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</div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/" rel="bookmark">Court Musette, late 17th Century</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Featured</span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Contents of this page copyright 1999, 2021, by Norm Sohl</em></p> <p></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img data-attachment-id="659" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img383/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1051" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img383" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="645" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-659" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img383.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <p><em> Chanter, Stocks, Small chanter</em></p> <p>I had a chance to briefly study this instrument in 1999 when it was in the possession of a friend. I don’t know its current whereabouts. It is made of Ivory, well turned as you would expect from an instrument made for a wealthy client. and probably dates to the late 1600s. I was able to make several x-rays of the instrument with the help of a friendly local chiropractor, and these are included below. These x-rays showed several interesting things about this instrument is that visual inspection did not:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>The bell of the instrument is made of a separate piece of ivory, and attached to the body with very precise threads. I’m told that this is common in instruments of the period.</li><li>The petit chalumeau or small chanter has an incomplete bore, and not all of the keys and associated holes are connected to the bore meaning that the instrument is not fully playable.</li></ul> <p>I’m adding my (very) rough notes from the measuring session. I’ve always wished to make measured drawings, but that may not happen, and I hope that my notes may help more than hinder anyone else interested in this instrument.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img data-attachment-id="660" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img382/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1051" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img382" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="645" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-660" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img382.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption> <em>Chanter, Stocks, small chanter, showing fully assembled bell.</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="671" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img392-1/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg" data-orig-size="1664,1016" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img392-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="625" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-671" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img392-1.jpg 1664w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>The back of the instrument</em></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The large chanter</h2> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="315" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/musette_xray_chanter4/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg" data-orig-size="600,107" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Musette_Xray_Chanter4" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg" alt="Musette_Xray_Chanter4" class="wp-image-315" width="837" height="149" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg?w=150&h=27 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter4.jpg?w=300&h=54 300w" sizes="(max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px" /><figcaption><em>Side x-ray of chanter showing undercutting, threading and bore profile</em></figcaption></figure> <p></p> <p>These images show the taper of the socket for the reed, the bore and the expansion at the foot of the instrument. They also do a good job of showing the position of the fingerholes, and the undercutting for a couple of the fingerholes. The top of the chanter is threaded, but as I recall the threading does not mate with the stock of the instrument. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="323" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/musette_xray_chanter3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg" data-orig-size="600,87" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Musette_Xray_Chanter3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg" alt="Musette_Xray_Chanter3" class="wp-image-323" width="837" height="121" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg?w=150&h=22 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter3.jpg?w=300&h=44 300w" sizes="(max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px" /><figcaption><em>Top view of chanter showing fingerholes.</em></figcaption></figure> <p></p> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="322" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/musette_xray_chanter/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg" data-orig-size="600,105" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="musette_Xray_Chanter" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg" alt="musette_Xray_Chanter" class="wp-image-322" width="836" height="146" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg?w=150&h=26 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_chanter.jpg?w=300&h=53 300w" sizes="(max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px" /><figcaption><em>Positive print of x-ray, just for fun</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="668" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img373/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg" data-orig-size="1672,1056" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img373" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="646" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-668" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img373.jpg 1672w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption>Fingerholes and headstock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="661" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img386/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg" data-orig-size="1671,1092" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img386" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="669" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-661" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img386.jpg 1671w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Side keys and headstock</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="663" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img387/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg" data-orig-size="1676,1092" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img387" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="667" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-663" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img387.jpg 1676w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Back keys, thumbhole and headstock</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="673" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img402-1/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg" data-orig-size="2461,3278" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629905188","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img402-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=225" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=769" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=769" alt="" class="wp-image-673" width="840" height="1119" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=840 840w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=1680 1680w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=113 113w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=225 225w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img402-1.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /><figcaption><em>Rough notes, measurements in mm</em>.</figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The small chanter</h2> <p>The small chanter is sealed, meaning that it does not produce sound unless the keys are pressed. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="676" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img371/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg" data-orig-size="1680,1056" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img371" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="643" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-676" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img371.jpg 1680w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Front side of the small chanter</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="678" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img372/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg" data-orig-size="1672,1056" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img372" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="646" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-678" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img372.jpg 1672w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <p><em>Headstock and back side of small chanter</em></p> <p>Small brass(?) tubes connect the two parts of the headstock and allow air to flow between them. Only this part of the headstock is attached to the bag.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="317" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/musette_xray_small_chanter2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg" data-orig-size="600,213" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="musette_Xray_Small_Chanter2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg" alt="musette_Xray_Small_Chanter2" class="wp-image-317" width="613" height="218" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg?w=150&h=53 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter2.jpg?w=300&h=107 300w" sizes="(max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px" /><figcaption><em> Small chanter</em></figcaption></figure> <p></p> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="319" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2021/08/27/311/musette_xray_small_chanter/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg" data-orig-size="600,213" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Musette_Xray_Small_Chanter" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg" alt="Musette_Xray_Small_Chanter" class="wp-image-319" width="655" height="233" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg?w=150&h=53 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/02/musette_xray_small_chanter.jpg?w=300&h=107 300w" sizes="(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px" /><figcaption><em>Side view of the small chanter, showing the incomplete bore.</em></figcaption></figure> <p></p> <p>The holes for the keys are all drilled, but don’t actually reach the bore of the instrument. The socket for the reed is also off center, implying that this part of the instrument was perhaps intended for show.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="729" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img403-3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg" data-orig-size="2436,2983" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629905228","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img403-3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=245" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="836" height="1023" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=836" alt="" class="wp-image-729" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=836 836w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=1672 1672w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=122 122w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=245 245w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/img403-3.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px" /></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Shuttle drones</h2> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="681" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img376/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg" data-orig-size="1676,1055" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img376" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-681" width="840" height="528" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=840 840w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img376.jpg 1676w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></figure> <p>Although well crafted on the outside, the interior of the drones are a mess – there is at least one slider that appears to be non-functional, and several bores that do not connect in a understandable way. See the notes at the bottom of this section.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="683" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img374/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg" data-orig-size="1672,1055" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img374" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="646" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-683" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img374.jpg 1672w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="684" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img375/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg" data-orig-size="1671,1055" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img375" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="646" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-684" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img375.jpg 1671w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="685" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img370/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg" data-orig-size="1671,1056" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img370" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="647" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-685" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img370.jpg 1671w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Drone end cap and bellows connector</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="687" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/top-reed-end/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1064" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="top-reed-end" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="653" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-687" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/top-reed-end.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Reed end (top)</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="688" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/bottom-cover-end/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1064" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="bottom-cover-end" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="653" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-688" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/bottom-cover-end.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Cap end (bottom)</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="739" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/musette-drones3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg" data-orig-size="1584,1102" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="musette-drones3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="712" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-739" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/musette-drones3.jpg 1584w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Alignment of the top and bottom of the drones</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Although there are 5 sliders, one of the sliders does not appear to be functional. there are also three additional bores that do not appear to make sense. </p> <p>The drones, from highest pitch to lowest pitch are as follows:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"><li>bore U, 3.5 mm diameter, no reed socket, opens to slider 1. Plug is missing from end opposite of reed. It is possible that this bore connects internally or was intended to connect with bore Z, making the drone W (socket), connected to Z, connected to U.</li><li>bore Q, 3.5 mm diameter, socket is 5 mm, connects to bore T, also 3.1 mm, opens to slider 2. Plug at reed end.</li><li>bore M, 2.5(?) mm diameter, socket is 4.5. Connects to bore P which opens to slider 3. Plug at reed end.</li><li>and 5. Bore A, 4.5 mm, socket is 6 mm, connected to bore D. Bore D is connected to bore E. Bore E is connected to bore H, which exits at slider 5. H is connected (although currently plugged) to bore I, which (I’m told in correspondence with Bart Van Troyen) should connect to bore L which opens at slider 4, allowing the drone to produce one of two notes, depending on which slider is opened, 4, or 5.This connection is either internal, or not completed in this instrument according to the photographs.