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0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> is a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic language</a> with four <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">national standards</a>. The Eastern Herzegovinian <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Neo-Shtokavian dialect</a> forms the basis for <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> (the four national standards). Standard Serbo-Croatian has 30 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> according to the traditional analysis: 25 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and 5 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (or 10, if long vowels are analysed as distinct phonemes). It features four types of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, although it is not the characteristics of all dialects. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> system of Serbo-Croatian has 25 phonemes. One peculiarity is a presence of both <a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a>, but a lack of corresponding <a href="/wiki/Palatal_fricative" title="Palatal fricative">palatal fricatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moren-1">[1]</a> Unlike most other Slavic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, there is no <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> versus non-palatalized (hard–soft) contrast for most consonants. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>) <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/m/ is labiodental [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>] before /f, v/, as in tramvaj [trǎɱʋaj],<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a> whereas /n/ is velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before /k, ɡ/, as in stanka [stâːŋka].<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a></li> <li>/t, d, s, z, t͡s/ are dental, whereas /n, l, r/ are alveolar.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landau66-4">[4]</a> /n, l/ become laminal denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>] before dental consonants.</li> <li>/ʎ/ is palato-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">l̻ʲ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (approximant).<a href="#cite_note-Moren-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6">[6]</a></li> <li>/t͡s, f, x/ are voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d͡z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] before voiced consonants.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Glottal stop [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] may be inserted between vowels across word boundary, as in i onda [iː ʔônda].<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Croatian[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] has more allophones: <ul><li>/ʂ, ʐ/ are retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a></li> <li>/x/ is retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] when it is initial in a consonant cluster, as in hmelj [hmêʎ].<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a></li></ul></li></ul> /r/ can be <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a>, short or long, and carry rising or falling tone, e.g. kȓv ('blood'), sȑce ('heart'), sŕna ('deer'), mȉlosr̄đe ('compassion'). It is typically realized by inserting a preceding or succeeding non-phonemic <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">vocalic glide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> /l/ is generally <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> or "dark" [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Diachronically, it was fully <a href="#L-vocalization">vocalized</a> into /o/ in coda positions, as in past participle *radil > radio ('worked').<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In some dialects, notably <a href="/wiki/Torlakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian">Torlakian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a>, that process did not take place, and /l/ can be syllabic as well. However, in the standard language, vocalic /l/ appears only in loanwords, as in the name for the Czech river Vltava for instance, or debakl, bicikl. Very rarely other sonorants are syllabic, such as /ʎ̩/ in the surname Štarklj and /n̩/ in njutn ('<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>'). The <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> consonants /ʂ, ʐ, tʂ, dʐ/ are, in more detailed phonetic studies, described as <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> [ʃ̺, ʒ̺, t̺ʃ̺ʷ, d̺ʒ̺ʷ].<a href="#cite_note-Moren-1">[1]</a> In most spoken Croatian idioms, as well as in some Bosnian, they are <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> (/ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/) instead, and there could be a complete or partial merger between /tʂ, dʐ/ and palatal affricates /tɕ, dʑ/.<a href="#cite_note-Cavar-13">[13]</a> where most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge the pairs č, ć /tʂ, tɕ/ and dž, đ /dʐ, dʑ/, into [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ]. <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal fricative">Alveolo-palatal fricatives</a> [ɕ, ʑ] are marginal phonemes, usually realized as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a> [sj, zj]. However, the emerging Montenegrin standard has proposed <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">two additional letters</a>, Latin ⟨Ś⟩, ⟨Ź⟩ and Cyrillic ⟨С́⟩, ⟨З́⟩, for the phonemic sequences /sj, zj/, which may be realized phonetically as [ɕ, ʑ]. Voicing contrasts are <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutralization (linguistics)">neutralized</a> in <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, so that all <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> are either voiced or voiceless depending on the voicing of the final consonant, though this process of voicing assimilation may be blocked by syllable boundaries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Croatian_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Croatian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Croatian_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Croatian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Croatian_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Croatian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Vowel space of Serbo-Croatian from <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:67). The diphthong /ie/ occurs in some Croatian and Serbian dialects. <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a> [ə] only occurs allophonically.</figcaption></figure> The Serbo-Croatian <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system is symmetrically composed of five vowel qualities /a, e, i, o, u/.<a href="#cite_note-Moren-1">[1]</a> Although the difference between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a> is phonemic, it is not represented in standard orthography, as it is in <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak orthography</a>, except in dictionaries. Unstressed vowels are shorter than the stressed ones by 30% (in the case of short vowels) and 50% (in the case of long vowels).