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elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_local_elections,_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Polish local elections, 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_local_elections,_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Polish local elections, 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[42]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silesian_Regional_Assembly[42]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Silesian Regional Assembly<sup><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[42]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_local_elections,_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Polish local elections, 2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[43]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silesian_Regional_Assembly[43]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Silesian Regional Assembly<sup><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[43]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_local_elections,_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Polish local elections, 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[45]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silesian_Regional_Assembly[45]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Silesian Regional Assembly<sup><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[45]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_local_elections,_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Polish local elections, 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_local_elections,_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[47]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silesian_Regional_Assembly[47]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Silesian Regional Assembly<sup><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silesian_Regional_Assembly[47]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblea_Autonomista_de_Sil%C3%A8sia" title="Assemblea Autonomista de Silèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assemblea Autonomista de Silèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_autonomie_Slezska" title="Hnutí autonomie Slezska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí autonomie Slezska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewegung_f%C3%BCr_die_Autonomie_Schlesiens" title="Bewegung für die Autonomie Schlesiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewegung für die Autonomie Schlesiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_la_Autonom%C3%ADa_de_Silesia" title="Movimiento por la Autonomía de Silesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento por la Autonomía de Silesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_pour_l%27autonomie_de_la_Sil%C3%A9sie" title="Mouvement pour l'autonomie de la Silésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement pour l'autonomie de la Silésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblea_Autonomista_de_la_Sil%C3%A8sia" title="Assemblea Autonomista de la Silèsia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Assemblea Autonomista de la Silèsia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_pela_Autonomia_da_Sil%C3%A9sia" title="Movimento pela Autonomia da Silésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento pela Autonomia da Silésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnutie_za_auton%C3%B3miu_Sliezska" title="Hnutie za autonómiu Sliezska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnutie za autonómiu Sliezska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_Aut%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmije_%C5%9Al%C5%8Dnska" title="Ruch Autōnōmije Ślōnska – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ruch Autōnōmije Ślōnska" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q637464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #144172; border-bottom:2px solid #144172; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Silesian Autonomy Movement</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Ruch Autonomii Śląska<br />Ruch Autōnōmije Ślōnska</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg/150px-Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg/225px-Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg/300px-Silesian_Autonomy_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">RAŚ<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">January 1990 (organisation)<br />27 June 2001 (voluntary association)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Plac Wolności 7, 44-200 <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2010)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">~7,000<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a><sup id="cite_ref-newth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Silesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Silesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-newth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-enowiny_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enowiny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a> (2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Party" title="Silesian Regional Party">Silesian Regional Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0c3f73; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">Cerulean Blue</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ebc403; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow#Gold_(golden)" title="Shades of yellow">Gold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 45</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #144172; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Opole_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Opole Regional Assembly">Opole Regional Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 30</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #144172; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/180px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/270px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/360px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://autonomia.pl">http://autonomia.pl</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #144172;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesian_Autonomy_Movement,_alternative_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement%2C_alternative_logo.png/130px-Silesian_Autonomy_Movement%2C_alternative_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement%2C_alternative_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="162" /></a></span><br /><small>Old logo of the party from 2018.</small><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Silesian Autonomy Movement</b> (<a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>: <i lang="szl">Ruch Autōnōmije Ślōnska</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruch Autonomii Śląska</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bewegung für die Autonomie Schlesiens</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), abbreviated as <b>RAŚ</b>, is a movement that seeks the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">interwar Silesian autonomy</a> - including a separate <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">Silesian Treasury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">Silesian Parliament</a>, as well as a Silesian constitution and an elected president. The party envisions an autonomous Silesia either within Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-narod_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narod-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as part of the <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_100_Flags" title="Europe of 100 Flags">Europe of 100 Flags</a>, where the competences and sovereignty of modern states will be transferred to the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAŚ considers Silesians a separate nation and promotes Silesian nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-narod_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narod-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party supports regionalist and separatist movements in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-ruchy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has also been described as separatist itself.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association was founded in January 1990 by Rudolf Kołodziejczyk and is based in the Polish part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. On 17 October 2009, the Silesian Autonomy Movement signed a cooperation agreement with its German sister organisation, <i>Initiative der Autonomie Schlesiens</i> (IAS), based in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, and the UK-based <i>Silesian Autonomy Movement</i>. In 2002, RAŚ became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a>. In 2007, RAŚ activists reestablished football club <i><a href="/wiki/1._FC_Katowice" title="1. FC Katowice">1. FC Katowice</a></i>. Also, since 2007 RAŚ has organized annual "<i>Autonomy Marches</i>" in Poland (<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsz_Autonomii" class="extiw" title="pl:Marsz Autonomii">pl</a>, <a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsz_Aut%C5%AFn%C5%AFmije" class="extiw" title="szl:Marsz Autůnůmije">szl</a>). </p><p>Nationally, the party is considered left-wing,<sup id="cite_ref-newth_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a>. In 2019, the RAŚ signed an agreement with the Civic Coalition for elections to the Sejm and Senate, in which both parties ran on a joint list in Upper Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two parties continued to cooperate afterwards, and the secretary of RAŚ, Jacek Tomaszewski, is also a member of the Civic Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silesia had been well known for its regional sense of identity and both separatist as well as autonomists ambitions. In 1869, Polish linguist <a href="/wiki/Lucjan_Malinowski" title="Lucjan Malinowski">Lucjan Malinowski</a> wrote: "Silesian people shun from the Polish population". In Silesia at the end of the 19th century, the term Pole was offensive, and associated with groups of 'vagabonds' to the inhabitants of towns. Stereotypically, Poles were associated with migrant workers from Galicia, employed for manual labour in Silesian mines and factories - they had a bad reputation and were associated with brawls, drunkenness and theft, which alienated the local Silesian population.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silesians believed that they were a nation on their own and distanced themselves from Poland, often arguing that Silesian people have more in common with Germany than Poland. Szerzej Dobrowolski observed: "Our people are more similar to the German people with whom they neighbour to the west than to the Polish people in Galicia [...]. This mixed Silesian nationality is the necessary result of the historical development which our people have undergone; centuries ago they were separated from Poland, came under much better German rule, and, preserving their original language, acquired through contact with high German civilisation those qualities which make them superior to the people still under Polish rule".<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Polish literature on the subject, such an attitude of the Silesian people was explained by "a lack of normal bonds with the Polish nation", which resulted, according to some authors, in "a stronger attachment to the region, regional pride". Despite the intensive activities of the Polish national movement at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Silesia, and Polonisation in the interwar period, there was still a large group of Silesians who thought of themselves as a separate nation. <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Wojciech Korfanty</a> believed that this was over 30% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">Silesian Voivodeship</a>. While Silesians did not manage to create a state, they formed a clearly defined cultural and linguistic community.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first political organisations of separatist Silesians was the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Silesian_People%27s_Party" title="Silesian People's Party">Silesian People's Party</a> (SPL), founded in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ko%C5%BCdo%C5%84" title="Józef Kożdoń">Józef Kożdoń</a>, whose political goal was to promote regional culture and defend against Polish nationalism. After the First World War, states began to make claims to Silesian lands on the international arena. Silesian politicians did not look passively at the development of events, and in 1919, on the initiative of Edward Latacz and brothers Tomasz and Jan Regink, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Upper_Silesians" title="Union of Upper Silesians">Union of Upper Silesians</a> was established in Bytom, which postulated the creation of an independent state in Upper Silesia with two official languages, Polish and German. After establishing contacts with Kożdoń's supporters, they wanted to include the lands of Cieszyn Silesia, Opava Silesia and the Sudetenland. The new state was to have a system similar to Switzerland. The project of the Silesian separatists was supported by industrialists and landowners including the Prince von Pless <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hochberg" title="Alexander Hochberg">Alexander Hochberg</a>, whose intention was to create a free Silesian state (Freistaat Schlesien). Independence and territorial integrity were to be guaranteed by the world powers, in particular the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unfavourable international situation, opposition from France and the actions of Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia led to the collapse of separatist Silesian project and the division of Silesia. Before this happened, however, a battle for the support of the Silesian population was fought by Poland and Germany. Each side promised Silesia wide autonomy within their own state. The Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed the Constitutional Act containing the Organic Statute of the Silesian Voivodeship on 15 July 1920. In turn, the Reichstag Act of 27 November 1920 on Upper Silesia provided that within two months from the date of the German takeover of the plebiscite area, a referendum would be held in the entire Upper Silesian province on the creation of an Upper Silesian state within the Reich. To this end, many Silesians partook in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian uprising">Silesian uprising</a> not for the incorporation of Silesia into Poland, but for autonomy, with most Silesians believing that autonomy within Poland would be the lesser evil.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a part of Upper Silesia was annexed to Poland, separatist activity waned. The newly created Silesian Voivodeship became an arena of struggle between German and Polish influences, with no room for a third force. Silesians were forced to take one side or the other, because, as the then Silesian Voivode <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Gra%C5%BCy%C5%84ski" title="Michał Grażyński">Michał Grażyński</a> stated: "we Poles like clear-cut situations and value defined characters. That is why we respect honest Czechs and Germans, but we cannot tolerate any intermediate types". However, the policy of Polonisation was not appreciated by some Upper Silesians, which was reflected in the results of the municipal elections of 19 November 1926, also known as the second Silesian plebiscite. At that time, the majority of seats were won by German groupings, e.g. in Katowice - 56.7%, in Świętochłowice - 54.3%, and in Królewska Huta (Chorzów) - as much as 70.3%. Upper Silesians voted for German minority groupings (the German minority accounted for approximately 7% of the population of the Silesian Voivodeship).