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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> alpha toxin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%">alpha toxin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png/200px-Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png/300px-Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png/400px-Clostridium_perfringens_Alpha_Toxin.rsh.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crystal structure of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> alpha toxin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Organism</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Clostridium+perfringens&rn=1">Clostridium perfringens</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">plc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">phospholipase C, CPE0036, Zn_dep_PLPC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=988262">988262</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1CA1">1CA1</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1KHO">1KHO</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1GYG">1GYG</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1QM6">1QM6</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1QMD">1QMD</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1KHO">1KHO</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1GYG">1GYG</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1QM6">1QM6</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1QMD">1QMD</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0C216">P0C216</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+3.1.4.3">3.1.4.3</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P0C216">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P0C216">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> alpha toxin</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i> (<i>C. perfringens</i>) and is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">gas gangrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myonecrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myonecrosis">myonecrosis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infected</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. The toxin also possesses <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic">hemolytic</a> activity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This toxin has been shown to be the key virulence factor in infection with <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">C. perfringens</a></i>; the bacterium is unable to cause disease without this toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, vaccination against the alpha toxin toxoid protects mice against <i>C. perfringens</i> <a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">gas gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, knowledge about the function of this particular protein greatly aids understanding of <a href="/wiki/Myonecrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myonecrosis">myonecrosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_homology">Structure and homology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and homology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alpha toxin has remarkable similarity to toxins produced by other bacteria as well as natural enzymes. There is significant homology with <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a> enzymes from <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i>, <i>C. bifermentans</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakurai2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakurai2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C terminal domain shows similarity with non-bacterial enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">pancreatic lipase</a>, soybean lipoxygenase, and <a href="/wiki/Synaptotagmin" title="Synaptotagmin">synaptotagmin</a> I.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alpha toxin is a zinc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallophospholipase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metallophospholipase (page does not exist)">metallophospholipase</a>, requiring <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> for activation. First, the toxin binds to a binding site on the cell surface. The C-terminal <a href="/wiki/C2_domain" title="C2 domain">C2-like</a> <a href="/wiki/PLAT_domain" title="PLAT domain">PLAT domain</a> binds <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and allows the toxin to bind to the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> head-groups on the cell surface. The C-terminal domain enters the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid_bilayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipid bilayer">phospholipid bilayer</a>. The N-terminal domain has <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">phospholipase</a> activity. This property allows <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of phospholipids such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyl_choline" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatidyl choline">phosphatidyl choline</a>, mimicking endogenous <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of phosphatidyl choline produces <a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">diacylglycerol</a>, which activates a variety of <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messenger</a> pathways. The end-result includes activation of <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> pathway and production of <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane A<sub>2</sub></a>, production of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">IL-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor" title="Platelet-activating factor">platelet-activating factor</a>, and several intercellular adhesion molecules. These actions combine to cause <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> due to increased vascular permeability.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakurai2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakurai2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens_beta_toxin" title="Clostridium perfringens beta toxin"><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> beta toxin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAwad,_M.M.Bryant,_A.E.Stevens,_D.L.Rood,_J.I.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Awad, M.M.; Bryant, A.E.; Stevens, D.L. & Rood, J.I. (1995). "Virulence studies on chromosomal alpha-toxin and alpha-toxin mutants constructed by allelic exchange provide genetic evidence for the essential role of alpha-toxin in Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene". <i>Mol Microbiol</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02234.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02234.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7746141">7746141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Virulence+studies+on+chromosomal+alpha-toxin+and+alpha-toxin+mutants+constructed+by+allelic+exchange+provide+genetic+evidence+for+the+essential+role+of+alpha-toxin+in+Clostridium+perfringens-mediated+gas+gangrene&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02234.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7746141&rft.au=Awad%2C+M.M.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+A.E.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Rood%2C+J.