<a href="#cite_note-Landau68-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The long Ijekavian reflex of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">jat</a> is of disputed status. The prescriptive grammar <a href="#CITEREFBarićLončarićMalićZnika1997">Barić et al. (1997)</a> published by the foremost Croatian normative body—the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Croatian_Language_and_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics">Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics</a>, describes it as a diphthong,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> but this norm has been heavily criticized by phoneticians as having no foundation in the spoken language, the alleged diphthong being called a "phantom phoneme".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Thus the reflex of long jat, which is spelled as a <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> ⟨ije⟩ in standard Croatian, Bosnian and Ijekavian Serbian, represents the sequence /jeː/. Stressed vowels carry one of the two basic <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, rising and falling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pitch_accent">Pitch accent</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pitch accent">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect#Accentuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect § Accentuation</a></div> New Shtokavian dialects (which form the basis of the standard languages) allow two <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> on stressed syllables and have distinctive <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> and so distinguish four combinations, called <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>: short falling (ȅ), short rising (è), long falling (ȇ), and long rising (é).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Most speakers from Serbia and Croatia do not distinguish between short rising and short falling tones. They also pronounce most unstressed long vowels as short, with some exceptions, such as genitive plural endings.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Several Southern Serbian dialects, notably the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, lack vowel length and pitch accent, instead using a stress-based system, as well as differing from the standard language in stress placement. These are considered <a href="/wiki/Barbarism_(linguistics)" title="Barbarism (linguistics)">barbarisms</a> which leads to varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Code_switching" class="mw-redirect" title="Code switching">code switching</a>. The accent can be on any syllable, but rarely on the last syllable.<a href="#cite_note-Note01-18">[Note 1]</a> This is relevant for Serbia, where educated speakers otherwise speak close to standard Serbian in professional contexts; this is less so in Croatia, where educated speakers often use a local Croatian variant which might have a quite different stress system. For example, even highly educated speakers in Zagreb will have no tones, and can have stress on any syllable. Accent alternations are very frequent in inflectional paradigms, in both quality and placement in the word (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mobile_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile paradigm">mobile paradigms</a>", which were present in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> itself and became much more widespread in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a>). Different inflected forms of the same lexeme can exhibit all four accents: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lonac#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lonac">lònac</a> /ˈlǒnats/ ('pot' nominative sg.), lónca /ˈlǒːntsa/ (genitive singular), lȏnci /ˈlôːntsi/ (nominative plural), lȍnācā /ˈlônaːtsaː/ (genitive plural). Research done by <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Ivi%C4%87" title="Pavle Ivić">Pavle Ivić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Lehiste" title="Ilse Lehiste">Ilse Lehiste</a> has shown that all stressed syllables of Serbo-Croatian words are basically spoken with a high tone and that native speakers rely on the phonetic tone of the first post-tonic syllable to judge the pitch accent of any given word.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> If the high tone of the stressed syllable is carried over to the first post-tonic syllable, the accent is perceived as rising. If it is not, the accent is perceived as falling, which is the reason monosyllabic words are always perceived as falling. Therefore, truly narrow phonetic transcriptions of lònac, lónca, lȏnci and lȍnācā are [ˈlónáts, ˈlóːntsá, ˈlóːntsì, ˈlónàˑtsàˑ] or the equivalent [ˈlo˥nats˥, ˈloːn˥tsa˥, ˈloːn˥tsi˩, ˈlo˥naˑ˩tsaˑ˩]. Transcriptions may also use secondary stress, as in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: [ˈloˌnats, ˈloːnˌtsa, ˈloːntsi, ˈlonaˑtsaˑ]. Ivić and Lehiste were not the first scholars to notice this; in fact, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Masing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonhard Masing (page does not exist)">Leonhard Masing</a> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthilf_Leonhard_Masing" class="extiw" title="et:Gotthilf Leonhard Masing">et</a>] made a very similar discovery decades earlier, but it was ignored due to his being a foreigner, and because it contradicted the Vukovian approach[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], which was then already well-ingrained.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Although distinctions of pitch occur only in stressed syllables, unstressed vowels maintain a length distinction. Pretonic syllables are always short, but posttonic syllables may be either short or long. These are traditionally counted as two additional accents. In the standard language, the six accents are realized as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Slavicist symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>ȅ</td> <td>ê</td> <td style="text-align: left;">short vowel with falling tone </td></tr> <tr> <td>ȇ</td> <td>êː</td> <td style="text-align: left;">long vowel with falling tone </td></tr> <tr> <td>è</td> <td>ě</td> <td style="text-align: left;">short vowel with rising tone </td></tr> <tr> <td>é</td> <td>ěː</td> <td style="text-align: left;">long vowel with rising tone </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td style="text-align: left;">non-tonic short vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td>ē</td> <td>eː</td> <td style="text-align: left;">non-tonic long vowel </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples are short falling as in nȅbo ('sky') /ˈnêbo/; long falling as in pȋvo ('beer') /ˈpîːvo/; short rising as in màskara ('eye makeup') /ˈmǎskara/; long rising as in čokoláda ('chocolate') /t͡ʂokoˈlǎːda/. Unstressed long syllables can occur only after the accented syllable, as in d(j)èvōjka ('girl') /ˈd(ј)ěvoːjka/ or dòstavljānje ('delivering') /ˈdǒstavʎaːɲe/. There can be more than one post-accent length in a word, notably in genitive plural of nouns: kȍcka ('cubes') → kȍcākā ('cubes''). Realization of the accents varies by region. Restrictions on the distribution of the accent depend, beside the position of the syllable, also on its quality, as not every kind of accent can be manifested in every syllable. <ol><li>Falling tone generally occurs in monosyllabic words or the first syllable of a word<a href="#cite_note-KordiSCpg8-22">[21]</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pas#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pas">pȃs</a> ('belt'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rog#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:rog">rȏg</a> ('horn'); <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baba#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:baba">bȁba</a> ('old