskal herritarrek zein haien ondorengoek osatzen dute. Horietariko askok lotura berezia sentitzen dute <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldunekiko</a> edo Euskal Herriarekiko, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> honetako kide ugari hainbat belaunalditatik lurraldetik kanpo bizi badira ere. Euskal Herrian badaude mendeetan zehar sustraitu diren gutxiengoak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">adibidez ijitoena</a>.</p> <p><br></p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Biztanleriaren banaketa (2015)"> <noscript> <img alt="Biztanleriaren banaketa (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg.png" data-alt="Biztanleriaren banaketa (2015)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_2015ean.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Biztanleriaren banaketa (2015) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Biztanleria aldaketa 2006-2015"> <noscript> <img alt="Biztanleria aldaketa 2006-2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg.png" data-alt="Biztanleria aldaketa 2006-2015" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_biztanleria_aldaketa_2006-2015.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Biztanleria aldaketa 2006-2015 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Dentsitatea (2015)"> <noscript> <img alt="Dentsitatea (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg.png" data-alt="Dentsitatea (2015)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_dentsitatea_2015ean.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Dentsitatea (2015) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ugalkortsun tasa (2014)"> <noscript> <img alt="Ugalkortsun tasa (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg.png" data-alt="Ugalkortsun tasa (2014)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_ugalkortasun_tasa_2014an.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ugalkortsun tasa (2014) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Heriotza tasa (2014)"> <noscript> <img alt="Heriotza tasa (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg.png" data-alt="Heriotza tasa (2014)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_heriotza_tasa_2014an.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Heriotza tasa (2014) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Berezko hazkunde tasa (2014)"> <noscript> <img alt="Berezko hazkunde tasa (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg.png" data-alt="Berezko hazkunde tasa (2014)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_berezko_hazkunde_tasa_2014an.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Berezko hazkunde tasa (2014) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Batez besteko adina (2015)"> <noscript> <img alt="Batez besteko adina (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg.png" data-alt="Batez besteko adina (2015)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_batez_besteko_adina_2015ean.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Batez besteko adina (2015) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zahartze indizea (2014)"> <noscript> <img alt="Zahartze indizea (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg/307px-Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg.png" data-alt="Zahartze indizea (2014)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg/461px-Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg/614px-Euskal_Herriko_zahartze_indizea_2014an.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Zahartze indizea (2014) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="14 urtetik beherakoen ehunekoa (2017)"> <noscript> <img alt="14 urtetik beherakoen ehunekoa (2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg/307px-14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg/307px-14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg.png" data-alt="14 urtetik beherakoen ehunekoa (2017)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg/461px-14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg/614px-14_urtetik_beherakoak.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 14 urtetik beherakoen ehunekoa (2017) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="65 urtetik gorakoen ehunekoa (2017)"> <noscript> <img alt="65 urtetik gorakoen ehunekoa (2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg/307px-65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg/307px-65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg.png" data-alt="65 urtetik gorakoen ehunekoa (2017)" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg/461px-65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg/614px-65_urtetik_gorakoak.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 65 urtetik gorakoen ehunekoa (2017) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Dentsitatea (2017) topografia izango balitz bezala adierazia"> <noscript> <img alt="Dentsitatea (2017) topografia izango balitz bezala adierazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg/312px-Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2818"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 208px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg/312px-Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg" data-alt="Dentsitatea (2017) topografia izango balitz bezala adierazia" data-width="208" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg/468px-Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg/625px-Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_dentsitate_mapa_topografikoa_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Dentsitatea (2017) topografia izango balitz bezala adierazia </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hiriak_eta_udalerriak">Hiriak eta udalerriak</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/100px-seek%3D2-Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="178" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1, vorbis"" data-width="608" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm/Ikusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara (eu)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Euskal_herriak.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr"> </video></span> <figcaption> Euskal herriei buruzko zortzi datu. </figcaption> </figure> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_hiri_nagusien_zerrenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko hiri nagusien zerrenda">Euskal Herriko hiri nagusien zerrenda</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_udalerrien_zerrenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko udalerrien zerrenda">Euskal Herriko udalerrien zerrenda</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_udalerri_jendetsuenen_zerrenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko udalerri jendetsuenen zerrenda">Euskal Herriko udalerri jendetsuenen zerrenda</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_hiriburuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko hiriburuak">Euskal Herriko hiriburuak</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herriak 686 udalerri ditu<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Euskal udalerririk zabalena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaiko</a> <b><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baztan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baztan">Baztan</a></b> da, 377,2 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilometro_koadro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilometro koadro">km²</a> baititu. Herrialdez herrialde, handienak hauek dira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasteiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasteiz">Gasteiz</a> (276,8 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araban</a>; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karrantza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karrantza">Karrantza</a> (137,7 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaian</a>; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larraine">Larraine</a> (126,8 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoan</a>; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%C3%B1ati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oñati">Oñati</a> (108,2 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoan</a>; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazparne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazparne">Hazparne</a> (77 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdin</a>; eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baigorri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baigorri">Baigorri</a> (69,4 km²), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherean</a>.</p> <p>Bestela, hogei euskal hiri nagusiak hauek dira, biztanleen kopuruaren arabera ordenaturik:<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hizkuntzak">Hizkuntzak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko hizkuntzak">Euskal Herriko hizkuntzak</a>» </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png/250px-Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png/250px-Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png" data-width="250" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png/375px-Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png/500px-Euskaldunkopurua_koloreak.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskaldun diren herritarren ehunekoak, udalerriaren arabera. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskara</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztelania">gaztelania</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantses">frantsesa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskoi_(hizkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskoi (hizkuntza)">gaskoiera</a> mintzatzen dira. Gaztelania eta frantsesa nagusi dira, lehena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hegoaldean</a> eta bigarrena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Iparraldean</a>. Hala ere, gutxi gorabehera biztanleen herenak egiten du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskaraz</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskoi_(hizkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskoi (hizkuntza)">Gaskoia</a>, aldiz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baiona">Baiona</a> inguruan (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Kosta-Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Kosta-Aturri">BAB</a>) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Behereko</a> iparraldeko ingurune batzuetan hitz egiten da, baina oso ahul dago<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gainera, migrazioen eraginez, beste hainbat hizkuntza hitz egiten dira Euskal Herrian. Ahotsak proiektuak abiarazitako 101L egitasmoak<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100 hizkuntza ezberdin detektatu zituen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia">Donostia</a>n<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabiera">Arabiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errumaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errumaniera">errumaniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wu_txinera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wu txinera">wu txinera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazigera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazigera">amazighera</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolofera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolofera">wolofera</a> ohiko hizkuntza dira euskal herritar askorentzat.</p> <p>Euskararen ofizialtasun maila ezberdina da hiru lurraldeen arabera: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan</a>, hiru probintzietan koofiziala da; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroako Foru Erkidegoan</a>, koofiziala «eremu euskaldun» delakoan baino ez, erdi ofiziala «eremu misto»an eta ez ofiziala «eremu erdaldun»ean; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a> ez du inolako ofizialtasun estatusik. Euskararen ezagutza handituz joan da Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan eta Nafarroa Garaian, Ipar Euskal Herrian jaitsi den bitartean, bereziki biztanle gazteen artean<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Euskararen erabilera, bestalde, jaitsi da azken urteotan kalean egindako inkesten arabera<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalki">Euskalkiak</a> euskararen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialekto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialekto">dialektoak</a> dira. Sortzen lehena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkaiera">mendebalekoa</a> izan zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII. mendea">VIII. mendearen</a> inguruan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asturiasko_Printzerria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asturiasko Printzerria">Asturiasko</a> erresumak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a>-<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaietan</a> zuen eraginagatik segur aski; eta hurrengo mendeetan eratu ziren gainerako euskalkiak. Aurretik, euskarak batasun handia izan bide zuen tarte batez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioaren</a> usteltzetik aurrera; aldi hartan sortu zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Koldo Mitxelenak</a> proposatutako <i>euskara batu zaharra</i>, geroko euskalkien ama-hizkuntza. Geroztik, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euskal Herriak</a> izandako zatiketa politikoen eraginez sortu ziren euskalkiak poliki-poliki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalkien_sorguneei_buruzko_teoriak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalkien sorguneei buruzko teoriak">bost sorgunetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArabaEuskararenLurralde_124-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArabaEuskararenLurralde-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuskalkienJatorri2007_125-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EuskalkienJatorri2007-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko hamarkadaz</a> geroztik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara_batua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara batua">euskara batua</a> sortzeak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">euskaldunak</a> alfabetatzeak eta euskaldunen arteko komunikazioa handitzeak bultzatuta, euskalkiak gero eta gertuago daude, gero eta elkarren antz handiagoa dute. Hala ere, gaur egungo eten nagusia jadanik ez dago (XX. mendearen bukaeraraino bezala) ekialdeko euskalkien eta mendebaldekoen artean, baizik eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipar Euskal Herri">Ipar Euskal Herrikoen</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hego Euskal Herri">Hego Euskal Herrikoen</a> artean, estatuen arteko mugak eraginda.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestalde, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">Euskal Herriko ijitoak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromintxel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromintxel">erromintxela</a> izeneko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromaniera">romaniaren</a> aldaeraz mintzatzen ziren, eta gaur egun arrasto batzuk geratzen dira oraindik.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Erlijioak">Erlijioak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasuna_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasuna Euskal Herrian">Kristautasuna Euskal Herrian</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Leizarraga_biblia_01.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leizarraga_biblia_01.png/220px-Leizarraga_biblia_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="412"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leizarraga_biblia_01.png/220px-Leizarraga_biblia_01.png" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Leizarraga_biblia_01.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Leizarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Leizarraga">Joanes Leizarragaren</a> Bibliaren Itun Berria euskarara ekarria. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1571?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1571">1571</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joana_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joana III.a Nafarroakoa">Joana III.a Albretekoa</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafarroa">Nafarroako</a> erreginak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalbinismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalbinismo">kalbinismora</a> konbertitu zelarik, bere gortean Elizaren erreformaren aldeko pentsalariei babesa eman zien. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Tradizionalki euskaldunak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromatar_katoliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromatar katoliko">erromatar katolikoak</a> izan dira gehienbat. XIX. mendean euskaldunak gizarte oso erlijioso gisa hartzen ziren, elizara maiz joaten zena. XX. mendeko azken urteetan elizara joateak behera egin du, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europako</a> eremu gehienetan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frantzisko Xabier">Frantzisko Xabier</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixel_Garikoitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixel Garikoitz">Mixel Garikoitz</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignazio_Loiolakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignazio Loiolakoa">Ignazio Loiolakoa</a> euskal jatorrikoak ziren. Lehenengoak kristautasuna <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonia">Japoniaraino</a> hedatu zuen, bigarrengoak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Societas_Sacratissimi_Cordis_Jesu_Betharram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Societas Sacratissimi Cordis Jesu Betharram">Societas Sacratissimi Cordis Jesu Betharram</a> sortu zuen eta azkenekoak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesusen_Lagundia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesusen Lagundia">Jesusen Lagundia</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermin_Lasuen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermin Lasuen">Fermin Lasuen</a> bezalako frantziskotarrek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalifornia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalifornia">Kaliforniara</a> hainbat misio eraman zituzten, eta oraindik XX. mendean ohikoak izan dira euskal <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misiolari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misiolari">misiolariak</a>.</p> <p>XVI. mendean protestantismoak indarra izan zuen Nafar erresuman<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bereziki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joana_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joana III.a Nafarroakoa">Joana III.a Nafarroakoa</a> erregina <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higanote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Higanote">higanotearen</a> agintaldian; berak emandako laguntza ekonomikoarekin euskaratu zen, 1571. urtean, Bibliaren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itun_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itun Berria">Itun Berria</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrike_III.a_Nafarroakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrike III.a Nafarroakoa">Henrike III.a Nafarroako</a> erregek Frantziako koroa hartzearekin batera, protestantismoak galdu egin zuen Nafarroan eliteetatik zetorkion babesa.</p> <p>Baionan komunitate <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judu">judu</a> garrantzitsua egon zen, bereziki espainiar eta portugaldar <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inkisizio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkisizio">Inkisiziotik</a> ihes egin zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sefardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sefardi">sefardiez</a> osatua. Nafarroan, eta bereziki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutera">Tuteran</a> judu zein musulman komunitate garrantzitsuak izan ziren Gaztelaren inbasioaren aurretik.</p> <p>Gaur egun, katolizismoarekin batera badaude hainbat gutxiengoren erlijio komunitate, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010">2010ean</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAEn</a> bakarrik 214 egoitza zituztenak. Gutxiengoen artean sinesmenik hedatuena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebanjelismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebanjelismo">kristau ebanjelikoena</a> zen eta bigarrena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jehovaren_Lekukoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jehovaren Lekukoak">Jehovaren Lekukoek</a> osatzen zuten. Horien atzetik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musulman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musulman">musulmanak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo">budistak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eliza_ortodoxoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliza ortodoxoa">kristau ortodoxoak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazpigarren_eguneko_eliza_adbentista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazpigarren eguneko eliza adbentista">Zazpigarren eguneko eliza adbentista</a> agertu ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katolizismoak indarra du gizartean, bereziki Nafarroan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opus_Dei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opus Dei">Opus Deiren</a> eskutik<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta beste hainbat lekutan Jesusen Lagundiaren hezkuntza instituzioen bidez.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gizaker&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gizaker (sortu gabe)">Gizakerrek</a> 2006an egindako inkesta baten arabera, gaur egungo euskal herritarren artean %50,4k <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Jainko">Jainkoren</a> batengan sinesten du, erantzun zuten gainontzekoek euren burua agnostiko edo ateo gisa identifikatzen zuten bitartean. Herrialdeen artean, sinesdun gutxien Araban zegoen (%43) eta gehien Ipar Euskal Herrian (%56,2). Gazteen artean erlijio eszeptizismoak gora egin du azken urteotan, 35 urtetik beherakoen artean soilik %36,2k esan zuen, 2006an, Jainkoan sinesten zuela<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2012an egindako beste inkesta baten arabera, EAEko herritarren %58,6k euren burua Erromatar Eliza Katolikoaren barne sentitzen zuten, espainiar estatuko baxuena (Melilla kenduta). Ez sinesdun gisa agertzen ziren EAEn %24,6 eta Nafarroan %22,2 eta EAEko %12,3 ateo gisa aurkezten ziren<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politika">Politika</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Euskal_politika">Euskal politika</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Nortasun.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nortasun.png/300px-Nortasun.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="670"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nortasun.png/300px-Nortasun.png" data-width="300" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nortasun.png/450px-Nortasun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nortasun.png/600px-Nortasun.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euskal Herriko biztanleria, euskal nortasunarekiko atxikimendu ehunekoen arabera. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herriko politikan hainbat dimentsiok hartzen dute parte. Alde batetik, munduko beste leku askotan bezala, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_politiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ezker politiko">ezker politiko</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eskuin_politiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eskuin politiko">eskuin politikoaren</a> arteko eztabaida dago; bestetik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abertzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abertzaletasun">abertzaletasunaren</a> eta <i>ez-abertzale</i>en arteko bereizketa ere badago, abertzale askorentzat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_abertzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusko abertzaletasun">eusko abertzaletasunaren</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiar_nazionalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiar nazionalismo">espainiar nazionalismo</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakobino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakobino">frantses nazionalismoaren</a> arteko ardatza dena. Azken ardatz hau bereziki garrantzitsua da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herrian</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a>, gainera, euskalduntasuna ukatzen duten alderdiak ere badira, indar handikoak. Horrela, Euskal Herriko alderdi politikoak, eskuinean edo ezkerrean kokatzeaz gain, Euskal Herria egituratzeari edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazio">naziotzat</a> onartzeari buruzko ikuspegiaren arabera bereizten dira. Horrek alderdi anitzeko sistema politiko konplexua sortu du.</p> <p>Eredu politiko honek sustrai sakonak ditu, egile batzuen arabera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlistaldiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlistaldiak">Karlistaldietan</a> kokatzen direnak eta, edonola ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foruzaletasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foruzaletasun">foruzaletasunarekin</a> lotuta daudenak<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gerra horien ondoren sortutako ezinegonetik abiatu ziren bai <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_Ekonomia_Ituna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Ekonomia Ituna">kontzertu ekonomikoaren</a> ideia<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta foruen galeratik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_nazionalismoaren_hastapenak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal nazionalismoaren hastapenak">abiatu zen ere euskal nazionalismoa.</a> Aldi berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">industrializazioaren garaian</a> sortutako klase diferentziak zein sortutako aldaketa demografikoak eragin handia izan zuen politikan. Bizkaian, bereziki<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina industrializazioaren guneetan modu zabalean ideia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sozialismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sozialismo">sozialisten</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komunismo">komunisten</a> errotzea sakona izan zen XIX. mendearen amaieran eta XX. mendearen hasieran. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langileen_mugimendua_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langileen mugimendua Euskal Herrian">Langileen mugimendua Euskal Herrian</a> indartsua izan zen, eta sortu berrian zen abertzaletasunak berarekin batera landu behar izan zuen proiektu sindikal bat<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lehen Mundu Gerraren ostean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euzko_Alderdi_Jeltzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea">Eusko Alderdi Jeltzaleak</a> botere maila handia lortu zuen, eta Espainiako Bigarren Errepublikan jada sortu zen lehen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritza</a>, egoera dela eta indar abertzale zein ezkertiarrez osatua. Garai horretan sortu zen lehen alderdi ezkertiar eta abertzalea ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Abertzale_Ekintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Abertzale Ekintza">EAE-ANV</a> izenekoa.</p> <p>Espainiako Gerra Zibilaren eta Bigarren Mundu Gerraren ondoren, mugimendu politiko gehienak klandestinitatera pasa ziren Hego Euskal Herrian. 1950eko hamarkadaren amaieran <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antifrankismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antifrankismo">antifrankismoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_abertzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ezker abertzalea">ezkerreko abertzaletasuna</a> biltzen zituen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_Ta_Askatasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi Ta Askatasuna">Euskadi Ta Askatasuna</a> sortu zen, hurrengo berrogeita hamar urtetan euskal politikan garrantzi handia izan zuen erakunde armatua. Bere magalean sortutako ezker abertzaleak pizkunde berri bat abiatu zuen, bereziki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalgintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalgintza">hizkuntzaren berreskurapenari</a> eta independentzia aldarriari begira. Ipar Euskal Herrian ere mugimendu abertzalea indartu zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankismo">Frankismoaren</a> amaierarekin batera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_trantsizioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako trantsizioa">Espainiako trantsizioa</a> eman zen, alderdien legeztapenarekin eta instituzioen berrezartzearekin. Urte horietan Hego Euskal Herria autonomia bakar batean biltzeko mugimendua izan zen, baina, azkenean, bitan zatitu zen Euskal Herriko hegoaldeko eremua. Zatiketa horrek eragin handia izan zuen hurrengo hamarkadetako politikan.</p> <p>Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan alderdi nagusia EAJ da, ezker independentista, azken urteotan EH Bildu alderdian biltzen dena, Gipuzkoan indartsua den bitartean. Bi familia abertzaleen artean baino, ohikoagoa da itunak eta elkarlana ematea EAJ eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PSE-EE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PSE-EE">PSE-EEren</a> artean. Nafarroa Garaian, bestetik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafar_Herriaren_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafar Herriaren Batasuna">UPN</a> da alderdi nagusia, nahiz eta 2010eko hamarkadatik boterea galtzen joan den, gainontzeko alderdien arteko itunak direla eta. Ipar Euskal Herrian, 2010eko hamarkadatik aurrera, indar berezia egon da alderdi ia guztien artean erabaki marko propioak izateko. Hala jaio zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Hirigune_Elkargoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa">Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa</a> 2017an. 2010eko hamarkadan ezker abertzaleak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_gatazka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko gatazka">Euskal gatazkaren</a> alde armatuarekin amaitzeko erabakia hartu zuen; ETA 2018an desegin zen<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gatazka horren ondorioak euskal politikaren gai nagusietako bat dira, bereziki biktimen aitortza eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_preso_politikoak_(1978-egun)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal preso politikoak (1978-egun)">presoei dagokiona</a>. Independentzia proiektu politikotzat duten alderdiek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autodeterminazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autodeterminazio">autodeterminazio eskubidea</a> eskatzen dute, eta 2010eko hamarkadatik aurrera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gure_Esku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gure Esku">Gure Esku</a> bezalako ekimenek erabakitzeko eskubidearen aldeko mobilizazio jendetsuak egin dituzte.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Euskal_Herria_proiektu_politiko_gisa">Euskal Herria proiektu politiko gisa</h3> </div> <p>Lehen aipatu den bezala, Euskal Herria, Euskadi/Euzkadi, Baskonia eta bestelako izenak erabili izan dira Euskal Herria kontzeptua adierazteko, eta kontzeptuaren hedadura ere aldakorra izan da denboran zehar. Euskal Herria terminoaren erabilera politikoa zabala da, eta denborarekin ere aldatu da. <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazpiak_Bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazpiak Bat">Zazpiak Bat</a></i> bezalako helburu politikoak ere garatu dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_abertzaletasunaren_sorrera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal abertzaletasunaren sorrera">Euskal abertzaletasunaren sorreran</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabin Aranak</a> <i>Euzkadi</i> terminoa hobetsi zuen, hizkuntza eta aberria bereizteko asmoz. Garai hartan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fidel_Sagarminaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fidel Sagarminaga">Fidel Sagarminaga</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramon_de_la_Sota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramon de la Sota">Ramon de la Sota</a> bezalako politikariek ordezkatzen zuten sektore foruzaleari <i>euskalerriako</i> izena ematen zitzaion, eta Sabin Aranak euren aurka ere idatzi zuen: <i>Alderdi karlista, integrista eta euskalerriakoa espainolistak dira eta, beraz, Bizkaiaren etsaiak</i><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arturo_Kanpion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arturo Kanpion">Arturo Kanpionek</a> <i>Euskal Herria</i> kontzeptu historikoa defendatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina frankismoan zehar <i>Euskal Herria</i> kontzeptua baimendu zen, karlismoak zein <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuerza_Nueva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuerza Nueva">Fuerza Nueva</a> alderdi faxistak<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erabili zutelako<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>oh 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Gaur egun (eta artikulu honetan) Euskal Herria gisa definitzen den herriaren batasuna historikoki hainbat autorek defendatu dute. Abertzaletasun historizistak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Erresuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Erresuma">Nafarroako Erresuman</a> (eta zehatzago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Antso_Gartzeitz_III.a_Nagusia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Antso Gartzeitz III.a Nagusia (sortu gabe)">Antso Gartzeitz III.a Nagusiaren</a> erregaldian) kokatu ohi du nazio horren lehen aurrekari politikoa, baina eztabaidatua da. XVIII. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Larramendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Larramendi">Manuel Larramendik</a> lurralde foralen batasuna aldarrikatu zuen, Pirinioen bi aldeetan <i>Sobre los fueros de Guipuzcoa</i><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liburuan. Mende horren amaieran <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominique_Joseph_Garat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominique Joseph Garat">Dominique Joseph Garat</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ustaritz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaritz">Ustaritzeko</a> semeak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fenizia_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fenizia Berria">Fenizia Berria</a> kontzeptua proposatu zuen, <i>Exposé succint d'un projet de réunión de quelques cantons de l'Espagne et de la France dans la vue de rendre plus fáciles et la soumission de l'Espagne et la création d'une maxime puissance</i> lanean<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Banaketa_administratiboa">Banaketa administratiboa</h3> </div> <table style="float: right;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="nounderlines" style="width: 400px; float: none; margin: none; padding: none; border: none; clear: none; background-color: #ffffff;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="background-color: {{{svg-background-color}}};"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Greater_Basque_Country.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Greater_Basque_Country.svg/400px-Greater_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Greater_Basque_Country.svg/400px-Greater_Basque_Country.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Greater_Basque_Country.svg/600px-Greater_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Greater_Basque_Country.svg/800px-Greater_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:106px; top: 100px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:114px; top: 116px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Vizcaya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:154px; top: 104px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:162px; top: 120px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Guip%C3%BAzcoa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:206px; top: 100px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:250px; top: 96px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="797"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lapurdi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:226px; top: 120px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:318px; top: 116px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bandera_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bandera_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_Navarra.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bandera_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bandera_Navarra.svg/40px-Bandera_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:262px; top: 136px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:310px; top: 136px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="797"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zuberoa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:190px; top: 200px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaia</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:190px; top: 180px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:98px; top: 168px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:134px; top: 164px;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg/20px-Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg/20px-Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg/30px-Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg/40px-Flag_of_%C3%81lava.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:194px; top: 268px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia"><span style="color: #AAA300;">Espainia</span></a> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left:270px; top: 52px;"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia"><span style="color: #AAA300;">Frantzia</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriaren_banaketa_administratiboa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriaren banaketa administratiboa">Euskal Herriaren banaketa administratiboa</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainiar</a> administrazioaren pean daudenak:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaia</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantziar</a> administrazioaren pean daudenak:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a></li> </ul> <p>Gainera, Euskal Herriaren barruan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztela_eta_Leon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztela eta Leon">Gaztela eta Leonek</a> administratutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trebi%C3%B1u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trebiñu">Trebiñuko</a> konderria dago, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kantabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kantabria">Kantabriako</a> administrazioak kudeatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villaverde_Turtzioz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villaverde Turtzioz">Villaverde Turtziozko</a> herria.