</li></ol> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="696" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img393-1/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg" data-orig-size="2856,809" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img393-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="290" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-696" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img393-1.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="697" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img396/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg" data-orig-size="5720,1619" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img396" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="289" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-697" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=1021 1021w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=2042 2042w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img396.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="698" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img397-4/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg" data-orig-size="1168,1833" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629904595","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img397-4" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=191" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=652" loading="lazy" width="652" height="1023" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=652" alt="" class="wp-image-698" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=652 652w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=96 96w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=191 191w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-4.jpg 1168w" sizes="(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="700" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img397-3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg" data-orig-size="1036,882" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629904595","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img397-3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="871" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-700" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img397-3.jpg 1036w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Bag and stocks</h2> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="702" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img384/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1051" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img384" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="645" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-702" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img384.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption>Complete bag</figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="705" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img380/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg" data-orig-size="1667,1064" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img380" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="653" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-705" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img380.jpg 1667w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption><em>Chanter stock in bag</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="707" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img381/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg" data-orig-size="1655,1064" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="img381" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="658" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-707" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img381.jpg 1655w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption>Drone stock in bag.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="713" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img400-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg" data-orig-size="2042,2512" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629905073","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img400-2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=244" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="832" height="1023" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=832" alt="" class="wp-image-713" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=832 832w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=1664 1664w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=122 122w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=244 244w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img400-2.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 832px) 100vw, 832px" /></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img data-attachment-id="714" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/img401-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg" data-orig-size="2235,2817" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1629905141","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img401-2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=238" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" width="812" height="1023" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=812" alt="" class="wp-image-714" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=812 812w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=1624 1624w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=119 119w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=238 238w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/img401-2.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px" /></figure> <p></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Additional notes</h2> <p><br>The Musette maker Bart Van Troyen has provided the following comments on this instrument:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>some keys are in the wrong place,</li><li>petit chalumeau looks like a later addition.</li><li>Instrument in A=392 probably,</li><li>standard 18h century model.</li><li>Bottom part of grand chalumeau is always screwed on.</li><li>making threaded joints was fairly easy with their lathes. Nowadays it’s a complete mess, so far for progress.</li><li>The drones are standard 18th century model as well, with<ul><li>5 layettes,</li><li>4 reeds</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Connection of the bores:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>6 bass bores with 2 layettes, DAEIHL</li><li>3 Taille bores with one layette, ZWU</li><li>2 Haute Contre QT</li><li>2 Dessus bores, each with one layette. MP</li><li>Bore diam in that order is 4.5, 3.5, 3.3 and 3mm. (taille can be 3.8, dessus can be 2.8 )</li><li>Bass bores are DAEIHL, taille ZWU, Haute Contre QT, dessus MP</li></ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">General information on the Musette de Cour</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://mimo-international.com/MIMO/search.aspx?SC=DEFAULT&QUERY=+Musette+de+cour#/Search/(query:(Page:0,PageRange:3,QueryString:'Musette%20de%20cour',ResultSize:10,ScenarioCode:DEFAULT,SearchContext:0,SearchLabel:''))" target="_blank">Musical Instrument Museums online – Musette de cour</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musette_de_cour">Musette de cour</a> (Wikipedia)</li></ul> <p></p> </div> </article> <article id="post-2" class="post-2 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-musical-instruments"> <div class="featured-image"> <a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/"> <img width="600" height="207" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png?w=600" class="attachment-wilson-featured size-wilson-featured wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" data-attachment-id="505" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/mersenne2-3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png" data-orig-size="600,207" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Mersenne2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/mersenne2.png?w=600" /> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/" rel="bookmark">Renaissance 3-Hole Pipes</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2016-03-26T12:00:00+00:00">March 26, 2016</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-08-27T23:20:36+00:00">August 27, 2021</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img data-attachment-id="49" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/praetoriusinstrument1-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png" data-orig-size="671,95" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="PraetoriusInstrument1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png?w=671" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-49" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png" alt="PraetoriusInstrument1" width="671" height="95" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png 671w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png?w=150&h=21 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetoriusinstrument11.png?w=300&h=42 300w" sizes="(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px" /></p> <p>The three hole pipe is an ancient instrument, dating back to bone flutes found in the Neolithic. It has been popular throughout Europe and parts of the Americas as a dance instrument since it can be played with just one hand, leaving the other hand free to play a percussion instrument – a drum, a string drone, a triangle. On this page I’ve collected notes and sources I’ve used to make reconstructions of 3 hole pipes from renaissance Europe. We are particularly fortunate in that there are written sources, iconographical sources, and surviving instruments from this period – meaning that very little guesswork is needed to create working modern instruments.</p> <p>One if the distinctive features of the 3-hole pipe is it’s bore. It is very narrow compared to any other kind of cross or end-blown flute. This is because the instrument is intended to play only in the second register and up. The narrow bore means that the higher registers play easily at the expense of the lowest register, which is not used. Almost all 3-hole pipes are cylindrically bored, since a tapered bore would be difficult to construct, and would likely be destructive to the evenness of the instruments tuning. The ratio of the bore to the sounding length is a valuable clue when looking at instruments that are incomplete. Some of the instruments below have bore ratios noted. for smaller instruments this can be as high as 40 to 1 (for a galoubet from the south of France, 285 mm sounding length, made by M. Fabre), to around 36 for the larger of the Mary Rose pipes pictured below (729 mm sounding length).</p> <h2>Sources:</h2> <hr /> <h3>The excavation of the Mary Rose, 3 extant instruments:</h3> <p><img data-attachment-id="532" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/mr-three-hole-pipe/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png" data-orig-size="1075,603" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="MR three hole pipe" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-532" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png" alt="MR three hole pipe" width="1075" height="603" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png 1075w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=150&h=84 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=300&h=168 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=768&h=431 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mr-three-hole-pipe.png?w=1024&h=574 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1075px) 100vw, 1075px" /></p> <p>Three pipes have been recovered from the wreck of the Mary Rose, King Henry VIII’s flagship, which sank in July of 1545. The ship has remained for the most part buried in mud, until excavation started in 1969, preserving wood and fabric in unusually good condition. These instruments were described by Frances Palmer as follows in the January, 1983 issue of the journal Early Music:</p> <h4>Instrument 1: Overall length 449 mm, sounding length 414. (Collection number: 81A1191)</h4> <p><em>“A pipe made of fruit-wood was recovered from the main deck of the Mary Rose. close to a cabin which is known to have been occupied by an archer, a carpenter and one other man who has not yet been identified. It was found in association with equipment belonging to the Queen’s Company of Archers.</em><br /> <em> The pipe is made from a single piece of wood and is of a simple cylindrical form, without any decoration apart from an incised line which marks the lower edge of the beak mouthpiece. The block is missing. As one would expect from the documentary sources, the bore is very narrow in proportion to its length: the sounding length is some 41.6cm, while the diameter of the bore is approximately 1.2cm at the foot. The instrument may have been distorted, as the bore at the foot shows an irregular, oval section. The three holes are placed just above the foot, and the thumb-hole is in the highest position, agreeing with the illustration in Praetorius. The turned ring is present and the foot does not expand at all. A rather blurred mark is branded into the front of the pipe between the ring and the foot. The mark is hard to read but it may be the rabbit’s footprint tentatively associated with Venice.”</em></p> <p>The rabbit’s foot mark (or two plumes mark, or just possibly silkworm wings) is likely associated with the family of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeronimo_Bassano">Jeronimo Bassano</a>, known as woodwind players and makers in Venice. Some members of his family joined the court of King Henry VIII, so the connection with this instrument is not unlikely. Jeremy Montague confirms this in his physical study of the instrument in FOMRHI communication <a href="http://fomrhi.org/pages/fomrhi-110">1818</a>. The wood may be boxwood.</p> <h4>Notes on dimensions of this pipe:</h4> <p>Jermey Montague, in FOMRHI comm 1577 gives the size of the instrument as:</p> <p><em>“The other almost playable instrument is a smaller pipe, one with an indecipherable mark (on which we hope to be able to report more fully in due course). This measures OL <span style="color:#ffcc00;">468</span>, Up to end <span style="color:#ffcc00;">435</span>, and all it needs is a new block.”. </em></p> <p>This is different enough from Palmers estimate to be significant. Additionally, Graham Lyndon-Jones, in FOMRHI Comm <a href="http://fomrhi.org/uploads/bulletins/Fomrhi-096.pdf">1654</a> gives the length of the pipe to be 449.</p> <p>I asked Jeremy Montague if he could clarify this discrepancy, and he confirmed (in personal correspondence) that the correct measurements for this pipe give a overall length of 449 mm, with a sounding length of 414.</p> <h4>Instrument 2: Overall length 829 mm. (Collection number 81A3901)</h4> <p><img data-attachment-id="13" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/maryrose2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg" data-orig-size="674,157" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="MaryRose2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg?w=674" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg" alt="MaryRose2" width="674" height="157" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg 674w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg?w=150&h=35 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/maryrose2.jpg?w=300&h=70 300w" sizes="(max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px" /></p> <p><em>“Recovered from the storage area in the orlop deck, the lowest part of the ship. One complete example is made of cherry-wood (illus.). It is much longer than the first example and the mouthpiece and window have an elongated outline which harmonizes with the overall silhouette. Again, the pipe is plain except for an incised line below the mouthpiece and the turned ring at the foot. Its overall length is some 80cm with a sounding length of 72cm. The bore at the foot is approximately 2cm in diameter, although it, too, has been distorted into an irregular oval. The holes are arranged as in the smaller instrument, with the thumb-hole much higher than the other two. The name ‘E. LEGROS’ on a scroll is branded into the front of the instrument just above the foot. When the pipe was recovered, a cylindrical rod of wood about 38cm long was found inside it. This is completely unshaped and may be the drumstick. The remains of the case were found with the pipe; this seems to have been a wooden cylinder made from a single sheet of wood shaped into a tube and covered with leather. A carrying strap is attached at one end.”