woman'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/la%C4%91a#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lađa">lȃđa</a> ('river ship'); <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ku%C4%87ica#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:kućica">kȕćica</a> ('small house'), <a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Kȃrlovac</a>. The only exception to this rule are interjections, words uttered in the state of excitement (such as ahȁ, ohȏ)</li> <li>Rising tone generally occurs in any syllable of a word except the last one and so never occurs in monosyllabics<a href="#cite_note-KordiSCpg8-22">[21]</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voda#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:voda">vòda</a> 'water', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luka#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:luka">lúka</a> 'harbour'; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/livada#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:livada">lìvada</a> 'meadow', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lupanje#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lupanje">lúpānje</a> 'slamming'; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sirota#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:sirota">siròta</a> 'orphan', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/po%C4%8Detak#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:početak">počétak</a> 'beginning'; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crvoto%C4%8Dina#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:crvotočina">crvotòčina</a> 'wormhole', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oslobo%C4%91enje#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:oslobođenje">oslobođénje</a> 'liberation').</li></ol> Thus, monosyllabics generally have falling tone, and polysyllabics generally have falling or rising tone on the first syllable and rising in all the other syllables but the last one. The tonal opposition rising ~ falling is hence generally possible only in the first accented syllable of polysyllabic words, and the opposition by lengths, long ~ short, is possible in the accented syllable, as well as in the postaccented syllables (but not in a preaccented position). <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">Proclitics</a>, clitics that latch on to a following word, on the other hand, may "steal" a falling tone (but not a rising tone) from the following monosyllabic or disyllabic word. The stolen accent is always short and may end up being either falling or rising on the proclitic. The phenomenon (accent shift to proclitic) is most frequent in the spoken idioms of Bosnia, as in Serbian it is more limited (normally with the negation proclitic ne) and it is almost absent from Croatian Neo-Shtokavian idioms.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-6">[6]</a> Such a shift is less frequent for short rising accents than for the falling one (as seen in this example: /ʒěliːm/ → /ne ʒěliːm/). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">in isolation</th> <th colspan="4">with proclitic</th> <th rowspan="2">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Croatian</th> <th colspan="2">Serbian</th> <th>Bosnian </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">rising </td> <td>/ʒěliːm/</td> <td>'I want' </td> <td colspan="4">/neʒěliːm/</td> <td>'I don't want' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/zǐːma/</td> <td>'winter' </td> <td colspan="3">/uzîːmu/ </td> <td>/ûziːmu/</td> <td>'in the winter' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/nemoɡǔːtɕnoːst/</td> <td>'inability' </td> <td colspan="4">/unemoɡǔːtɕnosti/</td> <td>'not being able to' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">falling </td> <td>/vîdiːm/</td> <td>'I see' </td> <td colspan="4">/něvidiːm/</td> <td>'I can't see' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡrâːd/</td> <td>'city' </td> <td colspan="2">/uɡrâːd/ </td> <td colspan="2">/ûɡraːd/ </td> <td>'to the city' (stays falling) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʃûma/</td> <td>'forest' </td> <td colspan="2">/uʃûmi/ </td> <td colspan="2">/ǔʃumi/ </td> <td>'in the forest' (becomes rising) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphophonemic_alternations">Morphophonemic alternations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphophonemic alternations">edit</a>]</div> Serbo-Croatian exhibits a number of morphophonological alternations. Some of them are inherited from Proto-Slavic and are shared with other Slavic languages, and some of them are exclusive to Serbo-Croatian, representing later innovation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleeting_a">Fleeting a</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fleeting a">edit</a>]</div> The so-called "fleeting a" (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: nepóstojānō a), or "movable a", refers to the phenomenon of short /a/ making apparently random appearance and loss in certain inflected forms of nouns. This is a result of different types of reflexes Common Slavic <a href="/wiki/Yers" class="mw-redirect" title="Yers">jers</a> */ъ/ and */ь/, which in Štokavian and <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Čakavian</a> dialects merged to one schwa-like sound, which was lost in a <a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">weak position</a> and vocalized to */a/ in a <a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">strong position</a>, giving rise to what is apparently unpredictable alternation. In most of the cases, this has led to such /a/ appearing in word forms ending in consonant clusters,<a href="#cite_note-KordiSCpg7-23">[22]</a> but not in forms with vowel ending. The "fleeting a" is most common in the following cases:<a href="#cite_note-KordiSCpg7-23">[22]</a> <ul><li>in nominative singular, accusative singular for inanimate nouns, and genitive plural for certain type of masculine nouns: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borac#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:borac">bórac</a> ('fighter' nom. sg.) – bórca (gen. sg.) – bȏrācā (gen. pl.)</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/momak#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:momak">mòmak</a> ('young man' nom. sg.) – mòmka (gen. sg.) – momákā (gen. pl.)</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stolac#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:stolac">stòlac</a> ('chair' nom. sg.) – stólca (gen. sg.) – stȍlācā (gen. pl.)</dd></dl></li> <li>in genitive plural forms of feminine nouns ending in a consonant cluster: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/daska#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:daska">dàska</a> ('board') – dasákā, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sestra#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:sestra">sèstra</a> ('sister') – sestárā, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ba%C4%8Dva#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bačva">bȁčva</a> ('barrel') – bȁčāvā</dd></dl></li> <li>in nominative singular indefinite masculine forms of adjectives and pronouns: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kratak#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:kratak">kràtak</a> ('short') – kràtkī, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kakav#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:kakav">kàkāv</a> ('what kind of') – kàkvi, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sav#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:sav">sȁv</a> ('entire') – svȉ</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palatalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></div> The reflex of the Slavic first palatalization was retained in Serbo-Croatian as an alternation of <dl><dd>/k/ → /t͡ʂ/</dd> <dd>/ɡ/ → /ʐ/</dd> <dd>/x/ → /ʂ/</dd></dl> before /e/ in inflection, and before /j, i, e/ and some other segments in word formation.