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alderdi_politikoak_eta_hauteskundeak">Alderdi politikoak eta hauteskundeak</h3> </div> <p>Lehen esan den bezala, Euskal Herrian alderdi politikoak bi ardatz ezberdinetan banatuta daude. Alde batetik ezker-eskuin ardatza dago eta, bestetik, abertzale-<i>ez-abertzale</i> ardatza<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bien intersekzioan, zein bakoitzaren graduaren arabera, alderdi sistema korapilotsu bat dago. Gainera, alderdi batzuk Euskal Herri osoan existitzen badira ere, banaketa administratiboaren ondorioz ez daude alderdi berberak administrazio bakoitzean.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_politiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ezker politiko">Ezker politikoaren</a> esparruan hainbat alderdi egon dira historian zehar. Euskal Herria esparrutzat duten alderdien artean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_Abertzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezker Abertzalea">Ezker Abertzalearen</a> marka ezberdinek, tartean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herri_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herri Batasuna">Herri Batasuna</a> edo, beranduago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sortu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sortu">Sortu</a> batez ere Hego Euskal Herrian izan dira aktibo, Ipar Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abertzaleen_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abertzaleen Batasuna">Abertzaleen Batasuna</a> alderdiak esparru ideologiko antzekoa betetzen zuelarik. Gatazka armatuaren posizioarekiko kritiko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aralar_(alderdi_politikoa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aralar (alderdi politikoa)">Aralar</a> existitu zen, eta ezker independentistaren baitan sartzen da EAJren eszisioa zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Alkartasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Alkartasuna">Eusko Alkartasuna</a> alderdi sozialdemokrata ere. Beste alderdi batzuk <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burujabetza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burujabetza">burujabetza</a> defendatu dute ezkerreko posizioetatik, adibidez <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batzarre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batzarre">Batzarrek</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alternatiba_(alderdia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alternatiba (alderdia)">Alternatibak</a>. Gaur egun esparru zabal honetako ordezkari nagusia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_Bildu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria Bildu">Euskal Herria Bildu</a> koalizioa da Hego Euskal Herrian eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_Bai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria Bai">Euskal Herria Bai</a> Ipar Euskal Herrian. Esparru honetan existitu diren hainbat alderdi ilegalak dira Espainian.</p> <p>Ezkerrean ere, baina euren burua <i>ez-abertzale</i> edo Espainiako konstituzioaren aldeko gisa identifikatzen duen alderdi nagusia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PSE-EE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PSE-EE">Euskadiko Alderdi Sozialista - Euskadiko Ezkerra</a> da EAEn, ideologia sozioliberal-sozialdemokrata duena. Nafarroan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Alderdi_Sozialista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Alderdi Sozialista">Nafarroako Alderdi Sozialista</a> eta Frantzian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Alderdi_Sozialista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Alderdi Sozialista">Frantziako Alderdi Sozialista</a> dira mugimendu berdinaren ordezkariak. Euren ezkerrean kokatzen da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_Batua-Berdeak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ezker Batua-Berdeak">Ezker Batua Berdeak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Ezker_Batua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Ezker Batua">Nafarroako Ezker Batua</a> (Izquierda-Ezkerra), azken urteotan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elkarrekin_Podemos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elkarrekin Podemos">Elkarrekin Podemos</a> gisa aurkeztu dena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahal_Dugu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahal Dugu">Ahal Dugurekin</a> batera. Lehen aipatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batzarre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batzarre">Batzarre</a> ere esparru honen parte da, beste plataforma txikiago batzuekin batera. Alderdi honek indar berezia izan zuen aurkeztutako lehenengo hauteskundetan. Frantziar estatuan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_Komunista_Iraultzailea_(Frantzia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liga Komunista Iraultzailea (Frantzia)">Liga Komunista Iraultzailea (Frantzia)</a> (LCR) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Les_Verts_du_Pays_Basque-Euskal_Herriko_Berdeak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Les Verts du Pays Basque-Euskal Herriko Berdeak">Les Verts du Pays Basque-Euskal Herriko Berdeak</a> esparru ideologiko honetan daude ere eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Alderdi_Komunista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Alderdi Komunista">Parti Communiste Français</a> (PCF) alderdi komunista tradizionalagoa da.</p> <p>Orokorrean, alderdi abertzaleen artean eskuin politikoak posizio zentristagoak ditu alderdi espainiarzaleen artean baino. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euzko_Alderdi_Jeltzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea">Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea</a> Hego zein Ipar Euskal Herrian existitzen da, eta alderdi politiko hegemonikoa da Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan. Ideologia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristau-demokrazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristau-demokrazia">demokristaua</a> du, baina askotan jarrera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalismo">liberalak</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sozialdemokrazia">sozialdemokratak</a> ere defendatu izan ditu. Europako Parlamentuan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europarako_Liberalen_eta_Demokraten_Aliantza_taldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europarako Liberalen eta Demokraten Aliantza taldea">Europarako Liberalen eta Demokraten Aliantza taldean</a> kokatu izan da. Nafarroan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geroa_Bai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geroa Bai">Geroa Bai</a> (GBai) marka erabiltzen du, lehendakaritzara ere iritsi zena 2015-2019 legegintzaldian. Lehenago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Bai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Bai">Nafarroa Bai</a> marka erabili zuen, ezker soberanistako beste alderdi batzuekin batera.</p> <p>Espainia zein Frantzia ardatz duten zentro-eskuin eta eskuineko alderdien artean garrantzitsuenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Demokraziaren_Aldeko_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Demokraziaren Aldeko Batasuna">Frantziako Demokraziaren aldeko Batasuna</a> (UDF) alderdi <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristau-demokrazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristau-demokrazia">demokristaua</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errepublikanoak_(Frantzia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errepublikanoak (Frantzia)">Errepublikarrak</a> (lehengo UMPtik datorrena) alderdi kontserbadore <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaullista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullista">gaullista</a> eta indartsua den <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errepublika_Martxan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Errepublika Martxan">Errepublika Martxan</a> alderdia daude. Azken honek posizio europearzale neoliberalak defendatzen ditu eta Espainiako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herritarrak_-_Herritarron_Alderdia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herritarrak - Herritarron Alderdia">Herritarrak - Herritarron Alderdia</a> (C's) alderdiaren pareko dira. Azken honek indar oso txikia du, baina Nafarroa Garaian lehen alderdia den <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo_Navarro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión del Pueblo Navarro">Nafar Herriaren Batasuna</a> (UPN) alderdiarekin batera aurkeztu zen koalizioan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navarra_Suma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navarra Suma">Navarra Suma</a> izenpean azken hauteskundetan. Eurekin batera zegoen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PP">Alderdi Popularra</a> (PP), Nafarroan indar txikia duena, eta EAEn gero eta garrantzi txikiagoa duena, baina Espainiako politikan alderdi nagusietako bat dena. Eskuin muturrari dagokionez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronte_Nazionala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronte Nazionala">Front National</a> (FN) alderdiak gune indartsu batzuk ditu Ipar Euskal Herrian baina <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vox_(alderdi_politikoa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vox (alderdi politikoa)">Vox</a> alderdiak oso indar txikia du Hego Euskal Herrian.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ikurrak">Ikurrak</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Bandera">Bandera</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_(8520559557).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg/220px-Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg/220px-Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg/330px-Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg/440px-Udalbiltzaren_berrantolaketa_batzarra_%288520559557%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ikurrina eta Nafarroako bandera, <i>Zazpiak Bat</i> armarriarekin, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udalbiltza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udalbiltza">Udalbiltzaren</a> batzarrean. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikurrina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikurrina">Ikurrina</a> da Euskal Herriaren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandera">bandera</a> erabiliena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luis_Arana_Goiri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luis Arana Goiri">Luis</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabin Aranak</a> asmatu zuten, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1894?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1894">1894an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaiko</a> bandera izan zedin, baina laster zabaldu zen Euskal Herriaren banderatzat.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaur egun, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAEko</a> bandera ofiziala da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_bandera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako bandera">Espainiakoarekin</a> eta tokian tokikoekin batera.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a> ikurrina oso hedatuta dago, eta agintariek onartuta, baina <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a> egoera bestelakoa da: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003">2003an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Gobernua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Gobernua">Nafarroako Foru Erkidegoko Gobernuak</a> Ikurren Legea onartu zuen, ikurrina toki publikoetatik kentzeko asmoz.</p> <p>Euskal herritar batzuek, hala ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_armarria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako armarria">Nafarroako bandera</a> (kate horiak hondo gorrian)<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lurralde osorako proposatzen dute. Beste batzuek, berriz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arrano_Beltza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arrano Beltza">Arrano Beltza</a> darabilte Euskal Herriaren bandera gisa.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ereserkia">Ereserkia</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ereserki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ereserki">Ereserkiei</a> dagokionez, gaur egun ez dago behar bezain onarpen zabala duen abestirik. Historikoki, Euskal Herritarren ereserkiaren papera bete duten zenbait kantu izan dira, molde batean edo bestean. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gernikako_arbola_(abestia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gernikako arbola (abestia)">Gernikako Arbola</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Maria_Iparragirre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Maria Iparragirre">Iparragirrek</a> sortua eta XVIII. mendearen erdialdetik aurrera hedatu zena), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Ignazioren_martxa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Ignazioren martxa">San Ignazioren martxaren</a> aldaera den Iñaki Deunaren Ereserkia (1932ko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aberri_Eguna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aberri Eguna">Aberri Egunean</a> erabilia), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Abendaren_Ereserkia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia">Euzko Abendaren Ereserkia</a> (XX. mendearen zati batean Euskal Herriari lotua baina 1983an EAEko ereserki ofizial denetik, lurralde guztiak biltzeko ezegokitzat jo daitekeena) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_gudariak_(abestia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko gudariak (abestia)">Eusko Gudariak</a> (Espainiako gerra zibilean frankisten kontrako gudariek kantatua eta gaur egun ezker abertzaleari lotua) nabarienak izan litezke<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Beste_ikur_batzuk">Beste ikur batzuk</h4> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg/200px-Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1416"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg/200px-Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg/300px-Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg/400px-Alegr%C3%ADa-Dulantzi_21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Lauburua Euskal Herriko tradizioan ohiko ikurra da. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armarri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armarri">Armarritzat</a>, aldiz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazpiak_Bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazpiak Bat"><i>Zazpiak Bat</i></a> delakoa oso zabalduta dago lurralde osoan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udalbiltza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udalbiltza">Udalbiltza</a> erakundeak, adibidez, bere egin du.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goiburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goiburu">Goiburuetan</a>, armarriari loturik joan ohi den <i>Zazpiak Bat</i> gaur egun onarpen zabala duenetako bat da. Garaiaren arabera beste batzuk ere izan dute hedapena, Gernikako Arbola kantuaren "<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eman_ta_zabal_zazu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eman ta zabal zazu">eman ta zabal zazu</a>" (EHUk darabilena), jeltzaleen "<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaun-goikua_eta_Lagi-za%C5%95a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaun-goikua eta Lagi-zaŕa">jaungoikoa eta lege zaharra</a>" edo foruzaleen "jainkoa eta foruak", adibidez. Nafarroako erreinuaren garaian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obanosko_Infantzoien_Biltzarrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obanosko Infantzoien Biltzarrak">Obanosko Infanzoien biltzarretan</a> latinezko <i>Pro libertate patria, gens libera state</i> lema zerabilten ("aberri askearen alde, jende librea"). Giro informalagoan "Gora gu ta gutarrak" ere entzun ohi da.</p> <p>Beste ikur bat ere bada, aski hedatua eta euskaldunek beren ikurtzat jotzen dutena: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lauburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lauburu">lauburua</a> edo antzinako euskal gurutzea<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eguzki-lore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eguzki-lore">Eguzki-lorea</a> ere erabiltzen da batzuetan, antzinako sinesmenen adierazgarri.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ekonomia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ekonomia">Euskal Herriko ekonomia</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_historia_ekonomikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko historia ekonomikoa">Euskal Herriko historia ekonomikoa</a>» </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa,_2006.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Nekazal lurren ehunekoa (2006)"> <noscript> <img alt="Nekazal lurren ehunekoa (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/269px-Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/269px-Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png" data-alt="Nekazal lurren ehunekoa (2006)" data-width="180" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/403px-Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg/538px-Nekazal_lurrek_estalitako_lurren_ehunekoa%2C_2006.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nekazal lurren ehunekoa (2006) </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lehen_sektorea">Lehen sektorea</h3> </div> <p>Nekazaritza intentsiboa ari da nagusitzen Euskal Herrian, Abeltzantza bezala. Arrantzaren garrantzia duela guxi arte handia zen arren, jarduera horren gainbehera nabarmena izan da azken urteetan. Basogintzak ere badu presentzia. Azkenik, Bizkaiko meatzeen loraldia igarota, gaur egun Euskal Herriko meatzeak garrantzi txikikoak dira.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industria">Industria</h3> </div> <p>Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoan izan da tradizioz jardun industriala, eta horrela mantentzen da joera gaur egun ere. Beste probintzietan industriak ez du hainbeste jende hartzen, baina hala ere orokorrean garrantzi handiko jarduna da Euskal Herrian.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zerbitzuak">Zerbitzuak</h3> </div> <p>Azken hamarkadetan izugarri garatu den sektorea da. Batez ere hiriguneetan bildu dira zerbitzu nagusiak, administrazioari loturikoak.</p> <p>Turismoa diru iturri nabarmena bihurtu da azken urteetan, batez ere kostaldeari dagokionez.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zientzia_eta_teknologia">Zientzia eta teknologia</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia,_Edificio_101_(07).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg/220px-Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1242"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg/220px-Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg/330px-Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg/440px-Zamudio_-_Parque_Cient%C3%ADfico_y_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Bizkaia%2C_Edificio_101_%2807%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamudio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamudio">Zamudion</a> kokaturik dagoen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_Zientzia_eta_Teknologia_Parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko Zientzia eta Teknologia Parkea">Bizkaiko Zientzia eta Teknologia Parkea</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalerriaren_Adiskideen_Elkartea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalerriaren Adiskideen Elkartea">Euskalerriaren Adiskideen Elkartea</a> XVIII. mendean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazio</a> garaian sortu zen zientzia eta kultura erakundea izan zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabier_Munibe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzisko Xabier Munibe">Xabier Munibe</a> Peñafloridako kondeak eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azkoitiko_Zalduntxoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azkoitiko Zalduntxoak">Azkoitiko zalduntxoek</a></i> eratu zutena. 1776. urtean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bergarako_Errege_Mintegia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bergarako Errege Mintegia">Bergarako Errege Mintegia</a> sortu zuten eta bertan ezarri ziren Euskal Herriko zientzia modernoaren oinarriak. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Proust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Proust">Louis Proust</a> kimikari frantsesa kontratatu zuten eta hark prestaturiko laborategi aurreratuan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elhuyar_anaiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elhuyar anaiak">Elhuyar anaiek</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolframioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolframioa">wolframioa</a> aurkitu zuten 1783. urtean. XIX. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Abadia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Abadia">Anton Abadia</a> esploratzaile, astronomo eta zientzilaria <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Zientzia_Akademia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frantziako Zientzia Akademia">Frantziako Zientzia Akademiako</a> lehendakaria izatera iritsi zen. Gaur egun ere badira zientzilari ezagunak Euskal Herrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedro Miguel Etxenike">Pedro Miguel Etxenike</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Ramon_Etxebarria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Ramon Etxebarria">Jose Ramon Etxebarria</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Javier_Armentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Javier Armentia">Javier Armentia</a> esate baterako.</p> <p>Zientzia museoak ere ugari dira, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eureka!_Zientzia_Museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eureka! Zientzia Museoa">Eureka! Zientzia Museoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abadia_jauregia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abadia jauregia">Abadia jauregia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabako_Natura_Zientzien_museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabako Natura Zientzien museoa">Arabako Natura Zientzien museoa</a> edota <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1eko_planetarioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñeko planetarioa">Iruñeko planetarioa</a> adibidez. Zientzia ikerketak egiteko hainbat elkarte garrantzitsu ere badaude: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aranzadi_Zientzia_Elkartea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea">Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elhuyar_Fundazioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elhuyar Fundazioa">Elhuyar Fundazioa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia_International_Physics_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia International Physics Center">DiPC</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TECNALIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECNALIA">TECNALIA</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biodonostia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biodonostia">Biodonostia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NanoGUNE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NanoGUNE">NanoGUNE</a> besteak beste.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_Zientzia_eta_Teknologia_Parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko Zientzia eta Teknologia Parkea">Bizkaiko</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabako_Teknologia_Parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabako Teknologia Parkea">Arabako</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoako_Zientzia_eta_Teknologia_Parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoako Zientzia eta Teknologia Parkea">Gipuzkoako</a> Teknologia Parkeak eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garaia_Teknologia_Parkea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garaia Teknologia Parkea">Garaia Berrikuntza Guneak</a> osatzen dute <i>Euskadiko Parke Teknologikoen Sarea</i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Azpiegiturak">Azpiegiturak</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Garraiobideak">Garraiobideak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_garraio_sarea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko garraio sarea">Euskal Herriko garraio sarea</a>» </div> <p>Garraioen azpiegitura desorekatu xamarra da lurraldeen arabera. Oro har, sareak hobeki hornitzen ditu kostaldeko guneak, eta Nafarroako hegoaldean eta iparraldeko barnealdean gabeziak nabariagoak dira.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Errepideak">Errepideak</h4> </div> <p>Bilbo-Behobia-Baiona autobideak lotzen ditu kostaldeko hiriak, Bilbo-Gasteiz-Burgos autobideak Bizkaia eta Araba arteko komunikazioa bideratzen du eta Iruñea-Irurtzun-Andoain-Donostia autobideak Gipuzkoaren eta Nafarroaren arteko harremanak errazten ditu.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Trenbideak">Trenbideak</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madril-Hendaia_burdinbidea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madril-Hendaia burdinbidea">Madril-Hendaia</a>/<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paris-Hendaia_burdinbidea&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paris-Hendaia burdinbidea (sortu gabe)">Hendaia-Paris</a> burdinbidea da ardatz nagusia, eta horri loturik ageri dira besteak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n-Bilbo_burdinbidea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Castejón-Bilbo burdinbidea">Bilbo-Miranda-Castejon</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Altsasu-Iru%C3%B1ea-Tutera_burdinbidea&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Altsasu-Iruñea-Tutera burdinbidea (sortu gabe)">Altsasu-Iruñea-Tutera</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiona-Donibane_Garaziko_trenbidea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiona-Donibane Garaziko trenbidea">Baiona-Donibane Garazi</a>. Bide estuko burdinbide bat ere bada Baiona eta Bilbo artean.</p> <p>Galduriko burdinbideak ere badira, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Vasco-Navarro_trenbidea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Vasco-Navarro trenbidea">Anglo-Vasco-Navarro trenbidea</a> (Gasteiz eta Lizarra lotzen zituen), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoko_trena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidasoko trena">Bidasoako trena</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urolako_trena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urolako trena">Urolako trena</a>, adibidez.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Aireportuak">Aireportuak</h4> </div> <p>Bost aireportu dira Euskal Herrian. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miarritze-Angelu-Baionako_aireportua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Miarritze-Angelu-Baionako aireportua">Miarritzekoa</a> Lapurdin, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia-Hondarribia_aireportua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia-Hondarribia aireportua">Hondarribiakoa</a> Gipuzkoan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilbo-Loiu_aireportua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilbo-Loiu aireportua">Loiukoa</a> Bizkaian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasteiz-Foronda_aireportua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasteiz-Foronda aireportua">Forondakoa</a> Araban eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea-Noain_aireportua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñea-Noain aireportua">Noaingoa</a> Goi Nafarroan. Aipagarria da Euskal Herriko aire-trafikoaren gehiengo handia Bilboko eta Baionako aireportuetatik igarotzen dela.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Itsas-portuak">Itsas-portuak</h4> </div> <p>Portu anitz dira euskal herrian, baina hiru dira merkataritza portu handiak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_portua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboko portua">Bilbokoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasaiako_portua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasaiako portua">Pasaiakoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baionako_portua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baionako portua">Baionakoa</a>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Herrialdeko hiriburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan."> <noscript> <img alt="Herrialdeko hiriburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png/252px-Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png/252px-Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png" data-alt="Herrialdeko hiriburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan." data-width="168" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png/378px-Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png/503px-Hiriburura_distantziaren_mapa.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Herrialdeko hiriburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Eskualdeburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan."> <noscript> <img alt="Eskualdeburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png/252px-Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png/252px-Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png" data-alt="Eskualdeburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan." data-width="168" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png/378px-Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png/503px-Eskualde_burura_distantzia_errepidez.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Eskualdeburura dagoen distantzia, km.tan. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zerbitzuetara distantzia, km.tan."> <noscript> <img alt="Zerbitzuetara distantzia, km.tan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png/252px-Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png/252px-Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png" data-alt="Zerbitzuetara distantzia, km.tan." data-width="168" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png/378px-Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png/503px-Zerbitzuetara_distantzia_errepidez.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Zerbitzuetara distantzia, km.tan. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Energia">Energia</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_egitura_energetikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko egitura energetikoa">Euskal Herriko egitura energetikoa</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enpresa_pribatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enpresa pribatu">enpresa pribatuak</a> arduratzen dira energiaren horniduraz eta energia jakin batzuen ekoizpenaz. Gaur egun bi energia mota baliatzen dira Euskal Herrian; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_berriztagarri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia berriztagarri">energia berriztagarriak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_ez_berriztagarri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia ez berriztagarri">ez-berriztagarriak</a>. Energia iturri hauek nagusiki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elektrizitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elektrizitate">argindarra</a> sortzeko eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erregai_fosil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erregai fosil">erregai fosil</a> bidezko gailuak (adb. garraioak edo berogailuak) martxan emateko baliatzen dira. Bai bata eta bai bestea gure gaur egungo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_ekonomiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema ekonomiko">ekonomia sistemaren</a> oinarrian daude, eta haien ekoizpenak eta erabilerak errotik aldatu dute Euskal Herriko eta oro har herrialde industrializatuetako jendeen bizimoldea azken berrehun urteetan.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Industrializazioa_aintzineko_energia-iturri_eta_azpiegiturak">Industrializazioa aintzineko energia-iturri eta azpiegiturak</h4> </div> <p>XVIII. mende arte, Euskal Herrian baliatzen ziren energia-iturri nagusiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zur">egurra</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egur_ikatz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egur ikatz">egur-ikatza</a>, haizea, ura eta abereen indarra ziren. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harrikatz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harrikatz">Harrikatzaren</a> ustiapena ezaguna bazen ere, ez zen munduko beste leku batzuetan bezain erabilia<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Egurra eta ikatza errez sortutako beroa besteak beste <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_Aroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metal Aroa">metalgintzan</a> eta janaria prestatzeko (ogia...) baliatzen zen, eta beste energia-iturriak gailuak mugiarazteko (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garraio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garraio">garraiobideak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errota">eiherak</a>...).</p> <p>Oraindik ere baliatzen diren energia-iturriak dira, nahiz eta ez duten industrializazioarekin garatu ziren energia-iturriek beste garrantzia gaur egungo ekonomian. Haize eta ur erroten kasuan, nagusiki argindarra ekoizteko baliatzen dira orain, eta egurra zein egur-ikatza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beheko_su?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beheko su">sutondoak</a> dituzten etxeak berotzeko erabiltzen da.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Industrializazioarekin_sortu_edo_indartu_ziren_energia-iturri_eta_azpiegiturak">Industrializazioarekin sortu edo indartu ziren energia-iturri eta azpiegiturak</h4> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrializazioa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian">Industrializazioa Euskal Herrian</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_Iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria Iraultza">Industria Iraultza</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elektrizitatearen_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elektrizitatearen historia">Elektrizitatearen historia</a>» </div> <p>XVIII. mende bukaera eta XIX. mende hastapenetik goiti eman zen industria iraultzak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erregai_fosil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erregai fosil">erregai fosilen</a> erabilpena izugarri emendatu zuen, eta gaur egun ere energia-iturri horiek dira argindarra sortzeko eta gure ekonomian funtsezkoak diren gailuak martxan emateko erabilienak.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lurrun-makina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lurrun-makina">Lurrun makinaren</a> asmakuntzak eta erabileraren zabaltzeak harrikatzaren ustiaketaren gorakada bortitz bat ekarri zuen. Harrikatzarekin batera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrolio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrolio">petrolioaren</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_natural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas natural">gasaren</a> erabilpena areagotu zen, eta hauek ustiatu, tratatu zein garraiatzeko azpiegitura ainitz garatu ziren XIX eta XX. mendeetan; besteak beste <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meatzaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meatzaritza">meatzeak</a>, itsas-portuak, trenbideak, errepideak eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrolio_findegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrolio findegi">findegiak</a>.</p> <p>XX. mendean zehar argindarra ekoizteko eta garraiatzeko azpiegiturak (kable-sistema, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zentral_elektriko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zentral elektriko">zentral elektriko</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zentral_termiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zentral termiko">termiko</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_hidrauliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia hidrauliko">hidroelektrikoak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urtegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Urtegi_artifizialak" title="Urtegi">urtegiak</a>...) izugarri garatu ziren, elektrizitatea eta elektrizitate bidezko tresnak hirietako bitxikeria izatetik etxe bakoitzeko oinarrizko baliabide izatera igarotzeraino.</p> <p>Euskal Herrian kontsumitzen den argindarraren ehuneko handiena erregai fosilen bidez ekoitzia da<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Energia-iturri_mota_berriak_eta_zahar-berriak">Energia-iturri mota berriak eta zahar-berriak</h4> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_berriztagarriak_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia berriztagarriak Euskal Herrian">Energia berriztagarriak Euskal Herrian</a>» </div> <p>Erregai fosilen kopurua mugatua izanki<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta arrazoi ekologiko eta geopolitikoak direla medio<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, gaur egungo ekonomia eta jendarte sistemaren energia beharrei aurre egiteko beste energia-iturri batzuk asmatzen eta garatzen dihardute hainbat sektorek<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg/250px-Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2562"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg/250px-Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg/375px-Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg/500px-Lemoiz_zentral_nuklearra.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemoizko_zentral_nuklearra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemoizko zentral nuklearra">Lemoizko zentrala</a> Euskal Herrian eraiki den <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zentral_nuklear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zentral nuklear">zentral nuklear</a> bakarra da, baina ez zen inoiz martxan ezarri. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Energia ez berriztagarrien alorrean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_nuklear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia nuklear">energia nuklearra</a> dago. Erregai fosilen ordezko garbiago bat bada ere arriskutsuak diren hondarkinak sortzen ditu, eta zentral nuklearretan istripuak daudelarik<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> osasunarentzat kaltegarriak diren produktuak askatzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorioz, energia-iturri mota honen erabilpena sutsuki eztabaidatua dago<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta adibidez, Euskal Herriko herri mugimenduak zentral nuklearrak eraikitzearen kontra agertu izan dira mota honetako proiektuak aurrera eraman nahi izan direnean. Gaur egun ez dago zentral nuklearrik Euskal Herrian bertan; hurbilenekoak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Garo%C3%B1ako_zentral_nuklearra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Maria de Garoñako zentral nuklearra">Garoñako zentrala</a> (Burgos) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arcachongo_zentral_nuklearra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arcachongo zentral nuklearra (sortu gabe)">Arcachongoa</a> (Gaskoinia) dira.