</em></p> <h4>Notes on dimensions of this pipe:</h4> <p>The sounding length given by Palmer (720 mm) does not match up with the given length overall (800). When you scale the overall image to 800 mm, the sounding length is 730, a 10 mm difference. When I saw the actual instruments they were shut away in a glass case, and it was impossible to get better information. Others have been more fortunate. Jeremy Montague gave a summary of his inspection of these instruments in FOMRHI <a href="http://fomrhi.org/pages/fomrhi-093">1577</a>, and updated in FOMRHI <a href="http://fomrhi.org/pages/fomrhi-110">1818</a>. In the first article, he gives the following dimensions for this pipe:</p> <p><em>“It is an extraordinary instrument. overall length <span style="color:#ffcc00;"><strong>850mm</strong> </span>and lip or voicing edge to the end of the foot <span style="color:#ffcc00;">767 mm</span>, a considerable stretch for Charlie and me, and we’re both taller than the average population of the Mary Rose.”</em></p> <p>Graham Lyndon-Jones gives the length to be <span style="color:#ffcc00;">829</span> in FOMRHI Comm <a href="http://fomrhi.org/uploads/bulletins/Fomrhi-096.pdf"><span style="color:#0066cc;">1654</span></a>, which adds to the confusion. He also has some images of the pipe that are not available from other sources, along with an interesting period engraving showing a pipe of this scale being used along with a fiddle of the style found in the ship.</p> <p>In personal correspondence, Jeremy Montague was kind enough to clarify these measurements as 829mm for the total length of the instrument, and noted that the material is cherry wood.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=8413B33E6280EF48!258965&authkey=!AKwCkP2dJ5rh_88&v=3&ithint=photo%2cjpg">here</a> to download a full-size version of this image, scaled in Photoshop with the assumption that the instrument is 800 mm long. The image was created at 96 pixels per inch, which should allow you to print a full size image. Or download a pdf version that can be printed on multiple sheets from the free Adobe Acrobat PDF reader. I’ll be updating this information when time allows to match the revised length of 829. Quite a stretch.</p> <p>The ratio of the bore to the sounding length (720 / 20) is around 36.</p> <h4>Instrument 3: Incomplete. (Collection number: 81A5846)</h4> <p><em>“Recovered from the storage area in the orlop deck, the lowest part of the ship. The third example is also made in the longer form but it is not as well preserved as the other two. The mouthpiece has been crushed as far as the bottom of the window, the lower edge of which can be seen on the surviving section of the pipe. It is made of a dark wood and there are the remains of a silver mount at the foot and another that perhaps passed round the mouthpiece. It is unmarked.”</em></p> <p>The significance of this instrument is that it was not found in close proximity to instrument #2, meaning that it was likely owned by someone else. The workmanship on the instrument is said to be poor, as is it’s condition, but Montague describes it as very close to the size of #2, implying that this was not an uncommon length.</p> <p>Graham Lyndon-Jones lists the length of this instrument as about 740 mm.</p> <p>Jeremy Montague confirms that the length of the instrument is currently 729, but is badly damaged. If the missing piece was replaced in the style of the Legros pipe (81A3901), the overall length would be around 808mm.</p> <h4>Further study:</h4> <p>Jeremy Montague writes (FOMRHI comm <a href="http://fomrhi.org/pages/fomrhi-110"><span style="color:#0066cc;">1818)</span></a></p> <p><em>“We were all three asked to write the relevant section of the catalogue of finds, published as Before the Mast: Life and Death aboard the Mary Rose, edited by Julie Gardiner, published in 2005 by the Mary Rose Trust in Portsmouth. This is a huge, and quite expensive tome, but in it are photographs of all the finds, as well as the original drawings made by the archaeologists, some of which Frances Palmer had published 22 years earlier.”</em></p> <p>This may contain an accurate representation of the instrument, but unfortunately the book is both expensive and hard to come by here in the states. Jeremy Montague was kind enough to summarize the information given here, and I’ve added his measurements to the sections above.</p> <hr /> <h3>The Syntagma Musicum of Michael Praetorius, 1619. Volume 2.</h3> <h3>Measured drawing, descriptive text and range.</h3> <p>Source: The Syntagma Musicum of Michael Praetorius, Translated by Harold Blumenfield.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="39" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg" data-orig-size="694,206" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg?w=694" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg" alt="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz" width="694" height="206" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg 694w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg?w=150&h=45 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz.jpg?w=300&h=89 300w" sizes="(max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px" /></p> <p>Two Three-Hole Pipes, as illustrated by Praetorius. The larger of the instruments has a total length of 802 mm, which makes it a close match for the instrument recovered from the Mary Rose. The crook is an interesting addition, which is seen in at least 1 other surviving instrument.</p> <p>The smaller instrument scales to about 565 mm.</p> <p>Click <a href="http://normsohl.com/vw/Three%20Hole%20Pipes/Praetorius/Praetorius%203%20hole%20pipes%20Full%20Scale%2096%20ppi.jpg"> here</a> to download a full-size version of this image, scaled in Photoshop, scaling the instrument according to the scale attached to the illustration. A pdf version that can be printed from Adobe Acrobat can be found here. The scale was calibrated to the Brunswick Foot. The image was created at 96 pixels per inch.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="42" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif" data-orig-size="452,272" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi drum" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif?w=452" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-42" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif" alt="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi drum" width="452" height="272" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif 452w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif?w=150&h=90 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-drum.gif?w=300&h=181 300w" sizes="(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px" /></p> <p>A Tabor associated with the above 3-hole pipes.</p> <p>Praetorius says the following regarding the 3-Hole Pipe and Tabor:</p> <p><em>“Here should also be mentioned the Schwegel, also called Stamentien-pipe. It has only two holes on the front bottom and one in back. It is similar in length to the transverse flute, but is blown like a recorder. The English use it together with a drum and play it with the left hand. (plate IX) It goes in range from d’ up to d'”, e'” and even further. Some are a fifth lower, from g” or a”. It is remarkable that with but three holes this instrument affords the same extent of range as instruments with six or seven holes.</em><br /> <em> Then there are also very small recorders about three or four inches long and with three holes in front and one in back. These similarly afford almost two octaves, (plate IX). Both the Schwegel and these very small recorders must be supported at the end by the fifth finger. The Stamentien-pipe is twenty inches long, its tenor, 26, and bass, 30.”</em></p> <p>Notes:</p> <p>These dimensions do not, by the way, match the illustration for the tenor and bass pipes.</p> <p>Praetorius’s measurements are given in the “Brunswick Foot”, which translates to 285.35 mm. This would put the Brunswick inch at 23.77.</p> <p>Praetorius’s pitches are, most likely, Renaissance Pitch, or a = 460 (1 semitone sharp from a=440).</p> <h4>Instrument 1: “Very small recorders”</h4> <p><img data-attachment-id="45" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/very-small-recorder-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif" data-orig-size="161,80" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Very Small Recorder" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif?w=161" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif?w=161" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-45" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif" alt="Very Small Recorder" width="161" height="80" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif 161w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/very-small-recorder1.gif?w=150&h=75 150w" sizes="(max-width: 161px) 100vw, 161px" /></p> <p>This source alone does not provide enough information, other that the illustration of the smallest recorder, which may have 3 holes. A better reproduction of plate IX, along with more research might help shed some light.</p> <h4>Instrument 2: Alto “Stamentien-pipe”, LOA 475 mm</h4> <p><img data-attachment-id="41" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg" data-orig-size="482,91" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz tenor" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg?w=482" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-41" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg" alt="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz tenor" width="482" height="91" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg 482w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg?w=150&h=28 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-tenor.jpg?w=300&h=57 300w" sizes="(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px" /></p> <p>20 Brunswick inches, or 475.4 mm. This is too small to be one of the instruments illustrated in Plate IV. No pitch is mentioned for an instrument of this voice.</p> <h4>Instrument 3: Tenor “Stamentien-pipe”, LOA 570 mm, sounding length = 525. Key of d (ren) listed by Praetorius?</h4> <p>LOA 565 mm. This is the smaller of the two instruments illustrated in Plate IV. Key of d (ren) listed by Praetorius?</p> <p>Praetorius gives a range for a tenor instrument of “d’ up to d'”, e'” and even further”. Converted from Renaissance Pitch, this would work out to a range of eb’ up to eb'”,f”’, and higher. It should be noted that the illustrations in Praetorius’s plates are usually accurate in length, but have exaggerated turning details (nescessary to make the engraving make visual sense)–I would assume that the flair of the bell would be more in keeping with what we know of the style from extent renaissance recorders.</p> <h4>Instrument 4: Tenor “Stamentien-pipe”, LOA 618 mm. ??</h4> <p>Praetorius, in his descriptive text, gives a measure of 26 Brunswick inches, or 618 mm for the tenor. This is too large to be one of the instruments illustrated in Plate IV.–either this is an approximation or error on Praetorius’s part (which happens fairly commonly) or it refers to another instrument, not pictured.</p> <h4>Instrument 5: Bass “Stamentien-pipe”, LOA 713 mm ??</h4> <p>Praetorius, in his descriptive text, gives a measure of 30 Brunswick inches, or 713 mm for the bass. This is too small to be one of the instruments illustrated in Plate IV. See comments above.</p> <h4>Instrument 6: Bass “Stamentien-pipe”, LOA 802 mm Pitch of g, renaissance pitch, ab modern pitch</h4> <p><img data-attachment-id="43" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg" data-orig-size="671,95" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz bass copy" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg?w=671" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-43" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg" alt="Praetorius 3 hole pipes .25 Scale 96 ppi horz bass copy" width="671" height="95" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg 671w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg?w=150&h=21 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/praetorius-3-hole-pipes-25-scale-96-ppi-horz-bass-copy.jpg?w=300&h=42 300w" sizes="(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px" /></p> <p>LOA 565 mm. This is the smaller of the two instruments illustrated in Plate IX.</p> <p>Praetorius gives a range for a bass instrument starting at g” or a”, a fifth below the tenor instrument. (g’ up to g”’) and higher. Converted from Renaissance Pitch, this would work out to a range of ab’ up to ab'”,bb”’, and higher. It should be noted that the illustrations in Praetorius’s plates are usually accurate in length, but have exaggerated turning details (necessary to make the engraving make visual sense)–I assume that the flair of the bell would be more in keeping with what we know of the style from extent renaissance recorders.</p> <p>The estimated pitch based on length matches Praetorius’s pitch of g.</p> <hr /> <h3>Marin Mersenne, Harmonie Universelle, 1636: No dimensions, but good tablature.</h3> <p>Sounding length of about 390 mm, LOA of about 415, key of g#. modern pitch</p> <p>Harmonie Universelle, the Books on Instruments, translated by Roger Chapman</p> <p>“PROPOSITION V</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="32" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/mersenne-illustration-600/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg" data-orig-size="600,85" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Mersenne Illustration 600" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-32" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg" alt="Mersenne Illustration 600" width="600" height="85" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg?w=150&h=21 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-illustration-600.jpg?w=300&h=43 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /><br /> To explain the shape, range, tablature, and the use of the flute with three holes.<img data-attachment-id="34" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2016/03/26/renaissance-3-hole-pipes/mersenne-tableture-600-1/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg" data-orig-size="600,207" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Mersenne Tableture 600 (1)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-34" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg" alt="Mersenne Tableture 600 (1)" width="600" height="207" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg?w=150&h=52 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/mersenne-tableture-600-1.jpg?w=300&h=104 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p> <p><em>“Although this instrument (figure 46)can be joined with the preceding ones, because it has only three holes, that is two in front marked with 2 and 3, and the other behind marked by 1, (unless it is wished to count as first the hole of the plug A through which it is blown, the second, B, which serves as flue, and the last of the end C. so as to locate six holes) nevertheless I have wished to separate it as much by reason of its great range, as of its tablature which I give here in two ways. that is to say by the ordinary musical notes and by the marks used by those who do not understand the value and use of the ordinary notes.</em><br /> <em> Now it is so easy to understand this tablature that there is no need of explanation, unless for the instruction of those who have never seen it or who do not know how to sound the flutes and the flageolet. It is then in their behalf that I first say that the notes contain the range of a seventeenth, and that I have changed the clef because one can rise only a tenth with the first clef of F ut fa, using only five lines. Here it must be noted that many do not give the first four notes in the range of this tablature because they do not pass through all the degrees of the octave, for after the fourth or the four tones ut, re, mi, fa, that form the lowest four notes of this instrument, four other notes to reach the fifth above cannot be produced to complete the octave. That is why one can begin this tablature by the fifth note, which is at the octave with the first and which occurs on G re sol so that it has only the range of the eleventh, which contains all that one can ordinarily produce with this flute.</em></p> <p><em>The notes which are preceded by the flat signify the alterations, the accidentals, or the semitones which are made by moderating the wind or by working the fingers by which the holes are stopped more or less so as to sound the pieces in B-flat. Now the note which is on the clef of C sol ut fa and which begins again at the bottom on the first line continues the tones which have begun on the other clef and serves as the root for completing the remainder of the range, as the notes which follow show. As to the other characters, they must be explained so clearly that there will be no need of speaking of them in the discourse on the other flutes that make use of them.