<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revival of Silesian regionalism did not take place until after 1989, with the collapse of the communist regime in Poland. According to some Silesians, the political breakthrough did not bring the expected changes. In 1990, the Silesian Autonomy Movement was founded, with the main aim of forcing the central authorities to change their attitude to Silesia. The association called for the restoration of the pre-war autonomy of Upper Silesia. It proposed, following the model of Western European regionalism, the introduction of strong autonomous provinces in Poland, which would be financially independent of the central government and would decide their own affairs independently. In 1993, RAŚ became a member of the League of Regions, an organisation postulating the division of Poland into 12 autonomous regions (its members also include the Upper Silesian Association, the Podhale Association and the <a href="/wiki/Kashubian-Pomeranian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashubian-Pomeranian Association">Kashubian-Pomeranian Association</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silesian Autonomy Movement was founded on 13 January 1990 in <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a>, in the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafia_%C5%9Bw._Jadwigi_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiej_w_Rybniku" class="extiw" title="pl:Parafia św. Jadwigi Śląskiej w Rybniku">Saint Jadwiga Śląska Church</a>. There were 15 founders of the Silesian Autonomy Movement, composed of Catholic priest as well as Silesian social activists associated with the Catholic Church. The first ideological declaration of the RAŚ from 1990 was named "Movement for the Full Autonomy of Silesia", and focused fully on postulates for restoring the interwar autonomy of Silesia. The Silesian Autonomy Movement became a registered political association a year later, on 19 February 1991. The party co-organized the First Congress of the League of Regions in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, in October 1994. The congress was attended by most major regionalist organizations in Poland, including the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Wielkopolan" class="extiw" title="pl:Unia Wielkopolan">Union of Wielkopolska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kashubian-Pomeranian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashubian-Pomeranian Association">Kashubian-Pomeranian Association</a> and the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Podhalan" class="extiw" title="pl:Związek Podhalan">Union of Podhalans</a>. The congress also included the future prime minister of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, who was back then a Kashubian regionalist.<sup id="cite_ref-enowiny_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enowiny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silesian Autonomy Movement, as an organisation claiming to represent the interests of the region and the ethnic group, initially demanded in its political programme that the organic statute of the Silesian Voivodeship from 1920 be restored. The statute was abolished in 1945 by a decision of the National National Council. The party argued that this was done in violation of the provisions of the March Constitution in force at the time. The activists of the Silesian Autonomy Movement demanded in 1995, in an open letter to the president of the Republic of Poland <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, that the decision of the KRN abolishing the organic statute of the Silesian Voivodeship be annulled. Referring to the law of 15 July 1920, RAŚ wanted to establish the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">Silesian Treasury</a>, which was to be funded from local taxes. Most of the tax revenue from the Silesian Voivodeship (up to 60%) was to remain in the region. Another initiative was the idea of reactivating the Silesian Sejm as a regional legislature and a popularly elected provincial governor - the regional executive. All but the last of these postulates was in fact a demand for a return to the 1920 legal status. A new idea was the direct election of a voivode, who in the pre-war Silesian Voivodeship was appointed by the president of the Republic of Poland upon the proposal of the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The programme of the Silesian Autonomy Movement has evolved somewhat over the years, from supporting the idea of a return to pre-World War II autonomy to the project of a modern organic statute, whose authors modelled themselves on the autonomy solutions of Catalonia. The early years of the 21st century saw a generational change in the party's authorities. The members of the new party structures felt that the organic statute of 1920 corresponded to that reality, but that in the 21st century the situation required solutions that moved with the times. An expression of these trends was the new draft organic statute for Silesia, which was announced in 2010. According to the new draft, the autonomous unit would be called the Autonomous Region of Upper Silesia, which would form part of the territory of the Republic of Poland. Executive authority would be exercised by a prime minister together with a government, elected by a bicameral parliament. The government thus elected would be appointed by the president of the Republic of Poland. In addition to these political institutions, the region is to have its own administrative court, the Upper Silesian Administrative Court, whose president would be appointed by the President of Poland. The seat of the court would be in Opole.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the Silesian Autonomy Movement became a member of the League of Regions, an organisation advocating the division of Poland into 12 autonomous or semi-independent nations. Members of the League include the Union of Greater Poland, the Upper Silesian Association, the Podhale Association and the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association. In 2003, it was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (EFA) - a supranational representation of dozens of regional (separatist) movements seeking the abolition of the nation state. The European Free Alliance advocates a Europe of One Hundred Flags - because in their view - there are at least 100 nations and ethnic groups in Europe. The European Free Alliance advocates the establishment of constituencies for the European Parliament that correspond to the principles of regionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the Silesian Autonomy Movement fielded 14 candidates in Katowice constituency no. 572. In the elections to the Silesian Sejmik it did not exceed 5% (in this district 5% - 62,674 votes), 53,118 votes were cast for the RAŚ list. The situation was similar in 2006, when the Electoral Committee of the Silesian Autonomy Movement did not win any seats to the Sejmik of the Silesian Voivodeship, gaining 4.35% of the votes in the voivodeship and ranking behind PO, PiS and PSL, but ahead of <a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland">Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland</a> - 3.96% and <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a> - 3.46%. The elections to the Silesian Voivodeship were held in 2006. By 2010, the autonomists had won elections in, among others, two rural municipalities (Lyski and Godów municipalities), and had several councillors in the Municipal Council in Czerwionka Leszczyny. They also co-governed the Rybnik district, where Krzysztof Kluczniok, chairman of the RAŚ in 1999–2002, was deputy mayor between 2006 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy of supporting regionalism and explicitly excluding nationalist slogans in the programme caused some RAŚ members, for whom the issue of Silesian nationality was a priority, to establish a separate organisation - the Union of Silesian Nationalities. Some publicists believed that this decision was motivated by a desire to obtain the status of a national minority and thus to receive, like the German minority, a guaranteed pool of seats in parliament. Between 1997 and 2004, the founding committee was headed by the later chairman of the Silesian Autonomy Movement, Jerzy Gorzelik. In 2004, Silesian nationalist activists led by Andrzej Roczniok took over. Since then, relations between the two organisations have deteriorated. RAŚ activists claim that the ZLNŚ extreme harms the idea of regionalism. This was particularly evident in the RAŚ authorities' comments on the controversial statements made by the chairman of the Union of Silesian Nationalities, Andrzej Roczniok. Radical regionalists such as Dariusz Jerczyński would go on to create the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Separatist_Movement" title="Silesian Separatist Movement">Silesian Separatist Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the elections to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and to the Senate of the Republic of Poland held on 25 September 2005, the Silesian Autonomy Movement placed its candidates on the lists of the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (PSL). This took place, among others, in the constituency comprising the districts of Mikołów, Racibórz, Rybnik and Wodzisław. As a result of an agreement concluded by the autonomists with the PSL as well as the Trade Union of Volunteer Fire Brigades, three candidates of the Silesian Autonomy Movement were on the lists for the Senate, and two for the Sejm. In the Opole Voivodeship, autonomy supporters ran from the lists of the German minority. The strategy of the autonomists did not bring the expected results, as none of the candidates was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the leader of RAŚ Jerzy Gorzelik also attempted to run for the European Parliament from the list of the National Electoral Committee founded by Maciej Płażyński. In the <a href="/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Polish parliamentary election">2007 Polish parliamentary election</a>, the recommendation of the Silesian Autonomy Movement was received by the candidates running on the PSL list for the Sejm in the Katowice constituency - Dietmar Brehmer (German Minority) and Grzegorz Juranek.The Senate candidate supported by RAŚ was Cecylia Machulska. In the Gliwice district, the regionalists formed the Autonomy for Upper Silesia Electoral Committee.The Senate candidate from this list was Jerzy Bogacki, vice-chairman of RAŚ. Regionalists also tried to get into the Sejm in this constituency from the PSL lists. In the Rybnik district, four candidates ran for the Sejm from the PSL lists, and Rudolf Kołodziejczyk, founder of RAŚ and ZLNŚ, ran for the Senate. None of them received a sufficient number of votes to enter parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, the RAŚ submitted a petition to the Polish prime minister's office to restore the autonomy of the Silesian Voivodeship. Heavily publicized, the petition was also reported by the Russian state newspaper <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>, which was accused of attempting to discredit the Silesian Autonomy Movement by praising its support for independence of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and speculatig that Silesia could become "Polish Kosovo". After the petition was ignored by Polish authorities, leader of the party Jerzy Gorzelik argued that Silesian are increasingly frustrated by policies of Polonization and exploitation of Silesia's natural resources by the Polish state.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2009, Silesian Autonomy Movement activists submitted a petition (signed by 5,000 people) to the Marshal of the Silesian Voivodship calling for the abandonment of plans to give the Silesian Stadium in <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a> the white and red colours, so that the seats at the venue would be in the regional colours of yellow and blue.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Polish_local_elections" title="2010 Polish local elections">2010 Polish local elections</a>, the Silesian Autonomy Movement, received around 123,000 votes, which amounted to the 8.49% of the popular vote, in the Silesian Voivodeship. The best result was achieved in the Chrzanów (17.5%), Katowice (16%) and Rybnik (14.6%) districts. In the district council of Rybnik, RAŚ won as much as 25.6% of the votes. This allowed for the introduction of three representatives to the Provincial Assembly; in addition, the party gained 40 councillor seats in the Silesian Voivodeship. Gorzelik, the party leader, became deputy speaker of the Silesian Sejmik.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silesian Autonomy Movement formed a regional coalition together with <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the Silesian Autonomy Movement organized "pre-referendums" in Lędziny, Imielin and Pszczyna, during which the inhabitants were asked the question "Are you in favour of restoring to Upper Silesia the autonomy it had in Poland in the inter-war period?", as an attempt to popularise and publicise this topic. Around 1,700 were polled by the party, and it was found that 96,4% of participants supported Silesian autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish political scientist Grzegorz Węgrzyn noted that polls conducted by the media in the 1990s showed a somewhat similar proportion of support, with support for autonomy reaching 70% of those surveyed. He also stated that "just as the census made many inhabitants of Upper Silesia aware of the possibility of an option other than Polish or German, the activities of the RAŚ introduced the issue of autonomy into the social discourse, both regionally and nationally."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_parliamentary_elections">Polish parliamentary elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polish parliamentary elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement participated in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">1991 parliamentary elections</a> and received 40,061 votes (0.36%) and two seats, one of its MPs was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_%C5%9Awito%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Świtoń (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Świtoń</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001 parliamentary elections</a>, two candidates of the movement were included on the lists of the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (PO). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Polish parliamentary election">elections of 2005</a>, several candidates from the movement, including its vice president Krzysztof Kluczniok, took part in the list of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (PSL). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election year </th> <th colspan="2">Seats won </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sejm </th> <th>Senate </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">1991</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 460</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #144172; width: 0.4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Polish parliamentary election">1993</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 460</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #144172; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="6"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1997 Polish parliamentary election">1997</a> </th> <td rowspan="5">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Polish parliamentary election">2005</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Polish parliamentary election">2007</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Polish parliamentary election">2011</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Polish parliamentary election">2015</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 460</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: yellow; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg/220px-Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg/330px-Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg/440px-Przypinka_Ruchu_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Pin of the party.