</p> <p>Euskal Herrian ekoizten diren energia berriztagarri nagusiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_hidrauliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia hidrauliko">energia hidraulikoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_eoliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia eoliko">energia eolikoa</a> dira. Tamaina handikoa delarik, energia-iturri hauen ustiapenak eragin kaltegarria eduki dezake ingurunean eta horrek eztabaidak sortzen ditu azpiegiturak eraiki ala ez erabakitzeko orduan<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eguzki-energia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eguzki-energia">Eguzki-energia</a> ere ustiatzen da maila apalago batean<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Gaur egun 49 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zerrenda:Nafarroa_Garaiko_parke_eolikoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zerrenda:Nafarroa Garaiko parke eolikoak">parke eoliko daude Nafarroan</a> eta 7 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoko_parke_eolikoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko parke eolikoak">EAE-n</a> (2018ko urtarrileko datuak<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Ipar Euskal Herrian ez da parke eolikorik<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina hainbat udaletxek herriko eraikinetan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelula_fotovoltaiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelula fotovoltaiko">eguzki-plakak</a> jartzeko pausoa eman dute<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskal_Herriko_energia_ekoizle_eta_hornitzaileak">Euskal Herriko energia ekoizle eta hornitzaileak</h4> </div> <p>Hego zein Ipar Euskal Herriko energia ekoizle eta hornitzaileak enpresa pribatuak dira. Jatorriz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France_(EDF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Électricité de France (EDF)">Électricité de France (EDF)</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endesa">Endesa</a> frantziar eta espainiar estatuen jabetza baziren ere (hurrenez hurren), gaur egun enpresa pribatuak dira. EDF-ren kasuan, frantziar estatua <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akzio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akzio">akzioen</a> %80aren jabe da.</p> <ul> <li>Ekoizle eta hornitzaile handiak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France_(EDF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Électricité de France (EDF)">EDF</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enedis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Enedis (sortu gabe)">Enedis</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endesa">Endesa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engie">Engie</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesa">Gamesa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberdrola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iberdrola">Iberdrola</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturgy">Naturgy</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petronor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petronor">Petronor</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAUR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SAUR">Saur</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Total_(enpresa)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Total (enpresa) (sortu gabe)">Total</a></li> <li>Ekoizle eta hornitzaile txikiak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enargia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enargia">Enargia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GoiEner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GoiEner">GoiEner</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I-Ener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I-Ener">I-Ener</a>,</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ura">Ura</h3> </div> <p>Euskal Herrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ur">uraren</a> kudeaketa tokiko administrazio publikoaren esku dago; zuzenean zein <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enpresa_publiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enpresa publiko">enpresa publiko</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enpresa_pribatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enpresa pribatu">pribatu</a> bidez. Eskumenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foru_aldundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foru aldundi">Foru Aldundienak</a>, eskualdeenak edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udal">herriko etxeenak</a> izan daitezke.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ur-hornikuntza_eta_saneamendua">Ur-hornikuntza eta saneamendua</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udal">Herriko etxe</a> bakoitzari badagokio ere haren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udalerri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udalerri">udalerriko</a> urak kudeatzea, normalean ardura hau hainbat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udal">udal</a> biltzen dituzten elkarteen edo udal elkarte hauekin hitzarmena duten enpresen esku uzten da. Sarri, ur-hornikuntza eta saneamenduaz arduratzen diren enpresak hondakinen kudeaketaz eta tratamenduaz ere arduratzen dira.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araba</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoan</a> hainbat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udal">udalen</a> artean bultzaturiko enpresa publikoek kudeatzen dute ura. Enpresa publiko horiei ur-partzuergo deritze eta bazkide diren udalerrietan egiten dute lan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foru_aldundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foru aldundi">Foru Aldundiak</a> bultzatutako ur-partzuergoaren esku dago uraren hornikuntza eta saneamendua. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoan</a> zuzenki <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Hirigune_Elkargoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa">Euskal Hirigune Elkargoko</a> herriko etxeen edo haiekin hitzarmen bat duten entrepresa pribatuen gain da ur-hornikuntza.</p> <p>Probintzia bakoitzeko entrepresa publiko eta pribatuak:</p> <ul> <li>Araban: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabako_Errioxako_Urkidetza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabako Errioxako Urkidetza">Arabako Errioxako Urkidetza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zigoitiko_Ur_Partzuergoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zigoitiko Ur Partzuergoa">Zigoitiko Ur Partzuergoa</a></li> <li>Bizkaian: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilbao_Bizkaia_Ur_Patzuergoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilbao Bizkaia Ur Patzuergoa">Bilbao Bizkaia Ur Partzuergoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Busturialdeko_Ur_Partzuergoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Busturialdeko Ur Partzuergoa">Busturialdeko Ur Partzuergoa</a></li> <li>Gipuzkoan: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoako_Ur_Kontsortzioa_-_Gipuzkoako_Urak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoako Ur Kontsortzioa - Gipuzkoako Urak">Gipuzkoako Ur Kontsortzioa - Gipuzkoako Urak</a></li> <li>Lapurdin: (herriko etxe bakoitzaren arabera) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AGUR_SA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AGUR SA">AGUR</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LAGUN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LAGUN">LAGUN</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAUR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SAUR">SAUR</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SUEZ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SUEZ">SUEZ</a></li> <li>Nafarroa Beherean: (herriko etxe bakoitzaren arabera) AGUR, LAGUN, SAUR eta SUEZ</li> <li>Nafarroa Garaian: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Hondakinen_Partzuergoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Hondakinen Partzuergoa">Nafarroako Hondakinen Partzuergoa</a> (NILSA)</li> <li>Zuberoan (herriko etxe bakoitzaren arabera): AGUR, LAGUN, SAUR eta SUEZ</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Osasun-azpiegiturak">Osasun-azpiegiturak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ospitaleak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ospitaleak">Euskal Herriko ospitaleak</a>» </div> <p>Arlo publikoan, zentro handien artean nabarmentzekoak dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gurutzetako_Unibertsitate_Ospitalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gurutzetako Unibertsitate Ospitalea">Gurutzetako Ospitalea</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barakaldo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barakaldo">Barakaldo</a>) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia_Unibertsitate_Ospitalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia Unibertsitate Ospitalea">Donostia Ospitalea</a>, biak ala biak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osakidetza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osakidetza">Osakidetzakoak</a>.</p> <p>Bestela, erietxe pribaturik ezagunena, baita Euskal Herritik kanpo ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Unibertsitatea_Klinika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Unibertsitatea Klinika">Klinika Unibertsitarioa</a> da, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iruñea">Iruñean</a> dago.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hezkuntza_eta_azpiegiturak">Hezkuntza eta azpiegiturak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hezkuntza_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hezkuntza Euskal Herrian">Hezkuntza Euskal Herrian</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herrian bi hezkuntza sistema ezberdin daude, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainia">Espainia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzia">Frantziakoa</a>. Gainera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herrian</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAE</a> eta Nafarroak hezkuntzaren gainean arauak sortzeko eskumena dute. Euskal Herri osoan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikastola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ikastola">ikastolak</a> dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskaraz</a> irakasteko zentroak, nahiz eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Eskualde_Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Eskualde Euskaldun">Nafarroako Eskualde Euskaldunean</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Eskualde_Mistoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako Eskualde Mistoa">Eskualde Mistoan</a>, hala nola Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan irakaskuntza publikoan ere euskara ikas daitekeen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D_eredua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D eredua">D ereduan</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B_eredua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="B eredua">B eredua</a> eta gisa bereko eredu elebidunak badira hainbat ikastetxetan, adibidez <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herriko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ikas-bi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ikas-bi (sortu gabe)">Ikas-bi</a> zentroetan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_eredua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A eredua">A ereduak</a> gazteleraz ematen du irakaskuntza osoa, baina euskara ikasgai bat da. Eredu hau ofizialki Euskal Autonomia Erkidego osoan eta Nafarroa ia osoan har daiteke. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G_eredua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G eredua">G eredua</a> ere existitzen da, non euskara ere ez den irakasgai bat. Eredu hau edo baliokide bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trebi%C3%B1u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trebiñu">Trebiñun</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapurdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapurdi">Lapurdi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherea</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoan</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Eskualde_Ez-euskaldunean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako Eskualde Ez-euskaldunean">Nafarroako Eskualde Ez-euskaldunean</a> ematen da. G ereduaren oso antzekoa (eskaintzaren aldetik) dugu ere, EAEan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X_eredua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X eredua">X eredua</a>.</p> <p>Curriculumari dagokionez, hezkuntza ezberdina ematen da Frantzian eta Espainian. Horrez gain Frantziako ikastetxeek % 10 herriko gaietara moldatu ahal dute. Espainian berezko hizkuntza duten autonomia erkidegoek % 55 finkatu ahal dute, nahiz eta guztiz ez den erabiltzen. EAEn gainera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegorako_Euskal_Curriculuma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegorako Euskal Curriculuma (sortu gabe)">Euskal Autonomia Erkidegorako Euskal Curriculuma</a> izeneko dekretua ere legezkoa da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Curriculuma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Euskal Curriculuma (sortu gabe)">Euskal Curriculuma</a> eta Espainiako LOEren arteko nahaste bat da.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:University_Sancti_Spiritus,_O%C3%B1ati_(main_facade,_from_South-South-East).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG/220px-University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG/220px-University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG/330px-University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG/440px-University_Sancti_Spiritus%2C_O%C3%B1ati_%28main_facade%2C_from_South-South-East%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Oñatiko Sancti Spiritus 1542. urteko unibertsitatea </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Unibertsitateak">Unibertsitateak</h4> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unibertsitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unibertsitate">Unibertsitateari</a> dagokionez, historian zehar <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1542?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1542">1542</a> sortu zen Oñatin <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%C3%B1atiko_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oñatiko Unibertsitatea">Sancti Spiritus</a> unibertsitatea, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1901?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1901">1901</a> arte iraun zuen. Gaur egun, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</a> da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAEko</a> zentro publiko nagusia. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deustuko_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deustuko Unibertsitatea">Deustuko Unibertsitatea</a>, ordea, pribatu nagusia da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaian</a> batez ere. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoan</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mondragon_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mondragon Unibertsitatea">Mondragon Unibertsitatea</a> irabazi asmorik gabeko kooperatiba da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroan</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Unibertsitate_Publikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa">Unibertsitate publiko</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Unibertsitatea">pribatua</a> daude. Ipar Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universite_de_Pau_et_Pays_de_l%27Adour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour">Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour</a> unibertsitateak kanpusak ditu <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Kosta-Aturri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Kosta-Aturri">BABen</a>. Lurralde osorako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udako_Euskal_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea">Udako Euskal Unibertsitateak</a> irakasten du euskaraz, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Unibertsitatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Unibertsitatea">Euskal Unibertsitatea</a> izeneko egitasmoak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010eko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010eko hamarkada">2010eko hamarkadan</a> guztiz euskaraz funtzionatuko duen goi mailako hezkuntza eman nahi du.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Hizkuntza_Eskola_Ofizialak,_Musika_Kontserbatorioak,_Arte_Eskolak"><span id="Hizkuntza_Eskola_Ofizialak.2C_Musika_Kontserbatorioak.2C_Arte_Eskolak"></span>Hizkuntza Eskola Ofizialak, Musika Kontserbatorioak, Arte Eskolak</h4> </div> <p>Hizkuntza Eskola Ofizialen arloan, Hegoaldeko eremuetan zentru ugari dira, guztiak tokiko administrazioaren menpe eta estatu mailako EEOOII (Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas) sarean. Normalki irakasgai diren hizkuntzak tokiko eskolaren araberakoak dira<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina ohioenak euskara, ingelesa, frantsesa, alemana eta italiera izaten dira, eta gehienetan gaztelera (atzerriko hizkuntza gisa) eta beste batzuk ere bai. Hegoaldean honako eskola hauetara jo dezake HEO batean ikasi nahi duenak<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p> <ul> <li>Bizkaian: Barakaldoko HEO, Basauriko HEO, Bermoko HEO, Bilboko HEO, Durangoko HEO, Getxoko HEO, Santurtziko HEO eta Zallako HEO.</li> <li>Gipuzkoan: Eibarko HEO, Irungo HEO, Ordiziako HEO, Donostiako HEO eta Tolosako HEO.</li> <li>Araban: Gasteizko HEO.</li> <li>Nafarroan: Iruñako HEO, Tuterako HEO eta Iruñako Urrutiko HEO.</li> </ul> <p>Iparraldean ez dago administrazioari loturiko hizkuntza eskola ofizialik, baina akademia eta eskolek estatuaren dirulaguntzak ukan ditzakete.</p> <p>Musika eskolei dagokienez, irakaskuntza zentro ugari dago Euskal Herrian zehar, baina gune nagusiak honakoak dira: Donostiako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Escudero_Kontserbatorioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Escudero Kontserbatorioa">Francisco Escudero Kontserbatorioa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_Arriaga_Kontserbatorioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilboko Arriaga Kontserbatorioa">Bilboko Arriaga Kontserbatorioa</a>, Gasteizko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Guridi_Kontserbatorioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus Guridi Kontserbatorioa">Jesus Guridi Kontserbatorioa</a>, Baionako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Ravel_Kontserbatorioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Ravel Kontserbatorioa">Maurice Ravel Kontserbatorioa</a> eta Iruñeko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Kontserbatorioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Kontserbatorioa">Nafarroako Kontserbatorioa</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Helduen_alfabetatze_eta_euskalduntzea">Helduen alfabetatze eta euskalduntzea</h4> </div> <ul> <li>Euskal Herri osoan dago hedatuta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabetatze_Euskalduntze_Koordinakundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabetatze Euskalduntze Koordinakundea">AEK</a> erakundea. Helduen alfabetatze eta euskalduntze prozesuan 1965. urtetik. Erakunde honek, besteak beste, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korrika">Korrika</a> antolatu izan du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a>. urtetik aurrera, bi urtean behin, euskara sustatzeko asmoa duen eta Euskal Herri osoan zehar egiten den lasterketa herrikoia.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helduen_Alfabetatze_eta_Berreuskalduntzerako_Erakundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helduen Alfabetatze eta Berreuskalduntzerako Erakundea">HABE</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helduen_Alfabetatze_eta_Berreuskalduntzerako_Erakundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helduen Alfabetatze eta Berreuskalduntzerako Erakundea">Helduen Alfabetatze eta Berreuskalduntzerako Erakundea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">EAEko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1983?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1983">1983an</a> sortutako erakundea.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IKA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IKA">IKA</a>. (Ikas eta Ari) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaltegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaltegi">euskaltegi</a> sare bat da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989an</a> sortu zen, eta Nafarroan eta Araban ditu euskaltegiak.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko kultura">Euskal Herriko kultura</a>» </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskarazko_literatura">Euskarazko literatura</h4> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_literaturak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko literaturak">Euskal Herriko literaturak</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal literatura">Euskal literatura</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahozko_euskal_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahozko euskal literatura">Ahozko euskal literatura</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_haur_eta_gazte_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal haur eta gazte literatura">Euskal haur eta gazte literatura</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskarazko_komikigintzaren_historia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskarazko komikigintzaren historia">Euskarazko komikigintzaren historia</a>» </div> <p>Euskal literatura idatzia oso berandu agertu zen. Euskal Herriko literatura nagusia mendeetan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahozko_euskal_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahozko euskal literatura">ahozkoa</a> izan da. Lehendabiziko zeharkako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahozko_euskal_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahozko euskal literatura">ahozko literaturaren</a> aipamenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1452?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1452">1452ko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_Foru_Zaharra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkaiko Foru Zaharra">Bizkaiko Foru Zaharrean</a> agertu ziren. Horrek emakumeei libelo sutsu moduko koplak abestea debekatu zien. Orduko kronistek mota horretako kopla asko bildu zituzten, batzuek herri tradizioan luzaroan zirauten eta beste asko transkribatuak ziren, adibidez: <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milia_Lasturkoren_eresia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milia Lasturkoren eresia">Milia Lasturkoren eresia</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV. mendea">XV. mendea</a>), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errodrigo_Zaratekoaren_eresia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Errodrigo Zaratekoaren eresia">Errodrigo Zaratekoaren eresia</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV. mendea">XV. mendea</a>), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aramaioko_kantua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaioko kantua">Pedro Abendañoren kanta</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1443?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1443">1443</a>), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Ba%C3%B1ezen_eresia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Bañezen eresia">Martin Bañezen eresia</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1464?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1464">1464</a>), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahetzeko_anderea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahetzeko anderea">Ahetzeko anderearen</a> hirugarren kanta</i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1425?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1425">1425</a>).</p> <p>XVI. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal literatura">Euskal literaturan</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernart_Etxepare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernart Etxepare">Bernart Etxepareren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguae_vasconum_primitiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguae vasconum primitiae">Linguae vasconum primitiae</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1545?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1545">1545</a>) euskaraz inprimatutako lehen liburua izan zen eta XVI. mendekoak dira, orobat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazarragaren_eskuizkribua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazarragaren eskuizkribua">Joan Perez Lazarragakoren eskuizkribua</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Leizarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Leizarraga">Leizarragaren</a> Itun Berria (euskarazko lehen bertsioa), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atsotitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atsotitz">atsotitz</a> bilduma batzuk (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteban_Garibai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteban Garibai">Garibairen</a> bilduma, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refranes_y_Sentencias_(1596)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Refranes y Sentencias (1596)"><i>RS</i> 1596</a>, etab.] eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristau-ikasbidea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristau-ikasbidea">doktrinaren</a> bat. Baina ez dira XVI. mendeko testu horiek euskaraz dokumentatu diren testurik zaharrenak. (Ikus, esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Mitxelenaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textos_arcaicos_vascos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Textos arcaicos vascos">Textos Arcaicos Vascos</a></i> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibon_Sarasola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibon Sarasola">Sarasolaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Contribuci%C3%B3n_al_estudio_y_edici%C3%B3n_de_textos_antiguos_vascos&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Contribución al estudio y edición de textos antiguos vascos (sortu gabe)">Contribución</a></i>, balio literario handia ez, baina balio historiko-filologiko handia duten testu zaharren bildumak). <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_idazle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal idazle">Euskal idazle</a> klasikoen artean, aipagarri dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Axular">Axular</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarako_Eskola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarako Eskola">Sarako Eskola</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendean</a>. Idazle gehienak apaizak ziren eta Ipar Euskal Herrikoak. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII. mende">XVIII. mendean</a>, aldiz, euskal literaturaren testigua Helgoadera igaro zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Larramendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Larramendi">Manuel Larramendi</a> andoaindarra egile nagusia izango da. Garaikide izan zituen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Etxeberri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Etxeberri">Joanes Etxeberri</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agustin_Kardaberaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agustin Kardaberaz">Agustin Kardaberaz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Mendiburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Mendiburu">Sebastian Mendiburu</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabier_Munibe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzisko Xabier Munibe">Peñafloridako kondea</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazioaren</a> ideiek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herrira</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literatura">Literaturan</a> ez ezik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zientzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zientzia">zientzia</a> guztietan ere pizkundea eraman zuten. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX. mende">XIX. mendean</a> zehar euskal literatura modernitatera ekartzeko lehenengo ahaleginak egin ziren. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromantizismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromantizismo">Erromantizismoren</a> eskutik eta egoera politikoak bultzatuta, pertsonalitate handiko idazleak plazaratuko dira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Antonio_Mogel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Antonio Mogel">Joan Antonio Mogelk</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peru_Abarka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peru Abarka">Peru Abarka</a> lehen euskal eleberria idatzi zuen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Mari_Iparragirre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Mari Iparragirre">Jose Mari Iparragirreko</a> Euskal Herri osora zabaldu ziren bertsoak eta kantak idatzi zituen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizenta_Mogel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizenta Mogel">Bizenta Mogel</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilintx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilintx">Bilintx</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Piarres_Duvoisin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Piarres Duvoisin">Joan Piarres Duvoisin</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Batista_Elizanburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Batista Elizanburu">Joan Batista Elizanburu</a>...<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XIX. mendearen hasieran, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1803?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1803">1803an</a> hain zuzen, argitaratu zen haurrentzako euskarazko lehen liburua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aguirre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Bautista Aguirre">Juan Bautista Aguirrek</a> idatzitako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katixima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Katixima">katixima</a> bat: <i>Confesioco eta Comunioco Sacramentuen gañean Eracusaldiac, lenvicico Comunioraco prestatu bear diran Aurrentzat, eta bidez Cristau acientzat ere bai</i>. Urtebete beranduago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1804?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1804">1804an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizenta_Mogel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizenta Mogel">Bizenta Mogelek</a> (1782-1854) <i>Ipui onac</i> alegi liburu ezaguna argitaratu zuen, ahozko literaturan oinarrituta. Eta ez zen haurrei zuzendutako beste argitalpenik egon euskaraz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890">1890</a>. urtean A. Apaolazak <i>Patxiko Txerren</i> argitaratu zuen arte (86 urteko tartean, hain zuzen).</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX._mende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XX. mende">XX. mendean</a> gure literaturaren egoera erabat aldatu zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lehen_Euskal_Pizkundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehen Euskal Pizkundea">Lehen Euskal Pizkundeak</a> XIX. mendearen bukaeratik XX. mendean zehar zabaldu zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco">Francoren</a> estatu kolpea eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">Espainiako Gerra Zibila</a> gertatu arte. Bultzatzaileen artean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Abadia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Abadia">Anton Abbadia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seber_Altube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seber Altube">Seber Altube</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabin_Arana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabin Arana">Sabin Arana</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurreccion_Maria_Azkue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resurreccion Maria Azkue">Resurreccion Maria Azkue</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arturo_Kanpion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arturo Kanpion">Arturo Campion</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andima_Ibi%C3%B1agabeitia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andima Ibiñagabeitia">Andima Ibiñagabeitia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorne_Unzueta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorne Unzueta">Sorne Unzueta</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julio_Urkixo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julio Urkixo">Julio de Urquijo</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jokin_Zaitegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jokin Zaitegi">Iokin Zaitegi</a> ditugu garai guztian zehar. Testuinguru horretan egin zen 1918an Oñatiko Sancti Spiritus unibertsitatean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Ikasketen_Lehen_Kongresua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Ikasketen Lehen Kongresua">Euskal Ikasketen Lehen Kongresua</a>, eta bera izan zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaltzaindia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eusko_Ikaskuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusko Ikaskuntza">Eusko Ikaskuntza</a>ren sorrreraren abiapuntua. Euskaraz egindako irakaskuntza zabaladu zen eta literatura lantzeko bide berrian sortu ziren. Garai horretan izen handi batzuk ditugu: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabier_Lizardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabier Lizardi">Xabier Lizardi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lauaxeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lauaxeta">Lauaxeta</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orixe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orixe">Orixe</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Labaien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Maria Labaien">Antonio Maria Labaien</a>. Idazle hauek hizkuntza literarioa beste maila batera eraman zuten. Gerrarekin batera, hau da 1936tik aurrera, hirurogeigarren hamarkada arte, euskal literatura Hegoaldean erbestean edo katakonbetan gelditu zen. Garai ilun horretan erbestetik idazle batzuek euskal literatura zabaltzen aritu ziren, esaterako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jokin_Zaitegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jokin Zaitegi">Iokin Zaitegi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telesforo_Monzon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Telesforo Monzon">Telesforo Monzon</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salbatore_Mitxelena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salbatore Mitxelena">Salbatore Mitxelena</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orixe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orixe">Orixe</a>. Ipar Euskal Herrian literatura bide tradizionaletan gordetzen zen salbuespen batzuekin: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txomin_Peillen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txomin Peillen">Txomin Peillen</a> eta, batez ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jon_Mirande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jon Mirande">Jon Mirande</a>. Prentsan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piarres_Lafitte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piarres Lafitte">Piarres Lafittek</a> <i>Herria</i> aldizkaria zuzendu zuen. Haur nahiz gazteentzako lanak idazten hasi ziren idazten bertako egileak: Kirikiñoren <i>Abarrak</i> (1918), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabiertxo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabiertxo">Xabiertxo</a></i> (1925), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ixaka_Lopez_de_Mendizabal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixaka Lopez de Mendizabal">Ixaka Lopez de Mendizabalek</a> idatzia eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jon_Zabalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jon Zabalo">Jon Zabalo</a> “Txiki”k ilustratua, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorio_Mujika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Mujika">Gregorio Mujikaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pernando_Amezketarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pernando Amezketarra">Pernando Amezketarra</a>. Bere ateraldi eta gertaerak</i> (1927), <i>Txomin Arlote</i> (1929), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alejandro_Bilbao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alejandro Bilbao">Alejandro Bilbaok</a> (“Erramun Maruri”) idatzia, <i>Dar-Dar-Dar</i> (1929). Halaber, euskarazko lehen antzezlana garai hartakoa da: <i>Nekane edo Neskuntzaren babesa</i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robustiana_Mujika_Ega%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robustiana Mujika Egaña">Tene Mujika</a>, 1922).</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1950eko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1950eko hamarkada">1950eko hamarkadaren</a> bukaeran, idazle-belaunaldi berria jaio zen, tartean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Aresti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Aresti">Gabriel Aresti</a>. Hark <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harri_eta_Herri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harri eta Herri">Harri eta Herri</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1964?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1964">1964</a>) bere liburuan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europan</a> modan zegoen gizarteko poesia jorratu zuen. Era berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antzerki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antzerki">antzerkiari</a> ekin zioten talde batzuekin edo <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairu</a></i>, "<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Kantagintza_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Kantagintza Berria">Euskal Kantagintza Berria</a>" izeneko mugimenduaren sortzaileekin ere harreman estuak izan zituen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleberri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleberri">Eleberriei</a> buruz, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txillardegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txillardegi">Txillardegiren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leturiaren_egunkari_ezkutua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leturiaren egunkari ezkutua">Leturiaren egunkari ezkutua</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1957?