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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Denis-Benjamin Papineau (November 13, 1789 – January 20, 1854) was <a href="/wiki/Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">joint premier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> for <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> from 1846 to 1847. The joint premiers for <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> during this period were <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">William Henry Draper</a> (1846 to 1847) and then <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sherwood" title="Henry Sherwood">Henry Sherwood</a> (1847). <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Denis-Benjamin Papineau</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint Premier of the Province of Canada</a> (Canada East)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1846–1847<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">William Henry Draper</a> (1846–1847) <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sherwood" title="Henry Sherwood">Henry Sherwood</a> (1847)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis-Benjamin_Viger" title="Denis-Benjamin Viger">Denis-Benjamin Viger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant from December 8, 1847 to March 10, 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Crown_Lands_(Province_of_Canada)" title="Commissioner of Crown Lands (Province of Canada)">Commissioner of Crown Lands</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 3, 1844–1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant since December 11, 1843</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Ottawa County (Province of Canada electoral district)">Ottawa County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1842–1847 (1 <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> and 1 general election)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dewey_Day" title="Charles Dewey Day">Charles Dewey Day</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Egan_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Egan (Canadian politician)">John Egan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1789-11-13)November 13, 1789 <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Old Province of Quebec</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 20, 1854(1854-01-20) (aged 64) <a href="/wiki/Papineauville" title="Papineauville">Sainte-Angélique</a>, Canada East</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French-Canadian_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French-Canadian Group (page does not exist)">French-Canadian Group</a> (1842–1843) <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">"British" Tory</a> (1844–1847)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Angélique Louise Cornud</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papineau" title="Joseph Papineau">Joseph Papineau</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Papineau" title="André Papineau">André Papineau</a> (uncle)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Benjamin_Papineau" title="André-Benjamin Papineau">André-Benjamin Papineau</a> (cousin)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Denis-Benjamin_Viger" title="Denis-Benjamin Viger">Denis-Benjamin Viger</a> (cousin)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Viger" title="Louis-Michel Viger">Louis-Michel Viger</a> (cousin)</li><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4me-S%C3%A9raphin_Cherrier_(Lower_Canada_politician)" title="Côme-Séraphin Cherrier (Lower Canada politician)">Côme-Séraphin Cherrier</a> (cousin)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lartigue" title="Jean-Jacques Lartigue">Jean-Jacques Lartigue</a> (cousin)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9, including <a href="/wiki/Denis-Emery_Papineau" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis-Emery Papineau">Denis-Emery Papineau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petit_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Séminaire de Québec">Petit Séminaire de Québec</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Seigneurial agent, merchant, bookseller, justice of the peace</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis-Benjamin Papineau's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png/128px-Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png/192px-Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png/256px-Denis-Benjamin_Papineau_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="179"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Papineau was part of the interconnected Papineau, Viger, and Cherrier families, who were politically active during the early to mid-19th century in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>). His father, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papineau" title="Joseph Papineau">Joseph Papineau</a>, and his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Papineau" title="André Papineau">André Papineau</a>, had both been members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a>. His older brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a>, was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriote movement</a> leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a>. A cousin, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Benjamin_Papineau" title="André-Benjamin Papineau">André-Benjamin Papineau</a>, had also been a Patriote member of the Assembly. Another cousin, <a href="/wiki/Denis-Benjamin_Viger" title="Denis-Benjamin Viger">Denis-Benjamin Viger</a>, was also involved in the Patriote movement, and later served as joint premier of the Province of Canada. Unlike his brother and cousins, Papineau was not politically active during the lead-up to the Rebellion. It was not until 1842 that he entered politics, when he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> in a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a>, as the member for <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Ottawa County (Province of Canada electoral district)">Ottawa County</a>, Canada East. Two years later, in 1844, Viger invited Papineau to join his new government. Papineau became the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Crown_Lands_(Province_of_Canada)" title="Commissioner of Crown Lands (Province of Canada)">Commissioner of Crown Lands</a> with a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Executive Council of the Province of Canada">Executive Council</a>. When Viger withdrew from politics in 1846, Papineau succeeded him as joint premier from Canada East. Papineau in turn retired from politics late in 1847. Prior to his political career, Papineau was involved in various commercial activities. He was the manager of the family <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneury</a> of Petite-Nation, first for his father, then for his brother Louis-Joseph. He also had a share in a bookstore in Montreal, and some commercial activities in the Petit-Nation area. He was the postmaster for Petit-Nation, and had several term appointments as a justice of the peace in the Montreal district. After withdrawing from politics, Papineau retired to Petite-Nation, where he died in 1854. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Family_and_early_life">1 Family and early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Development_of_Petite-Nation">2 Development of Petite-Nation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_career">3 Political career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_life_and_death">4 Later life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Denis-Benjamin Papineau was born in 1789 in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, in the old <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papineau" title="Joseph Papineau">Joseph Papineau</a> and Rosalie Cherrier. His father was a successful surveyor and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">notary</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a>. He had risen into the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial class</a> by buying the seigneury of Petite-Nation (now located in the <a href="/wiki/Papineau_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Papineau Regional County Municipality">Papineau Regional County Municipality</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>). Denis-Benjamin's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a>, was also elected to the Legislative Assembly and became the major leader of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a> (later known as the Parti patriote), leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> of 1837.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Like his older brother, Denis-Benjamin studied at the <a href="/wiki/Petit_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Séminaire de Québec">Petit Séminaire de Québec</a>, from 1801 to 1807. In 1813, he married Angélique-Louise Cornud. They would have nine children, including <a href="/wiki/Denis-Emery_Papineau" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis-Emery Papineau">Denis-Emery Papineau</a>, who became a politician and leading notary.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Development_of_Petite-Nation">Development of Petite-Nation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of Petite-Nation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petite-Nation_River.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Petite-Nation_River.JPG/220px-Petite-Nation_River.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Petite-Nation_River.JPG/220px-Petite-Nation_River.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Petite-Nation_River.JPG/330px-Petite-Nation_River.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Petite-Nation_River.JPG/440px-Petite-Nation_River.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Petit-Nation River, the namesake for the seigneury</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg/170px-Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg/170px-Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg/255px-Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg/340px-Joseph_Papineau_1825.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Joseph Papineau, father of Louis-Joseph and Denis-Benjamin Papineau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Joseph_Papineau,_par_Antoine_Plamondon,_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg/170px-Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg/170px-Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg/255px-Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg/340px-Louis-Joseph_Papineau%2C_par_Antoine_Plamondon%2C_1836.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Louis-Joseph Papineau, Denis-Benjamin Papineau's older brother, around 1832</figcaption></figure> Unlike his father and his brother, Papineau did not train as a lawyer. Instead, starting in 1808, he oversaw the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneury</a> of Petite-Nation, first for his father Joseph, and later for his brother, Louis-Joseph, who bought the seigneury from their father in 1817. His tasks included encouraging settlement into the area and developing the lumber trade and sawmills, in the rich timber area of the Ottawa River valley. His correspondence with his father during this period indicate that his father criticised him for his business decisions. He continued to manage the seigneury for his brother, including the period when Louis-Joseph was in exile after the Rebellion. Louis-Joseph sent letters to Denis-Benjamin, criticising him for not collecting enough rents from the tenants.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> Papineau tried to develop a horse-breeding business, but without success. He had greater success with sheep, at one point building up a flock of over 200 sheep. In 1822, he became a seigneur in his own right, buying the fief of <a href="/wiki/Plaisance,_Quebec" title="Plaisance, Quebec">Plaisance</a>, located near Petit-Nation, but he was forced to sell part of it a few years later because of financial difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As part of the efforts to encourage settlement, Papineau was involved in developing the parish and municipality in the area. In 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Montreal" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal">diocese of Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lartigue" title="Jean-Jacques Lartigue">Jean-Jacques Lartigue</a> (another of Papineau's cousins), issued an order permitting the erection of a chapel dedicated to Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours. Ten years later, Papineau and seventy-five other residents sent a petition to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a> for the creation of a parish. The bishop granted the request, with a recommendation that the residents also seek the creation of a civil parish. In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of the Province of Canada">Governor General of the Province of Canada</a> issued an order creating a number of civil parishes based on existing ecclesiastical parishes, including the new municipality of Notre-Dame-des-Bonsecours.