</em></p> <p><em>PROPOSITION VI</em><br /> <em> I say then, in the second place, that the black lines, which fall perpendicularly upon the three lines of the tablature signify the number of the holes which must be stopped to make the sounds marked by the notes below. For example, the first three, which are on the three lines, signify that the first note is made by stopping the three holes, and by blowing the wind as softly as can be. The two other lines that follow show that it is necessary to stop the two holes marked one and two and to keep open the last hole marked by 3 to make the re, or the second note; the small line which then follows signifies that it is necessary to close only the first hole to make the mi, or the third note; and the three zeros or the three circles indicate that all the holes must be left open to make the fourth note, or the fa. But one cannot continue from the sol to the octave, so he is forced to pass in one jump to the fifth above, so as to take the octave of the first note, which has its octave above when one begins again to stop the holes, and the wind is made more forceful. This must be noted even more closely, inasmuch as the same thing occurs in many other wind instruments, like the flageolet and flutes, which rise an octave and sometimes a fifteenth, and a twenty-second, depending on how one increases the wind; thus some men are found who perform a range of a twenty-second on the three-holed flute, on which I have heard the experiments of Jean Price Anglois. Now: it is certain that one can perform all the parts of music with many three-holed flutes, as with the others, although these concerts are not customary. That is why I am giving no example of it.”</em></p> <p>The tablature given here is valuable in that it shows a three-hole scale in the English style, where the thumb-hole is tuned to produce a semitone, unlike 3-hole pipes of the French tradition (which I assume also existed at this time) where the thumb produces a whole step.</p> <p>The pipe shown then is in the key of G, tuned 221. (G-2 semi-A-2 semi-B-1 semi-C-) A rough experiment with an old generation 3-hole pipe in d, shows that an additional paper tube gives a total sounding length of about 400 mm, LOA of 425. G# = 390 and 415, respectively. This tablature is discussed in detail by my one time historical woodwind teacher, Graham Lyndon-Jones FOMRHI communication #<a href="http://fomrhi.org/pages/fomrhi-096">1652</a>.</p> </div> </article> <article id="post-495" class="post-495 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-travel category-uncategorized"> <div class="featured-image"> <a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/05/momma-told-me-thered-be-days-like-this/"> <img width="788" height="779" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=788" class="attachment-wilson-featured size-wilson-featured wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=788 788w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px" data-attachment-id="491" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/handbasket/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg" data-orig-size="960,949" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Handbasket" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=788" /> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/05/momma-told-me-thered-be-days-like-this/" rel="bookmark">Momma told me there’d be days like this</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/05/momma-told-me-thered-be-days-like-this/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2016-03-05T03:21:33+00:00">March 5, 2016</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-08-27T23:15:25+00:00">August 27, 2021</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2016/03/05/momma-told-me-thered-be-days-like-this/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img data-attachment-id="491" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/handbasket/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg" data-orig-size="960,949" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Handbasket" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-491" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg" alt="Handbasket" width="960" height="949" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg 960w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=150&h=148 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=300&h=297 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/handbasket.jpg?w=768&h=759 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></p> <p>A great piece of stained glass from St. Marks in Venice. The flaming chariot?</p> </div> </article> <article id="post-84" class="post-84 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-american-instruments category-historical-musical-instruments tag-musical-instruments tag-panpipes tag-quills"> <div class="featured-image"> <a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/"> <img width="788" height="591" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=788" class="attachment-wilson-featured size-wilson-featured wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=788 788w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=1576 1576w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=150 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=300 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=768 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px" data-attachment-id="128" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/chris2large/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg" data-orig-size="3072,2304" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"2.6","credit":"","camera":"Canon PowerShot A570 IS","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1213735425","copyright":"","focal_length":"5.8","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Chris2large" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=788" /> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/" rel="bookmark">The Quills: the forgotten American folk woodwind.</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2011-01-20T12:00:00+00:00">January 20, 2011</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-08-27T23:14:39+00:00">August 27, 2021</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/#comments">6 Comments</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Quills are a early American folk woodwind, first recorded in the early part of the 19th century among Afro-Americans in the south. There are at least two kinds of woodwinds called the quills: a cane fife with several holes, and a panpipe with several separate cane pipes.  They are assumed to be of African origin, since similar instruments are found in various parts of Africa, and they were most common among 1st and 2nd generation Africans in America.</p> <p>The Quills would probably be forgotten today if not for the extraordinary recordings by the entertainer and early bluesman Henry Thomas, made in the late 1920s.  Alec Lomax and others have recorded other traditional players as well.</p> <h2>History</h2> <p>The Quills are first mentioned in early American plantation slave histories, some dating back to the late 1700s. At that time, the instrument appears to consist of two or more cane pipes, played for recreation and dancing, accompanied by “shouts, whoops and songs”.  They are mentioned fairly often in oral histories but little structural and musical information has survived. Considering how popular and common they appear to have been, it is surprising that they are almost unheard of today.  Quills were also used by free blacks in New Orleans in the 1800s.  Two bluesmen recorded songs with the Quills in the 1920, and a rural folk tradition has survived to this day in the American south.</p> <p>I’ve heard that the word “Quill” is an colonial American (and English) term for a hollow tube of any sort, but have been unable to confirm this.</p> <h3><strong>Surviving African Traditions</strong></h3> <p>A number of villages in Zimbabwe and Mozambique maintained a tradition of pan-pipe playing well into this century, and a few continue to play to this day.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="120" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/tracy_flutes_horns/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg" data-orig-size="200,159" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Tracy_flutes_horns" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg?w=200" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg?w=200" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-120 alignleft" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg" alt="Tracy_flutes_horns" width="288" height="229" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg 200w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracy_flutes_horns.jpg?w=150&h=119 150w" sizes="(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px">The earliest recordings of these ensembles are from the field recordings of Hugh Tracy, who traveled through southern Africa between 1935 and 1955, making a series of exceptional recordings of traditional music. His recordings are available from the <a href="http://ilam.ru.ac.za/page.php?pID=2">International Library of African Music (ILAM)</a>.  Some of these recordings are included in the collection Flutes and Horns, which can be previewed and ordered from this web site in South Africa: <a href="http://ilam.ru.ac.za/moa/moa030.htm"><span style="color:#0066cc;">http://ilam.ru.ac.za/moa/moa030.htm</span></a>.  Some of these recordings bear a striking resemblance to the American recordings of Sid Hemphill.</p> <p>Another excellent recording is of African panpipes from Mozambique is “<a href="http://www.mhumhirecords.org/Cancune.htm">Traditional Music of Cancune, Mozambique</a>“,<img data-attachment-id="122" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/variousartists_traditionalmusicofcancunemozambique/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/variousartists_traditionalmusicofcancunemozambique.jpg" data-orig-size="150,149" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="VariousArtists_TraditionalMusicOfCancuneMozambique" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/variousartists_traditionalmusicofcancunemozambique.jpg?w=150" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/variousartists_traditionalmusicofcancunemozambique.jpg?w=150" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-122 alignright" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/variousartists_traditionalmusicofcancunemozambique.jpg" alt="VariousArtists_TraditionalMusicOfCancuneMozambique" width="225" height="223"></p> <p>recorded by Joel Laviolette around the year 2000. Joel teaches how to make and play panpipes in this tradition at workshops around America, particularly at <a href="http://zimfest.org/">Zimfest</a>. Currently, traditional instruments in this style are made out of plastic plumbing tubing, softened over a fire and worked  by hand, rolling the end of the pipe until the pitch is correct.</p> <p>Southern African nations never had a substantial slave trade with the United States, and so it is unlikely that the tradition came directly from these tribes in southern Africa. The instrument may have had greater spread in west Africa in previous centuries and died out or was not documented before modern times.</p> <h2><strong>Are there any original surviving quills?</strong></h2> <p>Lomax reports that when he revisited some of the locations where he had recorded Quills players, the tradition had pretty much died out.  I hope that there are still some players from that tradition, and the skills of making sets of quills has not died out entirely, however I am not aware of any.</p> <p>I also hope that older instruments still exist.  It seems reasonable to think that these instruments survive, perhaps still kept in the family of the players, and perhaps in small museums in the south.  If you know of the location of any, please let me know!</p> <p>I was told by banjo scholar Scott Odell that the collection in the Smithsonian once contained a set of Quills that had been donated in the late 1800s along with a Mountain Dulcimer. Its current whereabouts is unknown, and it may have been lost.</p> <h2><strong>Players</strong></h2> <p>Only a few players have been recorded playing an instrument called the quills prior to the folk revival.</p> <ul> <li>Big Boy Cleveland, <em>Gennet</em> 1927.</li> <li>Henry Thomas, <em>Vocalion</em> 1927 and 1929.</li> <li>Sid Hemphill, recorded by Alan Lomax in 1942.</li> <li>Alec Askew, recorded by Alan Lomax in 1942.</li> <li>Othar Turner, who played and made cane flute style instruments for the Smithsonian folk festival on the mall in Washington DC.</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Big Boy Cleveland</strong></h3> <p><img data-attachment-id="117" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/songster/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/songster.jpg" data-orig-size="100,100" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Songster" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/songster.jpg?w=100" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/songster.jpg?w=100" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-117 alignleft" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/songster.jpg" alt="Songster" width="146" height="146">Cleveland’s Quills Blues can be heard at this site: <a href="http://www.document-records.com/">Document Records</a> (search for “The Songster Tradition 1927 – 1935”.</p> <p>It is likely that Cleveland is actually playing the cane fife (also called the quills).</p> <p> </p> <p>For more information on the cane fife, see the following pages on folkstreams.net:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.folkstreams.net/context,86">Black Fife and Drum Music in Mississippi</a>.</li> <li> <a href="http://www.folkstreams.net/context,87">Othar Turner, Cane Fife Maker</a>.</li> <li>and the short film <a href="http://www.folkstreams.net/film,59">Gravel Springs Fife and Drum</a>.</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Sid Hemphill and Alec Askew</strong></h3> <p><img data-attachment-id="123" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/southern-journey/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/southern-journey.jpg" data-orig-size="143,143" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Southern Journey" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/southern-journey.jpg?w=143" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/southern-journey.jpg?w=143" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-123 alignright" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/southern-journey.jpg" alt="Southern Journey" width="143" height="143">Sid Hemphill and Alec Askew were recorded by Alan Lomax, and their playing is included in the Alan Lomax collection, <strong>Southern Journey, Vol. 1</strong>.  A clip of Hemphill’s playing can be heard on Amazon.com’s page for this recording. Another interesting recording is <strong>Traveling Through the Jungle</strong>, which features a different performance by <img data-attachment-id="118" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/traveling-through-the-jungle/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/traveling-through-the-jungle.jpg" data-orig-size="141,143" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Traveling through the jungle" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/traveling-through-the-jungle.jpg?w=141" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/traveling-through-the-jungle.jpg?w=141" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-118 alignleft" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/traveling-through-the-jungle.jpg" alt="Traveling through the jungle" width="141" height="143">Hemphill.</p> <p>There is another recording from Alan Lomax’s field recordings featuring Alec Askew playing the “4 hole quills”<img data-attachment-id="121" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/rock-me/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg" data-orig-size="170,170" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Rock me" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg?w=170" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg?w=170" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-121 alignright" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg" alt="Rock me" width="170" height="170" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg 170w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/rock-me.jpg?w=150&h=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 170px) 100vw, 170px"> included on the Document CD Field Recordings Vol 15 (DOCD 5672), where Lomax asks Askew to play the individual notes–this makes analysis easy, and I’ve included the tuning of this set of pipes in the article Reconstructing the quills.</p> <h3>Henry Thomas</h3> <p>By far, the most information we have about this instrument comes from the early blues recordings by Henry Thomas.  I became interested in the Quills because I study woodwinds, and some friends who listen to (and play) a lot of early blues played Thomas’s “Bull doze Blues” for me. That’s about all it took–Thomas’s music is so strong and vibrant, even through the medium of a 78rpm recording, that I was hooked. We started to discuss what it would take to build a set of pan-pipes as close to Thomas’s as we could.</p> <p>Thomas left little in the way of documents about his life, and no sets of his instruments have survived. I’ve heard that some instruments cataloged as Quills can be found in small, southern museums, and I have heard a rumor that a set of quills was donated to the Smithsonian in the late 1800’s along with a dulcimer. The quill’s whereabouts are currently unknown however.</p> <p>What this means is that we are left to apply some of the techniques that I’ve learned to reconstruct historical European woodwinds. In this case, there are no pictures to go by, but in this case we have something much more valuable, actual recordings of the instrument.