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1957">1957</a>) lehendabiziko euskal <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleberri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleberri">eleberri</a> modernoa da, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Existentzialismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Existentzialismo">existentzialismo</a> ereduak jarraitzen duena. Gero <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramon_Saizarbitoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramon Saizarbitoria">Ramon Saizarbitoriaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egunero_hasten_delako?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egunero hasten delako">Egunero hasten delako</a></i> eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ehun_metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ehun metro">Ehun metro</a></i> (<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouveau Roman">Nouveau Roman</a></i> mugimenduaren eragina dutenak), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arantxa_Urretabizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arantxa Urretabizkaia">Arantxa Urretabizkaia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anjel_Lertxundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anjel Lertxundi">Anjel Lertxundi</a> agertu ziren.</p> <p>Panorama zail hori Franco hil ondoren nolabait aldatu zen, bai Hegoaldean baita ere Iparraldean. XX. mendeko azken hogeita bost urtetan estilo eta genero ugariko idazleak agertu ziren. Horien artean, egile garaikiderik ospetsuena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernardo_Atxaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernardo Atxaga">Bernardo Atxaga</a> dugu, haren lanak hainbat hizkuntzatara itzulita argitaratu baitizkiote, baina beste asko euskal literaturari benetako aldaketa eta maila eman diote. Izen batzuk aipatzearren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseba_Sarrionandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseba Sarrionandia">Joseba Sarrionandia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabier_Lete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabier Lete">Xabier Lete</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unai_Elorriaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unai Elorriaga">Unai Elorriaga</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joxemari_Iturralde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joxemari Iturralde">Joxemari Iturralde</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laura_Mintegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laura Mintegi">Laura Mintegi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itxaro_Borda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itxaro Borda">Itxaro Borda</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pako_Aristi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pako Aristi">Pako Aristi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aingeru_Epaltza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aingeru Epaltza">Aingeru Epaltza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patziku_Perurena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patziku Perurena">Patziku Perurena</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirmen_Uribe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirmen Uribe">Kirmen Uribe</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eider_Rodriguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eider Rodriguez">Eider Rodriguez</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uxue_Alberdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uxue Alberdi">Uxue Alberdi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jokin_Mu%C3%B1oz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jokin Muñoz">Jokin Muñoz</a>... ezagunenak dira. <sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bestela, herrialdean osorik hartzen duen liburu azoka eta literaturaren inguruko topagunea dugu urtero <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durangoko_Azoka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durangoko Azoka">Durangoko Azoka</a>. Maila txikiagoan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarako_Idazleen_Biltzarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarako Idazleen Biltzarra">Sarako Idazleen Biltzarra</a>, Zarauzko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literaturia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literaturia">Literaturia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eako_poesia_egunak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eako poesia egunak">Eako poesia egunak</a> ere aipagai dira.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernart Etxepareren Linguae vasconum primitiae liburuko Kontrapas olerkia."> <noscript> <img alt="Bernart Etxepareren Linguae vasconum primitiae liburuko Kontrapas olerkia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png/206px-Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1492"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png/206px-Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png" data-alt="Bernart Etxepareren Linguae vasconum primitiae liburuko Kontrapas olerkia." data-width="138" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png/309px-Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png/412px-Kontrapas_linguae_vasconum_primitiae.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernart_Etxepare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernart Etxepare">Bernart Etxepareren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguae_vasconum_primitiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguae vasconum primitiae">Linguae vasconum primitiae</a></i> liburuko <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontrapas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontrapas">Kontrapas</a></i> olerkia. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Gero_azala.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Gero, Axularren lan nagusia eta gure literaturaren benetako klasikoa."> <noscript> <img alt="Gero, Axularren lan nagusia eta gure literaturaren benetako klasikoa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gero_azala.jpg/407px-Gero_azala.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1164"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 272px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gero_azala.jpg/407px-Gero_azala.jpg" data-alt="Gero, Axularren lan nagusia eta gure literaturaren benetako klasikoa." data-width="272" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gero_azala.jpg/610px-Gero_azala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gero_azala.jpg/814px-Gero_azala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Gero</i>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Axular">Axularren</a> lan nagusia eta gure literaturaren benetako klasikoa. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Txillardegi,_UEUren_omenaldian.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Txillardegi 1999 egindako aurkezpen publiko batean."> <noscript> <img alt="Txillardegi 1999 egindako aurkezpen publiko batean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png/208px-Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="509"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png/208px-Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png" data-alt="Txillardegi 1999 egindako aurkezpen publiko batean." data-width="139" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png/312px-Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Txillardegi%2C_UEUren_omenaldian.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Txillardegi 1999 egindako aurkezpen publiko batean. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Xabiertxo,_Tolosa.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Xabiertxo liburuak garai berri bat ireki zuen."> <noscript> <img alt="Xabiertxo liburuak garai berri bat ireki zuen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg/168px-Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg/168px-Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg" data-alt="Xabiertxo liburuak garai berri bat ireki zuen." data-width="112" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg/253px-Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg/337px-Xabiertxo%2C_Tolosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabiertxo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabiertxo">Xabiertxo</a> liburuak garai berri bat ireki zuen. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Itxaro_Borda_(EKE_Pantxika_Maitia).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Itxaro Borda."> <noscript> <img alt="Itxaro Borda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg/400px-Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg/400px-Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg" data-alt="Itxaro Borda." data-width="267" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg/600px-Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Itxaro_Borda_%28EKE_Pantxika_Maitia%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Itxaro Borda. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernardo Atxaga Euskal Herritik kanpo idazle euskaldun ezagunena."> <noscript> <img alt="Bernardo Atxaga Euskal Herritik kanpo idazle euskaldun ezagunena." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg/200px-Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="3246"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg/200px-Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg" data-alt="Bernardo Atxaga Euskal Herritik kanpo idazle euskaldun ezagunena." data-width="134" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg/300px-Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg/400px-Bernardo_Atxaga_-_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bernardo Atxaga Euskal Herritik kanpo idazle euskaldun ezagunena. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseba Sarrionandia, betiko iheslaria."> <noscript> <img alt="Joseba Sarrionandia, betiko iheslaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="3129"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Joseba Sarrionandia, betiko iheslaria." data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/337px-Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Joseba_Sarrionandia_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseba_Sarrionandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseba Sarrionandia">Joseba Sarrionandia</a>, betiko iheslaria. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Xola, Bernardo Atxagaren pertsonaia."> <noscript> <img alt="Xola, Bernardo Atxagaren pertsonaia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg/453px-Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1173"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 302px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg/453px-Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg" data-alt="Xola, Bernardo Atxagaren pertsonaia." data-width="302" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg/680px-Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg/906px-Xola_eta_basurdeak_moztuta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xola">Xola</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernardo_Atxaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernardo Atxaga">Bernardo Atxagaren</a> pertsonaia. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskal_Herriko_erdal_literaturak">Euskal Herriko erdal literaturak</h4> </div> <p>Euskal Herriko erdal literaturetan ere baditugu egile handien izenak. Erdi Aroan gaztelaniaz idatzi zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Berceo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gonzalo de Berceo">Gonzalo de Berceo</a> Errioxako idazlea ziur aski euskalduna zen. Geroztik mendez mende asko izan dira gaztelaniaz idatzi dutenak, esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Maria_Samaniego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Maria Samaniego">Felix Maria Samaniego</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Navarro Villoslada">Francisco Navarro Villoslada</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miguel_Unamuno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miguel Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pío Baroja">Pio Baroja</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isidoro_Fagoaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isidoro Fagoaga">Isidoro Fagoaga</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Larrea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Larrea">Juan Larrea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacio_Aldekoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacio Aldekoa">Ignacio Aldekoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blas_de_Otero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blas de Otero">Blas de Otero</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Figuera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Figuera">Angela Figuera</a> (1902-1984), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Celaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Celaya">Gabriel Zelaia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernestina_Champourcin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernestina Champourcin">Ernestina Champourcin</a> (1905-1999), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramiro_Pinilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramiro Pinilla">Ramiro Pinilla</a> (1923-1914), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pablo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Langarika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pablo González de Langarika">Pablo González de Langarika</a> (1947-2016) eta zuzentzen zue <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zurgai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zurgai">Zurgai</a></i> poesia-aldizkaria, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fernando_Aramburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fernando Aramburu">Fernando Aramburu</a> (1959).</p> <p>Frantsesez idatzi dutenen artean XVI. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Oihartzabal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Oihartzabal">Martin Oihartzabal</a> dugu. XIX. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agosti_Xaho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agosti Xaho">Agosti Xaho</a> (1811-1858) zuberatarrak gure kulturan eragin handia izan duten liburuak argitaratu zituen. Mende horretan beste idazleak ditugu: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piarres_Ihartze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piarres Ihartze">Piarres Ihartze</a> (1765-1843), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Pierre_Lafitte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lafitte">Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lafitte</a> (1796-1879). XX. mendean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Dassance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Dassance">Louis Dassance</a> (1888-1976), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sophie_Andouin-Mamikonian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sophie Andouin-Mamikonian">Sophie Andouin-Mamikonian</a> (1961), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xavier_Maum%C3%A9jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xavier Mauméjean">Xavier Mauméjean</a> (1963), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Darrieussecq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie Darrieussecq">Marie Darrieussecq</a> (1969), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Blauwart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michaël Blauwart">Michaël Blauwart</a> (1971)...</p> <p>Beste hizkuntzetan idatzi duten egile ezagunak ere badira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebreera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebreera">Hebreeraz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> (1070-1141) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Tuterakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Tuterakoa">Benjamin Tuterakoa</a> (1130-1173) ditugu, biak juduak eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutera">Tuterakoak</a>; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabiera">arabieraz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Tutili?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Tutili">Al-Tutili</a> (1092-1126), Tuterako poeta; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskoi_(hizkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskoi (hizkuntza)">gaskoiaz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Lesca_de_Hitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Lesca de Hitze">Pierre Lesca de Hitze</a> (1729-1807) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Batbedat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Batbedat">François Batbedat</a>, (1745-1806); eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okzitaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okzitaniera">okzitanieraz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilen_Tuterakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilen Tuterakoa">Gilen Tuterakoa</a> (1199-1214), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Gaztelu-Etxegorri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Gaztelu-Etxegorri">Jan Gaztelu-Etxegorri</a>, ezizenez Jan deu Sabalòt (1896-1981) edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan-Miqu%C3%A8u_Dordeins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan-Miquèu Dordeins">Joan-Miquèu Dordeins</a> (1954).</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuteran jaiotako Yehuda Halevi."> <noscript> <img alt="Tuteran jaiotako Yehuda Halevi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg/295px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="854"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg/295px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Tuteran jaiotako Yehuda Halevi." data-width="197" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg/442px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg/589px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Tuteran jaiotako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_(2).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Navarro Villoslada idazle erromantikoa."> <noscript> <img alt="Francisco Navarro Villoslada idazle erromantikoa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg/209px-Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="861"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg/209px-Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="Francisco Navarro Villoslada idazle erromantikoa." data-width="140" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg/313px-Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg/418px-Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Navarro Villoslada">Francisco Navarro Villoslada</a> idazle erromantikoa. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Miguel Unamuno."> <noscript> <img alt="Miguel Unamuno." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg/260px-Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1733"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 174px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg/260px-Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg" data-alt="Miguel Unamuno." data-width="174" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg/390px-Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg/520px-Miguel_de_Unamuno_Meurisse_1925.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miguel_Unamuno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miguel Unamuno">Miguel Unamuno</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramiro Pinilla bizkaitarra."> <noscript> <img alt="Ramiro Pinilla bizkaitarra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG/183px-Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2464"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG/183px-Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG" data-alt="Ramiro Pinilla bizkaitarra." data-width="122" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG/274px-Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG/365px-Ramiro_Pinilla.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramiro_Pinilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramiro Pinilla">Ramiro Pinilla</a> bizkaitarra. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Filosofia">Filosofia</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg/220px-Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1051"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg/220px-Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg/330px-Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg/440px-Joxe_Azurmendi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herria filosofo eta pentsalari askoren herria izan da. Ezagutzen diren zaharrenak juduak eta arabiarrak izan ziren, Nafarroako Erriberan jaiotakoak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> (1070-1141), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham_ben_Ezra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham ben Ezra">Abraham ben Ezra</a> (1092-1167), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIV._mende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XIV. mende">XIV. mendeko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Xaprut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Xaprut">Ben Xaprut</a>... Euskal pentsamendutzat har daitekeen lehenengo espresioa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_apologistak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal apologistak">euskal apologistak</a> dira, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseba_Gabilondo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseba Gabilondo">Joseba Gabilondo</a> filosofoaren arabera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rodrigo_Ximenitz_Arradakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigo Ximenitz Arradakoa">Rodrigo Ximenitz Arradakoak</a> gaztelar eta euskal subjektuak sortu zituenetik edaten zutenak<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pizkundean euskal identitatea purutasunaren identitate gisa azaltzen zen. Garai horretan (1638) idatzi zuen <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notitia_utriusque_Vasconiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia utriusque Vasconiae">Notitia utriusque Vasconiae</a></i> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnaut_Oihenart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnaut Oihenart">Arnaut Oihenartek</a>, euskalduntasuna eta Nafarroa lotuz. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Martinez_Zaldibiakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Martinez Zaldibiakoa">Juan Martinez Zaldibiakoak</a> Gipuzkoaren eta bere foruen apologia egin zuen, eta bereziki jarraitu zuen Arradakoaren pentsamendua <i>Suma de las cosas cantabricas y guipuzcoanas</i> liburuan<sup id="cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pentsamendua-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tesi berbera erabili zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteban_Garibai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteban Garibai">Esteban Garibaik</a>, nahiz eta berak Gaztelako koroaren aldeko gorazarre gisa azaldu<sup id="cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pentsamendua-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andres_Poza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andres Poza">Andres Poza</a> apologistak idatzitako <i>De la antigua lengua, poblaciones y comarcas de las Españas</i> liburuan euskaldunen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaparetasun_unibertsal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaparetasun unibertsal">kaparetasun unibertsala</a> justifikatzeko saiakera egiten zen<sup id="cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pentsamendua-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miguel_Unamuno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miguel Unamuno">Miguel Unamuno</a> bilbotarra XIX. mendearen amaierako eta XX. mendearen hasierako pentsalari garrantzitsuenetakoa da. Posizio ideologiko ezberdinak izan zituen, eta garaiko eztabaidei heldu zien. Gaur egungo irakurketa askoren arabera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalismo">liberalismoa</a> defendatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, nahiz eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendiren</a> ustez kontrakoa ondoriozta daitekeen bera irakurrita<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Haren garaian euskal pentsamenduak apologiatik abertzaletasunera egin zuen salto, eta liberalismoa zein sozialismoa hedatu ziren Euskal Herrian<sup id="cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-3" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pentsamendua-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bi pentsamendu lerro horiek, abertzalea eta sozialista, ez ziren bateragarri ikusi harik eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1950eko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1950eko hamarkada">1950eko hamarkadan</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_Ta_Askatasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi Ta Askatasuna">Euskadi Ta Askatasunaren</a> inguruan bildutako pentsalariek gerora <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezker_abertzalea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ezker abertzalea">ezker abertzalearen</a> oinarri teorikoa sortu zuten arte<sup id="cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-4" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pentsamendua-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Euskal Herrian inoiz izan den pentsalari emankorrenetako bat bezala <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a> aipatu behar da, askoren iritziz, erudituenetakoa ere izan dena.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Arte_bisualak">Arte bisualak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_artea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko artea">Euskal Herriko artea</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herrian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eskulturagintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eskulturagintza">eskultore</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margolaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margolaritza">margolari</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkitektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkitektura">arkitekto</a> ugari izan ditugu, horietako asko nazioarteko mailan ezagunak.</p> <p>Arte museoen artean, nazioarte mailan erreferente eta ikur nagusia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guggenheim_Bilbao_Museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa">Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa</a> da. Bestela, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artium_Museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artium Museoa">Artium Museoa</a> Gasteizen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako museoa">Nafarroako museoa</a> Iruñean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tabakalera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tabakalera">Tabakalera</a> eraikina Donostian eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilboko_Arte_Eder_Museoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilboko Arte Eder Museoa">Bilboko Arte Eder Museoa</a> aipagarriak dira.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskal_Herriko_margolaritza">Euskal Herriko margolaritza</h4> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_margolaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko margolaritza">Euskal Herriko margolaritza</a>» </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg/150px-Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="330"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg/150px-Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg/225px-Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Ignacio_Zuloaga_1925.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacio_Zuloaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacio Zuloaga">Ignacio Zuloaga</a>, margolari ospetsua eta polemikoa izan zen. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Euskal Herriko margolaritzak ez du jarraitasunik izan XIX. mendearen erdia arte, nahiz eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV. mendea">XV. mendetik</a> aurrera margolari bikainak izan diren. Horietako askok <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euskal Herritik</a> kanpora lan egin zuten. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVI._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendeko</a> margolari ospetsuenak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Mendieta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzisko Mendieta">Frantzisko Mendieta</a> bilbotarra eta Mexikoko eskolaren sortzaile izan zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltasar_Etxabe_Orio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltasar Etxabe Orio">Baltasar Etxabe</a> zumaiarra dira.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendean</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacio_Iriarte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacio Iriarte">Ignacio Iriarte</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azkoitia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azkoitia">azkoitiarrak</a>, Sevillan finkatuta, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murilloren</a> margo-lan askoren hondoko paisaiak margotu zituen.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendean</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromantizismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromantizismo">erromantizismoaren</a> eraginpean, ohiturei eta historiako gaiei buruzko margo-lanak egin ziren batez ere. Euskal Herriko margolari gehienek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madril">Madrilgo</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Fernando_Arte_Ederretako_Eskola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="San Fernando Arte Ederretako Eskola">San Fernando Arte Ederretako Eskolan</a> egiten zituzten ikasketak. XIX. mendearen erdialdean euskal pinturaren historian garrantzi handia izan zuen margolaria <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Lekuona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maria Lekuona">Antonio Maria Lekuona</a> (1831-1907) izan zen, Euskal Herriko margolaritzaren aitzindaritzat hartzen dena. Beste bi margolari bikainak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Barroeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Barroeta">Juan Barroeta</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Zamacois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Zamacois">Eduardo Zamacois</a> izan ziren. Euskal margolari asko Parisa joan zen, eta hala, mende bukaeran Frantzian sortu zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inpresionismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inpresionismo">inpresionismoaz</a> kutsatu ziren. Euskal Herriko inpresionismoa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolfo_Guiard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolfo Guiard">Adolfo Guiard Larrauri</a> (1860-1916) bilbotarrarekin hasi eta sortzez asturiarra zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Regoyos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Darío Regoyos">Darío de Regoyosekin</a> (1857-1913) sendotu zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fauvismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fauvismo">Fauvismoak</a> ere izan zuen gurean jarraitzailerik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Iturrino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Iturrino">Francisco Iturrino</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Etxebarria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Etxebarria">Juan Etxebarria</a> adibidez. Bestalde, euskal herritar margolari batzuek Espainiako 98ko belaunaldiko mugimendu intelektualarekin bat egin zuten; horien artean, aipagarriena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacio_Zuloaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacio Zuloaga">Ignacio Zuloaga</a> (1870-1945) izan zen.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendearen</a> hasieran bi joerako margolaritzari bide eman zien, bata euskal esentziaren bila, giza arazoez kezkatua bestea. Lehen joerako margolarien artean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentin_Zubiaurre_Agirrezabal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentin Zubiaurre Agirrezabal">Valentin Zubiaurre</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramon_Zubiaurre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramon Zubiaurre">Ramon Zubiaurre</a> anaiak daude. Bigarren joera, errealismo sozialeko margolariak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelio_Arteta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelio Arteta">Aurelio Arteta</a> (1879-1940) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_Tellaetxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian Tellaetxe">Julian Tellaetxe</a> (1884-1960) gailendu ziren.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">1936ko gerrak</a> margolari askoren jarduna eta adierazpen askatasuna eten zituen. Hala ere, 1941etik aurrera euskal artistek elkarteak eta pintore taldeak sortu zituzten beren lanbidea babesteko eta artea sustatzeko. Urte horietan berrikuntza gutxi izan ziren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Mar%C3%ADa_Uzelay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose María Uzelay">Jose María Uzelay</a> (1903-1979) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bermeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bermeo">bermeotarraren</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surrealismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surrealismo">surrealismoa</a> izan ezik. 1949an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jorge_Oteiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jorge Oteiza">Jorge Oteiza</a> Euskal Herrira itzuli ondoren, hasi zen euskal artearen pizkundea, hura, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestor_Basterretxea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestor Basterretxea">Nestor Basterretxea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Txillida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduardo Txillida">Eduardo Txillida</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agustin_Ibarrola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agustin Ibarrola">Agustin Ibarrolarekin</a> lehenbizi, eta handik hamar urtera, margolaritza informalista ekarri zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rafael_Ruiz_Balerdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rafael Ruiz Balerdi">Rafael Ruiz Balerdi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Luis_Zumeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Luis Zumeta">Jose Luis Zumeta</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amable_Arias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amable Arias">Amable Arias</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Sistiaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Antonio Sistiaga">Jose Antonio Sistiaga</a> eta beste margolari batzuekin. Urte horietan artea herrira zabaltzeko eta euskal estetika bat sortzeko ahaleginak egin ziren. 1960an Euskal Eskola osatu zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaur_(artista-taldea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaur (artista-taldea)">GAUR</a>, EMEN, ORAIN eta DANOK taldeak sortu ziren Hego Euskal Herriko lau lurraldeetan. Joerei dagokienez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Informalismo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Informalismo (sortu gabe)">informalismoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abstrakzio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abstrakzio">abstrakzioa</a> nagusitu ziren.</p> <p>XX. mendearen bukaeran margolaritzak bizi-bizirik zirauen, eta izenen bat aipatzekotan, ezin ahantzi <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gonzalo_Txillida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gonzalo Txillida">Gonzalo Txillida</a> (1926), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosa_Valverde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosa Valverde">Rosa Valverde</a> (1953), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mari_Puri_Herrero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mari Puri Herrero">Mari Puri Herrero</a> (1942), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bego%C3%B1a_Ameztoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Begoña Ameztoi">Begoña Ameztoi</a> (1946) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nagel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrés Nagel">Andrés Nagel</a> margolari-eskultorea.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:La_Concha,_nocturno.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Dario de Regoyosen Kontxa, gauez (1906)"> <noscript> <img alt="Dario de Regoyosen Kontxa, gauez (1906)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg/360px-La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg/360px-La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg" data-alt="Dario de Regoyosen Kontxa, gauez (1906)" data-width="240" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg/540px-La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg/720px-La_Concha%2C_nocturno.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dario_de_Regoyos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dario de Regoyos">Dario de Regoyosen</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontxa,_gauez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontxa, gauez">Kontxa, gauez</a></i> (1906) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:La_Bella_Oterito.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacio Zuloagaren Oterito andereñoa jantzigelan (1936)."> <noscript> <img alt="Ignacio Zuloagaren Oterito andereñoa jantzigelan (1936)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Bella_Oterito.jpg/203px-La_Bella_Oterito.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="4245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Bella_Oterito.jpg/203px-La_Bella_Oterito.jpg" data-alt="Ignacio Zuloagaren Oterito andereñoa jantzigelan (1936)." data-width="136" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Bella_Oterito.jpg/305px-La_Bella_Oterito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Bella_Oterito.jpg/407px-La_Bella_Oterito.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacio_Zuloaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacio Zuloaga">Ignacio Zuloagaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oterito_andere%C3%B1oa_jantzigelan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oterito andereñoa jantzigelan">Oterito andereñoa jantzigelan</a></i> (1936). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:El_mendigo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Antonio Lekuonaren Eskalea."> <noscript> <img alt="Antonio Lekuonaren Eskalea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/El_mendigo.jpg/369px-El_mendigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="342"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 246px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/El_mendigo.jpg/369px-El_mendigo.jpg" data-alt="Antonio Lekuonaren Eskalea." data-width="246" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/El_mendigo.