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> This alternation is prominently featured in several characteristic cases: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> singular of masculine nouns, where it is triggered by the ending -e: <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/junak#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:junak">jùnāk</a> ('hero') → jȕnāče,  <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vrag#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:vrag">vrȃg</a> ('devil') → vrȃže,  <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orah#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:orah">òrah</a> ('walnut') → òraše. It is, however, not caused by the same ending -e in accusative plural: junáke, vrȃge,<a href="#cite_note-Note02-25">[Note 2]</a> òrahe.</dd></dl></li> <li>in the present stem of certain verbs before the endings in -e: <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pe%C4%87i#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:peći">pȅći</a> ('to bake') – present stem pèk-; pèčēm ('I bake'), but pèkū ('they bake') without palatalization before the 3rd person plural ending -u</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stri%C4%87i#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:strići">strȉći</a> ('to shear') – present stem stríg-; strížem ('I shear'), but strígū ('they shear') without palatalization before the 3rd person plural ending -u</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mo%C4%87i#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:moći">mȍći</a> ('can') – present stem mog-; mȍžeš ('you can'), but mògu ('I can'), without the palatalization before the archaic 1st person singular ending -u</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>in aorist formation of some verbs: <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/re%C4%87i#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:reći">rȅći</a> ('to say') – rèkoh ('I said' aorist), as opposed to rȅče (2nd/3rd person singular aorist)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sti%C4%87i#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:stići">stȉći</a> ('to arrive') – stȉgoh ('I arrived' 1st person singular aorist), as opposed to stȉže (2nd/3rd person singular aorist)</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>in derivation of certain classes of nouns and verbs: <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muka#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:muka">mȕka</a> ('torment') → <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mu%C4%8Diti#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:mučiti">mȕčiti</a> ('to torment'); <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zrak#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zrak">zrȃk</a> ('air') → <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zra%C4%8Diti#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zračiti">zráčiti</a> ('to air'),  <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trag#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:trag">trȃg</a> ('trace') → <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tra%C5%BEiti#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tražiti">trážiti</a> ('to seek')</li> <li>slúga ('servant') → slúžiti ('to serve'),  njȗh ('the sense of smell') → njȕšiti ('to smell')</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>before the "fleeting a", and before the endings -an, -ji and several others: <dl><dd><ul><li>dȃh ('breath') → dášak ('puff'), Kartága ('Carthage') → Kartážanin ('Carthaginian'), bȏg ('god') → bȍžjī ('god's'), strȃh ('fear') → strášan ('fearsome')</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>a few words exhibit palatalization in which /ts/ and /z/ palatalize before vowels /e/ and /i/, yielding /ʂ/ and /ʐ/. Such palatals have often been leveled out in various derived forms. For example: <dl><dd><ul><li>strȋc ('uncle') – strȋče ('uncle!') – stríčev ('uncle's'), lòvac ('hunter') – lȏvče ('hunter!') – lóvčev ('hunter's'), zȇc ('hare') – zȇče ('hare!') – zȅčevi ('hares'), ȕlica ('street') – ȕličica ('alley'), ptȉca ('bird') – ptȉčica ('small bird') – ptičùrina ('big bird')</li> <li>vȉtēz ('knight') – vȉtēže ('knight!'), knȇz ('prince') – knȇže ('prince!')</li></ul></dd></dl></li></ul> There are some exceptions to the process of palatalization. The conditions are: <ul><li>before the diminutive suffix -ica <dl><dd><ul><li>mȁčka ('cat') → mȁčkica ('kitten'), p(j)ȅga ('freckle') → p(j)ȅgica ('small freckle'), bùha ('flea') → bùhica ('small flea')</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>before the possessive suffix -in in adjectives derived from hypocoristic nouns: <dl><dd><ul><li>báka ('grandma') → bákīn ('grandma's'), zéko ('bunny') → zékīn ('bunny's'), máca ('kitty') → mácin ('kitty's')</li></ul></dd></dl></li></ul> Doublets exist with adjectives derived with suffix -in from trisyllabic proper names: <ul><li>Dànica → Dàničin : Dànicin, Ȉvica → Ȉvičin : Ȉvicin, Ànkica → Ànkičin : Ànkicin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sibilantization">Sibilantization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sibilantization">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian phonology">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_third_palatalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic third palatalization">Slavic third palatalization</a></div> The output of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">second</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_third_palatalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic third palatalization">third</a> Slavic palatalization is in the Serbo-Croatian grammar tradition known as "sibilantization" (sibilarizácija/сибилариза́ција). It results in the following alternations before /i/: <dl><dd>/k/ → /ts/</dd> <dd>/ɡ/ → /z/</dd> <dd>/x/ → /s/</dd></dl> This alternation is prominently featured in several characteristic cases: <ul><li>in the imperative forms of verbs with stem ending in /k/, /ɡ/ and one verb in /x/: <ul><li>pȅći ('to bake' present stem) pèk-; pèci ('bake!' 2nd person singular imperative)</li> <li>strȉći ('to shear' present stem) stríg-; strízi ('shear!' 2nd person singular imperative)</li> <li>vȓći ('to thresh' present stem) vŕh-; vŕsi ('thresh!' 