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main representative of the party and its ideology is <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a>, known for his controversial statements regarding the historical relations between Silesia and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most known statements include "To give Poland Silesia is like giving a monkey a watch, and after eighty years one can see that the monkey broke the watch." (paraphrase of a statement by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>) and "I am a Silesian, not a Pole, and I have not pledged to Poland, so I have not betrayed her and I do not feel obliged to be loyal to this country."<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorzelik describes the party as being "between" <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, condemning <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> in the sense of a "perennial vision of the nation as a community shaped by the forces of history", emphasising party's belief in a "strictly modern and voluntarist nationalism" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking of its vision of regionalist Europe, the party wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the future Europe, the nation-states, having brought about the unification of the continent, will recede into the background and the regions will take the first row. Matters affecting Europeans will be decided almost at home - in Bavaria, in Wales, in Silesia, in Greater Poland (...). Whether we like it or not, the political map of Europe is not yet complete. Its future edition will include, in place of Spain, among others, Baskonia, Navarre, Catalonia, in place of Poland, Mazovia, Kuyavia, Warmia, Masuria, Greater Poland and Silesia. A continent thus united would be freed from all the conflicts into which the nation-states born by the 19th century had fallen. (...) It will be a Europe of peoples: Silesians, Moravians, Lusatians, Scots, Bretons, Basques, etc., i.e. a Europe returning to its roots. The RAŚ is already working for such a Europe, maintaining extensive contacts abroad, participating in international meetings and conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The party cites <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ko%C5%BCdo%C5%84" title="Józef Kożdoń">Józef Kożdoń</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Silesian_People%27s_Party" title="Silesian People's Party">Silesian People's Party</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Latacz" title="Ewald Latacz">Ewald Latacz</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Upper_Silesians" title="Union of Upper Silesians">Union of Upper Silesians</a>, as the main inspirations for the movement. According to Gorzelik, these two parties had risen at the time when Silesians already emphasised their regional identity beyond the division into Poles, Germans and Czechs. The struggle between Poland, Germany and Czechoslovakia for the ownership of the region resulted in indifference amongst the population, with many identifying themselves exclusively as Silesians and being ready to join whichever nation would give Silesia the greatest autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silesian Autonomy Movement therefore defines contemporary Silesian identity as inherently pluralist, with Gorzelik stating that "The concept adopted by the animators of the Silesian national movement is at odds with the monistic image of culture and identity propagated by integral nationalism. This is because it assumes multiculturalism. A Silesian is part Czech, part Moravian, part German or part Pole, without having to become any of them. Diversity is therefore at the centre of the Silesian national ideology, and its affirmation becomes the essence of Silesianness."<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the party affirms that Silesian identity is completely compatible with Polish and European identity as well.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to party's programme, autonomy should not be the exclusive prerogative of Upper Silesia, but a right of all regions, distributed according to the principles of a regional state, citing the territorial system of Spain and its tradition of <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">Fuero</a> as a model to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party considers <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> necessary steps towards ensuring economic prosperity of Silesia, arguing that the economy must be controlled by the local workers and community. Socially, RAŚ declares that Silesian autonomy is required for the preservation of Silesian language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-slenzok_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party has an ambiguous stance on the European Union. On one hand, it is considered pro-European with German political scientist <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_C._Heinisch" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhard C. Heinisch">Reinhard C. Heinisch</a> writing: "RAŚ and ŚPR have adopted a more pro-European and cosmopolitan approach, although this does not involve abandoning their promotion of the traditional values of the region."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the party also criticized support for the European Union - in its newspaper <i>Jaskółka Śląska</i>, RAŚ stated: "Among Upper Silesian autonomists, this sympathy is often reinforced by the conviction that the EU is exceptionally pro-regional, contrasted in this narrative with the more supposedly centralist nation-states. Reality, however, prompts a revision of this view." The party argues that the European Union has failed to put any pressure on its nation states to share power more equally with the regions and respect the aspirations of regional cultures, and instead autonomous regions only exists because of some member states having and retaining their tradition of pluralism and power disperson. RAŚ believes that the European Union has amassed too much power and control over the member states' sovereignty, which runs contrary to the demands of Silesian regionalism:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For years, the key economic demand of the RAŚ has been fiscal autonomy. Meanwhile, the logic of EU development is now leading to depriving not only the regions, but also the nation-states, of it. What is more, under more favourable conditions - i.e. if the Poles had made a better choice in May 2003, leaving Poland out of the Union - it could have been supplemented by monetary autonomy, so the right to issue one's own currency, which - astonishing nowadays - was not at all exotic in the not so distant past, as it was still demanded 20 years ago by the young Donald Tusk for a future autonomous Kashubia. Unfortunately, this is impossible today - not only the regions, but even the central banks of those EU countries that have already managed to join the Eurozone do not enjoy independence in monetary policy. Poland will sooner or later join them. One currency, one tax system and economic policy for the entire continent, all implemented in the privacy of offices by officials anonymous to most citizens.</p></blockquote> <p>In its publications, RAŚ compares Silesia to Bavaria, especially in terms of unique cultures and national separation, as well as in that the party believes that Silesia should have autonomy comparable to that of Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It cites the old programs of Polish parties, such as that of the Civic Platform, which in its 2011 program included a proposal to significantly decentralise the disposal of public funds to local governments, as well as one to cede various powers of the central government to local ones. The Silesian Autonomy Movement argues that just like Bavaria, Silesia should have a separate and unique political partisan system, have its own, separate constitution that would be approved by Silesians in a referendum, have freedom to determine its own judicial and devolution systems, as well as have rights to influence the constitution and Sejm of Poland itself.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_spectrum">Ideological spectrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideological spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party is placed on the left side of the Polish political spectrum - Katarzyna Stelmach wrote that "in its election appeal, the party used 'equality' arguments that brought it close to the rhetoric presented by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">SLD</a> <a href="/wiki/Left_Together" title="Left Together">Left Together</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal conservative">liberal conservative</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a> argued that RAŚ incorporates far-left elements into its rhetoric, such as the vehement opposition to Polish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was also compared to <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalist</a> movements in Catalonia in terms of both program and rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silesian Autonomy Movement did declare its support for nationalist Catalan movements, and also supports <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan separatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruchy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Polish politics, RAŚ consistently aligns with the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a> and formed coalition government in Upper Silesia with the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> in 2010 and then again in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties took their cooperation further in 2019 by forming joint electoral lists for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Polish parliamentary election">2019 Polish parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political commentators also highlighted the rhetoric used by the party, such as its pledge to end the "colonial treatment of Silesia" by Warsaw. Polish political scientist Magdalena Solska argued that the Silesian Autonomy Movement is a left-wing populist party, being an example of a "left-wing, progressive regionalist populism" as contrasted with the "right-wing national conservative" populism of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a>, a party that ruled Poland between 2015 and 2023. She also noted that together with other left-wing parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">Polish Initiative</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(Poland)" title="The Greens (Poland)">Polish Greens</a>, the party included plans to phase out coal in its election program, despite the economic reliance of Silesia on this resource.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Silesian Autonomy Movement campaigned against unjust wealth redistribution in the socioeconomic sense, while also postulating regional redistribution. For the latter, the party used the slogan "Silesian Money for Silesian People”, inspired directly by the slogan “It’s Scotland’s Oil!” used by left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>. The party also called for clean coal technology, soil detoxification and renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party itself also noted sharing many similarities with the proposals of left-wing parties, with RAŚ highlighting, amongst others, its fierce opposition to conscription and draft, instead arguing for a strictly voluntary army.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also stated that after the downfall of the socialist system in Poland, Silesia and Poland at large found itself in slow decline, characterized by "emigration, environmental degradation, the selling off of assets and the death of hundreds of industrial plants industries". The party believes that the "central management" of Poland had been a "spectacular failure", and that "all attempts to rebuild a regional identity are sought to disgust the people of Silesia, because a mob without its own convictions is easier to steer to keep the tax stream flowing in the right direction."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAŚ is also critical of what it described as attempts to deflect the culpability of Silesian oppression from Poland to communism. According to RAŚ, it was Polish nationalism rather than communism that fuelled the anti-Silesian policies, arguing that Polish communism was mixed with nationalism in varying proportions, and because of that pursued a nationally homogenous state, which the capitalist Poland continues to pursue. The party also noted that communism recognizes the existence of nations and their relevance to class conflicts, and that in itself communism is not cosmopolitan either.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Silesian Autonomy Movement is supportive of the Roman Catholic Church, and the party was founded by 15 Silesian priests and Catholic activists in January 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-enowiny_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enowiny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAŚ argues that the Catholic Church used to be a "refuge of Silesianness" in the 19th century, and wishes to restore this cultural position of the Church. The party is strongly critical of Catholic nationalist and conservative Catholic currents in Poland, in particularly noting their hostility towards Silesian regionalism and constructing the myth of "Pole equals Catholic". In its newspaper <i>Jaskółka Śląska</i>, RAŚ declared that the anti-Silesian or nationalist currents amongst Polish Catholics represent a minority and advises Silesians to rather listen to "the hierarchs of Rome than to those of Warsaw". The party also wrote that "The [Catholic] Church and [Silesian] regionalist tradition are inextricably linked".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_contacts">International contacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its inception, the Silesian Autonomy Movement has established cooperation with other European regionalists. Already in the 1990s, the Silesian Autonomy Movement cooperated with regional movements from the Czech Republic (Movement for Self-Governing Democracy - Association for Moravia and Silesia HSD-SMS) and Italy (Piedmont League and Lombard League). RAŚ is also a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (2004), co-author of the group's political programme - the Barcelona Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this organisation, Silesian autonomists cooperate with regionalists from EU countries, mainly Scotland, Wales, Friesland, South Tyrol and Spain (Basques, Catalans). In 2008, the vice-president of Bilbao, <a href="/wiki/Ibon_Areso_Mendiguren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibon Areso Mendiguren">Ibon Areso Mendiguren</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> (PNV), came to Katowice at the invitation of the RAŚ. During the visit, the future of Katowice was discussed, and comparisons were made between the path that the two industrial cities have travelled and the impact that the acquisition of political and fiscal autonomy has had on the development of Bilbao.<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RAŚ also maintains contacts with organisations from Central Europe and Hungary from Slovakia (Party of Slovak Regions), Lusatian Serbs (Lusatian People's Party), Hungarians from Transylvania (Forum of Hungarians and Szeklers). Members of the Silesian Autonomy Movement take part in conferences organised by regionalist groups, e.g. the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) entitled "Europa ante su futuro", where the situation of regionalists in Poland was presented.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of RAŚ youth activists visited the Basque Country in 2010, where they represented Silesia at a convention of youth organisations on the 'Right to self-determination of communities in contemporary Europe'. The event was organised by Euzko Gaztedi, the youth branch of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). Where the Silesian Autonomy Movement does not have legal representation, its members set up organisations and websites dedicated to the idea of autonomy in Upper Silesia: Initiative für Autonomie Schlesiens e.V. (Germany), Silesian Autonomy Movement UK (UK) and Bevegelsen for Autonomia Silesia (Norway).