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Lekuona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Lekuona">Antonio Lekuonaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eskalea_(Lekuona)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eskalea (Lekuona) (sortu gabe)">Eskalea</a></i>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D,_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Aurelio Artetaren Emakume bainulariak (1930 inguruan)."> <noscript> <img alt="Aurelio Artetaren Emakume bainulariak (1930 inguruan)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg/291px-%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="458"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg/291px-%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg" data-alt="Aurelio Artetaren Emakume bainulariak (1930 inguruan)." data-width="194" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg/436px-%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/%E2%80%9CBainulariak%E2%80%9D%2C_Aurelio_Arteta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelio_Arteta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelio Arteta">Aurelio Artetaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emakume_bainulariak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emakume bainulariak">Emakume bainulariak</a></i> (1930 inguruan). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Jose Luis Zumetaren Zeruak ia hamabost ordu betetzen zituenean (1984)."> <noscript> <img alt="Jose Luis Zumetaren Zeruak ia hamabost ordu betetzen zituenean (1984)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG/245px-Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="939"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG/245px-Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG" data-alt="Jose Luis Zumetaren Zeruak ia hamabost ordu betetzen zituenean (1984)." data-width="164" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG/367px-Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG/490px-Jose_Luis_Zumeta_-_Cuando_el_cielo_casi_cumpl%C3%ADa_las_quince_horas.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Luis_Zumeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Luis Zumeta">Jose Luis Zumetaren</a> <i>Zeruak ia hamabost ordu betetzen zituenean</i> (1984). </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Euskal_Herriko_eskulturagintza">Euskal Herriko eskulturagintza</h4> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg/300px-Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="816"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg/300px-Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg/450px-Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg/600px-Oteiza_Apostoluak_Arantzazu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jorge_Oteiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jorge Oteiza">Jorge Oteizaren</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostolu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostolu">apostoluak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arantzazuko_santutegia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arantzazuko santutegia">Arantzazun</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erdi_Aroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aroaren</a> bukaeratik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barroko">Barrokora</a> arte, talentu handiko eskultore eta irudigile ugarik egin zuten lan Euskal Herriko elizetan eta, askoz gutxiago, eraikuntza zibiletan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Joan_Aiarakoa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Joan Aiarakoa (sortu gabe)">Joan Aiarakoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andres_Araotz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andres Araotz">Andres Araotz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Antxeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Antxeta">Juan Antxeta</a> (1533-1588), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_D%C3%ADez_Liatzasolokoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Díez Liatzasolokoa">Martin Díez Liatzasolokoa</a> (1500 inguru-1583), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lope_Larreakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lope Larreakoa">Lope Larreakoa</a> (1540–1623) edota <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Bazkardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Bazkardo">Joan Bazkardo</a> eskultoreek maila bikaina izan zuten, beste askorekin batean, XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan. XVIII. mendeko ekonomia eta gizarte krisi sakonak eta XIX. mendeko gerra egoera latzaren ezin eramanak hutsune sakona ekarri zuten Euskal Herriko arte alor guztietara eta aro barrokoan ugaldu ziren eskultoreek ez zuten jarraitzailerik izan ondorengo bi mendeetan.</p> <p>XIX. mendearen bukaeran eskultore belaunaldi berri bat azaldu zen Euskal Herrian, Bilbon bereziki, eta garrantzi berezia hartu zuen Bizkaiko hiriburuko Arte Ederretako Eskolak. Eskultura ez zen gehiago eraikuntzari bereziki atxikiriko artea, eta, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arroka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arroka">harriaz</a> gainera, beste gai batzuk erabiltzen hasi ziren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brontze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brontze">brontzea</a> bereziki. Horrez gainera, joera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klasizismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klasizismo">klasizistak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errealismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Errealismo">errealistak</a> nagusi ziren arren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinbolismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinbolismo">sinbolismoak</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espresionismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espresionismo">espresionismoak</a> gero eta indar handiagoa hartu zuten Euskal Herriko estetika esparruan, Europan barrena artearen arloan mamitzen ari zen iraultza sakonaren fruitu. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Durrieu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Francisco Durrieu (sortu gabe)">Francisco Durrieu</a> edo Durrio eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemesio_Mogrobejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemesio Mogrobejo">Nemesio Mogrobejo</a> bilbotarrek zabaldu zuten bidea, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quint%C3%ADn_de_la_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Quintín de la Torre (sortu gabe)">Quintín de la Torre</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higinio_Basterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higinio Basterra">Higinio Basterra</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fructuoso_Orduna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fructuoso Orduna">Fructuoso Orduna</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_Barrenetxea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leon Barrenetxea">Leon Barrenetxea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_de_Huerta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisés de Huerta">Moisés de Huerta</a> eta beste zenbait eskultore jarraitu zitzaizkien.</p> <p>1936ko gerrak eten zuen artista askoren jarduna eta, gerra ondoren, zentzugabeko neurri estu batzuen barnean jardun behar izan zuten erbesterako bidea hartu ez zuten eskultoreek. Irudigintzan ari izan ziren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julio_Beobide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julio Beobide">Julio Beobide</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_I%C3%B1urria&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ricardo Iñurria (sortu gabe)">Ricardo Iñurria</a> gerra aurreko urteetan helduak ziren eskultoreak. Nolanahi ere, oso lan adierazkorrak egin zituen Beobidek. Aipagarriak dira orobat Argentinan sortu eta Bilbon Basterra eta De la Torrerekin ikasi zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arturo_Acebal_Idigoras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arturo Acebal Idigoras">Arturo Acebal Idigorasen</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeramika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeramika">zeramika</a> polikromoak. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jose_Manuel_Alberdi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jose Manuel Alberdi (sortu gabe)">Jose Manuel Alberdi</a> azpeitiarraren lana, Euskal Herrian hain ezaguna ez den arren, oso lan garrantzitsua izan da. Hamabost urte zituela Ingalaterrara eraman zuten eta bertan egin zituen eskultura ikasketak, bere euskal sustraiak alde batera utzi gabe. Molde klasikoko lanak egin zituen hasieran eta, Epstein edo Henry Moore bezalako eskultoreen ildotik, sinbolismo abstraktoaren bidetik abiatu zen ondoren.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jorge_Oteiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jorge Oteiza">Jorge Oteizaren</a> eskutik etorri zen benetako iraultza euskal eskulturaren eremura eta, oro har, euskal estetikaren mundura. Eskultore handia izateaz gainera, teoriagile gisa ere garrantzi handia izan du Oteizak. Oteizaren planteamenduek berehalako oihartzuna izan zuten euskal artista gazteagoengan eta, oro har, Euskal Herriko arte mugimendu orotan. Haren arrimuan gorpuztu zen (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaur_taldea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaur taldea">Gaur taldea</a>, 1966) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestor_Basterretxea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestor Basterretxea">Nestor Basterretxea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remigio_Mendiburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Remigio Mendiburu">Remigio Mendiburu</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicente_Larrea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vicente Larrea">Vicente Larrea</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jose_Ram%C3%B3n_Carrera&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jose Ramón Carrera (sortu gabe)">Jose Ramón Carrera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agustin_Ibarrola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agustin Ibarrola">Agustin Ibarrola</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ricardo_Ugarte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ricardo Ugarte">Ricardo Ugarte</a> eskultore garrantzitsuen obra eta beste hainbat eta hainbat artistaren jardun apalagoa. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Txillida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduardo Txillida">Eduardo Txillida</a> ere euskal artista ezaguna bihurtu zen nazioartean. Gaur taldearen inguruko mugimenduan parte hartu zuen, Oteizarekin batera. Oteizarenean ez bezala, Txillidak askoz azalpen teoriko gutxiago egin zituen. Egungo eskulturan ere izen handiak daude: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabier_Santxotena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabier Santxotena">Xabier Santxotena</a> (1946), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristina_Iglesias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristina Iglesias">Cristina Iglesias</a> (1956), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koldobika_Jauregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Koldobika Jauregi">Koldobika Jauregi</a> (1959)...</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zumaiako San Pedro elizaren erretaula nagusia, Joanes Antxetaren lana, 1533ko ingurukoa."> <noscript> <img alt="Zumaiako San Pedro elizaren erretaula nagusia, Joanes Antxetaren lana, 1533ko ingurukoa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG/225px-Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG/225px-Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG" data-alt="Zumaiako San Pedro elizaren erretaula nagusia, Joanes Antxetaren lana, 1533ko ingurukoa." data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG/337px-Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG/450px-Zumaia_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_08.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zumaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zumaia">Zumaiako</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Pedro_eliza_(Zumaia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Pedro eliza (Zumaia)">San Pedro elizaren</a> erretaula nagusia, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Antxeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Antxeta">Joanes Antxetaren</a> lana, 1533ko ingurukoa. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_(Madrid).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Fructuoso Ordunaren Papiniano, Madril."> <noscript> <img alt="Fructuoso Ordunaren Papiniano, Madril." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg/135px-Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1879"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg/135px-Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg" data-alt="Fructuoso Ordunaren Papiniano, Madril." data-width="90" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg/202px-Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg/270px-Estatua_de_Papiniano-Tribunal_Supremo_%28Madrid%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fructuoso_Orduna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fructuoso Orduna">Fructuoso Ordunaren</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Papiniano&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Papiniano (sortu gabe)">Papiniano</a>, Madril.</i> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Nestor Basterretxearen Iztuetari kantua (1971)."> <noscript> <img alt="Nestor Basterretxearen Iztuetari kantua (1971)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg/201px-Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg/201px-Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg" data-alt="Nestor Basterretxearen Iztuetari kantua (1971)." data-width="134" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg/301px-Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg/401px-Iztueta_Eskultura_Donostian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestor_Basterretxea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestor Basterretxea">Nestor Basterretxearen</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iztuetari_kantua_(eskultura)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iztuetari kantua (eskultura)">Iztuetari kantua</a></i> (1971). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Eduardo Txillidaren Berlin (2000), Berlingo Kantzilertza Federalaren bulegoen atarian."> <noscript> <img alt="Eduardo Txillidaren Berlin (2000), Berlingo Kantzilertza Federalaren bulegoen atarian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg/342px-Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 228px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg/342px-Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg" data-alt="Eduardo Txillidaren Berlin (2000), Berlingo Kantzilertza Federalaren bulegoen atarian." data-width="228" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg/513px-Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Chillida_berlin_Bundeskanzleramt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Txillida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduardo Txillida">Eduardo Txillidaren</a> <i>Berlin</i> (2000), Berlingo Kantzilertza Federalaren bulegoen atarian. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Olatu_sculpture.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Nestor Basterretxearen Olatua."> <noscript> <img alt="Nestor Basterretxearen Olatua." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Olatu_sculpture.JPG/400px-Olatu_sculpture.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Olatu_sculpture.JPG/400px-Olatu_sculpture.JPG" data-alt="Nestor Basterretxearen Olatua." data-width="267" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Olatu_sculpture.JPG/600px-Olatu_sculpture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Olatu_sculpture.JPG/800px-Olatu_sculpture.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestor_Basterretxea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestor Basterretxea">Nestor Basterretxearen</a> <i>Olatua</i>. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musika">Musika</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_musika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko musika">Euskal Herriko musika</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_musika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko musika">Euskal Herriko musika</a> anitza da eta hainbat hizkuntzatan egiten da. Musika klasikoari dagokionez, besteak beste, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Antxieta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Antxieta">Joanes Antxieta</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Crisostomo_Arriaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga">Juan Crisostomo Arriaga</a> (<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_esclavos_felices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Los esclavos felices">Los esclavos felices</a></i>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilarion_Eslaba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilarion Eslaba">Hilarion Eslaba</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Gonzalo_Zulaika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Gonzalo Zulaika">Aita Donostia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Maria_Usanditzaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Maria Usanditzaga">Jose Maria Usanditzaga</a> (<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendi-Mendiyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendi-Mendiyan">Mendi-Mendiyan</a></i>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Guridi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus Guridi">Jesus Guridi</a> (<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amaya_(opera)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amaya (opera)">Amaya</a></i>, <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diez_melod%C3%ADas_vascas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diez melodías vascas">Diez melodias vascas</a></i> eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_caser%C3%ADo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El caserío">El caserio</a></i>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Ravel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Escudero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Escudero">Francisco Escudero</a> musikagile handiak eman ditu Euskal Herriak.</p> <p>Bestela, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_Gaiarre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian Gaiarre">Julian Gaiarre</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ainhoa_Arteta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ainhoa Arteta">Ainhoa Arteta</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Bayo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="María Bayo">Maria Bayo</a> abeslariak mundu osoan dira ezagunak, bai eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostiako_Orfeoia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostiako Orfeoia">Donostiako Orfeoia</a> abesbatza ere. Arlo horretan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Mari_Beltran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Mari Beltran">Juan Mari Beltran</a> musikaria aditu handienetakoa da. Izan ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oiartzun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oiartzun">Oiartzunen</a> antolatu zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herri_Musikaren_Txokoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Herri Musikaren Txokoa">Herri Musikaren Txokoa</a> erreferentziazko tokia.</p> <p>Musika tradizionalean hainbat instrumentu erabiltzen dira, hala nola <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alboka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alboka">alboka</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandero">panderoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trikiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trikiti">trikitia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txalaparta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txalaparta">txalaparta</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txistu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txistu">txistua</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiru_zuloko_txirula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiru zuloko txirula">txirula</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ttun-ttun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ttun-ttun">ttun-ttuna</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folk_musika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folk musika">Folk musikan</a> ere badira nahiko ezagunak diren taldeak, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oskorri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oskorri">Oskorri</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tapia_eta_Leturia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tapia eta Leturia">Tapia eta Leturia</a> kasu. Azken urteetan gorakada nabarmena jaso du musika mota honek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kepa_Junkera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kepa Junkera">Kepa Junkera</a> bezalako musikarien lana dela eta. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970eko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970eko hamarkada">1970eko hamarkadan</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairu</a> mugimenduari lotutako hainbat abeslari ere egon ziren, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikel_Laboa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikel Laboa">Mikel Laboa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Lertxundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Lertxundi">Benito Lertxundi</a> kasu.</p> <p>Musika garaikideari dagokionez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Rock_Erradikala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Rock Erradikala">Euskal Rock Erradikalak</a> garrantzi handia izan zuen eta oraindik ere badu. Musika estilo horretan, talde aipagarriak dira «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barricada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barricada">Barricada</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eskorbuto_(musika_taldea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eskorbuto (musika taldea)">Eskorbuto</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertzainak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertzainak">Hertzainak</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kortatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Polla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="La Polla">La Polla Records</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RIP_(argipena)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="RIP (argipena)">RIP</a>», besteak beste. Denboran geroagokoak eta estiloz zabalagoak dira «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berri_Txarrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berri Txarrak">Berri Txarrak</a>», <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betagarri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betagarri">«Betagarri</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuraia_(argipena)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Kuraia (argipena)">Kuraia</a>», <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermin_Muguruza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermin Muguruza">Fermin Muguruza</a> bera, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negu_Gorriak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negu Gorriak">«Negu Gorriak</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zea_Mays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zea Mays">Zea Mays</a>».</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga (1806-1826)."> <noscript> <img alt="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga (1806-1826)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg/200px-Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="311"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg/200px-Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg" data-alt="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga (1806-1826)." data-width="134" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Juan_de_Arriaga.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Crisostomo_Arriaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Crisostomo Arriaga">Juan Crisostomo Arriaga</a> (1806-1826). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Maurice Ravel (Ziburu, 1875 – Paris, 1937)"> <noscript> <img alt="Maurice Ravel (Ziburu, 1875 – Paris, 1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg/202px-Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg/202px-Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg" data-alt="Maurice Ravel (Ziburu, 1875 – Paris, 1937)" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg/304px-Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg/405px-Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Ravel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ziburu">Ziburu</a>, 1875 – Paris, 1937) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilarion Eslaba (1807-1878)."> <noscript> <img alt="Hilarion Eslaba (1807-1878)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg/172px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg/172px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg" data-alt="Hilarion Eslaba (1807-1878)." data-width="115" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg/258px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg/345px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Eslava.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilarion_Eslaba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilarion Eslaba">Hilarion Eslaba</a> (1807-1878). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_(1_de_2)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Donostiako Orfeoia, 1941."> <noscript> <img alt="Donostiako Orfeoia, 1941." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/417px-Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 278px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/417px-Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" data-alt="Donostiako Orfeoia, 1941." data-width="278" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/625px-Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/833px-Actuaci%C3%B3n_del_Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra_%281_de_2%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostiako_Orfeoia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostiako Orfeoia">Donostiako Orfeoia</a>, 1941. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ez Dok Amairu."> <noscript> <img alt="Ez Dok Amairu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg/406px-Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 271px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg/406px-Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg" data-alt="Ez Dok Amairu." data-width="271" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg/609px-Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Ez_Dok_Amairu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ez_Dok_Amairu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ez Dok Amairu">Ez Dok Amairu</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 283.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Kortatu_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kortatu zuzenean."> <noscript> <img alt="Kortatu zuzenean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/425px-Kortatu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="542"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 284px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/425px-Kortatu_1.jpg" data-alt="Kortatu zuzenean." data-width="284" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/638px-Kortatu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kortatu_1.jpg/850px-Kortatu_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kortatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a> zuzenean. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Berri Txarrak, euskal musika talde arrakastatsuenetako bat."> <noscript> <img alt="Berri Txarrak, euskal musika talde arrakastatsuenetako bat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg/406px-Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 271px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg/406px-Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg" data-alt="Berri Txarrak, euskal musika talde arrakastatsuenetako bat." data-width="271" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg/609px-Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg/812px-Berri_Txarrak_Lagunartean_-_Kobetamendi_-_2019-07-14_-_265.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berri_Txarrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berri Txarrak">Berri Txarrak</a>, euskal musika talde arrakastatsuenetako bat. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antzerkigintza">Antzerkigintza</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_antzerkia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko antzerkia">Euskal Herriko antzerkia</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Mendiague1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mendiague1.jpg/220px-Mendiague1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mendiague1.jpg/220px-Mendiague1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mendiague1.jpg/330px-Mendiague1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mendiague1.jpg/440px-Mendiague1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Zuberoako pastoral bat </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1494?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1494">1494</a>. urteko estreinako aipamenetik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a> osoan bezala, euskal antzerkigintza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasun">Kristautasunari</a> estu lotuta ibili zen, eta bereziki landu ziren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eguberria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eguberria">Eguberriaren</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aste_Santua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aste Santua">Aste Santuaren</a> gaiak. Euskal antzerkigintza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendean</a> hasi zen kristau mundutik aldentzen; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazio</a> garaia zen, eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalerriaren_Adiskideen_Elkartea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalerriaren Adiskideen Elkartea">Euskalerriaren Adiskideen Elkarteak</a> eta elkarte haren sortzaile <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabier_Munibe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzisko Xabier Munibe">Frantzisko Xabier Munibek</a> bultzada handia eman zioten euskal antzerkigintzari. Hala ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mende</a> arte ez zen osatuko aldentze hori. Bestalde, XVIII. mendean hasi ziren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuberoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoa</a>n, baita, herri-antzerkiaren lerroan gaurdaino ematen diren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pastoral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pastoral">pastoralak</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1915?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1915">1915ean</a>, antzerkigintza berpiztuko zuen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Iztundea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Iztundea">Euskal Iztundea</a> jaio zen Donostian. Antzerki eskola baten modukoa zen Euskal Iztundea, baina hori baino gehiago ere izan zen: antzerkiaren inguruan zebilen jendearen bilgunea, baita obrak sortzekoa, entseguak egitekoa... Iztundea zuzentzeko katedra lortzen lehena <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toribio_Altzaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toribio Altzaga">Toribio Altzaga</a> izan zen; hainbat motatako testuez gain, batez ere antzerki lanak idatzi zituen (osorik euskaraz idatzitako lehena, <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aterako_gera&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aterako gera (sortu gabe)">Aterako gera</a></i> (1888)). Euskal Iztundeak sustatutako lanak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donostia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donostia">Donostia</a> eta Gipuzkoa osora hedatu ziren, baita Bizkaira ere gero, Resurrecion Maria Azkueren eskutik. 1936ko gerra osteko urteetan, frankistek Euskal Iztundea itxiarazi zuten, eta Altzaga <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ondarreta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ondarreta">Ondarretan</a> kartzelan sartu.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hamlet_2013_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hamlet_2013_2.jpg/220px-Hamlet_2013_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hamlet_2013_2.jpg/220px-Hamlet_2013_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hamlet_2013_2.jpg/330px-Hamlet_2013_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hamlet_2013_2.jpg/440px-Hamlet_2013_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i>Hamlet</i> euskal antzezlana </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendean</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankismo">Francisco Francoren diktadurak</a> euskal kulturari ezarritako errepresioak etenaldi larria ekarri zuen. Frankismoa bukatu aurretik, ordea, Euskal Herrian kultura mugimendu bizi eta indartsua sortu zen antzerki talde amateurren inguruan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Aresti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Aresti">Gabriel Aresti</a> izan zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko hamarkadan</a>, euskal antzerkiaren berritzaile, gazteen antzerki taldeekin eta antzezleekin zuzeneko harremana zuela. Boterearen arbitrariotasunari eta Euskal Herriko moral tradizionalari aurka eginez, tradizioaren eta abangoardismoaren arteko sintesia egin zuen; <i>herri antzerki iraultzailea</i> egin zuela esan izan da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xabier_Lete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xabier Lete">Xabier Letek</a> dioenez,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arestiren <i>Beste mundukoak eta zoro bat</i> antzezlanarekin hasi zen euskal antzerkigintza berria.</p> <p>Gaur egun, euskarazko literatura generoetatik atzenduena dugu antzerkia.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zinema">Zinema</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_zinema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko zinema">Euskal Herriko zinema</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herriko zineman erdaraz egiten da gehienbat. Euskarazko filmak gutxi dira, eta gehienak haurrentzat eginak. Azken urteotan, «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aupa_Etxebeste!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aupa Etxebeste!">Aupa Etxebeste!</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kutsidazu_bidea,_Ixabel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kutsidazu bidea, Ixabel">Kutsidazu bidea, Ixabel</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutsi!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutsi!">Eutsi!</a>» , «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loreak_(filma)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loreak (filma)">Loreak</a>», «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handia">Handia</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errementari_(filma)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errementari (filma)">Errementari</a>» izan dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">euskal</a> film luze aipagarrienetakoak.</p> <p>Euskal Herriko zuzendarien artean, ezagunak dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montxo_Armendariz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montxo Armendariz">Montxo Armendariz</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juanma_Bajo_Ulloa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juanma Bajo Ulloa">Juanma Bajo Ulloa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%81lex_de_la_Iglesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Álex de la Iglesia">Alex de la Iglesia</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julio_Medem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julio Medem">Julio Medem</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imanol_Uribe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imanol Uribe">Imanol Uribe</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jon_Gara%C3%B1o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jon Garaño">Jon Garaño</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Maria_Goenaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Maria Goenaga">Jose Maria Goenaga</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aitor_Arregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Aitor Arregi">Aitor Arregi</a> besteak beste.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kirolak">Kirolak</h3> </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futbol">Futbola</a> da Euskal Herrian jarraitzaile gehien dituen kirola, batez ere Hego Euskal Herrian. Azken urteetan bost talde aritu dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_futbol_ligako_lehen_maila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espainiako futbol ligako lehen maila">Espainiako lehen mailan</a> jokatzen: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athletic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athletic">Athletic</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_Sociedad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real Sociedad">Real Sociedad</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deportivo_Alav%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deportivo Alavés">Alavés</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eibar_KE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eibar KE">Eibar</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osasuna_futbol_kluba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osasuna futbol kluba">Osasuna</a>. Athletic eta Real Sociedaden arteko partidari <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_derbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal derbia">euskal derbia</a> deitzen zaio. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emakumeen_futbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emakumeen futbol">Emakumeen futbol</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Emakumezkoen_Futbol_Superliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Espainiako Emakumezkoen Futbol Superliga">ligan</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athletic_(emakumezkoen_taldea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athletic (emakumezkoen taldea)">Athletic</a> da garaipen gehien dituen taldea. Ipar Euskal Herrian jarraitzaile gehien dituen kirola <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errugbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Errugbi">errugbia</a> da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biarritz Olympique">Biarritz Olympique</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviron Bayonnais">Aviron Bayonnais</a> Frantziako txapeldunak izan dira. Euskal Herriko saskibaloi talde garrantzitsuena Gasteizko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saski_Baskonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saski Baskonia">Saski Baskonia</a> da. Bost aldiz izan da Euroliga txapelketako "Final Fourrean" eta bitan finala jokatu du. Eskubaloi talde handiak ere izan dira Euskal Herrian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidasoa_Kirol_Kluba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidasoa Kirol Kluba">Bidasoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SDC_San_Antonio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SDC San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itxako_Kirol_Elkartea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itxako Kirol Elkartea">Itxako</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bera_Bera_eskubaloia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bera Bera eskubaloia">Bera Bera</a> izan dira talderik indartsuenak.</p> <p>Euskal Herria munduko hainbat bazterretan famatua da Euskal Herrian sortutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilota">pilota</a> jokoa, batez ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zesta_punta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zesta punta">zesta punta</a> bertsioan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frontoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontoi">Frontoi</a> ugari daude pilotan aritzeko eta hainbat enpresek kudeatzen dute, gaur egun, pilota profesionala. Herri kirolak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abeltzaintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abeltzaintza">abeltzaintza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekazaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arrantza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arrantza">arrantza</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artisautza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisautza">artisautza</a> jardueretan oinarriturik Euskal Herrian antzinatik jokatu izan diren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirol">kirolak</a> dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herri_kirol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herri kirol">Herri kirolen</a> jatorria, izan ere, garai bateko lan jarduerak aisialdira bideratzea izan da. Abeltzain, nekazari, arrantzale nahiz artisauek ogibidez egin behar zituen lanak kirol bilakatu dira denborarekin, indartsuago, bizkorrago, trebeago... nor zen erakutsi nahian. Halakoak ditugu <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aizkora_proba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aizkora proba">aizkora proba</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traineru_estropada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traineru estropada">traineru estropadak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harri_zulaketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harri zulaketa">harri zulaketa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokatira?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokatira">sokatira</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harri-jasotze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harri-jasotze">harri jasotzea</a>. Hainbat herri kirol konbinatzen dituzten frogak ere badira, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazpi_Herrialdeen_Arteko_Txapelketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazpi Herrialdeen Arteko Txapelketa">Zazpi Herrialdeen Arteko Txapelketa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_pentatloi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal pentatloi">Euskal pentatloia</a> adibidez.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txirrindularitza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txirrindularitza">Txirrindularitzan</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golf">golfean</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olinpiar_Jokoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olinpiar Jokoak">Joko Olinpikoetan</a> ere kirolari nabarmenak izan dira euskaldunen artean.</p> <p>Euskal Herrian badago mugimendua selekzio ofizialak izateko nazioarteko lehiaketetan. Batez ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futbol">futbolean</a> nabaritu da azken urteetan Euskal Herriko selekzioaren aldeko lana, baina beste kirol batzuetan Euskal Herriak selekzio ofiziala du, hala nola <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sega-joko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sega-joko">segalaritzan</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wushu_(kirola)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wushu (kirola)">wushu-kungfuan</a>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikurrina,_Euskal_Derbia,_1976.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ikurriña, 1976ko euskal derbian."> <noscript> <img alt="Ikurriña, 1976ko euskal derbian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg/189px-Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="397"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg/189px-Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg" data-alt="Ikurriña, 1976ko euskal derbian." data-width="126" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg/284px-Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg/378px-Ikurrina%2C_Euskal_Derbia%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikurri%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikurriña">Ikurriña</a>, 1976ko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_derbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal derbia">euskal derbian</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:LuxioApustua.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Jose Narbaiza "Luxia" aizkolaria Deban, Airoko pagoa mozten (1949)."> <noscript> <img alt="Juan Jose Narbaiza "Luxia" aizkolaria Deban, Airoko pagoa mozten (1949)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/LuxioApustua.jpg/305px-LuxioApustua.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="958"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/LuxioApustua.jpg/305px-LuxioApustua.jpg" data-alt="Juan Jose Narbaiza "Luxia" aizkolaria Deban, Airoko pagoa mozten (1949)." data-width="204" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/LuxioApustua.jpg/458px-LuxioApustua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/LuxioApustua.jpg/611px-LuxioApustua.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Jose_Narbaiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Jose Narbaiza">Juan Jose Narbaiza "Luxia"</a> aizkolaria <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deba">Deban</a>, <i>Airoko pagoa</i> mozten (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a>). </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zesta punta Gernika Jai-Alai frontoina."> <noscript> <img alt="Zesta punta Gernika Jai-Alai frontoina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg/270px-Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5203" data-file-height="3469"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg/270px-Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg" data-alt="Zesta punta Gernika Jai-Alai frontoina." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg/405px-Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg/540px-Gernika_-_Jai-Alai_frontoia_12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zesta_punta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zesta punta">Zesta punta</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gernika_Jai-Alai&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gernika Jai-Alai (sortu gabe)">Gernika Jai-Alai</a> frontoina. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Damasa Agirregabiria eta Errekartetxo harri-jasotzaileak."> <noscript> <img alt="Damasa Agirregabiria eta Errekartetxo harri-jasotzaileak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg/245px-DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1170"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg/245px-DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg" data-alt="Damasa Agirregabiria eta Errekartetxo harri-jasotzaileak." data-width="164" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg/367px-DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg/489px-DamasaAgirregabiriaandErrekartetxo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damasa_Agirregabiria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damasa Agirregabiria">Damasa Agirregabiria</a> eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santos_Iriarte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santos Iriarte">Errekartetxo</a></i> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harri-jasotzaile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harri-jasotzaile">harri-jasotzaileak</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Aviron Bayonnais Euskal Errugbi Ligaren lehen txapelduna."> <noscript> <img alt="Aviron Bayonnais Euskal Errugbi Ligaren lehen txapelduna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg/270px-2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3464"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg/270px-2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg" data-alt="Aviron Bayonnais Euskal Errugbi Ligaren lehen txapelduna." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg/405px-2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg/540px-2019_Euskal_Errugbi_Liga_05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviron Bayonnais">Aviron Bayonnais</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Errugbi_Liga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Errugbi Liga">Euskal Errugbi Ligaren</a> lehen txapelduna. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Emakumeen Ligako euskal derbia."> <noscript> <img alt="Emakumeen Ligako euskal derbia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg/240px-Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg/240px-Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg" data-alt="Emakumeen Ligako euskal derbia." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg/360px-Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg/480px-Euskal_derbia_2019-X-13_Anoetan_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espainiako_Emakumezkoen_Futbol_Superliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Espainiako Emakumezkoen Futbol Superliga">Emakumeen Ligako</a> euskal derbia. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Edurne Pasaban, 14 Zortzimilakoak igo dituen lehen emakumea."> <noscript> <img alt="Edurne Pasaban, 14 Zortzimilakoak igo dituen lehen emakumea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg/270px-Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1623"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg/270px-Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg" data-alt="Edurne Pasaban, 14 Zortzimilakoak igo dituen lehen emakumea." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg/405px-Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg/540px-Edurne_Pasaban_recibe_el_Premio_Vasco_Universal_2010_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edurne_Pasaban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edurne Pasaban">Edurne Pasaban</a>, 14 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zortzimilako?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zortzimilako">Zortzimilakoak</a> igo dituen lehen emakumea. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Miguel Indurain, bost Frantziako Tourren irabazlea."> <noscript> <img alt="Miguel Indurain, bost Frantziako Tourren irabazlea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg/220px-Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1973"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg/220px-Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg" data-alt="Miguel Indurain, bost Frantziako Tourren irabazlea." data-width="147" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg/330px-Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg/440px-Miguel_INDURAIN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miguel_Indurain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miguel Indurain">Miguel Indurain</a>, bost <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Tour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frantziako Tour">Frantziako Tourren</a> irabazlea. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_(8291197591).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Euskal Herriko 4x4 sokatira txapelketa."> <noscript> <img alt="Euskal Herriko 4x4 sokatira txapelketa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg/254px-EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1389"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg/254px-EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg" data-alt="Euskal Herriko 4x4 sokatira txapelketa." data-width="170" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg/380px-EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg/507px-EHko_4x4_sokatira_txapelketa_%288291197591%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Euskal Herriko 4x4 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokatira?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokatira">sokatira</a> txapelketa. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Kontxa-0_(29605258075).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zaletuak Kontxako Banderaren txapelduna txalotzen."> <noscript> <img alt="Zaletuak Kontxako Banderaren txapelduna txalotzen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg/270px-Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg/270px-Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg" data-alt="Zaletuak Kontxako Banderaren txapelduna txalotzen." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg/405px-Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg/540px-Kontxa-0_%2829605258075%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Zaletuak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontxako_Bandera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontxako Bandera">Kontxako Banderaren</a> txapelduna txalotzen. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernando Buesa Arenaren ikuspegia."> <noscript> <img alt="Fernando Buesa Arenaren ikuspegia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg/359px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10144" data-file-height="5099"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg/359px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg" data-alt="Fernando Buesa Arenaren ikuspegia." data-width="240" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg/538px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg/717px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Fernando_Buesa_Arena.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fernando_Buesa_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fernando Buesa Arena">Fernando Buesa Arenaren</a> ikuspegia. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Sega-jokoa, Zaldibian."> <noscript> <img alt="Sega-jokoa, Zaldibian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg/272px-Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg/272px-Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg" data-alt="Sega-jokoa, Zaldibian." data-width="182" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg/408px-Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg/544px-Segalaria_Zaldibian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sega-joko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sega-joko">Sega-jokoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaldibia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaldibia">Zaldibian</a>. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gastronomia">Gastronomia</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_sukaldaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal sukaldaritza">Euskal sukaldaritza</a>» eta «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_ardoak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko ardoak">Euskal Herriko ardoak</a>» </div> <p>Euskal Herria ezaguna da bere gastronomia dela eta. Restaurant aldizkariak 2008ko munduko 50 jatetxe onenen eginiko zerrendan, lau jatetxe euskaldun agertu ziren: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mugaritz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mugaritz">Mugaritz</a> (4. postuan), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arzak_(jatetxea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arzak (jatetxea)">Arzak</a> (8. postuan), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Berasategi_(jatetxea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Berasategi (jatetxea)">Martin Berasategi</a> (29. postuan) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etxebarri_erretegia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etxebarri erretegia">Etxebarri erretegia</a> (44. postuan).<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Euskal Herrian 6 ardo izendapen berezi daude eta horietako bat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Ardoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroako Ardoa">Nafarroako Ardoa</a>, 5 azpizonaldetan banatzen da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araban</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errioxako_ardoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errioxako ardoa">Errioxako Ardoa</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabako_Txakolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabako Txakolina">Arabako Txakolina</a> ekoizten dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaian</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiko_Txakolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaiko Txakolina">Bizkaiko Txakolina</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoan</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Getariako_Txakolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Getariako Txakolina">Getariako Txakolina</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Beherea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Beherea">Nafarroa Beherean</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irulegiko_Arnoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irulegiko Arnoa">Irulegiko Arnoa</a> ekoizten da eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaian</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errioxako_ardoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errioxako ardoa">Errioxako Ardoa</a> egiteaz gain Nafarroako Ardoaren bost eskualdeak daude: (Behe Mendialdea, Lizarraldea, Valdizarbe, Behe Erribera eta Goi Erribera).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hedabideak">Hedabideak</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_hedabideak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko hedabideak">Euskal Herriko hedabideak</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskara">Euskarazkoen</a> artean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ETB_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ETB 1">ETB 1</a> da lurralde osoan zabalduta dagoen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telebista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telebista">telebista</a> bakarra, eta tokian tokiko beste kate batzuk ere badaude. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irrati_(hedabidea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irrati (hedabidea)">Irrati</a> kateei dagokienez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_Irratia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi Irratia">Euskadi Irratia</a> (informazio orokorra), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaztea">Gaztea</a> (musika), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gure_Irratia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gure Irratia">Gure Irratia</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrian</a>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia_Irratia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia Irratia">Bizkaia Irratia</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkaiera">mendebaleko euskaraz</a>) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskalerria_irratia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskalerria irratia">Euskalerria irratia</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroan</a>) ditugu.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaztelania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaztelania">Gaztelaniazko</a> telebista nagusiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telecinco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telecinco">Telecinco</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antena_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antena 3">Antena 3</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Televisión Española">Televisión Española</a> (bi kate), Cuatro, La Sexta eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ETB_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ETB 2">ETB 2</a> dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Euskadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Euskadi">Radio Euskadi</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Vitoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Vitoria">Radio Vitoria</a> gaztelania hutsezko irratiak dira; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herri_Irratia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herri Irratia">Herri Irratia</a> elebiduna eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Info7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Info7">Info7</a> hirueleduna. TF1, France 2, France 3, France 5, M6 eta Arte frantsesezkoak dira.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egunkari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egunkari">Egunkariei</a> dagokienez, «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berria">Berria</a>» euskaraz eta Euskal Herri osoan argitaratzen den bakarra da. «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gara">Gara</a>» lurralde osoan ere hedatuta dago eta nagusiki gaztelaniaz egina da. Ipar Euskal Herrian, <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Pays_Basque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Journal du Pays Basque">Le Journal du Pays Basque</a></i> eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sud_Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sud Ouest">Sud Ouest</a></i> ditugu. Lurraldez lurralde, irakurrienak hauexek dira: <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_Correo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El Correo">El Correo Español</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaian</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Araban</a>), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diario_Vasco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diario Vasco">El Diario Vasco</a></i> (Gipuzkoan), <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diario_de_Navarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diario de Navarra">Diario de Navarra</a></i> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroan</a>) eta <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sud_Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sud Ouest">Sud Ouest</a></i> (Ipar Euskal Herrian).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mitologia">Mitologia</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_mitologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskal Herriko mitologia">Euskal Herriko mitologia</a>» </div> <p>Euskal mitologia Euskal Herriko lurraldeetako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mito">mitoen</a> multzoa da. Bertan nahasturik antzematen dira eragin <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasun">kristau</a> zein <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganismo">paganoak</a>.</p> <p>Gainerako herri eta kulturen antzera euskal mitologia alegiazko kontakizun, antzinako balizko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Jainko">jainko</a> edo heroien egintzetan edo egiazko gertaeretan oinarritzen da, gehienetan, izadiaren indarren edo giza izaeraren alderdien oihartzuna dakarrena.</p> <p>Kondaira sinbolikoa, munduaren hasierako edo denbora historikotik kanpoko gertakari harrigarriren baten berri ematen du askotan. Antzinako jainko edo heroien ekintzetan edo egiazko gertaeretan oinarritzen dira alegiazko kontakizunak, jatorri ezezagunekoak eta herri baten tradiziozko pentsamendu kolektiboaren osagai direnak, naturaren indarrari edo giza izaeraren zenbait alderdiri buruzko ikuspegia eta sinesteak islatzen ditu.</p> <p>Mitok sailka daitezke kondairaren esanahia edo berez duten mezuaren arabera: batzuk kosmosa edo lurraz kanpoko gaia dute, eta besteak, berriz, lurtarrak dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasun">Kristautasunaren</a> sarrerak nabarmen eragin du euskal mitologiaren ahoz ahoko transmisioan. Oinarrizko kontzepzio <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metafisika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metafisika">metafisikoa</a> bere horretan mantendu duten ohitura askotan ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblia">Bibliako</a> pertsonaien izen ordezkatzea ematen da: udako solstizioa = <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donibane_jaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donibane jaia">Donibane jaia</a> (Done Ibane edo San Joan santuaren izenetik), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jentil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jentil">jentilarri</a> = Sansonarri, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salomon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salomon">Salomon</a> eta abar.</p> <p>Euskal Herriko mitologiako pertsonaien, jainko-jainkosen, kondairen, sinesmenen eta abarren corpusa oso zabala da.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Erlijioa">Erlijioa</h3> </div> <p>Euskal herritarrak kristauak izan dira mendeetan zehar. Historiagileek eztabaidatzen dute ea <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautze">kristautze</a> prozesu hori noiz eta nola egin zen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasun">Kristautasuna</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromatar_Eliza_Katolikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa">Erromako</a> erlijio nagusi bihurtu zenetik Euskal Herriko erlijio nagusi bihurtu zen arte zenbat denbora igaro zen ilun dirauen gaia da. Badaude X. mendeko baseliza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromanikoa_Euskal_Herrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromanikoa Euskal Herrian">erromaniko</a> batzuk, eta Euskal Herritik igarotzen zen Santiagoko Bide nagusietako bat. <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Codex Calixtinus">Codex Calixtinus</a></i> delakoan badago dokumentatuta nolakoak ziren XII. mendeko Santiago Bideko inguruetako nafarrak erromes baten begietara. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erdi_Aroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aroaren</a> amaiera aldera eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aro_Modernoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aro Modernoa">Aro Modernoan</a> kristautasunak nagusitasun handia lortu zuen. Dena den, kristautasunaren aurreko ohitura eta sinesmen batzuk gorde ziren, kristautasunaren ukitua hartuz. Kristautasunaren nagusitasun hori erabatekoa bihurtu zen zenbait mendetan. Eliza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolizismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolizismo">Katolikoak</a> izan zuen nagusitasun osoa mende batzuetan zehar, baina XVI. mendean lehia nahiko handia egon zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erreforma_protestantea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erreforma protestantea">Erreforma protestanteaarekin</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Kalbino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Kalbino">Kalbinok</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Lutero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Lutero">Luterok</a> jarraitzaile asko izan zituzten Euskal Herrian eta Nafarroako erregina batzuek, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joana_III.a_Albretekoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joana III.a Albretekoa">Joana III.a Albretekoak</a>, esate baterako, erreformarekin bat egin zuten. Hortik <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joanes_Leizarraga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joanes Leizarraga">Joanes Leizarragak</a> gidatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Krist_Gure_Jaunaren_Testamentu_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus Krist Gure Jaunaren Testamentu Berria"><i>Bibliaren Itun Berriko</i> lehen itzulpena</a>. Agian munduan gehien ezagutzen diren euskaldunak Jesusen Lagundiaren historiari lotutako izen batzuk izango dira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignazio_Loiolakoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignazio Loiolakoa">Inazio Loiolakoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabierkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantzisko Xabierkoa">Frantzisko Xabierkoa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jon_Sobrino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jon Sobrino">Jon Sobrino</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inazio_Ellakuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inazio Ellakuria">Inazio Ellakuria</a>... XX. mendearen azken hamarkadetan katolizismoak atzera egin zuen eta XXI. mendean iraganeko kontutzat jotzen da euskaldun=fededun ekuazioa.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> EAEko biztanleriaren autoidentifikazio sozio-erlijiosoa, 1987-2022<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Urtea</th> <th>Katolikoak (%)</th> <th>Beste fede batzuetakoak (%)</th> <th>Erlijio batekin identifikatzen ez direnak (%)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>81</td> <td>1</td> <td>17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>76</td> <td>1</td> <td>18</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>70</td> <td>1,5</td> <td>28.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>63</td> <td>4</td> <td>29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>49</td> <td>5</td> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>55</td> <td>5</td> <td>40</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Onomastika">Onomastika</h3> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_onomastika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko onomastika">Euskal Herriko onomastika</a>» </div> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaltzaindia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindiak</a> urtetan argitaratu ditu <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onomastika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onomastika">onomastikari</a> buruzko txostenak, <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onomasticon_Vasconiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onomasticon Vasconiae">Onomasticon Vasconiae</a></i> izenburupean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Maria_Jimeno_Jurio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Maria Jimeno Jurio">Jimeno Jurio</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_San_Martin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan San Martin">Juan San Martin</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrike_Kn%C3%B6rr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrike Knörr">Henrike Knörr</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roberto_Gonzalez_de_Vi%C3%B1aspre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roberto Gonzalez de Viñaspre">Roberto Gonzalez de Viñaspre</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elena_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Madina_Salazar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elena Martínez de Madina Salazar">Elena Martinez de Madina</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patxi_Salaberri_Zaratiegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patxi Salaberri Zaratiegi">Patxi Salaberri</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mikel_Gorrotxategi_Nieto&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mikel Gorrotxategi Nieto (sortu gabe)">Mikel Gorrotxategi</a>, eta beste hainbat filologo ibili dira lan horietan. Baina euskal onomastikaz egindako ikerketa lan guztiak ez dira <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onomasticon_Vasconiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onomasticon Vasconiae">Onomasticon Vasconiae</a></i> bilduman sartu.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onomastika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onomastika">Onomastikaren</a> arloan, aipagarria da euskal <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toponimia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toponimia">toponimia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antroponimia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antroponimia">antroponimiaren</a> arteko loturak, emakumezkoen izenen artean lurraldez lurralde hainbat adibide ditugularik. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafarroa">Nafarroa</a> da herrialderik emankorrena esparru honetan, Leire, Iratxe, Idoia, Alaitz, Nagore, Saioa, Uxue, Eunate, Irantzu, Puy eta Orreaga izenekin. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herrikoak</a> ditugu, bertzela, Ainhoa eta Garazi arrakastatsuak, eta Nafarroarekin batera Irati eta Zuberoa elkar banatzen ditu. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gipuzkoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> ere emankorra da toponimoetatik etorritako izenei dagokienez eta Arantza(zu), Itziar, Olatz, Dorleta, Aloña eta Larraitz eman dizkigu. Azkenik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizkaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaiko</a> Begoña, Udiarraga eta Ziortza eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba">Arabako</a> Estibalitz ditugu.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Oharrak">Oharrak</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Ezein legetan ez da zehaztu, oraingoz, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko hiriburua zein den.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«Gorago adierazi guztiaren argitan, Euskaltzaindiak, zazpi probintzia edo herrialdeen osotasuna adierazteko, <i>Euskal Herria</i> izenaren egokitasuna, zuzentasuna eta zehaztasuna berresten du, eta izen hori ez dela izate politiko administratibo konkretu baten baliokide. Aldi berean, gogorarazi nahi du mendez mendeko tradizio luzeari begirunea zor zaiola, eta inork eta ezerk ez du tradizio hori hausteko edo bere gogara aldatzeko eskubiderik. [...] Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Lapurdi, Nafarroa (Beherea eta Garaia) eta Zuberoa batera izendatzeko erabil bedi <i>Euskal Herria</i> izena.<i>»</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«ezen moien hunez Iainkoaren hitz purak ukanen luela sartze eta abanzamendu <b>Heuskal-herrian</b>»<br><br> «batbederak daki <b>Heuskal Herrian</b> kuasi etxe batetik berzera ere minzatzeko maneran zer diferentia eta dibersitatea den»<br><br> «batez minzatzera erraiten da <b>Heuskalerri</b> guzian, gizonari, emazteari, haurrari: eta anhitzez minzatzera, Kuberoan eta aldirietan gizoner, emazter, haurer, eta berzetan, guk heuskarazko translatione hunetan usatu ukan dugun bezala gizonei, emaztei, haurrei, etc.»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <div class="poem"> <p>«beti zagie laudatu<br> zegaiti dozun <b>Euskel Erria</b><br> ainbat bentajaz dotadu.<br> [...]<br> zegaiti <b>Euskel Errian</b> dira<br> eder guztiok dotadu<br> [...]<br> zeñetan ditut ezautu<br><b>Euskel Erriau</b> oi nola eben<br> errege batek pobladu.»</p> </div></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«Miretsico duçue, aguian, nic, <b>Euscal-Herrico</b> ez-naicelaric, euscaraz esquiribatceco ausartciaren hartcea. [...] iduritcen çait hoben nuqueiela, eta are eçagutça gutitaco eta esquer-gabe içanen nincela, baldin <b>Euscal-Herrian</b> ikhassia <b>Euscal-Herrico</b> probetchutan emplegatu ez-panu. [...] ba-daquit <b>Euscal-Herrian</b> anhitz moldez minçatcen direla, eta nori bere herrico euscara çaicala hoberenic eta ederrenic. [...] Ordea ea Saraco euscara denz <b>Euscal-Herrico</b> hoberena eta garbiena, ez-naiz ni hartara sartcen, bat-bederac emanen du bere iduriric.»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«Zeren anhitz moldez eta diferentki minzatzen baitira <b>Euskal Herrian</b>. Nafarroa garaian, Nafarroa beherean, Zuberoan, Laphurdin, Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan, Alaba-herrian, eta bertze anhitz lekhutan.»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«Euskadi: Euskal nazioaren izen politikoa, Euskal Herria adierazten duena. Sabino Aranak euzko + di etimologia okerrean oinarrituta asmatu zuen. Berez, Euskal Herria hitzaren sinonimoa da eta euskal lurralde historiko guztiak batera adierazteko balio du. Alabaina, maiz samar, jatorrizko adiera murrizturik, Hego Euskal Herria edo Euskal Autonomi Elkartea izendatzeko erabili ohi da. Adiera desegoki hauek direla eta, Euskadiren jatorrizko adiera garbi azaldu nahi denean, Euskadi ez eta Euskal Herria erabiltzen da gaur egun gero eta gehiago.»<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><br> «Euskadi, abertzaleontzat, Euskal Herriari datxekion Euskal Estatua da. Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ez da inoiz izan <i>Provincias Vascongadas y Libertad</i>.»<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«1. artikulua:<br> »Euskal herriak, bere naziotasunaren adierazgarri eta autogobernua iristeko, Autonomia Erkidego gisa eratzen du bere burua Espainiako Estatuaren barruan, Euskadi zein Euskal Herria izenez, Konstituzioarekin eta oinarrizko erakunde-arau duen Estatutu honekin bat.»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«2. artikulua:<br> »[...] Araba, Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoako lurralde historikoek [...] osatuko dute Euskal Herriko Autonomia Erkidegoaren lurraldea; baita Nafarroakoak ere, baldin eta Konstituzioaren Aldibaterako Laugarren Xedapenean finkatutako jardunbideari jarraituz partaide izatea erabakitzen badu.»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Gerra hark frantses sentiarazi zituen Ipar Euskal Herriko euskaldun gehienak. Anitzek desertore izateko bidea hautatu zuten; Nafarroako mugatik hurbil zirenek, bereziki. Baina gehienek gerra egin zuten, eta haiek biziki frantses itzuli ziren lubakietatik. Gainera, euskaldun anitz frantsesa ez jakiteagatik hil ziren, aginduak ez zituztelako ulertzen. Ondorioz, euskara jakitea «kaltegarria» zela pentsatu zuten. Horrek ere euskaldunen frantsestea erraztu zuen. Gauza bera jasan zuten bretainiarrek eta kortsikarrek ere.