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClostridium+perfringens+alpha+toxin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonTitball1993" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson ED, Titball RW (1993). "A genetically engineered vaccine against the alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens also protects mice against experimental gas gangrene". <i>Vaccine</i>. <b>11</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1253–</span>1258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0264-410X%2893%2990051-X">10.1016/0264-410X(93)90051-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8256506">8256506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=A+genetically+engineered+vaccine+against+the+alpha-toxin+of+Clostridium+perfringens+also+protects+mice+against+experimental+gas+gangrene&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1253-%3C%2Fspan%3E1258&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0264-410X%2893%2990051-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8256506&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Titball%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClostridium+perfringens+alpha+toxin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakurai2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sakurai2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakurai2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakuraiNagahamaOda2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sakurai J, Nagahama M, Oda M (2004). "Clostridium perfringens Alpha-Toxin: Characterization and Mode of Action". <i>J Biochem</i>. <b>136</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">569–</span>574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjb%2Fmvh161">10.1093/jb/mvh161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15632295">15632295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Biochem&rft.atitle=Clostridium+perfringens+Alpha-Toxin%3A+Characterization+and+Mode+of+Action&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjb%2Fmvh161&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15632295&rft.aulast=Sakurai&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Nagahama%2C+M&rft.au=Oda%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClostridium+perfringens+alpha+toxin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylorEatonHowells1998" class="citation journal cs1">Naylor CE, Eaton JT, Howells A, et al. (1998). "Structure of the key toxin in gas gangrene". <i>Nature Structural & Molecular Biology</i>. <b>5</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">738–</span>746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1447">10.1038/1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9699639">9699639</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Toxins" title="Template:Toxins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toxins" title="Template talk:Toxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">hemotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">hepatotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototoxin" title="Phototoxin">phototoxin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbial_toxin" title="Microbial toxin">Bacterial<br /> toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gram_positive119" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram<br /> positive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanolysin" title="Tetanolysin">Tetanolysin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alpha toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_enterotoxin" title="Clostridium enterotoxin">Enterotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile (bacteria)">difficile</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_toxin" title="Anthrax toxin">Anthrax toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriolysin_O" title="Listeriolysin O">Listeriolysin O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">Cocci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptolysin" title="Streptolysin">Streptolysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukocidin" title="Leukocidin">Leukocidin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin">Staphylococcus aureus alpha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_beta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin">beta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_delta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliatin" title="Exfoliatin">Exfoliatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin-1" title="Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1">Toxic shock syndrome toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_factor" title="Cord factor">Cord factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram<br /> negative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a>/Verotoxin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat-stable_enterotoxin" title="Heat-stable enterotoxin"><i>E. coli</i> heat-stable enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">Cholera toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Heat-labile_enterotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-labile enterotoxin">Heat-labile enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_toxin" title="Pertussis toxin">Pertussis toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_exotoxin" title="Pseudomonas exotoxin">Pseudomonas exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_adenylate_cyclase" title="Extracellular adenylate cyclase">Extracellular adenylate cyclase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Types" title="Exotoxin">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_I:_cell_surface-active" title="Exotoxin">type I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_II:_membrane_damaging" title="Exotoxin">type II</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">Pore-forming toxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_III:_intracellular" title="Exotoxin">type III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AB_toxin" title="AB toxin">AB toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/AB5_toxin" title="AB5 toxin">AB5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_A" title="Lipid A">Lipid A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_endotoxins" title="Delta endotoxins"><i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> delta endotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry1Ac" title="Cry1Ac">Cry1Ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry3Bb1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry3Bb1">Cry3Bb1</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <i>B. thuringiensis</i> toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry6Aa" title="Cry6Aa">Cry6Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry34Ab1" title="Cry34Ab1">Cry34Ab1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence<br /> factor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clumping_factor_A" title="Clumping factor A">Clumping factor A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibronectin_binding_protein_A" title="Fibronectin binding protein A">Fibronectin binding protein A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin" title="Α-Amanitin">alpha-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Amanitin" title="Β-Amanitin">beta-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Amanitin" title="Γ-Amanitin">gamma-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%95-Amanitin" title="Ε-Amanitin">epsilon-amanitin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Nitropropionic_acid" title="3-Nitropropionic acid">beta-Nitropropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrinin" title="Citrinin">Citrinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochalasin" title="Cytochalasin">Cytochalasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">Fumonisin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B1" title="Fumonisin B1">Fumonisin B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B2" title="Fumonisin B2">Fumonisin B2</a>, Fumonisin B3, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B4" title="Fumonisin B4">Fumonisin B4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliotoxin" title="Gliotoxin">Gliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orellanine" title="Orellanine">Orellanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin" title="Ochratoxin">Ochratoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patulin" title="Patulin">Patulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterigmatocystin" title="Sterigmatocystin">Sterigmatocystin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichothecene" title="Trichothecene">Trichothecene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomitoxin" title="Vomitoxin">Vomitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarin" title="Antiarin">Antiarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconine" title="Chaconine">Chaconine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnin" title="Daphnin">Daphnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinine" title="Delphinine">Delphinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divicine" title="Divicine">Divicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenkolic_acid" title="Djenkolic