<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silesian Autonomy Movement cooperates with like-minded organisations advocating a decentralised Europe in which most of the competences of the nation-states will be transferred to the historic regions. They envisage a Europe of peoples: Silesians, Moravians, Lusatians, Scots, Bretons, Basques. Poland is to become a decentralised state. The RAŚ is "part of the European family of parties, regionalist and autonomist movements, and advocates a Europe of regions, according to the concept of a 'Europe of 100 flags'."<sup id="cite_ref-Politologica_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Europe of 100 flags as envisioned by Silesian Autonomy Movement would include replacing the nation-states of contemporary Europe such as Poland and Spain with regionalised, sovereign nations, such as Silesia, Moravia, Lusatia, Scotland, Brittany, Basque Country, Catalonia, Bavaria and Wales. The party also supports the autonomist and regionalist efforts of other nations in Poland, such as Kashubia and Masuria.<sup id="cite_ref-kawecki_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_local_elections,_2006"><span id="Polish_local_elections.2C_2006"></span>Polish local elections, 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polish local elections, 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_(2006).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png/150px-Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png/225px-Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png/300px-Wybory_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_wed%C5%82ug_okr%C4%99g%C3%B3w_%282006%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The results of the elections in Polish local election 2006, divided into committees and constituencies</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Polish_local_elections" title="2006 Polish local elections">2006 Polish local elections</a>, the movement did not win a single seat in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">sejmik</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, gaining 4.35% of the popular vote. It finished behind the main parties: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (PO), <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a> (PiS), <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a> (SLD) and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (PSL), but ahead of other parties such as <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland">Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland</a> (Samoobrona), which won 3.96%, and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a> (LPR), which won 3.46%. In <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole Voivodeship</a>, RAŚ won 1.46% of all ballots. RAŚ won mandates in a few municipalities and county councils: in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> (7.7% of the popular vote), <a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a> (9.39%), <a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a> (5.71%), <a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a> (5.1%), <a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a> (6.8%), <a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a> (8.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> county (7.54%), <a href="/wiki/Bieru%C5%84" title="Bieruń">Bieruń</a>-<a href="/wiki/L%C4%99dziny" title="Lędziny">Lędziny</a> county (10.4%), <a href="/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry</a> county (7.73%), <a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a> (4.94%), <a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a> (5.06%), <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a> county (8.1%). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg/220px-RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg/330px-RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg/440px-RA%C5%9A_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Former RAS logo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_local_elections,_2010"><span id="Polish_local_elections.2C_2010"></span>Polish local elections, 2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polish local elections, 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_(2010).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png/150px-Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png/225px-Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png/300px-Wyniki_RA%C5%9A_wed%C5%82ug_gmin_w_wyborach_do_sejmiku_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego_%282010%29.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The movement's results at the Polish local election 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Polish_local_elections" title="2010 Polish local elections">2010 Polish local elections</a>, the movement got three seats (for <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Mercik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Mercik (page does not exist)">Henryk Mercik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Wita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janusz Wita (page does not exist)">Janusz Wita</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">sejmik</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, gaining 8.5% of the popular vote. It is double the result of the previous elections (in 2006). It placed RAŚ after the main parties in Poland: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (PO), <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a> (PiS) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a> (SLD), but ahead of other main National parties: <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (PSL), <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland">Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland</a> (Samoobrona) and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a> (LPR). </p><p>In the Silesian part of the Silesian Voivodeship RAŚ had the following percentage of votes: <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a> area - 17,50%, <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> area - 15.96%, <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a> area - 14.57%, <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> area - 8.70% and <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a> area - 1.58% (actually only half of Bielsko-Biała lies within Silesia). Generally, the average result in Silesia within the Silesian Voivodeship (Katowice, Chorzów, Rybnik and Gliwice areas) was nearly 15%. </p><p>In districts of the Silesian Voivodeship which lie outside of the historical Silesian region RAŚ had the following support percentage: <a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a> area - 1.37% and <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> area - 0.69%. Towns, cities, communes or municipality councils: <a href="/wiki/Gmina_God%C3%B3w" title="Gmina Godów">Gmina Godów</a> - (10 of 15 seats), <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Lyski" title="Gmina Lyski">Gmina Lyski</a> - (8 of 12 seats), <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Cisek" title="Gmina Cisek">Gmina Cisek</a> - 41.26% (4 seats), <a href="/wiki/Powiat_rybnicki" class="mw-redirect" title="Powiat rybnicki">powiat rybnicki</a> - 25.61% (5 seats), <a href="/wiki/Czerwionka-Leszczyny" title="Czerwionka-Leszczyny">Czerwionka-Leszczyny</a> 20.48% (4 seats), Mysłowice - 9.29% (2 seats), Katowice - 8.86%, Chorzów - 8.69%, <a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a> - 8.18%, <a href="/wiki/Powiat_wodzis%C5%82awski" class="mw-redirect" title="Powiat wodzisławski">powiat wodzisławski</a> - 7.91%, <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Powiat Opolski</a> - 5.27%, <a href="/wiki/Powiat_bieru%C5%84sko-l%C4%99dzi%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Powiat bieruńsko-lędziński">powiat bieruńsko-lędziński</a> - 4.54% and <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Gaszowice" title="Gmina Gaszowice">Gmina Gaszowice</a> (1 seat), <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Marklowice" title="Gmina Marklowice">Gmina Marklowice</a> (1 seat). </p><p>Candidates in the towns, cities, communes or municipalities majors: Gmina Godów - 90.3%, Gmina Lyski - 64.67%, Mysłowice - 9.79%, Ruda Śląska - 7.75%, Chorzów - 7.61%, Rybnik - 3.78%.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAŚ in comparison with the other parties did not have a developed election campaign, moreover, RAŚ is not a political party but a social organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly[42]"><span id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly.5B42.5D"></span><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Silesian Regional Assembly[42]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5"> </th> <th>Political groups </th> <th>Mandates </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F68F2D"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Platforma_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Platforma Obywatelska">Platforma Obywatelska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#263778"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość</a></b> </td> <td align="center">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D22833"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sojusz_Lewicy_Demokratycznej" class="mw-redirect" title="Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej">Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej</a></b> </td> <td align="center">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ruch_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska">Ruch Autonomii Śląska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1BB100"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Stronnictwo_Ludowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe">Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe</a></b> </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ececec"> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th align="center">48 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_local_elections,_2014"><span id="Polish_local_elections.2C_2014"></span>Polish local elections, 2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polish local elections, 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly[43]"><span id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly.5B43.5D"></span><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Silesian Regional Assembly[43]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5"> </th> <th>Political groups </th> <th>Mandates </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F68F2D"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Platforma_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Platforma Obywatelska">Platforma Obywatelska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#263778"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość</a></b> </td> <td align="center">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1BB100"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Stronnictwo_Ludowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe">Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe</a></b> </td> <td align="center">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ruch_Autonomii_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruch Autonomii Śląska">Ruch Autonomii Śląska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#870f57"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/SLD_Lewica_Razem" class="mw-redirect" title="SLD Lewica Razem">SLD Lewica Razem</a></b> </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ececec"> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th align="center">45 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_local_elections,_2018"><span id="Polish_local_elections.2C_2018"></span>Polish local elections, 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Polish local elections, 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2018 local elections were considered an electoral defeat for the party, as the party finished 8th and captured 3.10% of the popular vote in the Silesian voivodeship, which was not enough to win any seat. That election, the Silesian Autonomy Movement ran on the behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Party" title="Silesian Regional Party">Silesian Regional Party</a>; after the election, the leadership of the Silesian Autonomy Movement acknowledged that it was a mistake, as while the move was an attempt to unite the Silesian regionalists, it ended up confusing voters. Political commentators also noted the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Silesians_Together" title="Silesians Together">Silesians Together</a> party, which ran separately and won 3.23% of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly[45]"><span id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly.5B45.5D"></span><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Silesian Regional Assembly[45]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5"> </th> <th>Political groups </th> <th>Mandates </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#263778"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość</a></b> </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F68F2D"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Platforma_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Platforma Obywatelska">Platforma Obywatelska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#870f57"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/SLD_Lewica_Razem" class="mw-redirect" title="SLD Lewica Razem">SLD Lewica Razem</a></b> </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1BB100"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Stronnictwo_Ludowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe">Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe</a></b> </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ececec"> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th align="center">45 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_local_elections,_2024"><span id="Polish_local_elections.2C_2024"></span>Polish local elections, 2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Polish local elections, 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2024 elections, the party tried to enter the Silesian Regional Assembly and thus gain at least one seat. The Silesian Autonomy Movement did not run on the list of the Silesian Regional Party and instead registered its own electoral committee and electoral lists. However, the party failed to gain any seats, winning 3.21% of the popular vote, which was only slightly more than its 2018 result. The Silesian Autonomy Movement was also unable to reach angreement with <a href="/wiki/Silesians_Together" title="Silesians Together">Silesians Together</a>, who again ran independently and won 2.34% of the popular vote. The media attributed the electoral failure of Silesian regionalists to the fact that most Polish mainstream parties pledged to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian language</a> as an official regional language in Poland, which undermined the appeal of the Silesian Autonomy Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly[47]"><span id="Silesian_Regional_Assembly.5B47.5D"></span><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Silesian Regional Assembly[47]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5"> </th> <th>Political groups </th> <th>Mandates </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F68F2D"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Koalicja_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Koalicja Obywatelska">Koalicja Obywatelska</a></b> </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#263778"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Prawo i Sprawiedliwość</a></b> </td> <td align="center">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1BB100"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Trzecia_Droga" class="mw-redirect" title="Trzecia Droga">Trzecia Droga</a></b> </td> <td align="center">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EB2A48"> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">Nowa Lewica</a></b> </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ececec"> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th align="center">45 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg/220px-VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg/330px-VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg/440px-VI_Marsz_Katowice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Autonomy March in 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2000 the Polish <a href="/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Ochrony Państwa">Office For State Protection</a> warned in its report that RAŚ may be a <i>potential threat to Poland's interests</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2007, reestablishment of the <b><a href="/wiki/1._FC_Kattowitz" title="1. FC Kattowitz">1. FC Kattowitz</a></b> soccer club by the RAŚ activists caused controversy. <i>1. FC Kattowitz</i> was a soccer club established in 1905 by Germans, the club played in the German football league. Following the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a> in 1921 and a subsequent League of Nations plebiscite, part of the region – including Kattowitz – was granted to Poland and the name of the city was changed to Katowice. With the transfer of the city of Katowice to Poland, the name of the club was Polonized in 1922 to <i>1. Klub Sportowy Katowice</i>. That same year, the membership of the club successfully challenged the change in court and won the right to play as <i>1. FC Kattowitz</i>. By 1924, the team was part of regional Polish competition and playing as <i>1. FC Katowice</i>. <i>Katowice</i> faltered in 1929 and was relegated from first division Polish football, descending to play in the regional Silesian league where they became champions in 1932.