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Los partidos carlista, integrista y euskalerriaco son españolistas, y, por lo tanto, enemigos de Bizkaya</span></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Sinatzailearen iritziz, beharrezkoa da sustatzea, bultzatzea eta laguntzea <i>Euskal Erria</i> hitz osasuntsu, zahar eta loriatsua agertzen diren obra guztiak, egiazko euskaldun nobleek oraindik erabiltzen dutena. Akatsik gabeko irizpidea da. OHARRA: GORA EUZKADI eta GORA EUSKAL ERRIA esatearen aldeko desberdintasuna honakoa da: <br> GORA EUSKAL ERRIA: Gora Espainia eta Baskonia. <br> GORA EUZKADI: Gora Euzkadi eta kanpora Espainia. <i>Jatorrizkoa, gaztelaniaz: </i> En opinión del lector que suscribe, es preciso fomentar, estimular y ayudar todas aquellas obras en las que aparece la vieja y gloriosa sana palabra Euskal Erria, usada todavía por los auténticos y nobles vascos. Es un criterio que no falla. NOTA: La diferencia que existe entre decir GORA EUZKADI y GORA EUSKAL ERRIA es la siguiente: GORA EUSKAL ERRIA: Viva España y Vasconia GORA EUZKADI: Viva Euzkadi y fuera España</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gaindegia.eus/eu/biztanleria-2020-euskal-herria">«Biztanleria nabarmen hazi da eta lurraldean metatzeko joerari eutsi dio | Gaindegia»</a> <i>gaindegia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://klasikoak.armiarma.eus/idazlanak/E/EtxebSaraHatsapenak004.htm">Joanes Etxeberri, «Etxeberri Sarakoa»: <i>Eskuararen hatsapenak</i> (c. 1718)</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web-argitalpena.adm.ehu.es/listaproductos.asp?IdProducts%3DURALM113354">«Luis Michelena. Obras completas. V. Historia y geografía de la lengua vasca. Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)»</a> <i>web-argitalpena.adm.ehu.es</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Euskaltzaindia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/arauak/dok/ProNor0139.pdf"><i>139. araua: </i>Euskal Herria<i> izena</i></a>, 2004-07-23.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Klasikoen Gordailua, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://klasikoak.armiarma.eus/idazlanak/L/LeizarragaTesta.htm"><i>Iesus Krist Gure Iaunaren Testamentu Berria</i></a>. [Edizioa, grafia eguneratuta, online].</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Klasikoen Gordailua, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://klasikoak.armiarma.eus/idazlanak/L/Lazarraga.htm"><i>Eskuizkribua. Joan Perez de Lazarraga</i></a>. [Edizioa, grafia eguneratuta, online.]</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Materra, Esteve, 2015 [1617], <i>Doctrina Christiana</i> [PDF], in B. Ariztimuño et al. (arg.), Materra: edizioa eta azterketa (1.0), Vitoria-Gasteiz: UPV/EHU. Interneten eskuragarri: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6N_ofewgYnaWldBcWlVYmxJNUE/view?pli%3D1">[1]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Klasikoen Gordailua, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://klasikoak.armiarma.eus/idazlanak/A/AxularGero004.htm"><i>Gero</i></a>. [Edizioa, grafia eguneratuta, online.]</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPérez-Nievas">Pérez-Nievas, Xabier Zabaltza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vianayborgia.es/FOLI-0074-0000-0077-0083m.html">«El significado oculto de la palabra Euzkadi»</a> <i>www.vianayborgia.es</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMari.1999">Mari., Torrealdai, Joan. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907382169"><i>La censura de Franco y el tema vasco. </i></a> Fundación Kutxa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8471733498?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8471733498">8471733498</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D907382169">907382169</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www1.euskadi.net/harluxet/hiztegia1.asp?sarrera%3DEuskadi">«Euskadi»</a> <i>Harluxet Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa. </i><span class="printonly"> </span><span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTxillardegi2010-10-03"><i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txillardegi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txillardegi">Txillardegi</a></i>. (2010-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://paperekoa.berria.info/iritzia/2010-10-03/008/008/zientzia_eta_mapak.htm"><i>Zientzia eta mapak. </i></a> Berria</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"> [www.ivap.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/legedia_euskaraz/eu_3818/adjuntos/Konstituzio-zuzenbidea/Euskal_Herriko_Autonomia_Estatutua.pdf <i>Autonomia Estatutuaren testua. </i>] <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IVAP">IVAP</a></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.diariodenavarra.es/20100204/navarra/el-termino-euskal-herria-decreto-educativo-ibarretxe-vulnera-realidad-navarra.html">«El término "Euskal Herria" en el decreto educativo de Ibarretxe "vulnera" la realidad de Navarra»</a> <i>Diario de Navarra</i> 2010-02-04</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://telesforomonzonlab.eus/2021-03-neurketa/"><i>NAZIOMETROA Euskal Burujabetzaren Barometroa - 2. neurketa. </i></a> 2021-03</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUrrutia">Urrutia, Javi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mendikat.net/eu/com/mount/2477">«Euskal Herriko Erdigunea (1.236 m)»</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mendikat.net">https://www.mendikat.net</a></i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCuevasArangurenBadilloTubia1990">Cuevas, J.; Aranguren, A.; Badillo, J. M.; Tubia, J. M.. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Tubia/publication/281313568_Estudio_estructural_del_sector_central_del_Arco_Vasco/links/581206e508aeda05f0a56c75/Estudio-estructural-del-sector-central-del-Arco-Vasco.pdf">«Estudio estructural del sector central del Arco Vasco (Cuenca Vasco-Vantábrica)»</a> <i>Boletín Geológico y Minero</i> 110 (1): 3-18.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBenoîtRodolpheGianreto2018-4">Benoî, Petri,; t; Rodolphe, Lescoutre,; Gianreto, Manatschal,; Emmanuel, Masini,; Mü; Othmar, ntener,. (2018-4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..2010068P"><i>A crustal view on the pyrenean rift system: the Arzacq-Mauléon basins (W Pyrenees). </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195102004420">«Relative motions of Africa, Iberia and Europe during Alpine orogeny»</a> <i>Tectonophysics</i> 359 (1-2): 117–129. 2002-11-22 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252FS0040-1951%252802%252900442-0">10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00442-0</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0040-1951">0040-1951</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFApellanizBacetaBernaola-BilbaoNunez-Betelu1997-11-01">Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Baceta, Juan Ignacio; Bernaola-Bilbao, Gilen; Nunez-Betelu, Koldo; Orue-Etxebarria, Xabier; Payros, Aitor; Pujalte, Victoriano; Robin, Eric <i>et al</i>.. (1997-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article-abstract/168/6/783/122942">«Analysis of uppermost Cretaceous-lowermost Tertiary hemipelagic successions in the Basque Country (western Pyrenees); evidence for a sudden extinction of more than half planktic foraminifer species at the K/T boundary»</a> <i>Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France</i> 168 (6) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0037-9409">0037-9409</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHirstNichols">Hirst, J. P. P.; Nichols, G. J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444303810.ch13">«Thrust Tectonic Controls on Miocene Alluvial Distribution Patterns, Southern Pyrenees»</a> <i>Foreland Basins</i> (Blackwell Publishing Ltd.): 247–258. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%252F9781444303810.ch13">10.1002/9781444303810.ch13</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781444303810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781444303810">9781444303810</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699502000311">«Amphibians and reptiles from the Early Miocene of the Bardenas Reales of Navarre (Ebro Basin, Iberian Peninsula)»</a> <i>Geobios</i> 35 (3): 347–365. 2002-05-01 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252FS0016-6995%252802%252900031-1">10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00031-1</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0016-6995">0016-6995</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X0600136X">«Did the Ebro basin connect to the Mediterranean before the Messinian salinity crisis?»</a> <i>Geomorphology</i> 81 (1-2): 155–165. 2006-11-20 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.geomorph.2006.04.004">10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.004</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0169-555X">0169-555X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rosell, J. (1988). Ensayo de síntesis del Eoceno sudpirenaico: El fenómeno turbidítico. <i>Rev. Soc. Geol. España, Márgenes continentales de la Península Ibérica</i>, <i>1</i>, 3-4.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFE.MarcelianoJ.Enrique1998">E., Lasheras Adot,; Marceliano, Lago San José,; J., García Bellés,; Enrique, Arranz,. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/handle/10272/10170"><i>Emplazamiento de sills y diques del Pérmico superior en el Macizo de Cinco Villas (Pirineo Navarro). </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/handle/10651/44613"><i>Estructura cortical y evolución tectónica alpina del borde oriental de la zona Vasco-Cantábrica. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNacional">Nacional, Instituto Geográfico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ign.es/web/mapas-sismicidad">«Instituto Geográfico Nacional»</a> <i>Geoportal oficial del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFM.1993">M., Martínez Torres, Luis. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/handle/10272/14024"><i>Corte balanceado de la Sierra Cantabria (cabalgamiento de la Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica sobre la Cuenca del Ebro). </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSolís-Espallargas2018">Solís-Espallargas, Carmen. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.25267/rev_eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2018.v15.i3.3602">«Inclusión del enfoque de género en la enseñanza de las ciencias mediante el estudio de biografías de mujeres científicas»</a> <i>Revista Eureka sobre enseñanza y divulgación de las ciencias.</i> 15 (3): 1–14. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.25267%252Frev_eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2018.v15.i3.3602">10.25267/rev_eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2018.v15.i3.3602</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/1697-011X">1697-011X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf"><i>Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections. </i></a> International Hydrographic Organization, 42 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.muturzikin.com/EHmapa35.htm">Euskal kostaldea (Hondartzak eta irlak)</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLobera2009-10-5">Lobera, Joseba. (2009-10-5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.elcorreodigital.com/vizcaya/ocio/excursiones/200207/06/salazar.html">«Una pirámide sobre Navarra»</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_Correo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El Correo">El Correo</a></i></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskal-herria.org/">Euskal-Herria.org</a>: Euskal Herriko mendiei buruzko webgunea.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_43-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_43-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/naturaren-babesaren-egoera-euskal-herrian/">«Naturaren babesaren egoera Euskal Herrian - Zientzia.eus»</a> <i>zientzia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/historian-atzera-baso-bila/">«Historian atzera baso bila - Zientzia.eus»</a> <i>zientzia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/dok/arauak/Araua_0159.pdf"><i>Navarra: Hidrografía. </i></a> Auñamendi eusko entziklopedia <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2010-10-22)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chebro.es/">Ebroko Konfederazio Hidrografikoa</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sandre.eaufrance.fr/app/chainage/courdo/htm/Q---0000.php?cg%3DQ---0000">Sandre datu-basea: Adour</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52271113"><i>Languages in prehistoric Europe. </i></a> Winter 2003 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3825314499?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/3825314499">3825314499</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D52271113">52271113</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLorrioZapatero2005-02-01">Lorrio, Alberto; Zapatero, Gonzalo. (2005-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/4">«The Celts in Iberia: An Overview»</a> <i>e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i> 6 (1) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/1540-4889">1540-4889</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ehu.eus/seg/his/1/5">«Euskararen muga historikoak [Sareko Euskal Gramatika</a>»] <i>www.ehu.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32012913"><i>Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. </i></a> Cambridge University Press 1995 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0521480655?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/0521480655">0521480655</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D32012913">32012913</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLorblanchetMarquet2003/12">Lorblanchet, Michel; Marquet, Jean-Claude. (2003/12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/neanderthal-face-the-protofigurine-from-la-rochecotard-langeais-indreetloire-france/3B7E2027D59AEAEE0E1DF8EAE231C85A">«A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indreet-Loire, France)»</a> <i>Antiquity</i> 77 (298): 661–670. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%252FS0003598X00061627">10.1017/S0003598X00061627</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-09-22)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZilhãoWenigerRamos-MuñozLorblanchet2018-07">Zilhão, João; Weniger, Gerd-Christian; Ramos-Muñoz, José; Lorblanchet, Michel; Balbín, Rodrigo de; Collado, Hipolito; Cantalejo-Duarte, Pedro; Alcolea-González, Javier <i>et al</i>.. (2018-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0598-z">«Dates for Neanderthal art and symbolic behaviour are reliable»</a> <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i> 2 (7): 1044–1045. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41559-018-0598-z">10.1038/s41559-018-0598-z</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-09-22)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLartzanguren">Lartzanguren, Edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1954/038/001/2019-09-13/azken-euskal-neanderthalen-dnaren-bila.htm">«Azken euskal neanderthalen DNAren bila»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-09-22)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-0EZL4xj4IsVPSrKJR8X-UC4P-UUA6aZ/view?usp%3Dembed_facebook">«SkoglundMathieson2018_Ancient_human_genomics_uncorrected_proof.pdf»</a> <i>Google Docs</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZimmer2015-06-10">Zimmer, Carl. (2015-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/dna-deciphers-roots-of-modern-europeans.html">«DNA Deciphers Roots of Modern Europeans»</a> <i>The New York Times</i> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34832781"><i>Mystery ancestral 'tribe' revealed. </i></a> 2015-11-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTruchuelo_García,_Susana.2003">Truchuelo García, Susana.. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54370843"><i>Euskal Herriko Historia. </i></a> Ibaizabal Edelvives <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8483257459?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8483257459">8483257459</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D54370843">54370843</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.unizar.es/hant/Hispania/Hisp.Str.3.html">«Estrabón. Libro III.»</a> <i>www.unizar.es</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Latinez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Latinez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.02.0138:book%3D3:chapter%3D29">«Plinio Zaharra, Naturalis Historia, liber iii, chapter 29»</a> <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-paleografia-61"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-paleografia_61-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSantosEmborujoOrtiz_de_Urbina1992-01-01">Santos, J; Emborujo, Amalia; Ortiz de Urbina, E. (1992-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39285661_Reconstruccion_paleogeografica_de_autrigones_caristios_y_vardulos">«Reconstrucción paleogeográfica de autrigones, caristios y várdulos»</a> <i>Complutum</i> 2-3, 1992: 449-468. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/1131-6993">1131-6993</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFwww.inakiinarra.com">www.inakiinarra.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://euskalkiak.eus/euskalkien_jatorria.html">«Euskalkiak - Euskalkien Jatorria»</a> <i>euskalkiak.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBerria.eus">Berria.eus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1832/018/003/2015-09-24/www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1812/008/001/2016-09-08/frustrazioa_dago_gazteetan_ez_dute_aukera_ikusten_ibilbide_egokia_egiteko.htm">«Baskoniako ipuin bat»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_4/lorrio_zapatero_6_4.html">«e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in Iberia: An Overview, by Lorrio and Ruiz Zapatero»</a> <i>www4.uwm.edu</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSL">SL, DiCom Medios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id%3D7079">«Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa Online»</a> <i>Enciclopedia Aragonesa</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-mugak-66"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mugak_66-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ehu.eus/seg/his/1/5">«Euskararen muga historikoak [Sareko Euskal Gramatika</a>»] <i>www.ehu.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-07-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVallejo_Ruiz2009">Vallejo Ruiz, José María. (2009). «Viejas y nuevas cuestiones de lengua en el occidente peninsular: el Lusitano y la onomástica» <i>Palaeohispanica</i> 9: 271-289. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_68-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCollins1990">Collins, Roger. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/basques0000coll_j8i5"><i>The Basques. </i></a> Basil Blackwell, 82-98 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-631--17565-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-631--17565-2">0-631--17565-2</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLopez_de_Luzuriaga2016">Lopez de Luzuriaga, Iñaki. (2016). <i>Euskaldunak eta karolingiar iraultza: Akitania eta Baskonian barrena. </i> Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea, 41-58 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> [[Special:BookSources/<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2">ISBN 978-84-8438-591-2</a>|<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2">ISBN 978-84-8438-591-2</a>]].</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLopez_de_Luzuriaga2016">Lopez de Luzuriaga, Iñaki. (2016). <i>Euskaldunak eta karolingiar iraultza: Akitania eta Baskonian barrena. </i> Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea, 85-120 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-591-2">978-84-8438-591-2</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-71"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_71-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUrzainki2004">Urzainki, Tomas. (2004). «Antso III.a Nagusia eta Baskonia musulmana» <i>Euskal Herria XI. mendean: Antso III.a Nagusiaren erregealdia (1004-1035). </i> Nabarralde/Pamiela, 123-135 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-413-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-413-5">84-7681-413-5</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-72"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_72-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoyhenetche2004">Goyhenetche, Manex. (2004). «Ipar Euskal Herria Antso Nagusiaren garaian» <i>Euskal Herria XI. mendean: Antso III.a Nagusiaren erregealdia (1004-1035). </i> Nabarralde/Pamiela, 77-121 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-413-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-413-5">84-7681-413-5</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-73">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_73-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_73-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCollins1990">Collins, Roger. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/basques0000coll_j8i5"><i>The Basques. </i></a> Basil Blackwell, 180-210 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-631--17565-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-631--17565-2">0-631--17565-2</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLacarra1975">Lacarra, Jose María. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fundacioncajanavarra.es/sites/default/files/reino_nav_em_can000050000000000000000000000410.pdf"><i>Historia del Reino de Navarra en la Edad Media. </i></a> Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, 65-74 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micaela_Portilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micaela Portilla">Micaela Portilla</a> (1991). <i>Una ruta europea. Por Álava, a Compostela. Del paso de San Adrián, al Ebro</i>, Arabako Foru Aldundia. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7821-066-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7821-066-0">ISBN 84-7821-066-0</a>. 218-219. or.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOrella_Unzue2001">Orella Unzue, José Luis. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/es/publicaciones/relaciones-medievales-entre-gascuna-y-guipuzcoa-la-diocesis-de-pamplona-y-de-bayona/art-11230/">«Relaciones medievales entre Gascuña y Guipúzcoa: la diócesis de Pamplona y de Bayona»</a> <i>Azkoaga. </i> Eusko Ikaskuntza, 93-212 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8419-934-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8419-934-7">84-8419-934-7</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-77">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_77-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_77-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCollins1990">Collins, Roger. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/basques0000coll_j8i5"><i>The Basques. </i></a> Basil Blackwell, 211-254 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-631-17565-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-631-17565-2">0-631-17565-2</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:7-78"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_78-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLacarra1972">Lacarra, Jose María. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fundacioncajanavarra.es/sites/default/files/ha_politica_nav_ii_can00008-200000000000000000000410.pdf"><i>Historia política del Reino de Navarra desde sus orígenes hasta su incorporación a Castilla. </i></a> Aranzadi/Caja de Ahorros de Navzelearra, 90-124 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:6-79">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_79-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_79-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLacarra1972">Lacarra, Jose María. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fundacioncajanavarra.es/sites/default/files/ha_politica_nav_ii_can00008-200000000000000000000410.pdf"><i>Historia política del Reino de Navarra desde sus orígenes hasta su incorporación a Castilla. </i></a> Aranzadi/Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, 125-230 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micaela_Portilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micaela Portilla">Micaela Portilla</a> (1991). <i>Una ruta europea. Por Álava, a Compostela. Del paso de San Adrián, al Ebro</i>, Arabako Foru Aldundia. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7821-066-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7821-066-0">ISBN 84-7821-066-0</a>. 13. or.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Italieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Italieraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.treccani.it//enciclopedia/ferdinando-il-cattolico-ii-re-d-aragona">«Ferdinando il Cattolico II re d'Aragona nell'Enciclopedia Treccani»</a> <i>www.treccani.it</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:8-82">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:8_82-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:8_82-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMonrealJimeno2012">Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldán. (2012). <i>Conquista e incorporación del reino de Navarra a Castilla. </i> Pamiela, 9-24 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-736-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-736-0">978-84-7681-736-0</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEsarte_Muniain2001">Esarte Muniain, Pedro. (2001). <i>Navarra, 1512-1530. </i> Pamiela, 61-144 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6">84-7681-340-6</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEsarte_Muniain2001">Esarte Muniain, Pedro. (2001). <i>Navarra, 1512-1530. </i> Pamiela, 320-342 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6">84-7681-340-6</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEsarte_Muniain2001">Esarte Muniain, Pedro. (2001). <i>Navarra, 1512-1530. </i> Pamiela, 686-716 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-340-6">84-7681-340-6</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUrzainqui_Mina2013">Urzainqui Mina, Tomas. (2013). «La independencia de Navarra en los tratados internacionales, durante la Reforma europea del siglo XVI» <i>La conquista de Navarra y la Reforma europea. </i> Pamiela, 15-32 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-#1-87">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_87-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_87-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>STM, San Telmo Museoa: Gida. </i> San Telmo Museoa, SA, 51-58 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3">978-84-616-7843-3</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ingeba.org/lurralde/lurranet/lur10/10campbel/10cambel.htm">«The century of the basques : their invluence in the geograhy of the 1500's / Craig S. Campbell»</a> <i>www.ingeba.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-17)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAzpiazu2015">Azpiazu, José Antonio. (2015). <i>Y los vascos se echaron al mar. </i> Ttarttalo, 110-136 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9843-649-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9843-649-5">978-84-9843-649-5</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArtola_(ed.)2001">Artola (ed.), Miguel. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.donostiaeuskaraz.eus/euskaraz/euskara-donostian/sekzioak/donostiaren-historia-miguel-artola"><i>Donostiaren historia. </i></a> Donostia: Donostiako Udala, 52-54 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-89569-56-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-89569-56-8">84-89569-56-8</a>.</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArbex2016">Arbex, Juan Carlos. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://untzimuseoa.eus/images/itsas_memoria_08/32_im8_juancarlosarbex.pdf">«Los bacalaos y el Tratado de Utrecht: un conflicto entre potencias con el peor desenlace»</a> <i>Itsas Memoria</i> (Donostia) 8: 782-787.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJimeno2014">Jimeno, Roldan. (2014). «El Consejo Real de Navarra y el euskera, a la luz de un proceso de mediados del siglo XVII» <i>El euskera en las altas instituciones del gobierno a través de la historia / Euskara gobernuko goi erakundetan historian zehar. </i> Pamiela, 58-85 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-867-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-867-1">978-84-7681-867-1</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAgirreazkuenaga2012-03-18">Agirreazkuenaga, Joseba. (2012-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2315/cadizeko-1812ko-konstituzioa">«Onartu al zen Euskal Herrian?»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-12)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMorlán2002">Morlán, Pablo Díaz. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.es/books?id%3DZDJvq64ITMwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dfr%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dbessemer%26f%3Dfalse"><i>Los Ybarra: una dinastía de empresarios, 1801-2001. </i></a> Marcial Pons Historia, 36-96 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95379-43-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95379-43-6">978-84-95379-43-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:32-95">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:32_95-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:32_95-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Irujo, X. 2012, 382-390. or.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:33-96"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:33_96-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Irujo, X. 2012, 418-419. or.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://view.publitas.com/el-concierto-economico-vasco/03-titulo-ii-ocho-etapas-en-una-trayectoria-muy-dilatada/page/50-51">Uriarte, J.L. 2015, 53-54. or.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>STM, San Telmo Museoa: Gida. </i> San Telmo Museoa, SA, 62-109 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3">978-84-616-7843-3</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:41-99"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:41_99-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://view.publitas.com/el-concierto-economico-vasco/03-titulo-ii-ocho-etapas-en-una-trayectoria-muy-dilatada/page/68-69">Uriarte, J.L. 2015, 88 . or.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:9-100">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_100-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_100-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_100-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWatson2003">Watson, Cameron. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/modernbasquehist0000wats"><i>Modern Basque History. </i></a> Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno, 104-203 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-877802-16-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-877802-16-6">1-877802-16-6</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-#2-101">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#2_101-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#2_101-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFElorzaApril_1978">Elorza, Antonio. (April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.memoriadigitalvasca.es/bitstream/10357/24852/1/100184.pdf">«De los Fueros a la Dictadura»</a> <i>Historia 16. </i>, 84–101 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/0210-6353">0210-6353</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:43-102">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:43_102-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:43_102-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUriarte2015">Uriarte, Jose Luis. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://view.publitas.com/el-concierto-economico-vasco/03-titulo-ii-ocho-etapas-en-una-trayectoria-muy-dilatada/page/1"><i>El Concierto Económico; Una Visión Personal. </i></a> Publitas, 107-118 or. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-16)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-#3-103">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#3_103-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#3_103-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>STM, San Telmo Museoa: Gida. </i> San Telmo Museoa, SA, 106-124 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-616-7843-3">978-84-616-7843-3</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Egaña20111106-104"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ega%C3%B1a20111106_104-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Ega%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iñaki Egaña">Iñaki EGAÑA</a>: «Mort pour la patrie», <i>Berria</i>, 2011-11-06.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bidegain20081111-105"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bidegain20081111_105-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eneko_Bidegain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eneko Bidegain">Eneko BIDEGAIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://paperekoa.berria.info/plaza/2008-11-11/046/006/lege_info.htm">«Euskaldunak frantsestu zituen gerla»</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i>Berria</i>, 2008-11-11.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/ee107927/84673%237"><i>Euskaldunak Bigarren Mundu Gerran. </i></a> EuskoMedia Fundazioa</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWatson2003">Watson, Cameron. (2003). <i>Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the Present. </i> University of Nevada, Center for Basque Studies, 308 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-877802-16-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-877802-16-6">1-877802-16-6</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAnonymous2016-06-16">Anonymous. (2016-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1990-1999_en">«Europe without frontiers»</a> <i>European Union</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EHbiztan2020-110">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EHbiztan2020_110-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EHbiztan2020_110-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gaindegia.eus/eu/datuak/demografia/biztanleria-osoa"><i>Biztanleria osoa.Herrialdeak (XLSX). </i></a> Gaindegia, gaindegia.eus <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-2-17)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Petxarroman20141005-111">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Petxarroman20141005_111-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Iñaki Petxarroman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075511/http://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1815/021/001/2014-10-05/euskal_herritar_ez_ezik_espainiar_edo_frantziar_ere_sentitzen_da_gehiengoa.htm">«Euskal herritar ez ezik, espainiar edo frantziar ere sentitzen da gehiengoa»</a>, <i>Berria</i>, 2014-10-05</span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoikoetxea">Goikoetxea, Garikoitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1877/002/001/2019-08-06/lau-herritarretik-bat-kanpoan-jaioa.htm">«Lau herritarretik bat, kanpoan jaioa»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-08-06)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gaindegia.eus/eu/udalerrien-erdiak-biztanleria-galdu-du-azken-hamarkadan">«Udalerrien erdiak biztanleria galdu du azken hamarkadan | Gaindegia»</a> <i>www.gaindegia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127150710/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type%3Dpcaxis%26file%3Dpcaxis%26path%3D%252Ft20%252Fe245%252Fp05%252F%252Fa2009">INEren webgune ofiziala.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.insee.fr/fr/default.asp">INSEEren webgune ofiziala.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.insee.fr/fr/accueil">[2]</a>. 2018.06.28</span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> Instituto Nacional de Estadística: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?padre%3D517">Cifras oficiales de población</a>. 2016.01.01.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DxXrX-gdk2nQ"><i>Frank Dolosor: 'Bi milioi okzitaniar hiztun daude, baina sakabanatuak'. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBeloki">Beloki, Ekhi Erremundegi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1994/014/001/2019-05-11/indar-berri-baten-xerka.htm">«Indar berri baten xerka»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://101l.ahotsak.eus/hizkuntzak/">«Hizkuntzak - 101L»</a> <i>101l.ahotsak.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ahotsak.eus/101l-buruz/">«101L - Euskal Herriko 101 ele - Ahotsak.eus»</a> <i>ahotsak.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eitb.eus/eu/kultura/euskara/osoa/4949514/vi-inkesta-soziolinguistikoa-euskarak-223000-hiztun-irabazi-25-urtean/">«Euskarak 223.000 hiztun irabazi ditu azken 25 urtean»</a> <i>Euskal Irrati Telebista</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoikoetxea">Goikoetxea, Garikoitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/136816/euskararen_erabilera_jaitsi_egin_da_kalean.htmeuskararen-erabilera-jaitsi-egin-da-kalean.htm">«Euskararen erabilera jaitsi egin da kalean»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ArabaEuskararenLurralde-124"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ArabaEuskararenLurralde_124-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskaraba.com/euskara/albisteak/araba-euskararen-lurralde-peto-petoa">«Araba euskararen lurralde peto-petoa»</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i>Euskaraba</i>, 2010-02-25.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EuskalkienJatorri2007-125"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EuskalkienJatorri2007_125-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Koldo Zuazo (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://etgz.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/berriazuazoeuskalkienjatorri.pdf">«Euskalkien jatorriaz eta bilakaeraz»</a>, <i>Berria</i>, 2007-12-09.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Unai <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Brea</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2154/dialektologia">«Batuaren eraginez euskalkiak "gipuzkoartzen"»</a>, <i>Argia</i>, 2008-10-12.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOlaizola_Iguiñiz,_Juan_María_de,_1921-[1993]">Olaizola Iguiñiz, Juan María de, 1921-. ([1993]). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39465115"><i>Historia del protestantismo en el País Vasco : el Reino de Navarra en la encrucijada de su historia. </i></a> Pamiela <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8476811330?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8476811330">8476811330</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D39465115">39465115</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-08)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaruri2011-02-24">Maruri, Ibai. (2011-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://paperekoa.berria.info/harian/2011-02-24/010/001/gutxiengoen_erlijio_komunitateek_214_egoitza_dituzte_eaen.htm">«Gutxiengoen erlijio komunitateek 214 egoitza dituzte EAEn»</a> <i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berria">Berria</a></i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFctxt">ctxt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ctxt.es/es/20170125/Politica/10828/Uxue-Barkos-Navarra-Opus-Dei-Geroa-Bai-Borgen.htm">«“Es el momento de que el Opus Dei aprenda a convivir con gobiernos de signo diferente”»</a> <i>ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728103246/http://www.eitb.com/argazki/forum_re/caracterizacion.