acid">Djenkolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcarinol" title="Falcarinol">Falcarinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossypol" title="Gossypol">Gossypol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenalin" title="Helenalin">Helenalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledol" title="Ledol">Ledol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">Linamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">Lotaustralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimosine" title="Mimosine">Mimosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">Oleandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persin" title="Persin">Persin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoanemonin" title="Protoanemonin">Protoanemonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudaconitine" title="Pseudaconitine">Pseudaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retronecine" title="Retronecine">Retronecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solamargine" title="Solamargine">Solamargine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanidine" title="Solanidine">Solanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solasodamine">Solasodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodine" title="Solasodine">Solasodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasonine" title="Solasonine">Solasonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricidine">Solauricidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricine">Solauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainsonine" title="Swainsonine">Swainsonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetitoxin" title="Tagetitoxin">Tagetitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomatine" title="Tomatine">Tomatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">Scorpion</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androctonus_australis_hector_insect_toxin" title="Androctonus australis hector insect toxin">Androctonus australis hector insect toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitoxin" title="Agitoxin">Agitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margatoxin" title="Margatoxin">Margatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slotoxin" title="Slotoxin">Slotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyllatoxin" title="Scyllatoxin">Scyllatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefutoxin" title="Hefutoxin">Hefutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lq2" title="Lq2">Lq2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmKAEP" title="BmKAEP">BmKAEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaiodotoxin" title="Phaiodotoxin">Phaiodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperatoxin" title="Imperatoxin">Imperatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin" title="Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin">Pi3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">Alpha-latrotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTX" title="CSTX">CSTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupiennin" title="Cupiennin">Cupiennins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3" title="Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3">PhTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatoxin" title="Stromatoxin">Stromatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eledoisin" title="Eledoisin">Eledoisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopumiliotoxin_267A" title="Allopumiliotoxin 267A">(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenobufagin" title="Arenobufagin">Arenobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotalin" title="Bufotalin">Bufotalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinobufagin" title="Cinobufagin">Cinobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinobufagenin" title="Marinobufagenin">Marinobufagin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Histrionicotoxin">Histrionicotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumiliotoxin_251D" title="Pumiliotoxin 251D">Pumiliotoxin 251D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandarin" title="Samandarin">Samandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandaridine" title="Samandaridine">Samandaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tarichatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Bungarotoxin" title="Α-Bungarotoxin">α-Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Bungarotoxin" title="Β-Bungarotoxin">β-Bungarotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calciseptine" title="Calciseptine">Calciseptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicatoxin" title="Taicatoxin">Taicatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcicludine" title="Calcicludine">Calcicludine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III" title="Cardiotoxin III">Cardiotoxin III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Toxicology" title="Category:Toxicology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrolase:_esterases_(EC_3.1)635" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esterases" title="Template:Esterases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Esterases" title="Template talk:Esterases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Esterases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Esterases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrolase:_esterases_(EC_3.1)635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolase</a>: <a href="/wiki/Esterase" title="Esterase">esterases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 3.1)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.1:_Carboxylic_Ester_Hydrolases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">Carboxylic</a><br />ester hydrolases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">Acetylcholinesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase">Butyrylcholinesterase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinesterase" title="Pectinesterase">Pectinesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-phosphogluconolactonase" title="6-phosphogluconolactonase">6-phosphogluconolactonase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAF_acetylhydrolase" class="mw-redirect" title="PAF acetylhydrolase">PAF acetylhydrolase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">Lipase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_salt-dependent_lipase" title="Bile salt-dependent lipase">Bile salt-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lipase" title="Gastric lipase">Gastric</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lingual_lipase" title="Lingual lipase">Lingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">Pancreatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_lipase" title="Lysosomal lipase">Lysosomal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone-sensitive_lipase" title="Hormone-sensitive lipase">Hormone-sensitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_lipase" title="Endothelial lipase">Endothelial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_lipase" title="Hepatic lipase">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase" title="Lipoprotein lipase">Lipoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoacylglycerol_lipase" title="Monoacylglycerol lipase">Monoacylglycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacylglycerol_lipase" title="Diacylglycerol lipase">Diacylglycerol</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">Phospholipase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A1" title="Phospholipase A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_B" title="Phospholipase B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutinase" title="Cutinase">Cutinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETase" title="PETase">PETase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.2:_Thioester_Hydrolases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thioesterase" title="Thioesterase">Thioesterase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoyl_protein_thioesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmitoyl protein thioesterase">Palmitoyl protein thioesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_carboxy-terminal_hydrolase_L1" title="Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1">Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA_thioesterase" title="4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase">4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.3:_Phosphoric_Monoester_Hydrolases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">Phosphatase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">Alkaline phosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALPI" title="ALPI">ALPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALPL" title="ALPL">ALPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_alkaline_phosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental alkaline phosphatase">ALPP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_phosphatase" title="Acid phosphatase">Acid phosphatase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase" title="Prostatic acid phosphatase">Prostatic</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Tartrate-resistant_acid_phosphatase" title="Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase">Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Purple_acid_phosphatases" title="Purple acid phosphatases">Purple acid