2nd person singular imperative)</li></ul></li> <li>in masculine nominative plurals with the ending -i: <ul><li>jùnāk ('hero') → junáci</li> <li>kr̀čag ('jug') → kr̀čazi</li> <li>prȍpūh ('draught [of air]') → prȍpūsi</li></ul></li> <li>in dative and locative singular of a-stem nouns (prevalently feminine): <ul><li>mȃjka ('mother') → mȃjci</li> <li>nòga ('leg') → nòzi</li> <li>snàha ('daughter-in-law') → snàsi</li></ul></li> <li>in dative, locative and instrumental plural of masculine o-stems: <ul><li>jùnāk ('hero') → junácima</li> <li>kr̀čag ('jug') → kr̀čazima</li></ul></li> <li>in the formation of imperfective verbs to perfective verbs: <ul><li>dȉgnuti ('to lift') – dȉzati ('to do lifting')</li> <li>uzdàhnuti ('to sigh') – ùzdisati ('to do sighing') but first-person singular present: ùzdišēm ('I sigh')</li></ul></li></ul> In two cases there is an exception to sibilantization: <ul><li>in nominative singular of masculine nouns: <ul><li>in monosyllabic borrowings: <dl><dd>Bȁsk ('Basque') →Bȁski, brȍnh ('bronchus') → brȍnhi, ȅrg → ȅrgi</dd></dl></li> <li>in anthroponyms in plural form, usually from a region where <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian dialect</a> is spoken: <dl><dd>Čȅhi ('Czechs'), Nȍvāki ('Novaks')</dd></dl></li> <li>some surnames that are not identical to some general noun of the standard language: <dl><dd>Srȅćko → Srȅćki, Zelénko → Zelénki</dd></dl></li> <li>with nouns having 'fleeting a' in the ending -cak <dl><dd>nátucak → nátucki</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>in dative and locative case of feminine and masculine a-stems <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorisms</a>: <dl><dd>báka ('grandmother') → báki, séka ('little sister') → séki, bráco ('little brother') →bráci, zéko ('bunny') → zéki, stríko ('uncle [affectionate]') → stríki</dd></dl></li> <li>in words whose stem ends in a single consonant: <dl><dd>dȅka ('blanket') →dȅki, kȕka ('hook') →kȕki, koléga ('colleague') →kolégi, pjȅga ('freckle') →pjȅgi, zȃliha ('supply') →zȃlihi</dd></dl></li> <li>in names and surnames <dl><dd>Jȇlka → Jȇlki, Lȗka → Lȗki, Jȁdrānka → Jȁdrānki</dd></dl></li> <li>in nouns ending in -cka, -čka, -ćka, -ska, -tka, -zga: <dl><dd>kȍcka ('cube') →kȍcki, tȍčka ('point') →tȍčki, prȁćka ('sling') →prȁćki, pljȕska ('slap') →pljȕski, pȁtka ('duck') →pȁtki, màzga ('mule') →màzgi</dd></dl></li> <li>in many <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a>: <dl><dd>Kȑka → Kȑki, Kartága ('Carthage') → Kartági</dd></dl></li> <li>in nouns ending in suffix -ka with stem-final <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>: <dl><dd>intelektùālka ('an intellectual' feminine) →intelektùālki, kàjkāvka ('Kajkavian speaker' feminine) →kàjkāvki, srednjòškōlka ('high school girl') →srednjòškōlki</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> Doublets are allowed in the following cases: <ul><li>nominative plural of some masculine borrowings: <dl><dd>flamìngo → flamìnzi : flamìngi</dd></dl></li> <li>in nominative plural of surnames who are identical with some general masculine noun: <dl><dd>Bȅg → Bȅgi : Bȅzi, Dȕh → Dȕhi : Dȕsi</dd></dl></li> <li>in nominative plural of masculine nouns with "fleeting a" and the ending -čak, -ćak or -đak <dl><dd>máčak ('cat' masculine) →máčki : máčci, òplećak ('<a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a>') →òplećki : òplećci, omeđak → omećki : omećci</dd></dl></li> <li>in dative and locative of some feminine toponyms with stem ending in a single consonant: <dl><dd>Líka → Líci : Líki</dd></dl></li> <li>in dative and locative of some toponyms ending in -ska, -ška: <dl><dd>Àljaska ('Alaska') → Àljaski : Àljasci, Gràdiška → Gràdiški : Gràdišci</dd></dl></li> <li>in dative and locative of some feminines ending in -ska, -tka, -vka: <dl><dd>gȕska ('goose') →gȕski : gȕsci, bȉtka ('battle') →bȉtki : bȉ(t)ci, trȃvka ('blade of grass') → trȃvci : trȃvki</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iotation">Iotation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iotation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">Iotation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assimilation">edit</a>]</div> There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant assimilation">consonant assimilation</a>: by voicing (jednačenje po zvučnosti) and by place of articulation (jednačenje po m(j)estu tvorbe). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation_of_voice">Assimilation of voice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assimilation of voice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></div> All consonants in clusters are neutralized by voicing, but Serbo-Croatian does not exhibit <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a> as most other Slavic languages do.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Assimilation is practically always regressive, i.e. voicing of the group is determined by voicing of the last consonant.<a href="#cite_note-zvucnost-27">[25]</a> Sonorants are exempted from assimilation, so it affects only the following consonants: <ul><li>/b/ ↔ /p/ <dl><dd>kobac ('hawk') →kobca : kopca (nominative → genitive, with fleeting a)</dd> <dd>top ('cannon') + džija → topdžija : tobdžija ('cannonman')</dd></dl></li> <li>/ɡ/ ↔ /k/ <dl><dd></dd> <dd>burek ('<a href="/wiki/Burek" class="mw-redirect" title="Burek">burek</a>') + džija → burekdžija : buregdžija ('burek-baker')</dd></dl></li> <li>/d/ ↔ /t/ <dl><dd>pod- ('under-') + platiti ('pay') → podplatiti : potplatiti ('to bribe')</dd> <dd></dd></dl></li> <li>/d͡ʐ/ ↔ /t͡ʂ/ <dl><dd></dd> <dd>vrač ('sorcerer') + -bina → vračbina : vradžbina ('witchcraft')</dd> <dd>uč- ('learn-') + -benik → učbenik : udžbenik ('textbook')</dd></dl></li> <li>/ʒ/ ↔ /ʃ/ <dl><dd>težak ('heavy') →težki : teški (singular → plural, with fleeting a)</dd> <dd></dd></dl></li> <li>/z/ ↔ /s/ <dl><dd>uzak ('narrow') →uzki : uski (singular → plural, with fleeting a)</dd> <dd>s- ('off-') + baciti ('throw') →sbaciti : zbaciti ('throw off')</dd></dl></li> <li>/n/ ↔ /m/ <dl><dd>stan ('apartment') →stanbena zgrada : stambena zgrada ('apartment building')</dd></dl></li></ul> Furthermore, /f/, /x/ and /ts/ don't have voiced counterparts, so they trigger the assimilation, but are not affected by it.<a href="#cite_note-zvucnost-27">[25]</a> As can be seen from the examples above, assimilation is generally reflected in orthography. However, there are numerous orthographic exceptions, i.e. even if voicing or devoicing does take place in speech, the orthography does not record it, usually to maintain the etymology clearer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation_by_place_of_articulation">Assimilation by place of articulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assimilation by place of articulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation (phonology)</a></div> Assimilation by place of articulation affects /s/ and /z/ in front of (post)alveolars /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʂ/, /d͡ʐ/, /tɕ/, /dʑ/, as well as palatals /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, producing /ʃ/ or /ʒ/:<a href="#cite_note-zvucnost-27">[25]</a> <ul><li>/s/ → /ʃ/ <dl><dd>pas ('dog') + -če → pašče ('small dog')</dd> <dd>list ('leaf') + -je → listće : lisće : lišće ('leaves')</dd> <dd>prositi ('to beg') + -nja → prosnja : prošnja ('begging')</dd> <dd>snositi ('to bear') + -ljiv → snosljiv : snošljiv ('bearable')</dd></dl></li> <li>/z/ → /ʒ/ <dl><dd>miraz ('dowry') + -džika → mirazdžika : miraždžika ('girl with dowry')</dd> <dd>grozd ('grape bunch') + -je → grozđe : grožđe ('grapes')</dd> <dd>paziti ('to care') + -nja → paznja : pažnja ('care')</dd> <dd>paziti ('to care') + -ljiv → pazljiv : pažljiv ('careful')</dd></dl></li></ul> Simultaneously, assimilation by voicing is triggered if necessary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: L-vocalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2011)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A historical /l/ in coda position has become /o/ and is now so spelled, and produces an additional syllable. For example, the Serbo-Croatian name of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> is Beograd. However, in Croatian, the process is partially reversed; compare Croatian stol, vol, sol vs. Serbian sto, vo, so ('table', 'ox' and 'salt'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample">edit</a>]</div> The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of <a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">The North Wind and the Sun</a> by a 57-year-old female announcer at the Croatian Television Network reading in a colloquial style.