</p> <p>During his recording career, Henry Thomas made eight known recordings using the quills for <strong>Vocalion</strong>, recorded in 1927 and 1929.</p> <ul> <li>John Henry</li> <li>The Fox and the Hounds</li> <li>The Little Red Caboose</li> <li>Red River Blues</li> <li>Bull Doze Blues</li> <li>Fishing Blues</li> <li>Old Country Stomp</li> <li>Charmin’ Betsy</li> <li>Railroadin’ Some</li> </ul> <p><img data-attachment-id="119" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/ragtime-thomas/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif" data-orig-size="250,250" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Ragtime Thomas" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif?w=250" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif?w=250" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-119 alignleft" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif" alt="Ragtime Thomas" width="250" height="250" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif 250w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ragtime-thomas.gif?w=150&h=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px">These recordings can be heard on two collections: Texas Worried Blues (Yazoo), and Ragtime Texas (Document).</p> <div>I have written to Document to ask for information regarding the instrument shown on the cover, but received no reply. I assume that the instrument shown is an example of the style, but not an instrument linked in any way to Thomas.  (I would love to learn otherwise!).</div> <p>Some clips can be heard on the Amazon site for both these recordings, including several tracks that feature the Quills. Some of these, such as Bulldoze Blues, and Fishing Blues have become blues classics.</p> <p><strong>How do I get a set of Quills?</strong></p> <p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_126" style="width: 154px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-126" data-attachment-id="126" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/chrissmall/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chrissmall.jpg" data-orig-size="100,133" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ChrisSmall" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chrissmall.jpg?w=100" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chrissmall.jpg?w=100" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-126 alignright" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chrissmall.jpg" alt="ChrisSmall" width="144" height="192"><p id="caption-attachment-126" class="wp-caption-text">A self made set of quills</p></div></p> <p>As far as I (or anyone else I’ve asked knows) you make it. African players make their own instruments, and I imagine that Henry Thomas did as well. Cane does not survive well, and there are no known surviving panpipe style instruments from the old days.</p> <p> </p> <p>Fortunately, we have a great deal of information in the form of audio recordings, which we can study to determine fairly precise measurements that will allow us to reproduce the instrument that Thomas played. We can learn a great deal about the instruments from these recordings.</p> <p>I did some research on that subject which can be found in the article  <a href="https://sohlblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/reconstructing-the-quills-a-lost-american-panpipe/">Reconstructing the quills.</a></p> <p> </p> </div> </article> <article id="post-173" class="post-173 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-american-instruments category-historical-musical-instruments tag-acoustics tag-musical-instruments tag-panpipes tag-quills"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/18/reconstructing-the-quills-a-lost-american-panpipe/" rel="bookmark">Reconstructing the quills</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/18/reconstructing-the-quills-a-lost-american-panpipe/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2011-01-18T12:00:00+00:00">January 18, 2011</time><time class="updated" datetime="2016-03-03T08:28:56+00:00">March 3, 2016</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/18/reconstructing-the-quills-a-lost-american-panpipe/#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p class="style3"><em>See the post <a href="https://sohlblog.wordpress.com/2007/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/">The Quills: the forgotten American folk woodwind </a>for general information about the American instruments known as the quills.</em></p> <p class="style3">African players make their own instruments, and I imagine that Henry Thomas did as well. Recent players of the cane fife in America do so as well. So, what do you need to know in order to make a historically accurate instrument?</p> <p class="style3">First off, you need to understand the difference between the cane fife (quills) and the panpipe form of the instrument, and decide which one you want to pursue. There are modern players and makers of the cane fife form of the instrument, so for the moment I’m going to concentrate on the panpipe version made famous by Henry Thomas.</p> <p>There are no surviving instruments identified as American (pan pipe) quills. I was told by Smithsonian conservator and banjo scholar Scott Odell that the collection in the Smithsonian once contained a set of quills that had been donated in the late 1800s along with a mountain dulcimer. The dulcimer survives, but the current whereabouts of the quills is unknown, and may have been lost.</p> <p>Fortunately, we have a great deal of information in the form of Thomas’s audio recordings, and we can study these to determine fairly precise measurements that will allow us to reproduce the instrument that Thomas played.</p> <p>I started with the classic Bulldoze Blues, which stands out for its especially well played quills part. Here is a short except from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/Bulldoze_Clip.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Bull Doze Blues</span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in case you are not familiar with the song.</p> <h3>An analysis of the Quills featured in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Bull Doze Blues</i></h3> <p>I first listened to the piece to determine the number of pipes, and then applied audio analysis tools to a digital recording of the song in order to determine the exact pitch of the pipes–some of them sound for too short a period of time (for me, at least) to get an accurate feel for the pitch of the pipe by ear.</p> <p>This worked fairly well, and I was able to determine that 8 different notes were sounded, so that the instrument contained at least 8 pipes. I had less luck with the audio analysis. I used the Spectrum tools in Sound Forge, but some of the notes sounded for too short a period of time still to get an accurate rendering. This was obvious after I had made some bamboo prototypes (thanks to some generous neighbors who let me raid their bamboo patch).</p> <p>Although the pipes were tuned within .25 Hz. using a frequency generator and an oscilloscope, the finished instrument did not play well with the original instrument – clearly, something was wrong.</p> <p>I decided to make larger samples for analysis by condensing all notes of a particular pitch into a single file. This proved to be an straightforward if time consuming task, again using Sound Forge. I simply worked my way through the master file, and clipped each quills note, and appended it to a file that held other notes of the same pipe.</p> <p>Here is what I was able to determine:</p> <table id="table1" style="height:385px;" border="1" width="704"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe number</td> <td width="162">Total duration of sound</td> <td width="127">Approximate pitch of highest point of graph</td> <td width="122">Approximate pitch of note estimated by ear</td> <td width="167">Approximate Amplitude of note</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/676.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 1</span></a></td> <td width="162">2.4</td> <td width="127">676 Hz</td> <td width="122">680 Hz</td> <td width="167">-37 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/731.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 2</span></a></td> <td width="162">2.9</td> <td width="127">731 Hz</td> <td width="122">731 Hz</td> <td width="167">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/854.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 3</span></a></td> <td width="162">14.6</td> <td width="127">854 Hz</td> <td width="122">851 Hz</td> <td width="167">-34 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/961.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 4</span></a></td> <td width="162">8.3</td> <td width="127">961 Hz</td> <td width="122">961 Hz</td> <td width="167">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1061.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 5</span></a></td> <td width="162">17.9</td> <td width="127">1061 Hz</td> <td width="122">1055 Hz</td> <td width="167">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1247.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 6</span></a></td> <td width="162">10.5</td> <td width="127">1247 Hz</td> <td width="122">1256 Hz</td> <td width="167">-33 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1421.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 7</span></a></td> <td width="162">0.6</td> <td width="127">1421 Hz</td> <td width="122">1442 Hz</td> <td width="167">-40 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1666.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 8</span></a></td> <td width="162">3.6</td> <td width="127">1666 Hz</td> <td width="122">1696 Hz</td> <td width="167">-32 dB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The approximate pitch is just that–approximate. When playing the quills, it is possible to play the pipe so that it’s pitch varies a considerable amount. It is also possible that the record it’s self was pressed slightly off center, causing different notes to playback at slightly different frequencies.</p> <p>In any case, the record is what we have to work with, and it is a starting point for a more accurate analysis. This time, I selected the entire body of each one of these audio files, and subjected them to Sound Forge’s Spectrum Analysis tools. The results are shown below. You can click on each graph to view a full-size image.</p> <table id="table2" border="1" width="56%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe number</td> <td>Spectrum analysis from Sound Forge 7, full sample is selected.</td> <td width="127">Approximate pitch of highest point of graph</td> <td width="122">Approximate pitch of note estimated by ear</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 1</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/676.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/676_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a>The note is split into two peaks at 676 and 687. When analyzed by ear, the pitch seems to fall around 680, which makes sense, since the ear tends to average out rapid variation in pitch.</p> <p> </td> <td width="89">676</td> <td width="101">680</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 2</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/731.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/731_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a></td> <td width="89">731</td> <td width="101">731</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 3</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/854.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/854_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a></td> <td width="89">854</td> <td width="101">851</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 4</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/961.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/961_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a></td> <td width="89">961</td> <td width="101">961</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 5</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1061.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/1061_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="206" border="0" /></a>There is some variation and “flutter-tounging on this note, which gives a range of perceived pitches. I’ve chosen 1055 as the strongest note heard, but you might feel otherwise. The pipes play sharp when the player blows harder, and that is clearly what is happening in some of the samples used to make this track.</p> <p> </td> <td width="89">1061</td> <td width="101">1055</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 6</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1247.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/1247_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a></td> <td width="89">1247</td> <td width="101">1256</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 7</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1421.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/1421_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="206" border="0" /></a>Another short sample with two nodes. Although the peak is on the lower node, the note sounds higher, as shown to the right.</p> <p> </td> <td width="89">1421</td> <td width="101">1442</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe 8</td> <td><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1666.JPG"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/1666_Thumb.JPG" alt="" width="269" height="205" border="0" /></a></td> <td width="89">1666</td> <td width="101">1696</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>As you would expect, the pipes with the longest samples provide the most accurate results.</p> <p>The recording of Bulldoze blues plays back a bit sharp of the key of Ab. It is said that Henry Thomas played with a capo high on the neck of his guitar, so this is very possible. It is also possible that the recording machine ran a bit slow, which would have given a faster sounding performance and a higher pitch. This was done on occasion by 78 rpm recording engineers to add more punch to a recording by making the player just a bit faster than they were in real life. If this was the case, and the recording was as much as a semitone sharp, the key of G would be a reasonable guess for the original key of the song.</p> <h4>Using the key of Ab major pentatonic, what notes do the pitches determined above give us?</h4> <table id="table3" border="1" width="60%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="101">Pipe number</td> <td width="177">Note name and reference pitch, A=440</td> <td width="78">Difference</td> <td width="87">Approximate pitch of note by ear</td> <td width="110">Approximate Amplitude of note</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"></td> <td width="177">Eb (6th octave) 622.25Not represented in this octave.</td> <td width="78"></td> <td width="87"></td> <td width="110"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/676.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 1</span></a></td> <td width="177">E (6th octave) 659.26.Not a member of the scale, but rather a “blues” note that always slides into F.</td> <td width="78">20.74 Hz</td> <td width="87">680 Hz</td> <td width="110">-37 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/731.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 2</span></a></td> <td width="177">F (6th octave) 698.45</td> <td width="78">32.55 Hz</td> <td width="87">731 Hz</td> <td width="110">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"></td> <td width="177">G (6th octave) 783.99</td> <td width="78"></td> <td width="87"></td> <td width="110"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/854.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 3</span></a></td> <td width="177">Ab (6th octave) 830.60</td> <td width="78">20.4 Hz</td> <td width="87">851 Hz</td> <td width="110">-34 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/961.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 4</span></a></td> <td width="177">Bb (6th octave) 932.32</td> <td width="78">28.68 Hz</td> <td width="87">961 Hz</td> <td width="110">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1061.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 5</span></a></td> <td width="177">C (7th octave) 1046.50</td> <td width="78">8.5 Hz</td> <td width="87">1055 Hz</td> <td width="110">-36 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"></td> <td width="177">Db (7th octave) 1108.73</td> <td width="78"></td> <td width="87"></td> <td width="110"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1247.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 6</span></a></td> <td width="177">Eb (7th octave) 1244.50</td> <td width="78">11.5 Hz</td> <td width="87">1256 Hz</td> <td width="110">-33 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1421.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 7</span></a></td> <td width="177">F (7th octave) 1396.91</td> <td width="78">45.09 Hz</td> <td width="87">1442 Hz</td> <td width="110">-40 dB</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"></td> <td width="177">G 7th octave) 1567.982.