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Papineau was involved in merchant activities in the Petit-Nation area, and served as the postmaster for the region. He was a partner in a Montreal bookstore, and was named a justice of the peace for Montreal district on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais,_1608-1880,_tome_II,_1882_(page_7_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg/170px-Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg/170px-Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg/255px-Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg/340px-Sulte_-_Histoires_des_Canadiens-fran%C3%A7ais%2C_1608-1880%2C_tome_II%2C_1882_%28page_7_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Denis-Benjamin Viger, Papineau's cousin and predecessor as government leader from Canada East</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg/170px-Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg/170px-Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg/255px-Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg/340px-Sir_Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe_ROM2016_15425_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Governor General Metcalfe, who appointed Papineau to the Executive Council</figcaption></figure> Papineau was not politically active as a young man, unlike his older brother and several cousins, who were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriote movement</a> and had been members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada leading up to the Rebellion. It was not until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in 1841, merging Lower Canada with <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (now Ontario), that Papineau became involved in politics. In 1842, he was elected in a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> in the electoral constituency of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Ottawa County (Province of Canada electoral district)">Ottawa County</a>, on the Lower Canada side of the Ottawa River. In the Assembly, he joined the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French-Canadian_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French-Canadian Group (page does not exist)">French-Canadian Group</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">parliamentary caucus</a> which generally opposed the government of the Governor General. Papineau's cousin <a href="/wiki/Denis-Benjamin_Viger" title="Denis-Benjamin Viger">Denis-Benjamin Viger</a> was initially one of the leaders of the Group.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless85-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Papineau entered politics just as a political crisis was brewing, which eventually led to him becoming joint premier. In 1843, all but one of the members of the Executive Council, led by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine">Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>, resigned in protest at actions taken by Governor General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe</a>, without consulting the Council. The Assembly passed a resolution criticising Metcalfe and supporting LaFontaine and Baldwin. The vote on the resolution revealed a split in the French-Canadian Group. While most of the members of the Group, including Papineau, supported LaFontaine and voted for the resolution, two of the older members of the Group, Viger and <a href="/wiki/John_Neilson_(Lower_Canada_politician)" title="John Neilson (Lower Canada politician)">John Neilson</a>, supported Metcalfe and voted against the resolution. The result was a surprise, since Viger and Neilson had a long history of opposing the governors prior to the Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Metcalfe then appointed Viger as joint premier, along with a moderate <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Tory from Upper Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">William Draper</a>. However, they lacked political support from the Assembly. Almost a year went by without additional appointments to the Council. Finally, in September 1844, Viger and Draper were able to persuade some members of the Assembly to be appointed to the Council. One of them was Papineau, who accepted the office of <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Crown_Lands_(Province_of_Canada)" title="Commissioner of Crown Lands (Province of Canada)">Commissioner of Crown Lands</a>. Governor General Metcalfe and Viger hoped that appointing Papineau would gain support from French-Canadians, given the political strength of his family. Metcalfe then <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved Parliament</a> and called new elections.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless85-8">[8]</a> The elections did not go well for the government. LaFontaine was now the clear leader of the French-Canadian Group. Viger and Neilson were both defeated in their own ridings, and LaFontaine and his supporters won a strong majority of the seats from Canada East. Papineau was one of the few members of the government in Canada East who was re-elected. After the elections, Governor General Metcalfe kept the Viger–Draper ministry in office, supported primarily by Draper and the Tories, who had won a majority of the seats in Upper Canada.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf52-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Instead of gaining support for the government, Papineau's appointment to the Council furthered the split in the French-Canadian Group. His own brother, Louis-Joseph Papineau, had earlier been critical of anyone who took an appointment from the governor, saying: "One cannot accept a position as minister and remain an honourable man." Louis-Joseph, now in exile in Paris, refused to endorse the new government, even with his brother as a member. Viger and Denis-Benjamin Papineau were considered to be Tories, supporting the governor.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf52-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Denis-Benjamin Papineau did not help his reputation with French-Canadians by his first vote in the Assembly after the 1844 elections. In the election of the new Speaker, he voted for <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacNab" title="Allan MacNab">Allan MacNab</a>, a unilingual <a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a> Tory from Upper Canada. Nor did Papineau appear to have a firm grasp of parliamentary procedure, contradicting one of his own government colleagues during the debate on the speech from the throne. He was also hampered by his own deafness, making it difficult for him to follow the debates.