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In June 1939, the club's activities were suspended by Polish authorities when they were accused of promoting and supporting the interests of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (through the 1930s, club was overtaken by the radical pro-Nazi nationalists from the <i><a href="/wiki/Jungdeutsche_Partei" title="Jungdeutsche Partei">Jungdeutsche Partei</a></i>). After the German invasion of Poland which began World War II in September 1939, the team resumed play with German authorities looking to hold up <i>1. FC Kattowitz</i> as a model side in Upper Silesia for propaganda purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>In 2010, controversy sparked over the controversial photo on the official RAŚ site. The photo itself showed a young man who held a trophy in his hand and diploma in the other while behind him was a commemorative plaque with words in German "<i>Zum gedenken den gefallenen</i>" (<i>In memory of the fallen</i>), above the plaque was the Iron Cross with dates <i>1939-1945</i>. On the sides of the commemorative plaque were Silesian and modern Germany flags. When the scandal broke, the Silesian Autonomy Movement has been accused by some<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of being a "<i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a> organization which real goal is to break the Silesia region from Poland and return it to Germany</i>" and also a "<i>German <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> in Poland</i>". The photo vanished from the RAŚ site as soon as it was acknowledged in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Czarnecki" title="Ryszard Czarnecki">Ryszard Czarnecki</a>, a Polish politician who is a Member of the European Parliament for the Lower Silesian and Opole constituency from <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a>, stated on his official Europarliament site that: <i>"On the one hand it proves how contumely and effrontery are Silesian separatists, on the other Polish media can play a positive role only if they want to oppose such iniquity, such defamation of the fallen Poles [who died] from the German hands during the II World War. One must want and can place a dam on this pro-German effrontery."</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Meanwhile, writing in a party document entitled "<i>The State of the Nation</i>", the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a> (PiS) leader, <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a>, said “<i>Being a Silesian is a simple way to cut ties [with a Polish identity], and indeed could be a way to camouflage a German identity</i>”. At a later press conference, the former Prime Minister said that anybody who declared their Silesian nationality was in some way “<i>declaring their Germaness</i>”.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a>, the current leader and representative of the Silesian Autonomy Movement, has claimed numerous times that he is not Polish by nationality but rather "Upper Silesian". He once stated: <i>I'm Silesian, not Polish. My fatherland is <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. I did not pledge anything to Poland nor I promised anything to it so it means that I did not betray it. The state called the Republic of Poland, of which I'm a citizen, refused to give me and my friends a right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and so that's why I do not feel obligated to loyalty towards this country</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>In 2010, Gorzelik was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_sejmik" title="Voivodeship sejmik">Sejmik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>. Upon taking a councillor's seat in the Sejmik, he swore an oath (as is mandatory for every councilor of each Voivodeship Sejmik), and thus <i>automatically</i> pledged loyalty to the Republic of Poland (before Gorzelik was elected, oaths were always sworn collectively in the Sejmik of the Silesian Voivodeship).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oath reads as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>I do solemnly swear to honestly and diligently carry out my duties to the Polish nation, to protect the sovereignty and the interests of the Polish State, to do everything for the prosperity of the Fatherland, for the community of the autonomous government of the Voivodeship and for the good of its citizens, and to abide by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a> and other laws of the Republic of Poland.</i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Fear of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>, instead of officially declared <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">autonomy</a>, was flamed up by some publications in "Jaskółka Śląska" - RAŚ's official magazine. Articles were published that openly called for a <i>sovereign, independent Silesian state</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG/220px-Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG/330px-Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG/440px-Dr_Jerzy_Gorzelik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>dr Jerzy Gorzelik</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pawe%C5%82_Musio%C5%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paweł Musioł (page does not exist)">Paweł Musioł</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li>Zenon Wieczorek (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Kluczniok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krzysztof Kluczniok (page does not exist)">Krzysztof Kluczniok</a> (1999–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a> (since 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Upper_Silesians" title="Union of Upper Silesians">Union of Upper Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_People%27s_Party" title="Silesian People's Party">Silesian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Party" title="Silesian Regional Party">Silesian Regional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Minority_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Minority (political party)">German Minority (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_Together" title="Silesians Together">Silesians Together</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2021" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Irma Kinga (2021). <i>Dirty Coal: Industrial Populism as Purification in Poland’s Mining Heartland</i>. History of Science, Technology and Environment. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.27689.67687">10.13140/RG.2.2.27689.67687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7873-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7873-964-6"><bdi>978-91-7873-964-6</bdi></a>. <q>As a result movements, such as the Silesian Autonomy Movement, or Ruch Autonomii Sląska, RAŚ, emerged with some success.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Coal%3A+Industrial+Populism+as+Purification+in+Poland%E2%80%99s+Mining+Heartland&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=KTH+Royal+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.27689.67687&rft.isbn=978-91-7873-964-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Irma+Kinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kawecki-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kawecki_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawęcki2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kawęcki, Krzysztof (2012). "Idea autonomii w koncepcjach Ruchu Autonomii Śląska". <i>Społeczeństwo i Edukacja</i> (in Polish). <b>1</b>. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne: 417–425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo+i+Edukacja&rft.atitle=Idea+autonomii+w+koncepcjach+Ruchu+Autonomii+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=417-425&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kaw%C4%99cki&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newth_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newth_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newth_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewth2021" class="citation journal cs1">Newth, George (2021). "Populism and nativism in contemporary regionalist and nationalist politics: A minimalist framework for ideologically opposed parties". <i>Politics</i>. <b>44</b> (1). SagePub: 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263395721995016">10.1177/0263395721995016</a>. <q>Masetti (2020) has examined 'neither left nor right' and 'left wing regionalist populism' of Plaid Cymru and the SNP, Solska (2020) has opted for the term 'progressive regionalist populism' to examine of the left-wing Silesian Autonomy Movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=Populism+and+nativism+in+contemporary+regionalist+and+nationalist+politics%3A+A+minimalist+framework+for+ideologically+opposed+parties&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263395721995016&rft.aulast=Newth&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politologica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politologica_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁukasz_Zweiffel2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Łukasz Zweiffel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studiapolitologica.up.krakow.pl/article/view/2657/2339">"Ruch Autonomii Śląska"</a>. <i>Studia Politologica</i> (in Polish). <b>11</b> (138). Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis: 178–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Politologica&rft.atitle=Ruch+Autonomii+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=138&rft.pages=178-188&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%C5%81ukasz+Zweiffel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudiapolitologica.up.krakow.pl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2657%2F2339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2021" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Irma Kinga (2021). <i>Dirty Coal: Industrial Populism as Purification in Poland’s Mining Heartland</i>. History of Science, Technology and Environment. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.27689.67687">10.13140/RG.2.2.27689.67687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7873-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7873-964-6"><bdi>978-91-7873-964-6</bdi></a>. <q>Magdalena Solska (2020) outlines how two kinds of populism exist in Silesia – a left-wing progressive regionalist variant, and a right-wing national conservative kind (echoing the historic division between the 'chadecja' and 'sanacja' narratives of Silesia mentioned earlier) – the type this thesis is concerned with. While the former is represented by the Silesian Autonomy Movement, the latter is represented by PiS's style of politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Coal%3A+Industrial+Populism+as+Purification+in+Poland%E2%80%99s+Mining+Heartland&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=KTH+Royal+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.27689.67687&rft.isbn=978-91-7873-964-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Irma+Kinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinischMassettiMazzoleni2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_C._Heinisch" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhard C. Heinisch">Heinisch, Reinhard</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; Massetti, Emanuele; Mazzoleni, Oscar (2020). <i>The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>: Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-26556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-26556-0"><bdi>978-1-351-26556-0</bdi></a>. <q>The case of the Silesian Autonomy Movement (RAŚ) in Poland, and its offshoot, the recently created Silesian Regional Party (ŚPR), is analyzed by Magdalena Solska. (...) The latter are all regionalist and mainstream leftwing parties (Plaid, SNP, ERC, <b>RAŚ</b>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+and+the+Nation%3A+Populism+and+Ethno-Territorial+Politics+in+Europe&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-26556-0&rft.aulast=Heinisch&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Massetti%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Mazzoleni%2C+Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enowiny-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enowiny_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enowiny_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enowiny_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enowiny.pl/artykul,37259,takie-byly-poczatki-organizacji-autonomistow.html">"Takie były początki organizacji autonomistów..."</a> <i>enowiny.pl</i> (in Polish). 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enowiny.pl&rft.atitle=Takie+by%C5%82y+pocz%C4%85tki+organizacji+autonomist%C3%B3w...&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enowiny.pl%2Fartykul%2C37259%2Ctakie-byly-poczatki-organizacji-autonomistow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehringSchneider2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kai-gehring.net/files/working%20paper/Gehring,%20Schneider%20(2018%20CESifo%20WP)%20Regional%20Resources%20and%20Democratic%20Secessionism.pdf">"Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CESifo Working Papers</i> (7336). Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research ‐ CESifo GmbH: 34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2364-1428">2364-1428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CESifo+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Regional+Resources+and+Democratic+Secessionism&rft.issue=7336&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2018-11&rft.issn=2364-1428&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Stephan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kai-gehring.net%2Ffiles%2Fworking%2520paper%2FGehring%2C%2520Schneider%2520%282018%2520CESifo%2520WP%29%2520Regional%2520Resources%2520and%2520Democratic%2520Secessionism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolorz2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smolorz, Dawid (23 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silesia-news.de/2020/07/23/100-jahre-autonomie-der-woiwodschaft-schlesien/">"100 Jahre Autonomie der Wojewodschaft Schlesien"</a>. <i>Silesia News</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silesia+News&rft.atitle=100+Jahre+Autonomie+der+Wojewodschaft+Schlesien&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Smolorz&rft.aufirst=Dawid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silesia-news.de%2F2020%2F07%2F23%2F100-jahre-autonomie-der-woiwodschaft-schlesien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-narod-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-narod_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-narod_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚlenzok2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ślenzok, Norbert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/108817/PDF/014_Slenzok_N_Slaski_nacjonalizm.pdf">"Śląski nacjonalizm? Myśl polityczna Ruchu Autonomii Śląska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wrocławskie Studia Erazmiańskie</i> (in Polish). <b>13</b>. Uniwersytet Wrocławski: 249–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34616%2Fwse.2019.13.249.268">10.34616/wse.2019.13.249.268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wroc%C5%82awskie+Studia+Erazmia%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+nacjonalizm%3F+My%C5%9Bl+polityczna+Ruchu+Autonomii+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=249-268&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34616%2Fwse.2019.13.249.268&rft.aulast=%C5%9Alenzok&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.uni.wroc.pl%2FContent%2F108817%2FPDF%2F014_Slenzok_N_Slaski_nacjonalizm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruchy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruchy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruchy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiwnicki2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piwnicki, Grzegorz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14746%2Fpp.2019.24.1.4">"Ruchy separatystyczne i dezintegracyjne przełomu XX i XXI wieku w Europie"</a>. <i>Przegląd Politologiczny</i> (in Polish). <b>1</b>: 53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14746%2Fpp.2019.24.1.4">10.14746/pp.2019.24.1.4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Politologiczny&rft.atitle=Ruchy+separatystyczne+i+dezintegracyjne+prze%C5%82omu+XX+i+XXI+wieku+w+Europie&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14746%2Fpp.2019.24.1.4&rft.aulast=Piwnicki&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14746%252Fpp.2019.24.1.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnowski2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karnowski, Michał (8 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wpolityce.pl/polityka/361353-to-dobrze-ze-wszyscy-juz-widza-jakie-niebezpieczenstwo-niesie-separatyzm-ras-ale-to-za-malo-panstwo-musi-dzialac">"To dobrze, że wszyscy już widzą, jakie niebezpieczeństwo niesie separatyzm RAŚ. Ale to za mało. Państwo musi działać"</a>. <i>W Polityce</i> (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W+Polityce&rft.atitle=To+dobrze%2C+%C5%BCe+wszyscy+ju%C5%BC+widz%C4%85%2C+jakie+niebezpiecze%C5%84stwo+niesie+separatyzm+RA%C5%9A.+Ale+to+za+ma%C5%82o.+Pa%C5%84stwo+musi+dzia%C5%82a%C4%87&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft.aulast=Karnowski&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwpolityce.pl%2Fpolityka%2F361353-to-dobrze-ze-wszyscy-juz-widza-jakie-niebezpieczenstwo-niesie-separatyzm-ras-ale-to-za-malo-panstwo-musi-dzialac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawęcki2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kawęcki, Krzysztof (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naszdziennik.pl/mysl/193907,samorzad-czy-separatyzm.html">"Samorząd czy separatyzm?"</a>. <i>Nasz Dziennik</i> (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasz+Dziennik&rft.atitle=Samorz%C4%85d+czy+separatyzm%3F&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Kaw%C4%99cki&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaszdziennik.pl%2Fmysl%2F193907%2Csamorzad-czy-separatyzm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autonomia.pl/2019/08/08/slaskie-porozumienie-wyborcze-nawiazuje-wspolprace-z-koalicja-obywatelska-slaski-wyborca-musi-miec-pewnosc-ze-glos-na-regionalistow-nie-bedzie-glosem-zmarnowanym/">"Śląskie Porozumienie Wyborcze nawiązuje współpracę z Koalicją Obywatelską. Śląski wyborca musi mieć pewność, że głos na regionalistów nie będzie głosem zmarnowanym"</a> (in Polish). 8 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85skie+Porozumienie+Wyborcze+nawi%C4%85zuje+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+Koalicj%C4%85+Obywatelsk%C4%85.+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+wyborca+musi+mie%C4%87+pewno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C+%C5%BCe+g%C5%82os+na+regionalist%C3%B3w+nie+b%C4%99dzie+g%C5%82osem+zmarnowanym&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautonomia.pl%2F2019%2F08%2F08%2Fslaskie-porozumienie-wyborcze-nawiazuje-wspolprace-z-koalicja-obywatelska-slaski-wyborca-musi-miec-pewnosc-ze-glos-na-regionalistow-nie-bedzie-glosem-zmarnowanym%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedlecki2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jedlecki, Przemysław (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katowice.wyborcza.pl/katowice/7,35055,27762461,sekretarz-ras-zapisal-sie-do-po-czy-to-juz-koniec-slaskich.html">"Sekretarz RAŚ zapisał się do PO. 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Dziadul, Jaskółka kala gniazdo, „Polityka” 2000, nr 18, p. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/tokfm/artykul/referendum;w;sprawie;autonomii;slaska,123,0,894843.html">"Referendum w sprawie autonomii Śląska"</a>. <i>money.pl</i> (in Polish). 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=money.pl&rft.atitle=Referendum+w+sprawie+autonomii+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.money.pl%2Fgospodarka%2Ftokfm%2Fartykul%2Freferendum%3Bw%3Bsprawie%3Bautonomii%3Bslaska%2C123%2C0%2C894843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWęgrzyn2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Węgrzyn, Grzegorz (2014). 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Katowice: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach: 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeszyty+Naukowe+Wydzia%C5%82owe+Uniwersytetu+Ekonomicznego+w+Katowicach&rft.atitle=Autonomia+G%C3%B3rnego+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska+a+spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo+obywatelskie&rft.issue=179&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=W%C4%99grzyn&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slenzok-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slenzok_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlenzok2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Slenzok, Norbert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/108817/PDF/014_Slenzok_N_Slaski_nacjonalizm.pdf">"Śląski nacjonalizm? Myśl polityczna Ruchu Autonomii Śląska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wrocławskie Studia Erazmiańskie</i> (in Polish). <b>13</b> (1). University of Silesia: 250–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34616%2Fwse.2019.13.249.268">10.34616/wse.2019.13.249.268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788365158161" title="Special:BookSources/9788365158161"><bdi>9788365158161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wroc%C5%82awskie+Studia+Erazmia%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+nacjonalizm%3F+My%C5%9Bl+polityczna+Ruchu+Autonomii+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=250-266&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34616%2Fwse.2019.13.249.268&rft.isbn=9788365158161&rft.aulast=Slenzok&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl%2FContent%2F108817%2FPDF%2F014_Slenzok_N_Slaski_nacjonalizm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinischMassettiMazzoleni2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_C._Heinisch" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhard C. Heinisch">Heinisch, Reinhard</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; Massetti, Emanuele; Mazzoleni, Oscar (2020). <i>The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>: Routledge. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-26556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-26556-0"><bdi>978-1-351-26556-0</bdi></a>. <q>On the value axis, RAŚ and ŚPR have adopted a more pro-European and cosmopolitan approach, although this does not involve abandoning their promotion of the traditional values of the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+and+the+Nation%3A+Populism+and+Ethno-Territorial+Politics+in+Europe&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=205&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-26556-0&rft.aulast=Heinisch&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Massetti%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Mazzoleni%2C+Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚlenzok2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ślenzok, Norbert (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbc.org.pl/Content/82358/PDF/JS_12_2012.pdf">"O regionalizm eurorealistyczny"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Wybory+Samorz%C4%85dowe+2010+-+Geografia+wyborcza+-+Wojew%C3%B3dztwo+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&rft.aulast=o.o.&rft.aufirst=Dituel+Sp.+z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwybory2010.pkw.gov.pl%2Fgeo%2Fpl%2F240000%2F240000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl/geo/pl/240000/240000.html#tabs-6">Serwis PKW – Wybory 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214032212/http://pkw.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2014_11/8b4fcc8febb13dc7d88f8e386e3ab5a4.pdf">Serwis PKW – Wybory 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikzachodni.pl/wybory-samorzadowe-2018-slaska-partia-regionalna-wybierze-nowe-wladze-po-przegranych-wyborach/ar/13624890">"Wybory samorządowe 2018: Śląska Partia Regionalna wybierze nowe władze po przegranych wyborach"</a>. <i>dziennikzachodni.pl</i> (in Polish). 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dziennikzachodni.pl&rft.atitle=Wybory+samorz%C4%85dowe+2018%3A+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska+Partia+Regionalna+wybierze+nowe+w%C5%82adze+po+przegranych+wyborach&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikzachodni.pl%2Fwybory-samorzadowe-2018-slaska-partia-regionalna-wybierze-nowe-wladze-po-przegranych-wyborach%2Far%2F13624890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wybory2018.pkw.gov.pl/pl/geografia/240000#results_elect_council">Serwis PKW – Wybory 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/regionalisci-nie-otrzasneli-sie-po-klesce-z-2018-r-ras-poza-slaskim-sejmikiem,536078.html">"Regionaliści nie otrząsnęli się po klęsce z 2018 r. RAŚ poza śląskim sejmikiem"</a>. <i>portalsamorzadowy.pl</i> (in Polish). 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portalsamorzadowy.pl&rft.atitle=Regionali%C5%9Bci+nie+otrz%C4%85sn%C4%99li+si%C4%99+po+kl%C4%99sce+z+2018+r.+RA%C5%9A+poza+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim+sejmikiem&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalsamorzadowy.pl%2Fpolityka-i-spoleczenstwo%2Fregionalisci-nie-otrzasneli-sie-po-klesce-z-2018-r-ras-poza-slaskim-sejmikiem%2C536078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wybory.gov.pl/samorzad2024/pl/sejmik_wojewodztwa/okregi/240000">Serwis PKW – Wybory 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFskok" class="citation web cs1">skok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.videofact.com/mark/uop/uop1.html">"VideoFact International Documentary"</a>. <i>www.videofact.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.videofact.com&rft.atitle=VideoFact+International+Documentary&rft.au=skok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.videofact.com%2Fmark%2Fuop%2Fuop1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katowice.gazeta.pl/katowice/1,35024,4313739.html">Piotr Spyra: 1. FC Katowice promotes Nazism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rops.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=142&Itemid=72">"<i>Shameful page of the German sport</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shameful+page+of+the+German+sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rops.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D142%26Itemid%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodowcy.net/a-moze-jednak-opcja-niemiecka/2011/04/05/"><i>After all, maybe camouflaged German option...?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815173308/http://narodowcy.net/a-moze-jednak-opcja-niemiecka/2011/04/05/">Archived</a> 2011-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodowcy.net/znikajace-zdjecia-na-stronie-ras/2011/04/05/"><i>Vanishing photos on the RAŚ site</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704234439/http://narodowcy.net/znikajace-zdjecia-na-stronie-ras/2011/04/05/">Archived</a> 2011-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/330069,czarnecki-postawic-tame-proniemieckiemu-tupetowi.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aroganccy i bezczelni śląscy separatyści"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 7 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Aroganccy+i+bezczelni+%C5%9Bl%C4%85scy+separaty%C5%9Bci%22&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.dziennik.pl%2Fpolityka%2Fartykuly%2F330069%2Cczarnecki-postawic-tame-proniemieckiemu-tupetowi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryszardczarnecki.pl/pl/?page=blog_tresc&id=2557"><i>Vanishing photo, in other words RAŚ and the Iron Cross</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbj.pl/article-54036-kaczynski-accuses-silesians-of-germanness.html">Kaczyński accuses 'Silesians' of 'Germanness'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926231900/http://www.wbj.pl/article-54036-kaczynski-accuses-silesians-of-germanness.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414120755/http://www.newpolandexpress.pl/polish_news_story-3016-kaczynski_accuses_silesia_of_being_germans.php">Kaczynski accuses Silesia of being Germans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskieradio.pl/7/158/Artykul/278382,Nie-straszcie-secesja-i-separatyzmem">"Nie straszcie secesją i separatyzmem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nie+straszcie+secesj%C4%85+i+separatyzmem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F7%2F158%2FArtykul%2F278382%2CNie-straszcie-secesja-i-separatyzmem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibula.com/?p=29502">"My som stond – Jacek Dziedzina - Bibula - pismo niezalezne"</a>. <i>www.bibula.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibula.com&rft.atitle=My+som+stond+%E2%80%93+Jacek+Dziedzina+-+Bibula+-+pismo+niezalezne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibula.com%2F%3Fp%3D29502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+Autonomy+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original Polish version: <i>„Uroczyście ślubuję rzetelnie i sumiennie wykonywać obowiązki wobec Narodu Polskiego, strzec suwerenności i interesów Państwa Polskiego, czynić wszystko dla pomyślności Ojczyzny, wspólnoty samorządowej województwa i dobra obywateli, przestrzegać Konstytucji i innych praw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpka.org.pl/bk_16slaska.html"><i>Academic Corporations - RAŚ</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224224605/http://www.zpka.org.pl/bk_16slaska.