</td> <td width="78"></td> <td width="87"></td> <td width="110"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="101"><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/1666.mp3"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Pipe 8</span></a></td> <td width="177">Ab (7th octave) 1661.21</td> <td width="78">34.79 Hz</td> <td width="87">1696 Hz</td> <td width="110">-32 dB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4>Why is the first pipe so “out of tune”?</h4> <p>It is likely that the whole set of pipes is tuned a bit sharp (or the cutting lathe for the recording was running slower than 78 rpm). Even considering that ,one oddity that stands out – the first pipe plays a E, and the 6th pipe plays an Eb. This causes some problems when determining the scale and mode of the instrument, although I’m certain it did not bother Thomas at all–the sharpened E is always used to slide into the F pipe, and is never played on it’s own. In other words, it might be a “blue” note, used for effect.</p> <p>It may be that cane was not available in a proper size for a longer pipe to play Eb, or it may just be that this is the effect that Thomas wanted. In any case, it works very well in the context of the song. The Eb in the second octave is played as a true scale element, and is used much more often (10 seconds total, compared to 2 total for the first pipe).</p> <h4>The easy way: a simple set of pipes in G Pentatonic</h4> <p>For ease of playing with other instruments such as the guitar, it makes sense to assume that the recording is about a semitone fast, and that the first note is un-intentionally sharp. If you take the values shown above and drop them by about a semitone, and flatten the first pipe to match it’s octave, you end up with a pentatonic scale in the key of G, starting on the note D. This is a very reasonable pitch to use for a set if all you want to do is play quills.</p> <p>Given those pitches, we still need to know two things before we can make a pipe – the length of the pipe and it’s internal diameter that would provide the pitches shown in the chart. Since there is no easy way of calculating this, I did some empirical research on the physics of stopped pipes which can be found at the following page:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Acoustics%20of%20Pan%20Pipes/Pan%20Pipes.htm"><span style="color:#0066cc;">The Acoustics of Pan Pipes</span></a>.</p> <table id="table6" border="0" width="426" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <colgroup> <col width="147" /> <col width="175" /> <col width="104" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" height="17">Adjusted pitch</td> <td align="left" width="175">Estimated internal length from graph</td> <td align="left" width="104">Internal diameter Bore</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">G</td> <td>53.8</td> <td>4.55</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">E</td> <td>63.12</td> <td>5.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">D</td> <td>70.85</td> <td>6.44</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">B</td> <td>84.26</td> <td>7.66</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">A</td> <td>94.58</td> <td>8.60</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">G</td> <td>106.16</td> <td>9.65</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style1" height="17">E</td> <td>126.24</td> <td>11.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">D</td> <td>141.7</td> <td>12.88</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The numbers are far more precise than are needed for an instrument made out of a irregular material like bamboo. The bore can be a good bit larger or smaller (experiment with what gives you a good, strong sound). You should start each pipe longer than you think you need by at least a couple of mm. You can always make a pipe shorter, but never a longer. One way is by melting wax into the pipe to raise its sound. If you do that, don’t leave the instrument in a hot car.</p> <h4>The hard way: what size pipes match the recording?</h4> <p>On the other hand, you might just want an instrument just like Thomas used. Knowing what we know about the acoustics of stopped pipes, what would this set of pipes have looked like?</p> <p>The first step here is to figure out what size pipes (length and width) would provide the pitches shown in the chart. Since there is no easy way of calculating this, I did some research on the physics of stopped pipes which can be found at the following page:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Acoustics%20of%20Pan%20Pipes/Pan%20Pipes.htm"><span style="color:#0066cc;">The Acoustics of Pan Pipes</span></a>.</p> <p>Based on the information on that page, the following values look like good starting points for making a reproduction of Thomas’s instrument to match the pitch of the recordings.</p> <table id="table4" border="0" width="426" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <colgroup> <col width="147" /> <col width="175" /> <col width="104" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" width="147" height="17">Pitch from recording</td> <td align="left" width="175">Estimated internal length from graph</td> <td align="left" width="104">Internal diameter Bore</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">1696</td> <td>49.07</td> <td>4.46</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">1442</td> <td>57.72</td> <td>5.62</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">1256</td> <td>66.26</td> <td>6.30</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">1055</td> <td>78.89</td> <td>7.31</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">961</td> <td>86.60</td> <td>7.93</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">851</td> <td>97.80</td> <td>8.82</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">731</td> <td>113.85</td> <td>10.11</td> </tr> <tr> <td height="17">684</td> <td>121.68</td> <td>10.73</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4>What material were the quills made of?</h4> <p>Now that we know how many pipes were in the instrument and roughly what the length and diameter of the pipes would have been, the next step is to find the appropriate materials. Many historical sources that mention the quills mention that they were made of cane. In the American south, this can be only one plant–Arundinaria Gigantea, also known as Southern Cane, Switch Cane, and Canebrake Bamboo. It is the only native bamboo found in North America, and is common in southern states. For more information, see the page:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/Cane.htm"><span style="color:#0066cc;">Cane</span></a>.</p> <p>If you live in the south, cane might be a real possibility, but if not bamboo is a adequate second choice, and that is where I focused my attention. Another good source is South-American “trade” panpipes, which are often sold in import stores. The cane in these instruments is thin-walled, and the pipes are usually finished enough to play well. A good friend and neighbor, Chris (who has helped me with my work and research for this web page) has created an excellent set using this method:</p> <p><img class="style6" src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/Girl%20scout%20camping%20trip%20summer%202008%20012_small.JPG" alt="Girl scout camping trip summer 2008 012.JPG (2243002 bytes)" width="100" height="133" /><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/Girl%20scout%20camping%20trip%20summer%202008%20016.JPG"><img class="style6" src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/Girl%20scout%20camping%20trip%20summer%202008%20016_small.JPG" alt="Girl scout camping trip summer 2008 016.JPG (4121026 bytes)" width="100" height="75" /></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://normsohl.com/Quills/Girl%20scout%20camping%20trip%20summer%202008%20020.JPG"><img class="style6" src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Quills/Girl%20scout%20camping%20trip%20summer%202008%20020_small.JPG" alt="Girl scout camping trip summer 2008 020.JPG (2926328 bytes)" width="100" height="75" /></a></p> </div> </article> <article id="post-242" class="post-242 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-acoustics tag-acoustics tag-musical-instruments tag-panpipes tag-quills"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/14/practical-acoustics-of-the-pan-pipes/" rel="bookmark">Practical Acoustics of pan Pipes</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/14/practical-acoustics-of-the-pan-pipes/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2011-01-14T12:00:00+00:00">January 14, 2011</time><time class="updated" datetime="2016-03-03T08:30:16+00:00">March 3, 2016</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/14/practical-acoustics-of-the-pan-pipes/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img data-attachment-id="128" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/chris2large/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg" data-orig-size="3072,2304" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"2.6","credit":"","camera":"Canon PowerShot A570 IS","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1213735425","copyright":"","focal_length":"5.8","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Chris2large" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-128 alignleft" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg" alt="Chris2large" width="371" height="278" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=371&h=278 371w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=742&h=556 742w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=150&h=113 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chris2large.jpg?w=300&h=225 300w" sizes="(max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px" />As of this writing, there is no good source of practical information available regarding the construction of pan pipes, so I did a couple of tests to establish some general principles for pan-pipe scaling. The question I was trying to answer was:</p> <p>Given a pitch, what is the ideal internal length and diameter of the pipe?</p> <p>Since cane is a natural material, it will not conform to the precise dimensions defined here, however these numbers should provide a reasonable starting point for experimentation.</p> <h2>Length</h2> <p>Acousticians say that the sounding length of a stopped tube (such as a panpipe pipe) is 1/4 the wavelength of the sound produced. In actual practice, the open end of the pipe “loads” the resonating chamber, and the formula I have come up with, (based on simple tests using Lucite tubes of various lengths) is this:</p> <p><b>Sounding length = 2.4123*Wavelength</b></p> <p>The wavelength of a pitch can be determined as follows:</p> <p><b>Wavelength = speed of sound / frequency</b></p> <p>Given a sea level speed of sound of 345 meters per second, this produces the values shown in the following graph. The red line is an idealized curve of all notes between F#3 (261.63) and A#6 (1864.66). The dark blue indicates values physically determined from cut Lucite tubes, and the green line are the intervals from Henry Thomas’s Bull Doze Blues, which is a early blues recording featuring the rare American panpipe, the Quills – which is what got me thinking about this in the first place.</p> <p><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/Acoustics%20of%20Pan%20Pipes/Idealized%20pipe%20length.JPG" alt="" width="1146" height="802" border="0" /></p> <p>The following is the table used to calculate the values for the idealized curve shown in the graph above.</p> <table id="table1" border="0" width="539" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <colgroup> <col width="120" /> <col width="147" /> <col span="2" width="104" /> <col width="64" /></colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td width="120" height="51"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"> Note </span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Frequency (Hz)</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Calculated wave length (mm)</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Pipe length (mm)</span></td> <td width="64"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Pipe width (mm)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span><span class="font0">/G</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">185</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1864.9</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">449.87</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">40.90</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">196</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1760.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">424.62</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">38.60</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span><span class="font0">/A</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">207.65</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1661.4</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">400.80</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">36.44</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">220</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1568.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">378.30</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">34.39</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span><span class="font0">/B</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">233.08</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1480.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">357.07</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">32.46</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">B<span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">246.94</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1397.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">337.03</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">30.64</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">261.63</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1318.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">318.11</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">28.92</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span><span class="font0">/D</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">277.18</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1244.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">300.26</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">27.30</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">293.66</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1174.8</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">283.41</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">25.76</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span><span class="font0">/E</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">311.13</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1108.9</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">267.50</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">24.32</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">E<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">329.63</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1046.6</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">252.48</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">22.95</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">349.23</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">987.9</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">238.31</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">21.66</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span><span class="font0">/G</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">369.99</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">932.5</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">224.94</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">20.45</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">392</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">880.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">212.31</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">19.30</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span><span class="font0">/A</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">415.3</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">830.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">200.40</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">18.22</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">440</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">784.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">189.15</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">17.20</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span><span class="font0">/B</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">466.16</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">740.