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2011-07-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html">«Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España»</a> <i>La Vanguardia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-13)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAvila2012-10-14">Avila, Urko Apaolaza. (2012-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2340/euskal-herritarrenm">«Foruzaletasunaren abaroan»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-04)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/blogak/urko-apaolaza/2018/03/07/kontzertismoa-beste-behin/">«‘Kontzertismoa’, beste behin | Angelu itsua»</a> <i>www.argia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-04)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcía2015">García, Sara Hidalgo. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/historiografias/article/view/2389">«Emociones socialistas en la huelga minera de 1890. La formación de la conciencia de clase y el giro emocional / Socialist Emotions during the Miner’ Strike of 1890. The Formation of Class Consciousness and the Emotional Turn»</a> <i>Historiografías</i>: 31–48. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.26754%252Fojs_historiografias%252Fhrht.2015102389">10.26754/ojs_historiografias/hrht.2015102389</a></span>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/2174-4289">2174-4289</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-04)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAnsel,_Dario_1979-2011">Ansel, Dario 1979-. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796299027"><i>ELA en la Segunda República : "evolución sindicalista" de una organización obrera. </i></a> (1ª ed. de Txalaparta. argitaraldia) Txalaparta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788481364828?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788481364828">9788481364828</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D796299027">796299027</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-04)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGeneva">Geneva, Enekoitz Esnaola-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/151545/ofiziala_da_bukatu_du_etak.htmofiziala-da-bukatu-du-etak.htm">«Ofiziala da: bukatu du ETAk»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-04)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><i>www.sabinetxea.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-9)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskonews.eus/0105zbk/berrikus10501.html">«Berrikusketak»</a> <i>www.euskonews.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ianasagasti.blogs.com/mi_blog/2006/05/por_algo_sabino.html">«POR ALGO SABINO ARANA LLAMÓ EUZKADI A LA EUSKAL HERRIA CARLISTA»</a> <i>Iñaki Anasagasti</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNabea1999">Nabea, Joan Mari Torrealdai. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo%3D28630"><i>La censura de Franco y el tema vasco. </i></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788471733498?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788471733498">9788471733498</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLarramendi1983">Larramendi, Manuel. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/850822497"><i>Sobre los fueros de Guipúzcoa : conferencias curiosas, políticas, legales y morales sobre los fueros de la M.N. y M.L. provincia de Guipúzcoa. </i></a> Sociedad Guipuzcoana de Ediciones y Publicaciones <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8471730839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8471730839">8471730839</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D850822497">850822497</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/eu/nueva-fenicia/ar-98761/">«NUEVA FENICIA - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia»</a> <i>aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-19)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAlbertos2002">Albertos, J. F.. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.academia.edu/download/11022500/05.pdf">«Votar en dos dimensiones: el precio del nacionalismo y la ideología en el comportamiento electoral vasco, 1993-2001»</a> <i>Revista Española de Ciencia Política</i> 6: 153-181.</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: maiatza 2022">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArana1930"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luis_Arana_Goiri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luis Arana Goiri">Arana, Luis</a>. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskadi.net/q56/q56ControladorServlet?mapping%3DfichaMonografia.do%26idLibro%3D09600046421"><i>Las banderas de los ex-Estados históricos vascos o regiones autónomas. </i></a> in: <i>Apuntes para la historia del nacionalismo vasco</i>.</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFlags_of_the_World">Flags of the World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://flagspot.net/flags/es-pv.html"><i>Basque Country (Spain). </i></a></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMenendez_PidalMartínez_de_Aguirre2000">Menendez Pidal, Faustino; Martínez de Aguirre, Javier. (2000). <i>«Para saber más». El Escudo de Armas de Navarra. </i> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroako_Gobernua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafarroako Gobernua">Nafarroako Gobernua</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-235-2016-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-235-2016-1">84-235-2016-1</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEsparza_Libar">Esparza Libar, Andoni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pmb.ldd.fr/estekak/ikas/Berria/201001/20100109_04_Iritzia_EHko_himnoa.pdf">«Euskal Herriak ez du himnorik»</a> (pdf) <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-09)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAuñamendi_Eusko_Entziklopedia"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Au%C3%B1amendi_Eusko_Entziklopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia">Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/ee87432"><i>Lauburua. </i></a></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Use of coal in the Bronze Age in China. </i>, 525–530 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMattusch2008">Mattusch, Carol. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_z3b6"><i>Metalworking and Tools - The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. </i></a> Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_z3b6/page/418">418</a> or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-518731-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-518731-1">978-0-19-518731-1</a>.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSmith1997">Smith, A. H. V.. (1997). <i>Provenance of Coals from Roman Sites in England and Wales. </i> Britannia, vol.28, 297–324 or.</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euskadi.eus/eusko-jaurlaritza/-/dekretua/1782015-dekretua-irailaren-22koa-euskal-autonomia-erkidegoko-arlo-publikoaren-jasangarritasun-energetikoari-buruzkoa/">«178/2015 DEKRETUA, irailaren 22koa, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko arlo publikoaren jasangarritasun energetikoari buruzkoa.»</a> <i>euskadi.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2007-06-10">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2007-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2092/klima-erabat-hondatu-aurretik-petrolioa-bukatu">«Klima erabat hondatu aurretik petrolioa bukatu?»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2018-10-07">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2018-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2615/chevron-ekuador-epaile-pribatuek-honela-menderatu-dute-estatua">«Chevron-Ekuador: epaile pribatuek honela menderatu dute estatua»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2016-04-05">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2016-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/pauen-zientoka-militante-ahalegintzen-dira-gaur-petrolio-multinazionalen-biltzarra-oztopatzen">«Zientoka militante, petrolio multinazionalen Paueko biltzarra oztopatu nahian»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2019-03-31">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2019-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2638/geoingeniaritza-nola-arautu-erregai-fosilen-ugazabek-klima-are-gehiago-honda-ez-dezaten">«Geoingeniaritza nola arautu erregai fosilen ugazabek klima are gehiago honda ez dezaten»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2018-03-01">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2018-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/frantziako-zentral-nuklearren-segurtasunik-eza-agerian-utzi-zuten-greenpeaceko-kideentzat-espetxe-zigorra">«Frantziako zentral nuklearren segurtasunik eza agerian utzi zuten Greenpeaceko kideentzat espetxe zigorra»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2018-02-07">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2018-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/ikusi-fukushimako-2-erreaktore-izorratua-eta-bere-corium-a-hondamendia-nuklearraren-froga">«Ikusi Fukushimako 2. erreaktore izorratua eta bere 'corium'-a: hondamendi nuklearraren froga»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2017-11-21">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2017-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/errusiak-lehenbizikoz-aitortu-du-irail-amaierako-kutsadura-erradioaktibo-handia">«Errusiak lehenbizikoz aitortu du irail amaierako kutsadura erradioaktibo handia»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKamino2018-03-05">Kamino, Pello Zubiria. (2018-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/buretik-frantzia-osora-zabaltzen-ari-da-zabortegi-nuklearraren-aurkako-erresistentzia">«Buren jarraitzen du zabortegi nuklearraren aurkako erresistentziak: berriro basoa okupatzen saiatu dira»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFElizondo">Elizondo, Edurne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1872/010/001/2014-08-14/kaltea_eginen_luke_eta_ez_da_beharrezkoa.htm">««Kaltea eginen luke, eta ez da beharrezkoa»»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://i-ener.eus/eu/gure-proiektuak/">«GURE PROIEKTUAK»</a> <i>I-ENER</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus/2019/01/22/economia/iberdrola-inicia-el-segundo-mayor-parque-eolico-vasco">«Iberdrola inicia el segundo mayor parque eólico vasco»</a> <i>noticias de Gipuzkoa</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLe_Lay">Le Lay, Alain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sudouest.fr/2017/01/12/le-projet-des-eoliennes-abandonne-3097862-4179.php">«Le projet des éoliennes abandonné»</a> <i>sud ouest</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lemarin.ouest-france.fr/secteurs-activites/energies-marines/33898-un-parc-deoliennes-flottantes-pour-alimenter-le-g7">«Un parc d’éoliennes flottantes pour alimenter le G7 à Biarritz»</a> <i>le marin</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.udalbiltza.eus/eu/hartueman/i-ener">«I-ENER»</a> <i>Plone site</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPetxarroman">Petxarroman, Iñaki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1985/002/001/2021-11-14/euskadi-eta-euskal-herria-nahas-mahas.htm">«'EUSKADI' ETA 'EUSKAL HERRIA', NAHAS-MAHAS»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/ensenanza-idiomas/informacion-general/que-idioma-estudiar.html"><i>Información general de las enseñanzas de idiomas. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-10)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eoip.educacion.navarra.es/eu/eskola/beste-hheeoo-ekin-loturak/komunitateak%23pais-vasco">«Komunitateak»</a> <i>eoip.educacion.navarra.es</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-10)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1aki_Aldeko&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iñaki Aldeko (sortu gabe)">Aldekoa, Iñaki</a>. <i>Historia de la Literatura Vasca</i>. Donostia: Erein, 2004.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Mitxelena, Koldo</a>. Historia de la literatura vasca. 1960. Donostia: Erein, 1988.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etxepare.eus/media/uploads/publicaciones/xx_mendeko_euskal_literatura.pdf">https://www.etxepare.eus/media/uploads/publicaciones/xx_mendeko_euskal_literatura.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGabilondo">Gabilondo, Joseba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950465512"><i>Before Babel : a history of Basque literatures. </i></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5308-6832-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5308-6832-2">978-1-5308-6832-2</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D950465512">950465512</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJiménez_de_Rada,_Rodrigo_Verfasser">Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo Verfasser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1074732973"><i>Historia de rebus Hispaniae sive Historia Gothica. </i></a> Brepols Publishers <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1074732973">1074732973</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pentsamendua-177">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pentsamendua_177-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864226129"><i>Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida. </i></a> Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea 2012 <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9">978-84-8438-435-9</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D864226129">864226129</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUrrutia,_Manuel_Ma._(Manuel_María)1997">Urrutia, Manuel Ma. (Manuel María). (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605220589"><i>Evolución del pensamiento político de Unamuno. </i></a> Universidad de Deusto <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9830-843-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9830-843-3">978-84-9830-843-3</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D605220589">605220589</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAzurmendi_Otaegi2012">Azurmendi Otaegi, Joxe. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.inguma.eus/produkzioa/ikusi/ar-unamunoren-atarian"><i>(AR) Unamunoren atarian. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Altzibar, X.:"XX. mendeko euskal literatura: saiakera" In Mari Jose Olaziregi, <i>Euskal literaturaren historia</i>, Donostia: EIZEI, 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Iturriotz, A. 2010: "Zergatik Azurmendi?" <i>Hegats</i>, 45:9-17</span></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Ainhoa Sarasola, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815021346/http://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1787/020/001/2015-01-02/mendeurrenak_albiste_izango_dira_2015ean.htm">«Mendeurrenak albiste izango dira 2015ean»</a>, <i>Berria</i> 2015-01-02</span></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zeruko Argia</i>, 1965-01-24.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.theworlds50best.com/2008_list.html">World's 50 Best Restaurants</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGartzia">Gartzia, Pruden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://elkarargitaletxea.eus/liburuak/euskaldun-fededun-2/"><i>EUSKALDUN FEDEDUN | Elkar Argitaletxea. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-10-25)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ikuspegi.eus/documentos/zabaldu/zabaldu1cas.pdf"><i>"Diversidad religiosa en Euskadi. ¿Es la religión un factor para la desigualdad?" in </i>Dimensiones desde la desigualdad<i> Julia Shershneva Zastavnaia (arg.). </i></a> Ikuspegi <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/978-84-1319-530-8">978-84-1319-530-8</a>.</span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div style="-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3;column-count:3;-moz-column-gap:1em;-webkit-column-gap:1em;column-gap:1em;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estaturik_gabeko_nazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estaturik gabeko nazio">Estaturik gabeko nazioak</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europako_eremu_urriko_hizkuntzen_zerrenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Europako eremu urriko hizkuntzen zerrenda">Europako hizkuntza gutxituak</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskaldun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskaldun">Euskaldun</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskadi_(terminoaren_historia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskadi (terminoaren historia)">Euzkadi</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herria_(Frantziako_herrialdea)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herria (Frantziako herrialdea)">Euskal Herria (Frantziako herrialdea)</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafarroa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafarroa">Nafarroa</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Autonomia_Erkidegoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa">Euskadi</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar Euskal Herria">Ipar Euskal Herria</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hego Euskal Herria</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_egituraketa_politikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euskal Herriko egituraketa politikoa">Euskal Herriko egituraketa politikoa</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euskarazko_Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskarazko Wikipedia">Euskarazko Wikipedian</a> bada atari bat, gai hau duena:<br><b><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atari:Euskal_Wikiatlasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari:Euskal Wikiatlasa">Euskal Wikiatlasa</a></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><b><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/Azala?uselang%3Deu">Wikiztegian</a></b> orri bat dago honi buruz: <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/Berezi:Search/euskal_herria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Berezi:Search/euskal herria">euskal herria</a></b></i> .</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185935/http://www.udalbiltza.net/">Udalbiltza, Euskal Herriko lehen instituzio nazionala</a> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521215322/http://www.uema.org/">Udalerri Euskaldunen Mankomunitatea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220084558/http://atlasa.net/">Euskal Herriko ekonomiaren eta gizartearen atlasa</a> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.muturzikin.com/EHmapa38.htm">Euskal Herriko eskualdeen mapa</a> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.muturzikin.com/carte.htm">Euskal Herria gaikako mapak</a> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></li> </ul> <div class="geo-inline-hidden"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8629292">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DEuskal_Herria%26params%3D42_52_56_N_1_55_2_W_region:EH_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°52′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°55′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.88222°N 1.91722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.88222; -1.91722</span></span></span></a></span> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="mw-authority-control"> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style> </div> <div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikidata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wd" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47588" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q47588">Q47588</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonscat"> <noscript> <img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Commonscat" data-width="15" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basque_Country">Basque Country</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type%3Dimage%26search%3D%2522Q47588%2522">Q47588</a></span></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"> </div> <p><br></p><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐mlztb Cached time: 20241117110628 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.904 seconds Real time usage: 2.464 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 91186/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 544248/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 168340/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 24/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 2/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 254611/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.342/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5558586/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1871.455 1 -total 42.35% 792.487 2 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda 30.32% 567.409 278 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia/oinarria 30.26% 566.241 132 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia 13.39% 250.515 1 Txantiloi:Herrialde_infotaula 13.37% 250.167 2 Txantiloi:Infotaula 10.49% 196.224 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola 6.02% 112.595 30 Txantiloi:Category_handler 5.24% 98.043 5 Txantiloi:Navbox 5.23% 97.796 14 Txantiloi:Apurtutako_esteka --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key euwiki:pcache:idhash:3367-0!canonical and timestamp 20241117110628 and revision id 9949629. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.095 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See \u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetak\u003E.");});</script> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEuskal_Herria%26oldid%3D9949629">https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Herria&oldid=9949629</a>"(e)tik eskuratuta </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Euskal_Herria&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Gorkaazk" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1729855366"> <span>Azken aldaketa 25 urria 2024(e)an, 12:22(e)tan</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Hizkuntzak</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskeland" title="Baskeland – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baskeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B4%25D9%2583%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4" title="بلاد البشكنش – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد البشكنش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583" title="بلاد لباسك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلاد لباسك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583" title="بلاد الباسك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاد الباسك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADs_Vascu_(rex%25C3%25B3n_hist%25C3%25B3rica)" title="País Vascu (rexón histórica) – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="País Vascu (rexón histórica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask_torpaqlar%25C4%25B1" title="Bask torpaqları – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bask torpaqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596" title="Баскскія землі – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баскскія землі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Басконія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Басконія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5" title="Страна на баските – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Страна на баските" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskija" title="Baskija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Baskija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADs_Basc" title="País Basc – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="País Basc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskicko_(%25C3%25BAzem%25C3%25AD)" title="Baskicko (území) – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baskicko (území)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_y_Basg" title="Gwlad y Basg – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad y Basg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerlandet" title="Baskerlandet – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baskerlandet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskenland" title="Baskenland – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baskenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CF%258E%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1_%25CF%2584%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD_%25CE%2592%25CE%25AC%25CF%2583%25CE%25BA%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD" title="Χώρα των Βάσκων – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χώρα των Βάσκων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region) – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Basque Country (greater region)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%25C5%25ADskio" title="Eŭskio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭskio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskimaa" title="Baskimaa – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baskimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9_(%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25B7%25D9%2582%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AF%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1)" title="سرزمین باسک (منطقه بزرگتر) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین باسک (منطقه بزرگتر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskimaa_(kulttuuris-maantieteellinen_alue)" title="Baskimaa (kulttuuris-maantieteellinen alue) – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baskimaa (kulttuuris-maantieteellinen alue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskimaa" title="Baskimaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Baskimaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_basque" title="Pays basque – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays basque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payis_b%25C3%25A2sco" title="Payis bâsco – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Payis bâsco" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskenlun" title="Baskenlun – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baskenlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25ADr_na_mBascach" title="Tír na mBascach – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tír na mBascach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25B9thaich_nam_Basgach_(m%25C3%25B2r-che%25C3%25A0rn)" title="Dùthaich nam Basgach (mòr-cheàrn) – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùthaich nam Basgach (mòr-cheàrn)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADs_Vasco_(rexi%25C3%25B3n_hist%25C3%25B3rica)" title="País Vasco (rexión histórica) – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="País Vasco (rexión histórica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%25C3%2587heer_Vascagh_(thalloo_shenndeeagh)" title="Yn Çheer Vascagh (thalloo shenndeeagh) – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheer Vascagh (thalloo shenndeeagh)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A5_%25D7%2594%25D7%2591%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="ארץ הבסקים – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארץ הבסקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskija" title="Baskija – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baskija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baszkf%25C3%25B6ld_(r%25C3%25A9gi%25C3%25B3)" title="Baszkföld (régió) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baszkföld (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25B0%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B2%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Բասկերի հողեր – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բասկերի հողեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Basque" title="Negara Basque – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara Basque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskaland_(landsv%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0i)" title="Baskaland (landsvæði) – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baskaland (landsvæði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_basco" title="Paese basco – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paese basco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2590%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9" title="バスク地方 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バスク地方" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/auskalerik" title="auskalerik – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="auskalerik" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A7%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბასკების ქვეყანა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბასკების ქვეყანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamurt_n_Ibaskiyen" title="Tamurt n Ibaskiyen – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamurt n Ibaskiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25CC%25B1byin_A%25CC%25B1wusi%25CC%25B1ka%25CC%25B1ra_(a%25CC%25B1gba%25CC%25B1ndang_fam-a%25CC%25B1byin)" title="A̱byin A̱wusi̱ka̱ra (a̱gba̱ndang fam-a̱byin) – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byin A̱wusi̱ka̱ra (a̱gba̱ndang fam-a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B0%2594%25EC%258A%25A4%25ED%2581%25AC" title="바스크 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welat%25C3%25AA_Bask%25C3%25AE" title="Welatê Baskî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Welatê Baskî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Bask" title="Pow Bask – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Bask" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconia_(territorium)" title="Vasconia (territorium) – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vasconia (territorium)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euscaleria" title="Euscaleria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Euscaleria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskeland" title="Baskeland – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Baskeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschia" title="Baschia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Baschia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BB%258C_(%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B7%25E0%25BB%2589%25E0%25BA%2599)" title="ປະເທດເບສກ໌ (ພາກພື້ນ) – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເບສກ໌ (ພາກພື້ນ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskija_(istorinis_regionas)" title="Baskija (istorinis regionas) – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baskija (istorinis regionas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basku_zeme_(re%25C4%25A3ions)" title="Basku zeme (reģions) – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Basku zeme (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenena_Baska" title="Firenena Baska – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firenena Baska" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Whenua_P%25C4%2581kihi" title="Te Whenua Pākihi – maoriera" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Whenua Pākihi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Баскиска земја – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баскиска земја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%25BA%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ബാസ്ക് കൺട്രി – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാസ്ക് കൺട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25AD%25C3%25A7_Basco" title="Paíç Basco – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paíç Basco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9" title="باسک – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باسک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskenland_(Region)" title="Baskenland (Region) – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Baskenland (Region)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskenland" title="Baskenland – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baskenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskarland" title="Baskarland – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baskarland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerland" title="Baskerland – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baskerland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascoat" title="Bascoat – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bascoat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskimua" title="Baskimua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Baskimua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadi" title="Euskadi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Euskadi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskonia" title="Baskonia – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baskonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADs_Basco" title="País Basco – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="País Basco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%259Aara_Bascilor" title="Țara Bascilor – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țara Bascilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasc%25C3%25A3" title="Vascã – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vascã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Баскские земли – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баскские земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisu_Bascu_(Euskal_Herria)" title="Paisu Bascu (Euskal Herria) – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paisu Bascu (Euskal Herria)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Kintra_(greater_region)" title="Basque Kintra (greater region) – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Basque Kintra (greater region)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskija" title="Baskija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baskija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basque Country (greater region)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskovske_de%25C5%25BEele" title="Baskovske dežele – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baskovske dežele" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Баскија – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баскија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskien" title="Baskien – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baskien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nchi_ya_Kieuskara" title="Nchi ya Kieuskara – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nchi ya Kieuskara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581_(%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF)" title="பாசுக்கு நாடு (பெரும் பகுதி) – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசுக்கு நாடு (பெரும் பகுதி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%258C_(%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584)" title="ประเทศบาสก์ (ภูมิภาค) – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบาสก์ (ภูมิภาค)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask_%25C3%259Clkesi" title="Bask Ülkesi – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bask Ülkesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Басконія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Басконія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Euskal Herria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%25E1%25BB%25A9_Basque" title="Xứ Basque – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xứ Basque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basknland" title="Basknland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Basknland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euscalreye" title="Euscalreye – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Euscalreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258C%25BA" title="巴斯克地区 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴斯克地区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბასკეფიშ ქიანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბასკეფიშ ქიანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580" title="巴斯克地區 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴斯克地區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_t%25C4%2593-hng" title="Basque tē-hng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Basque tē-hng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580" title="巴斯克地區 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴斯克地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Orriaren azken aldaketa: 25 urria 2024, 12:22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Eduki guztia <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>(r)en babespean dago, ez bada kontrakoa esaten.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pribazitate politika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Wikipediari buruz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lege oharra</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Garatzaileak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/eu.wikipedia.org">Estatistikak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie adierazpena</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Erabilera-baldintzak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEuskal_Herria%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Idazmahaia</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div><!-- v:8.3.1 --> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76dfdc59c8-n8vvn","wgBackendResponseTime":314,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.904","walltime":"2.464","ppvisitednodes":{"value":91186,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":544248,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":168340,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":2,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":254611,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1871.455 1 -total"," 42.35% 792.487 2 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda"," 30.32% 567.409 278 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia/oinarria"," 30.26% 566.241 132 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia"," 13.39% 250.515 1 Txantiloi:Herrialde_infotaula"," 13.37% 250.167 2 Txantiloi:Infotaula"," 10.49% 196.224 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola"," 6.02% 112.595 30 Txantiloi:Category_handler"," 5.24% 98.043 5 Txantiloi:Navbox"," 5.23% 97.796 14 Txantiloi:Apurtutako_esteka"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.342","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5558586,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-mlztb","timestamp":"20241117110628","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Euskal Herria","url":"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euskal_Herria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47588","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47588","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-11T07:59:36Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T11:22:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg","headline":"Europako herrialdea, historikoki euskaldunen eta euskararen lurraldea dena"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('eu', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>