phosphatases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotidase" title="Nucleotidase">Nucleotidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphatase" title="Glucose 6-phosphatase">Glucose 6-phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphatase" title="Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase">Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">Calcineurin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase" title="Protein phosphatase">Protein phosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PP2A" class="mw-redirect" title="PP2A">PP2A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCRL" title="OCRL">OCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_phosphatase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase">Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_2" title="Phosphofructokinase 2">Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytase" title="Phytase">Phytase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-propeller_phytase" title="Beta-propeller phytase">Beta-propeller phytase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inositol-phosphate_phosphatase" title="Inositol-phosphate phosphatase">Inositol-phosphate phosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_monophosphatase_1" title="Inositol monophosphatase 1">IMPA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inositol_monophosphatase_2" title="Inositol monophosphatase 2">IMPA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inositol_monophosphatase_3" title="Inositol monophosphatase 3">IMPA3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase" title="Protein phosphatase">Protein phosphatase</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase" title="Protein tyrosine phosphatase">Protein tyrosine phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_serine/threonine_phosphatase" title="Protein serine/threonine phosphatase">Protein serine/threonine phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-specificity_phosphatase" title="Dual-specificity phosphatase">Dual-specificity phosphatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.4:_Phosphoric_Diester_Hydrolases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.4</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase" title="Phosphodiesterase">Phosphodiesterase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotaxin" title="Autotaxin">Autotaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">Phospholipase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_D" title="Phospholipase D">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase_1" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDE1" title="PDE1">PDE1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_2" title="Phosphodiesterase 2">PDE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_3" title="Phosphodiesterase 3">PDE3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDE4A" title="PDE4A">PDE4A</a>/<a href="/wiki/PDE4B" title="PDE4B">PDE4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMP-specific_phosphodiesterase_type_5" title="CGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5">PDE5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecithinase" title="Lecithinase">Lecithinase</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_phosphodiesterase" title="Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase">Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.6:_Sulfuric_Ester_Hydrolases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.6</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sulfatase" title="Sulfatase">Sulfatase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase" title="Arylsulfatase">arylsulfatase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_A" title="Arylsulfatase A">Arylsulfatase A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_B" title="Arylsulfatase B">Arylsulfatase B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_L" title="Arylsulfatase L">Arylsulfatase L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_sulfatase" title="Steroid sulfatase">Steroid sulfatase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactosamine-6_sulfatase" title="Galactosamine-6 sulfatase">Galactosamine-6 sulfatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduronate-2-sulfatase" title="Iduronate-2-sulfatase">Iduronate-2-sulfatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase" title="N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase">N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclease" title="Nuclease">Nuclease</a> (includes<br /><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease" title="Deoxyribonuclease">deoxyribonuclease</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonuclease</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.11:_Exodeoxyribonucleases_Producing_5.27-Phosphomonoesters" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.11</a>-16:<br /><a href="/wiki/Exonuclease" title="Exonuclease">Exonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exodeoxyribonuclease" title="Exodeoxyribonuclease">Exodeoxyribonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RecBCD" title="RecBCD">RecBCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoribonuclease" title="Exoribonuclease">Exoribonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotidase" title="Oligonucleotidase">Oligonucleotidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#EC_3.1.21:_Endodeoxyribonucleases_Producing_5.27-Phosphomonoesters" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.1.21</a>-31:<br /><a href="/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease">Endonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endodeoxyribonuclease" title="Endodeoxyribonuclease">Endodeoxyribonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease_I" title="Deoxyribonuclease I">Deoxyribonuclease I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease_II" title="Deoxyribonuclease II">Deoxyribonuclease II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease_IV" title="Deoxyribonuclease IV">Deoxyribonuclease IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a>;see <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Restriction_enzyme" title="Template:Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UvrABC_endonuclease" title="UvrABC endonuclease">UvrABC endonuclease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endoribonuclease" title="Endoribonuclease">Endoribonuclease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNase_III" class="mw-redirect" title="RNase III">RNase III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drosha" title="Drosha">Drosha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_complex" title="Microprocessor complex">Microprocessor complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicer" title="Dicer">Dicer</a>: <a href="/wiki/RNA-induced_silencing_complex" title="RNA-induced silencing complex">RNA-induced silencing complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNase_H" class="mw-redirect" title="RNase H">RNase H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNASEH1" title="RNASEH1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNASEH2A" title="RNASEH2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNASEH2B" title="RNASEH2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNASEH2C" title="RNASEH2C">2C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNase_P" class="mw-redirect" title="RNase P">RNase P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonuclease A">RNase A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_Z" title="Ribonuclease Z">RNase Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_E" title="Ribonuclease E">RNase E</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNASE1" title="RNASE1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil-derived_neurotoxin" title="Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_cationic_protein" title="Eosinophil cationic protein">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiogenin" title="Angiogenin">4/5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_T1" title="Ribonuclease T1">RNase T1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">either deoxy- or ribo-    </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclease_S1" title="Nuclease S1">Nuclease S1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mung_bean_nuclease" title="Mung bean nuclease">Mung bean nuclease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens_nuclease" title="Serratia marcescens nuclease">Serratia marcescens nuclease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrococcal_nuclease" title="Micrococcal nuclease">Micrococcal nuclease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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