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">178.54</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">16.23</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">B<span class="font5"><sub>4</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">493.88</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">698.6</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">168.51</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">15.32</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font5"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">523.25</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">659.3</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">159.06</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">14.46</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="18"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>5</sub></span><span class="font0">/D</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">554.37</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">622.3</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">150.13</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">13.65</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font7"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">587.33</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">587.4</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">141.70</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">12.88</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font9"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span><span class="font8">/E</span><span class="font9"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">622.25</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">554.4</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">133.75</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">12.16</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">E<span class="font7"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">659.26</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">523.3</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">126.24</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">11.48</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">698.46</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">493.9</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">119.16</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">10.83</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>5</sub></span><span class="font0">/G</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">739.99</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">466.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">112.47</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">10.22</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font7"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">783.99</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">440.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">106.16</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">9.65</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font9"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span><span class="font8">/A</span><span class="font9"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">830.61</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">415.4</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">100.20</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">9.11</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font7"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">880</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">392.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">94.58</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">8.60</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font9"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span><span class="font8">/B</span><span class="font9"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">932.33</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">370.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">89.27</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">8.12</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">B<span class="font7"><sub>5</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">987.77</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">349.3</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">84.26</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">7.66</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1046.5</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">329.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">79.53</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">7.23</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">C<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span><span class="font0">/D</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1108.73</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">311.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">75.06</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">6.82</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font7"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1174.66</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">293.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">70.85</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">6.44</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">D<span class="font9"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span><span class="font8">/E</span><span class="font9"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1244.51</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">277.2</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">66.87</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">6.08</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">E<span class="font7"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1318.51</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">261.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">63.12</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">5.74</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1396.91</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">247.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">59.58</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">5.42</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">F<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span><span class="font0">/G</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1479.98</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">233.1</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">56.23</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">5.11</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font7"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1567.98</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">220.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">53.08</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">4.83</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">G<span class="font9"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span><span class="font8">/A</span><span class="font9"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font10"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1661.22</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">207.7</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">50.10</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">4.55</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1760</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">196.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">47.29</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">4.30</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120" height="21"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">A<span class="font6"><sup>#</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span><span class="font0">/B</span><span class="font6"><sup>b</sup></span><span class="font5"><sub>6</sub></span></span></td> <td width="147"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">1864.66</span></td> <td width="104"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">185.0</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">44.63</span></td> <td align="right"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">4.06</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Diameter</h2> <p>I’ve found that a ratio of between 10 to 1 and 15 to 1 for length to bore works well. I have been using 11 or 12 to 1 in my experiments, and 11 to 1 is used in the example above. Good sounding pipes can diverge from this value and still sound well, which is a good thing because bamboo or cane is rarely exactly the size you need.</p> <p>More information on panpipes and the quills can be found in the following posts:</p> <p><a href="https://sohlblog.wordpress.com/2007/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/">The Quills: the forgotten American folk woodwind</a></p> <p><a href="https://sohlblog.wordpress.com/2007/01/18/reconstructing-the-quills-a-lost-american-panpipe/">Reconstructing the quills, a lost American panpipe</a></p> </div> </article> <article id="post-264" class="post-264 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized tag-panpipes tag-quills"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/02/cane/" rel="bookmark">Break cane for fun and profit</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/02/cane/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2011-01-02T12:00:00+00:00">January 2, 2011</time><time class="updated" datetime="2016-03-03T06:57:04+00:00">March 3, 2016</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2011/01/02/cane/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img data-attachment-id="269" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2011/01/02/cane/cane/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif" data-orig-size="400,300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cane" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif?w=400" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-269" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif" alt="cane" width="400" height="300" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif 400w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif?w=150&h=113 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cane.gif?w=300&h=225 300w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></p> <p>Arundinaria Gigantea Known as:</p> <ul> <li>Cane</li> <li>Southern Cane</li> <li>Cane Reed</li> <li>Switchcane</li> <li>Canebrake Bamboo</li> <li>Macon Rivercane (a specific variety available as an ornamental plant)</li> </ul> <p>I’ve collected this information from many sources on the web, while I searched for a source of cane for my <a href="https://sohlblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/the-quills-the-forgotten-american-folk-woodwind/">Quills</a> project. I put it here for the benefit of those who don’t want to spend the time searching.</p> <p>The plant is native to the southern U.S. Although cleared to near extinction, it still can be found in wetlands and well drained floodplain forests. It is found in canebrakes, thick clusters of plants that grow up to 25 feet high and up to a diameter of 1 and even two inches.</p> <p>It is the largest native member of the bamboo family to grow in the United States, and its stalks have been used historically for fishing poles, baskets, blowguns, as well as to make quills and fifes. The young shoots are edible.</p> <p>It was an important forage food for animals, and is said to be a favorite food of the <strong>caterpillars of the southern pearly eye butterfly. </strong></p> <p>Unlike most other grasses, cane possesses evergreen stems which survive for up to 10 years. The extinction of the Carolina Warbler is said to be linked to the clearing of the southern cane brakes. Cane is easily distinguished from other grasses by its stout, hollow, jointed stems. The plant can withstand extreme temperatures of-15 or -25 degrees to 105 degrees, depending on the variety.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Distrubution of </strong><strong>Arundinaria Gigantea</strong>, from <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/home_page.html">http://plants.usda.gov/home_page.html</a></p> <p>The cane used for quills should be 4 to 5 years old, to give the walls of the plant time to harden. If you choose to grow cane, remember that the plant has aggressive runners, so a root shield should be used to contain the stand of plants.</p> <p>Cane has been cleared from most areas by farmers in the south, but still can be found in river wetlands and marshes. It is also grown as an ornamental plant, and can be purchased from a number of dealers in different parts of the country. In the Pacific Northwest, (where cane does not grow natively), there are several sources, including the following:</p> <p><strong>Bamboo Gardens</strong></p> <p>A specialty retail and wholesale nursery</p> <p>Location:</p> <p>196th Ave NE & Highway 202, Redmond. Mailing address:</p> <p>5016-192nd Place NE Redmond, WA 98074</p> <p><strong>Phone</strong> 425-868-5166 <strong>Fax</strong> 425-868-5360 I purchased my plant from these people and found them very friendly and supportive of the project. The only problem so far is that the plant I now own will take several years to reach the size needed to produce good, strong cane. Because of this, I am also looking for a source of mature southern cane, if you have one to suggest!</p> </div> </article> <article id="post-276" class="post-276 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-historical-musical-instruments category-uncategorized tag-bagpipes tag-grand-cornemuse tag-musical-instruments"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/" rel="bookmark">A French grand cornemuse, 18th c, private collection</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2005-06-15T12:00:00+00:00">June 15, 2005</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-08-26T23:16:48+00:00">August 26, 2021</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p align="left">The instrument is incomplete, with some parts modern.  The chanter is known to be original, and the top joint of the bass drone known to be a reproduction. These images are based on full-size xerox originals, which are (unfortunately) the best quality images I have at hand.  The pewter inlay is particularly spectacular on this instrument.</p> <p align="left">The images have been scaled to fit on the page, but the files are actually at much higher resolution.   They can be downloaded and viewed in any image editing program.  These images are not displayed to scale on this page, but the source images should scale correctly.</p> <p align="left">These are from my own working notes, with no guarantee regarding the information’s accuracy.   I’ve included this information simply because it is not documented elsewhere, and it may be of value to others.  If you have more to add, please comment.</p> <hr> <h2 align="left">Chanter</h2> <p><img data-attachment-id="508" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/composite_chanter-3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png" data-orig-size="2000,300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Composite_Chanter" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-508" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png" alt="Composite_Chanter" width="2000" height="300" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png 2000w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=150&h=23 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=300&h=45 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=768&h=115 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_chanter.png?w=1024&h=154 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px"></p> <p>LOA:                 635</p> <ul> <li> <p align="left">tenon:              32.4         dia: 22.2</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">Chanter top:    64           dia: 25.7</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">Bell                  635         dia: 66</p> </li> </ul> <p align="left">bore:</p> <ul> <li> <p align="left">Staple socket:  0 to 35, about dia 7</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">Bore throat:    35         dia about 4</p> </li> </ul> <p align="left">Fingerholes:  Hole diameter from tracing, actual hole throat a bit smaller.