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless97-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf56-18">[18]</a> He did win some support by introducing an address to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, requesting that the statutory restrictions on the use of French in the Assembly be lifted, but he also attracted further criticism for introducing legislation to reorganise the schools and municipalities, triggering opposition from the Catholic church and landowners. Another controversial position was his support for compensation for residents in Upper Canada who had their property damaged during the Rebellion, while not bringing in a similar compensation system for residents of Lower Canada. <a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless97-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf56-18">[18]</a> In light of Viger's failure to earn political support in Lower Canada, Draper began to make overtures to other French-Canadian politicians, suggesting that Viger and Papineau might both retire from politics to make way for others. Papineau was aware of the negotiations and appeared willing to retire, but Draper's efforts did not bear fruit. Viger remained in office for another year, until June 1846, when he retired from politics, resigning his leadership position in the ministry. Papineau took over as the leader of the Canada East members in the Council. At first he was paired with Draper, who continued as leader of the Canada West members, but Draper resigned a year later, in May 1847. Draper's position was taken by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sherwood" title="Henry Sherwood">Henry Sherwood</a>, a Family Compact Tory from Toronto. There was considerable turnover in the membership of the Executive Council in the eighteen months after Viger's retirement (including the addition of a young <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> in 1847). Not much was achieved by the ministry before Parliament was dissolved in December 1847. Papineau resigned his seat in the Executive Council at that time, and did not stand for re-election in the general elections that followed.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Papineau retired to Petite-Nation after his term as joint-premier. In ill health, he died in 1854 at Sainte-Angélique (now <a href="/wiki/Papineauville" title="Papineauville">Papineauville</a>).<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> In 1858, his son, Denis-Émery Papineau, was elected to represent Ottawa County, the same seat his father had held.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="1st Parliament of the Province of Canada">1st Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada">2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Denis-Benjamin_Papineau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dcb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-11">l</a> Claude Baribeau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/papineau_denis_benjamin_8E.html">"Papineau, Denis-Benjamin"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. VIII (1851–1860), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-naq-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/papineau-denis-benjamin-4725/biographie.html">"Biography of Denis-Benjamin Papineau"</a>. Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+de+1792+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Denis-Benjamin+Papineau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Fen%2Fdeputes%2Fpapineau-denis-benjamin-4725%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADenis-Benjamin+Papineau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Richard Chabot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/papineau_joseph_7E.html">"Joseph Papineau"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. VII (1836–1850), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Fernand Ouellet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/papineau_louis_joseph_10E.html">"Papineau, Louis-Joseph"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. X (1871–1880), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Fernand Ouellet, Lower Canada 1791–1840 — Social Change and Nationalism (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ouellet, Lower Canada 1791–1840 — Social Change and Nationalism, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours (municipalité): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndbonsecours.com/vivre-ici/historique/">"Historique"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless85-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless85_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless85_8-1">b</a> J.M.S. Careless, The Union of the Canadas — The Growth of Canadian Institutions, 1841–1857 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), pp. 85–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> J.O. Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/59/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860</a> (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), p. 59, note (30). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Paul Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 9, 95–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, pp. 12, 95–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 92–93, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf52-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf52_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf52_14-1">b</a> George Metcalf, "William Henry Draper", in J.M.S. Careless (ed.), The Pre-Confederation Premiers (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless97-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless97_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless97_17-1">b</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 97–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf56-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf56_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf56_18-1">b</a> Metcalf, "William Henry Draper", p. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Metcalf, "William Henry Draper", pp. 60–62, 67, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/18/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/57/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, p. 57. </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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