<a href="#cite_note-Landau66-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemic_transcription">Phonemic transcription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonemic transcription">edit</a>]</div> /sjêʋeːrniː lědeniː ʋjêtar i sûːnt͡se su se prěpirali o sʋǒjo:j snǎːzi/<a href="#cite_note-Landau69-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_transcription">Phonetic transcription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonetic transcription">edit</a>]</div> [sjêʋeˑrniˑ ɫědeniˑ ʋjêtar i sûːnt͡se su se prěpiraɫi o sʋǒjoˑj snǎːzi] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthographic_version_(Ijekavian)">Orthographic version (Ijekavian)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orthographic version (Ijekavian)">edit</a>]</div> Sjeverni ledeni vjetar i Sunce su se prepirali o svojoj snazi.<a href="#cite_note-Landau69-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Serbo-Croatian_standard_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Serbo-Croatian standard varieties">Differences between Serbo-Croatian standard varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">IPA/Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatian" title="Pluricentric language">Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_kinship" title="Serbo-Croatian kinship">Serbo-Croatian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause#Serbo-Croatian" title="Relative clause">Serbo-Croatian relative clauses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum#South_Slavic_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">South Slavic dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note01-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_18-0">^</a> Exceptions to this qualification, which is considered by some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] a prescriptive rule, include: paradàjz ('tomato' nominative sg.), which normally bears a short rising tone on the final syllable in the speech of educated speakers. fabrikànt ('manufacturer' nominative sg.), asistènt ('assistant' nominative sg.), apsolvènt ('student who has fulfilled all requirements except an honours thesis' nominative sg.), trafikànt ('sales assistant at a newsstand' nominative sg.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Note02-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Note02_25-0">^</a> This is a stylistically marked form: the usual plural form of vrȃg is with -ov- interfix: vrȁgovi; accusative plural: vrȁgove, but the infix is inhibiting the environment conditioning the palatalization, so the short plural form was provided. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moren-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moren_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moren_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moren_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moren_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorén2005">Morén (2005</a>:5–6) </li> <li id="cite_note-Landau68-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:68) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić (2006</a>:5) </li> <li id="cite_note-Landau66-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landau66_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau66_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:66) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazić1977">Jazić (1977</a>:?), cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:188) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWayles_BrownTheresa_Alt2004" class="citation cs2">Wayles Brown & Theresa Alt (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1">A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian</a>, SEELRC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Bosnian%2C+Serbian+and+Croatian&rft.pub=SEELRC&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Wayles+Brown&rft.au=Theresa+Alt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseelrc.org%3A8080%2Fgrammar%2Fmainframe.jsp%3FnLanguageID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:67) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrubetzkoy1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Trubetzkoy, N. S.</a> (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej6ENdUGS-UC&pg=PA59">Grundzüge der Phonologie</a> [Principles of phonology], translated by Baltaxe, Christine A. M., University of California Press, p. 59, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015357" title="Special:BookSources/9780520015357"><bdi>9780520015357</bdi></a>, <q>In Serbo-Croatian, and also in Bulgarian, the r is often found with a syllabic function. Usually this involves the combination of r plus a vocalic glide of indeterminate quality which sometimes occurs before and sometimes after the r, depending on the environment. The indeterminate vocalic glide that occurs before or after the r cannot be identified with any phoneme of the phonemic system, and the entire sequence of r plus (preceding or following) vocalic glide must be considered a single phoneme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+Phonologie&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780520015357&rft.aulast=Trubetzkoy&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEj6ENdUGS-UC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006">Gick et al. (2006</a>:?) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyn_JohnsonDavid_Britain2007" class="citation cs2">Wyn Johnson; David Britain (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/iep/9j&b.pdf">"L-vocalisation as a natural phenomenon: explorations in sociophonology"</a> (PDF), Language Sciences (29): 304</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=L-vocalisation+as+a+natural+phenomenon%3A+explorations+in+sociophonology&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=304&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Wyn+Johnson&rft.au=David+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englang.ed.ac.uk%2Fiep%2F9j%26b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevanović1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Stevanovi%C4%87_(linguist)" title="Mihailo Stevanović (linguist)">Stevanović, Mihailo</a> (1986). Савремени српскохрватски језик. Belgrade: Naučna knjiga. p. 82. <q>И при изговору сугласника ж и ш [...] врх се језика диже према предњем делу предњег непца, и овлаш га додирује на делу одмах иза алвеола.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Nau%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Stevanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mihailo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._A._Keating1991" class="citation book cs1">P. A. Keating (1991). "Coronal places of articulation". In C. Paradis; J.-F. Prunet (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/keating/coronals.pdf">The Special Status of Coronals</a> (PDF). Academic Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coronal+places+of+articulation&rft.btitle=The+Special+Status+of+Coronals&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=P.+A.+Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fkeating%2Fcoronals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavar-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavar_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĆavar2011">Ćavar (2011</a>:1) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarićLončarićMalićZnika1997">Barić et al. (1997</a>:49) "Prednji je i složeni samoglasnik, dvoglasnik (diftong) ie. Pri njegovu su izgovoru govorni organi najprije u položaju sličnom kao pri izgovoru glasa i, a onda postupno prelaze u položaj za izgovor glasa e. U hrvatskom književnom jeziku dvoglasnik je ie ravan diftong." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapović2007">Kapović (2007</a>:66) "Iako se odraz dugoga jata u kojem ijekavskom govoru možda i može opisati kao dvoglas, on tu u standardu sasma sigurno nije. Taj tobožnji dvoglas treba maknuti iz priručnikâ standardnoga jezika jer nema nikakve koristi od uvođenja fantomskih fonema bez ikakve podloge u standardnojezičnoj stvarnosti." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić,_Snježana1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/446647.rev_art_GRUBISIC.PDF">"Diletantski napisana gramatika: recenzija knjige Vinka Grubišića, Croatian Grammar"</a> [An amateurish grammar book: Review of the book Vinko Grubišić, Croatian Grammar] (PDF). Republika (in Serbo-Croatian). 54 (1–2). Zagreb: 254. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-1337">0350-1337</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3451649">3451649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=446647">CROSBI 446647</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/400820-0">400820-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6AB9wbwla?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/446647.rev_art_GRUBISIC.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republika&rft.atitle=Diletantski+napisana+gramatika%3A+recenzija+knjige+Vinka+Grubi%C5%A1i%C4%87a%2C+Croatian+Grammar&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=254&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3451649%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0350-1337&rft.au=Kordi%C4%87%2C+Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F446647.rev_art_GRUBISIC.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opak.crolib.hr/cgi-bin/unicat.cgi?form=D1990629045">(CROLIB)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander (2006</a>:356) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehisteIvić1963">Lehiste & Ivić (1963)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehisteIvić1986">Lehiste & Ivić (1986)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander (2006</a>:354) </li> <li id="cite_note-KordiSCpg8-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KordiSCpg8_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KordiSCpg8_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić (2006</a>:8) </li> <li id="cite_note-KordiSCpg7-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KordiSCpg7_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KordiSCpg7_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić (2006</a>:7) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1993">Browne (1993</a>:312) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenstowicz,_Abu-Mansour,_and_Törkenczy" class="citation cs2">Kenstowicz, Abu-Mansour, and Törkenczy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/kenstowicz/laryngeal_licensing.doc">Two notes on laryngeal licensing</a>, MIT, p. 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+notes+on+laryngeal+licensing&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=MIT&rft.au=Kenstowicz%2C+Abu-Mansour%2C+and+T%C3%B6rkenczy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fkenstowicz%2Flaryngeal_licensing.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-zvucnost-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zvucnost_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zvucnost_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zvucnost_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravopis.hr/pravilo/jednacenje-po-zvucnosti/6/">"Jednačenje suglasnika po zvučnosti"</a>. Pravopis hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravopis+hrvatskog+jezika&rft.atitle=Jedna%C4%8Denje+suglasnika+po+zvu%C4%8Dnosti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravopis.hr%2Fpravilo%2Fjednacenje-po-zvucnosti%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landau69-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landau69_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau69_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:69) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2006" class="citation cs2">Alexander, Ronelle (2006), Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian – A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary, The University of Wisconsin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21194-3"><bdi>978-0-299-21194-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnian%2FCroatian%2FSerbian+%E2%80%93+A+Grammar+with+Sociolinguistic+Commentary&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21194-3&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ronelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarićLončarićMalićZnika1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barić, Eugenija; Lončarić, Mijo; Malić, Dragica; Znika, Marija; Zečević, Vesna; Pavešić, Slavko; Peti, Mirko (1997), Hrvatska gramatika (in Serbo-Croatian), <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kolska_knjiga" title="Školska knjiga">Školska knjiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-0-40010-1" title="Special:BookSources/953-0-40010-1"><bdi>953-0-40010-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+gramatika&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=953-0-40010-1&rft.aulast=Bari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Eugenija&rft.au=Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87%2C+Mijo&rft.au=Mali%C4%87%2C+Dragica&rft.au=Znika%2C+Marija&rft.au=Ze%C4%8Devi%C4%87%2C+Vesna&rft.au=Pave%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Slavko&rft.au=Peti%2C+Mirko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wayles_Browne" title="Wayles Browne">Browne, Wayles</a> (1993), "Serbo-Croat", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic languages, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28078-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croat&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28078-5&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Wayles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆavar2011" class="citation cs2">Ćavar, Małgorzata E. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140430/http://www.cavar.me/malgosia/resources/FDSL2009-Paper-MC.pdf">"Merger of the place contrast in the posterior sibilants in Croatian"</a> (PDF), Potsdam Linguistic Investigations, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavar.me/malgosia/resources/FDSL2009-Paper-MC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merger+of+the+place+contrast+in+the+posterior+sibilants+in+Croatian&rft.btitle=Potsdam+Linguistic+Investigations&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%C4%86avar&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavar.me%2Fmalgosia%2Fresources%2FFDSL2009-Paper-MC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGickCampbellOhTamburri-Watt2006" class="citation cs2">Gick, Bryan; Campbell, Fiona; Oh, Sunyoung; Tamburri-Watt, Linda (2006), "Toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables: A cross-linguistic study of liquids", Journal of Phonetics, 34 (1), Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia: 49–72, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2005.03.005">10.1016/j.wocn.2005.03.005</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Toward+universals+in+the+gestural+organization+of+syllables%3A+A+cross-linguistic+study+of+liquids&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-72&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2005.03.005&rft.aulast=Gick&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Oh%2C+Sunyoung&rft.au=Tamburri-Watt%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazić1977" class="citation cs2">Jazić, Đorđe (1977), Osnovi fonetike ruskog jezika: ruski glasovni sistem u poređenju sa srpskohrvatskim, Beograd: Naučna knjiga</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osnovi+fonetike+ruskog+jezika%3A+ruski+glasovni+sistem+u+pore%C4%91enju+sa+srpskohrvatskim&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Nau%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Jazi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%90or%C4%91e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanović_Maldoran,_Srđan2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jovanović Maldoran, Srđan (2014). "Prilog izučavanju akcenatskog kvaliteta i kvantiteta srpske varijante policentričnog srpskohrvatskog jezika" [To the study of Accentual Quality and Quantity of Serbian Version of the Polycentric Serbo-Croatian Language]. Slavia: časopis pro slovanskou filologii (in Serbo-Croatian). 83 (2). Prague: 179–185. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6736">0037-6736</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/204528-x">204528-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavia%3A+%C4%8Dasopis+pro+slovanskou+filologii&rft.atitle=Prilog+izu%C4%8Davanju+akcenatskog+kvaliteta+i+kvantiteta+srpske+varijante+policentri%C4%8Dnog+srpskohrvatskog+jezika&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-185&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0037-6736&rft.au=Jovanovi%C4%87+Maldoran%2C+Sr%C4%91an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapović2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kapović, Mate (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=48673">"Hrvatski standard – evolucija ili revolucija? Problem hrvatskoga pravopisa i pravogovora"</a>, Jezikoslovlje (in Serbo-Croatian), 8 (1): 61–76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezikoslovlje&rft.atitle=Hrvatski+standard+%E2%80%93+evolucija+ili+revolucija%3F+Problem+hrvatskoga+pravopisa+i+pravogovora&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-76&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D48673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2006) [1st pub. 1997]. Serbo-Croatian. Languages of the World/Materials; 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8"><bdi>3-89586-161-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37959860">37959860</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2863538W">2863538W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426503">CROSBI 426503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbo-Croatian&rft.place=Munich+%26+Newcastle&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials%3B+148&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37959860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2863538W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=3-89586-161-8&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"> [Grammar book]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509070531/http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Contents_Serbo-Croatian_Grammar.pdf">Contents</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/?topic=Books">Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806045037/https://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-3746.html">Archived</a> 2020-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages">The Sounds of the World's Languages</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999" class="citation cs2">Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Croatian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Ernestina&rft.au=Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87%2C+Mijo&rft.au=Horga%2C+Damir&rft.au=%C5%A0kari%C4%87%2C+Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehisteIvić1963" class="citation cs2">Lehiste, Ilse; Ivić, Pavle (1963), Accent in Serbocroatian: an experimental study, University of Michigan, Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accent+in+Serbocroatian%3A+an+experimental+study&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2C+Dept.+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lehiste&rft.aufirst=Ilse&rft.au=Ivi%C4%87%2C+Pavle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehisteIvić1986" class="citation cs2">Lehiste, Ilse; Ivić, Pavle (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WordandSen_00_Lehi">Word and sentence prosody in Serbocroatian</a>, MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262121115" title="Special:BookSources/0262121115"><bdi>0262121115</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+and+sentence+prosody+in+Serbocroatian&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0262121115&rft.aulast=Lehiste&rft.aufirst=Ilse&rft.au=Ivi%C4%87%2C+Pavle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWordandSen_00_Lehi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagner1998" class="citation cs2">Magner, Thomas F. (1998), Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language, Pennsylvania State University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Croatian+and+Serbian+Language&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorén2005" class="citation cs2">Morén, Bruce (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022243/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf">Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions</a> (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-05-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consonant-Vowel+Interactions+in+Serbian%3A+Features%2C+Representations+and+Constraint+Interactions&rft.pub=Center+for+Advanced+Study+of+Theoretical+Linguistics%2C+Troms%C3%B8&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mor%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum.uit.no%2Fa%2Fmoren%2FSerbianMorenRevised.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrovićGudurić2010" class="citation cs2">Petrović, Dragoljub; Gudurić, Snežana (2010), Fonologija srpskoga jezika, Belgrade: Institut za srpski jezik SANU, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7590-256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7590-256-0"><bdi>978-86-7590-256-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonologija+srpskoga+jezika&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Institut+za+srpski+jezik+SANU&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-86-7590-256-0&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragoljub&rft.au=Guduri%C4%87%2C+Sne%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Fonetika hrvatskog književnog jezika", Povijesni pregled, glasovi i oblici hrvatskog književnog jezika, 1991</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fonetika+hrvatskog+knji%C5%BEevnog+jezika&rft.btitle=Povijesni+pregled%2C+glasovi+i+oblici+hrvatskog+knji%C5%BEevnog+jezika&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo-Croatian_phonology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit-croatia.co.uk/croatianfortravellers">Croatian for travellers</a>, with audio files</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" 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