</p> <ul> <li> <p align="left">Th:    139        dia: 5</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">1        170         dia: 6</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">2        202         dia: 7</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">3        232         dia: 8.5</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">4        301         dia: 9</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">5        335         dia: 9×12</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">6        373         dia: 8.5</p> </li> <li> <p align="left">7        405         dia: 6.5    doubled in renaissance style, one hole plugged with wax</p> </li> </ul> <hr> <h2 align="center">Top joint, Bass Drone</h2> <p><img data-attachment-id="507" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/composite_bass_drone-top_joint-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png" data-orig-size="1397,193" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Composite_Bass_Drone–Top_Joint" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-507" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png" alt="Composite_Bass_Drone--Top_Joint" width="1397" height="193" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png 1397w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=150&h=21 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=300&h=41 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=768&h=106 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-top_joint.png?w=1024&h=141 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1397px) 100vw, 1397px"></p> <p style="text-align:left;" align="center">LOA: 453</p> <p>Bore:   9.4</p> <hr> <h2 align="left">Middle Joint, Bass Drone</h2> <p><img data-attachment-id="506" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png" data-orig-size="1399,169" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Composite_Bass_Drone–Middle_Joint" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-506" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png" alt="Composite_Bass_Drone--Middle_Joint" width="1399" height="169" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png 1399w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=150&h=18 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=300&h=36 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=768&h=93 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/composite_bass_drone-middle_joint.png?w=1024&h=124 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1399px) 100vw, 1399px"></p> <h2 align="left">LOA:  442</h2> <p>Bore:   9.1</p> <hr> <h2 align="left">Bottom Joint, Bass Drone</h2> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="294" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg" data-orig-size="1348,146" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Composite_Bass_Drone–Lower_Joint" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-294" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg" alt="Composite_Bass_Drone--Lower_Joint" width="1348" height="146" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg 1348w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=150&h=16 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=300&h=32 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=768&h=83 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/composite_bass_drone-lower_joint.jpg?w=1024&h=111 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1348px) 100vw, 1348px"></p> <p align="left">LOA:  442</p> <p align="left">Bore:   7.5</p> <hr> <p align="center"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/normsohl.com/vw/HistoricalBagpipes/Grand%20Cornemuse/Sources/Stock-Drone.gif" alt="Stock-Drone.BMP (35400 bytes)" width="219" height="156"></p> <p align="center">Base Drone Stock</p> <hr> <h2 align="left">Blowpipe</h2> <p><img data-attachment-id="501" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/blowpipe-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png" data-orig-size="639,131" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="BlowPipe" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png?w=639" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-501" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png" alt="BlowPipe" width="639" height="131" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png 639w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png?w=150&h=31 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/06/blowpipe.png?w=300&h=62 300w" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px"></p> <hr> <p> </p> <p align="center"><img data-attachment-id="307" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/2005/06/15/a-french-grand-cornemuse-18th-c-private-collection/tracings/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif" data-orig-size="606,816" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="tracings" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif?w=223" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif?w=606" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif" alt="tracings" width="606" height="816" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif 606w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif?w=111&h=150 111w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tracings.gif?w=223&h=300 223w" sizes="(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px"></p> <p align="center">Some rough rubbings of inlays</p> </div> </article> <article id="post-327" class="post-327 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-historical-musical-instruments tag-musical-instruments tag-original-instruments tag-renaissance-recorder tag-woodwinds"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/" rel="bookmark">3d renderings of renaissance recorders</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="1996-02-02T07:42:00+00:00">February 2, 1996</time><time class="updated" datetime="2016-03-05T01:12:30+00:00">March 5, 2016</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://sohl.com/author/normsohl/">Norm Sohl</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img data-attachment-id="359" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/consort/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg" data-orig-size="300,386" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="consort" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg?w=233" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg?w=300" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-359 alignright" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg" alt="consort" width="300" height="386" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg?w=117&h=150 117w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/consort.jpg?w=233&h=300 233w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />Renaissance recorders were popular throughout Europe from about 1500 to 1650. They were among the most popular “consort” instruments, meaning that they were played in groups (or consorts). A typical consort for renaissance recorders would be made up of one alto, two tenors, and a bass instrument. Michael Praetorius, writing in 1618, expressed a preference for a consort made up of a tenor, two bass recorders, and a great bass. Praetorius also mentions an “ideal” consort made up of 21 instruments, made in 7 different sizes. He illustrated these instruments in his encyclopedic <em>Syntagma Musicum</em>.</p> <p>These instruments were meant to play in small groups at one time–the alto-tenor-tenor-bass consort mentioned above would be played together, just as a tenor-bass-bass-great bass consort would have been used to provide contrast and variety.</p> <p><b>The renaissance recorder in the 20th Century</b></p> <p>The second half of the century has seen a huge revival of interest in early music, especially that of the recorder. Most of that interest has been focused on primarily solo instruments such as the baroque recorder. A few dedicated professional builders make reproductions of renaissance recorders, but sadly none of the major companies (even those with recorder lines called “renaissance”) have produced instruments which bear much resemblance to the original.</p> <p><b>Notes for the illustrations:</b></p> <p>These images are entirely computer generated, rendered with Persistence Of Vision raytracer version 3.0., a free (and excellent) ray-tracer. In 9997, that was pretty cutting edge, but a little dated now. Because the models used to generate these images were based on measurements I and many others have made from the original instruments, they actually make (when printed full size) reasonable working drawings. I have attempted to make them as accurate as possible–usually well beyond the resolution of the rendered image–still, remember that these are reproductions, and not images of the original instrument, with whatever artistic license that implies.</p> <hr /> <h2>Renaissance Alto Recorder</h2> <h4>Virtual reproduction after instrument in Vienna, Collection #8527</h4> <p><img data-attachment-id="365" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/altosideview-3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AltoSideView" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-365" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg" alt="AltoSideView" width="600" height="60" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="366" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/altosideview2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AltoSideView2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-366" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg" alt="AltoSideView2" width="600" height="60" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview2-1.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="362" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/altosideview3/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AltoSideView3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-362" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg" alt="AltoSideView3" width="600" height="60" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosideview3.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="360" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/altosidecutaway-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="altosidecutaway" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-360" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg" alt="altosidecutaway" width="600" height="60" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/altosidecutaway1.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="368" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/palto/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg" data-orig-size="554,124" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="palto" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg?w=554" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-368" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg" alt="palto" width="599" height="133" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg 554w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg?w=150&h=34 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/palto.jpg?w=300&h=67 300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px" /></p> <p> </p> <hr /> <h2>Renaissance Tenor Recorder</h2> <h3>Virtual reproduction after instrument in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, access # 89.4.3133</h3> <p><img data-attachment-id="375" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/tenorsidefront/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="TenorSideFront" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-375" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg" alt="TenorSideFront" width="740" height="74" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsidefront.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="374" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/tenorside/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="tenorSide" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-374" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg" alt="tenorSide" width="721" height="72" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorside.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="372" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/tenorsideback/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="TenorSideBack" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-372" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg" alt="TenorSideBack" width="851" height="85" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorsideback.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px" /></p> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="373" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/tenorcut2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="tenorcut2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-373" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg" alt="tenorcut2" width="942" height="94" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/tenorcut2.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="370" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/ptenor/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg" data-orig-size="600,92" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ptenor" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-370" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg" alt="ptenor" width="751" height="115" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg?w=150&h=23 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/ptenor.jpg?w=300&h=46 300w" sizes="(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px" /></p> <hr /> <p> </p> <h2>Renaissance Basset Recorder</h2> <p>Virtual reproduction based on measurements taken from instrument in Brussels (collection number 4357)</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="352" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetcutaway1000/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,100" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="bassetcutaway1000" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-352" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg" alt="bassetcutaway1000" width="810" height="81" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=810&h=81 810w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=768&h=77 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="345" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetall1000/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,100" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="BassetAll1000" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-345" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg" alt="BassetAll1000" width="760" height="76" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=760&h=76 760w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg?w=768&h=77 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetall1000.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></p> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="376" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetcapfont600-2/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg" data-orig-size="600,60" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="BassetCapFont600" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-376" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg" alt="BassetCapFont600" width="780" height="78" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcapfont6001.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="352" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetcutaway1000/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,100" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="bassetcutaway1000" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-352" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg" alt="bassetcutaway1000" width="790" height="79" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=790&h=79 790w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg?w=768&h=77 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetcutaway1000.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px" /></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="348" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetblockkey1000/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,100" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="bassetblockkey1000" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=788" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-348" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg" alt="bassetblockkey1000" width="810" height="81" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=810&h=81 810w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=150&h=15 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=300&h=30 300w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg?w=768&h=77 768w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetblockkey1000.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px" /></p> <p> </p> <p><img data-attachment-id="369" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/pbasset/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg" data-orig-size="600,181" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="pbasset" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg?w=600" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-369" src="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg" alt="pbasset" width="879" height="265" srcset="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg 600w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg?w=150&h=45 150w, https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/pbasset.jpg?w=300&h=91 300w" sizes="(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><b><i>Original contents of this page copyright by Norman Sohl, 1997</i></b></p> <p><b><i><img data-attachment-id="357" data-permalink="https://sohl.com/1996/02/02/renrecorders/bassetdetail6-1/" data-orig-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetdetail6-1.jpg" data-orig-size="300,180" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="BassetDetail6 (1)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetdetail6-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://sohl.com/wp-content/uploads/1996/02/bassetdetail6-1.jpg?w=300" 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