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Autonomy_Movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Konrad Pędziwiatr, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313071504/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/download/file/f,585">Silesian autonomist movement in Poland and one of its activists</a>”, Tischner European University, 2009</li> <li>Helen Pidd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/08/upper-silesia-flags-up-independence">Upper Silesia flags up its call for autonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> Friday 8 April 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Free_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_European_Free_Alliance" title="Template:Members of the European Free Alliance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_European_Free_Alliance" title="Template talk:Members of the European Free Alliance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_European_Free_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the European Free Alliance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Free_Alliance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected to the<br /><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Russian_Union" title="Latvian Russian Union">Latvian Russian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Corsican_Nation" title="Party of the Corsican Nation">Party of the Corsican Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_Liberty_Participation_Ecology" title="Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology">Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Unity" title="Catalan Unity">Catalan Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Artsakh" title="Democratic Party of Artsakh">Democratic Party of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusko_Alkartasuna" title="Eusko Alkartasuna">Eusko Alkartasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_National_Party" title="Frisian National Party">Frisian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc" title="Galician Nationalist Bloc">Galician Nationalist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Veneta_Repubblica" title="Liga Veneta Repubblica">Liga Veneta Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca Socialist Party">Majorca Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_Party" title="Occitan Party">Occitan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unser_Land" title="Unser Land">Our Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Region_Movement" title="Savoy Region Movement">Savoy Region Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">South Schleswig Voters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_Freedom" title="South Tyrolean Freedom">South Tyrolean Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonian_Organization_Ilinden%E2%80%93Pirin" title="United Macedonian Organization Ilinden–Pirin">United Macedonian Organization Ilinden–Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_List_(Austria)" title="Unity List (Austria)">Unity List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unvaniezh_Demokratel_Breizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh">Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Nationalist_Bloc" title="Valencian Nationalist Bloc">Valencian Nationalist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Party" title="Yorkshire Party">Yorkshire Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Party_of_Transylvania" title="Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania">Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Russian_Union" title="Latvian Russian Union">Latvian Russian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Canaries" title="New Canaries">New Canaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Friendship,_Equality_and_Peace" title="Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace">Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Lombardy_Independence" title="Pro Lombardy Independence">Pro Lombardy Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Christian_Democratic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Christian Democratic Association (page does not exist)">Hungarian Christian Democratic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_za_Rijeku_%E2%80%93_Lista_per_Fiume" title="Lista za Rijeku – Lista per Fiume">Lista za Rijeku – Lista per Fiume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Alliance" title="Lusatian Alliance">Lusatian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow (political party)">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party" title="Sardinian Action Party">Sardinian Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Union" title="Slovene Union">Slovene Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_South" title="The Other South">The Other South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_and_political_associations_in_Poland_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_political_parties" title="Template:Polish political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_political_parties" title="Template talk:Polish political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_and_political_associations_in_Poland_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties and political associations in Poland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in<br />the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">United Right</a></i> (191) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (183)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Renewal of the Republic of Poland">Renew RP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Affairs" title="Polish Affairs">Polish Affairs</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (2)*</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a></i> (157) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (127)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">Modern</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">Polish Initiative</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(Poland)" title="The Greens (Poland)">The Greens</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGROunia" title="AGROunia">AGROunion</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes!_For_Poland" title="Yes! For Poland">Yes! For Poland</a> (1)</li> <li>Independents (15)**</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a></i> (26) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">New Left</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Together" title="Left Together">Left Together</a> (7)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">Poland 2050</a> (33)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Coalition" title="Polish Coalition">Polish Coalition</a></i> (32) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Poland" title="Centre for Poland">Centre for Poland</a> (3)</li> <li>Independent (1)***</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a></i> (18) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">National Movement</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Poland)" title="New Hope (Poland)">New Hope</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown" title="Confederation of the Polish Crown">Confederation of the Polish Crown</a> (3)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">Kukiz'15</a> (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in<br />the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">United Right</a></i> (34) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (30)</li> <li>Independents (4)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a></i> (41) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes!_For_Poland" title="Yes! For Poland">Yes! For Poland</a> (1)</li> <li>Independents (4)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way (Poland)</a></i> (12) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">Poland 2050</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Poland" title="Centre for Poland">Centre for Poland</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats" title="Union of European Democrats">Union of European Democrats</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (1)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a></i> (9) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">New Left</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Together" title="Left Together">Left Together</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Union_(Poland)" title="Labour Union (Poland)">Labour Union</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li>Independents (4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the<br /><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a></i> (21) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">Polish Initiative</a> (1)</li> <li>Independents (3)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">United Right</a></i> (20) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (20)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a></i> (6) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Poland)" title="New Hope (Poland)">New Hope</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown" title="Confederation of the Polish Crown">Confederation of the Polish Crown</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way</a></i> (3) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">Poland 2050</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a></i> (3) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">New Left</a> (3)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other existing parties<br />and<br />political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Poland" title="Better Poland">Better Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_Is_Ours" title="The City Is Ours">The City Is Ours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Initiative_(Poland)" title="Civic Initiative (Poland)">Civic Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Powiat" title="Common Powiat">Common Powiat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation Liberty and Independence</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Polish_Youth" title="All-Polish Youth">All-Polish Youth</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Christian_Families" title="Union of Christian Families">Union of Christian Families</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right" title="Congress of the New Right">Congress of the New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek%27s_Economic_Revival_Movement" title="Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement">Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers_from_the_Baltic_to_the_Tatras" title="Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras">Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Self-Governance_League" title="First Self-Governance League">First Self-Governance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality" title="Freedom and Equality">Freedom and Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolno%C5%9Bciowcy" title="Wolnościowcy">Freedomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabitants%27_Wola" title="Inhabitants' Wola">Inhabitants' Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic-Silesian_Association_European_Home" title="Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home">Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Poland)" title="Labour Party (Poland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Poland_%E2%80%93_Entrepreneurs%27_Strike" title="Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike">Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners" title="National Party of Retirees and Pensioners">National Party of Retirees and Pensioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp (1993)">National Radical Camp (1993)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_-_Yes" title="New Democracy - Yes">New Democracy - Yes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_Country" title="Normal Country">Normal Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezpartyjni_Samorz%C4%85dowcy" title="Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy">Nonpartisan Local Government Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_Poland_Local_Government_Coalition" title="OK Poland Local Government Coalition">OK Poland Local Government Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_%E2%80%93_Polish_League" title="Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League">Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Poland)" title="Peasants' Party (Poland)">Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Faction" title="Piast Faction">Piast Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolExit_(political_party)" title="PolExit (political party)">PolExit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Coalition" title="Polish Coalition">Polish Coalition</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Poland)" title="Alliance of Democrats (Poland)">Alliance of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_Together" title="Silesians Together">Silesians Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(political_party)" title="Agreement (political party)">Agreement (political party)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Left" title="Polish Left">Polish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Pirate_Party" title="Polish Pirate Party">Polish Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Party_of_Animal_Protection" title="Polish Party of Animal Protection">Polish Party of Animal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_(2002)" title="Polish Communist Party (2002)">Polish Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Europe_Movement" title="Real Europe Movement">Real Europe Movement – Europa Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Politics_Union" title="Real Politics Union">Real Politics Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_Poland_Movement" title="Repair Poland Movement">Repair Poland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic" title="Right Wing of the Republic">Right Wing of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland">Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_Rebirth" title="Self-Defence Rebirth">Self-Defence Rebirth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Party" title="Silesian Regional Party">Silesian Regional Party</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Separatist_Movement" title="Silesian Separatist Movement">Silesian Separatist Movement</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Alternative (Poland)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Movement_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Movement of the Republic of Poland">Social Movement of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Union_(Poland)" title="Slavic Union (Poland)">Slavic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_is_One_Poland" title="There is One Poland">There is One Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Beyond_Boundaries" title="United Beyond Boundaries">United Beyond Boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Democracy_(Poland)" title="Workers' Democracy (Poland)">Workers' Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee" title="German Minority Electoral Committee">German Minority</a>****</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polish–LithuanianCommonwealth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian<br />Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party" title="Patriotic Party">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetmans%27_Party" title="Hetmans' Party">Hetmans' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familia_(political_party)" title="Familia (political party)">Familia Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-war and<br />inter-war eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Parties_and_Organizations" title="Association of National Parties and Organizations">Association of National Parties and Organizations</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="Catholic People's Party (Poland)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrolew" title="Centrolew">Centrolew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Western_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Western Ukraine">Communist Party of Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Communist Party of Western Belorussia">Communist Party of Western Belorussia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Silesian_Land" title="Communist Party of Silesian Land">Communist Party of Silesian Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Clubs" title="Democratic Clubs">Democratic Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Central_Lithuania)" title="Democratic Party (Central Lithuania)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Morges" title="Front Morges">Front Morges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(Partia_Pracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Party (Partia Pracy)">Labor Party (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labour Faction (1937)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_of_National_Unity" title="Christian Union of National Unity">Christian Union of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Great_Poland" title="Camp of Great Poland">Camp of Great Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_National_Union" title="Popular National Union">Popular National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp (1934)">National Radical Camp (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_Falanga" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp Falanga">National Radical Camp Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_ABC" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp ABC">National Radical Camp ABC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Union" title="National People's Union">National People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Party" title="National Workers' Party">National Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Group_of_Popular_Councils" title="Peasant Group of Popular Councils">Peasant Group of Popular Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_(Poland)" title="Peasant Party (Poland)">Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Centre" title="Polish Centre">Polish Centre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Polish-Catholic People's Party">Polish-Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Catholic_Bloc" title="Polish Catholic Bloc">Polish Catholic Bloc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Polish Christian Democratic Party">Polish Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Nonpartisan_Organization" title="Polish Nonpartisan Organization">Polish Nonpartisan Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%931931)" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)">Polish People's Party "Piast"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Nowe_Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"">Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_of_Wilno_Land" title="Polish People's Party of Wilno Land">Polish People's Party of Wilno Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"">Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party (1892)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polish Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Freedom,_Equality,_Independence" title="Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence">Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Left" title="Polish Socialist Party – Left">Polish Socialist Party – Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_of_Lithuania_and_Belarus" title="Polish Socialist Party of Lithuania and Belarus">Polish Socialist Party of Lithuania and Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_of_the_Prussian_Partition" title="Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition">Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Revolutionary_Faction" title="Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction">Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Union_of_Peasant_Activists" title="Polish Union of Peasant Activists">Polish Union of Peasant Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Association_%22Odrodzenie%22" title="Popular Association "Odrodzenie"">Popular Association "Odrodzenie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Association_%22Odrodzenie-Wyzwolenie%22" title="Popular Association "Odrodzenie-Wyzwolenie"">Popular Association "Odrodzenie-Wyzwolenie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Councils_(political_party)" title="Popular Councils (political party)">Popular Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Poland)" title="Popular Unity (Poland)">Popular Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Peasant_Party" title="Radical Peasant Party">Radical Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Upper_Silesians" title="Union of Upper Silesians">Union of Upper Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland_(Mijal)" title="Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)">Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland" title="Confederation of Independent Poland">Confederation of Independent Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Unity" title="Front of National Unity">Front of National Unity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Movement_for_National_Rebirth" title="Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth">Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">United People's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Home" title="Ancestral Home">Ancestral Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Poland" title="Alliance for Poland">Alliance for Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Social_Movement" title="Alternative Social Movement">Alternative Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_the_Future_%E2%80%93_CenterLeft" title="Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft">Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Action" title="Catholic Electoral Action">Catholic Electoral Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Committee_%22Fatherland%22" title="Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"">Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement" title="Centre Agreement">Centre Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement_%E2%80%93_Integrative_Initiative" title="Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative">Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement_%E2%80%93_Polish_Union" title="Centre Agreement – Polish Union">Centre Agreement – Polish Union</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Poland)" title="Christian Democracy (Poland)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_of_the_Third_Polish_Republic" title="Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic">Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union" title="Christian National Union">Christian National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Peasant_Party" title="Christian-Peasant Party">Christian-Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_for_Democratic_Action" title="Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action">Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Republic">Coalition for the Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland" title="Confederation of Independent Poland">Confederation of Independent Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="Conservative People's Party (Poland)">Conservative People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Labour_Union" title="Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union">Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl" title="Democratic Party – demokraci.pl">Democratic Party – demokraci.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Poland)" title="Democratic Union (Poland)">Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Democracy_(Poland)" title="Direct Democracy (Poland)">Direct Democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Plus_(Poland)" title="Europa Plus (Poland)">Europa Plus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Coalition_(Poland)" title="European Coalition (Poland)">European Coalition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Initiative_(Poland)" title="Feminist Initiative (Poland)">Feminist Initiative/Women's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Poland" title="Forward Poland">Forward Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Union_(Poland)" title="Freedom Union (Poland)">Freedom Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland" title="Initiative for Poland">Initiative for Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Initiative of the Republic of Poland">Initiative RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Poland)" title="Labour Party (Poland)">Labour Party (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_and_Self-Defense" title="League and Self-Defense">League and Self-Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Right_of_the_Republic" title="League of the Right of the Republic">League of the Right of the Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Democrats" title="Left and Democrats">Left and Democrats</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress" title="Liberal Democratic Congress">Liberal Democratic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Poland" title="Libertas Poland">Libertas Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland" title="Movement for Reconstruction of Poland">Movement for Reconstruction of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Republic" title="Movement for the Republic">Movement for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Republic_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Camp" title="Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp">Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_(Poland,_2007)" title="National League (Poland, 2007)">National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland,_1989)" title="National Party (Poland, 1989)">National Party (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%22Fatherland%22" title="National Party "Fatherland"">National Party "Fatherland"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Self-Defence_Front" title="National Self-Defence Front">National Self-Defence Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms" title="Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms">Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now!_(political_party)" title="Now! (political party)">Now!</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Social Alliance (Poland)">Social Alliance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Self-Defence" title="Patriotic Self-Defence">Patriotic Self-Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Drivers" title="Party of Drivers">Party of Drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Regions_(Poland)" title="Party of Regions (Poland)">Party of Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_X" title="Party X">Party X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement" title="Peasants' Agreement">Peasants' Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement_(Poland)" title="People's National Movement (Poland)">People's National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Comes_First" title="Poland Comes First">Poland Comes First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Confederation_%E2%80%93_Dignity_and_Work" title="Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work">Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party" title="Polish Beer-Lovers' Party">Polish Beer-Lovers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Fair_Play" title="Poland Fair Play">Poland Fair Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Union" title="Polish Union">Polish Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Reason_of_State" title="Polish Reason of State">Polish Reason of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80" title="Polish Labour Party - August 80">Polish Labour Party - August 80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Party" title="Polish National Party">Polish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Party_(Poland)" title="Reason Party (Poland)">Reason Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Right Alliance (Poland)">Right Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Polish_Nation" title="Self-Defence of the Polish Nation">Self-Defence of the Polish Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_Social_Movement" title="Self-Defence Social Movement">Self-Defence Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Movement" title="Social Justice Movement">Social Justice Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">Solidarity Electoral Action</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(political_party)" title="Spring (political party)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_of_Poland" title="The Poor of Poland">The Poor of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Poland" title="Sovereign Poland">Sovereign Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Poland)" title="The Republicans (Poland)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_Movement" title="Third Republic Movement">Third Republic Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Poland)" title="United Left (Poland)">United Left</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Movement" title="Your Movement">Your Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><i>italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts</i> <br /> *: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Ajchler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbigniew Ajchler (page does not exist)">Zbigniew Ajchler</a> <br /> **: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Adamowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Adamowicz (page does not exist)">Piotr Adamowicz</a> et al., <br /> ***: <a href="/wiki/Marek_Biernacki" title="Marek Biernacki">Marek Biernacki</a> <br /> ****: not currently registered as a party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silesian_nationalist_or/and_separatist_associations/organizations&#95;_22px&#124;border" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesian_nationalist-separatist_organizations" title="Template:Silesian nationalist-separatist organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesian_nationalist-separatist_organizations" title="Template talk:Silesian nationalist-separatist organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesian_nationalist-separatist_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesian nationalist-separatist organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silesian_nationalist_or/and_separatist_associations/organizations&#95;_22px&#124;border" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> nationalist or/and separatist associations/organizations <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Silesians.svg/22px-Flag_of_Silesians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Silesians.svg/33px-Flag_of_Silesians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Silesians.svg/44px-Flag_of_Silesians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Upper_Silesians" title="Union of Upper Silesians">Union of Upper Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_People%27s_Party" title="Silesian People's Party">Silesian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Defense_of_Upper_Silesians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Defense of Upper Silesians (page does not exist)">Association of Defense of Upper Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Separatist_Movement" title="Silesian Separatist Movement">Silesian Separatist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_Together" title="Silesians Together">Silesians Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Party" title="Silesian Regional Party">Silesian Regional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic-Silesian_Association_European_Home" title="Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home">Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Silesian_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People of the Silesian Nation (page does not exist)">People of the Silesian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Minority_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Minority (political party)">German Minority in Silesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Greek Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">North Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Macedonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moldova</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B4_Jednota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaszëbskô Jednota">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese nationalism">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_nationalism" title="Murcian nationalism">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Party" title="Scania Party">Scania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">First-level NUTS of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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