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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serpent_Mound_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serpent_Mound_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Serpent Mound Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serpent_Mound_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Serpent Mound</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Serpent_Mound" title="Great Serpent Mound – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Great Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سرپنت موند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرپنت موند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_du_Grand_serpent" title="Tumulus du Grand serpent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tumulus du Grand serpent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%80%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C" title="서펀트 마운드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서펀트 마운드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Serpent_Mound" title="Great Serpent Mound – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Great Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_K%C3%ADgy%C3%B3-halom" title="Nagy Kígyó-halom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy Kígyó-halom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="サーペント・マウンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーペント・マウンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopiec_W%C4%99%C5%BCa" title="Kopiec Węża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kopiec Węża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Серпент-Маунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серпент-Маунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serpent Mound" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Серпент-Маунд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серпент-Маунд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serpent_Mound&params=39_01_35_N_83_25_51_W_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°25′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02639°N 83.43083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02639; -83.43083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric effigy mound in Ohio, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the site in the United States. For the site in the Scotland, see <a href="/wiki/Skelmorlie" title="Skelmorlie">Skelmorlie</a>. For the site in Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mounds Park</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Great Serpent Mound</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/250px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/375px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/500px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Great Serpent Mound – ancient <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> effigy in Adams County, Ohio</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="15" data-lat="39.026388888889" data-lon="-83.430833333333" data-overlays="["_db3adc1298bf5f4da901d3775e7daf9e1f61dfa1"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/39.026388888889/-83.430833333333/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,39.026388888889,-83.430833333333,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Serpent_Mound&revid=1263088469&groups=_db3adc1298bf5f4da901d3775e7daf9e1f61dfa1" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,39.026388888889,-83.430833333333,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Serpent_Mound&revid=1263088469&groups=_db3adc1298bf5f4da901d3775e7daf9e1f61dfa1 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Peebles,_Ohio" title="Peebles, Ohio">Peebles, Ohio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serpent_Mound&params=39_01_35_N_83_25_51_W_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°25′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02639°N 83.43083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02639; -83.43083</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000602">66000602</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Great Serpent Mound</b> is a 1,348-feet-long (411 m), three-feet-high prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Peebles,_Ohio" title="Peebles, Ohio">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. It was built on what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound_crater" title="Serpent Mound crater">Serpent Mound crater</a> plateau, running along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Brush_Creek" title="Ohio Brush Creek">Ohio Brush Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County, Ohio</a>. The mound is the largest serpent effigy known in the world. </p><p>The first published surveys of the mound were by <a href="/wiki/E._G._Squier" title="E. G. Squier">Ephraim G. Squier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hamilton_Davis" title="Edwin Hamilton Davis">Edwin Hamilton Davis</a>, featured in their historic volume, <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i> (1848), that was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Interior">United States Department of Interior</a> designated the mound as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1966. The mound is maintained through the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_History_Connection" title="Ohio History Connection">Ohio History Connection</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/220px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/330px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/440px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Ohio <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Effigy mounds have been constructed independently by several cultures. The significance of Serpent Mound is based on its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to more than 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section. Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it was built on a bluff above the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Brush_Creek" title="Ohio Brush Creek">Ohio Brush Creek</a>. The mound winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> make up the main constituents of the mound, with a layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer. </p><p>The generally accepted interpretation of the structure is that of an open-mouth head of a serpent nearly engulfs a hollow oval feature that faces the east and is 120-feet (37 m)-long. This oval feature may represent an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it, however, many anthropologists believe that the oval is a representation of the Sun, or the body of a frog. Other scholars think it is the remnant of a platform mound. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other existing serpent effigies in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_chronology">Origin and chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the twentieth century, anthropologists and archaeologists had disputed which culture and people had created the Serpent Mound, as may be seen in a overview published by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ancient Earthworks Project published "New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old" (July 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article provided evidence supporting attribution of the mound to the Adena peoples around 300 BCE (2300 years ago) and refers to radiocarbon data that was published later in an October 2014 article in <i>The Journal of Archaeological Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scholars also conclude that the mound was renovated around 1400 CE by <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> peoples. </p><p>In 2019, Monaghan and Hermann published additional research in an article in <i>The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i> that supports their earlier conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They corroborated the 2014 research and refined the radiocarbon dates. Monaghan and Hermann determined that the mound was built around 2,100–2,300 years ago (300-100 BCE) during the Adena period and that it was subsequently rebuilt (or repaired) about 900 years ago (1100 CE) during the Fort Ancient period. They provided a reconciliation of the radiocarbon dating differences among samples. </p><p>In 2018, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Brad_Lepper" title="Brad Lepper">Brad Lepper</a> published a response questioning the attribution of construction to the Adena culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lepper et al. pointed out that the dates obtained by Herrmann and Romain are of poor quality. The material the team dated is not charcoal, but “organic sediment” (Herrman et al 2014:119). Moreover, the samples were obtained from soil cores and not an exposed stratigraphic profile, so the resulting dates are known to be problematic. Henriksen et al (2019) have demonstrated that such dates can be as much as 3,000 years older than the actual age of a mound. Moreover, the Adena culture is not known to have built effigy mounds or to have used serpent symbolism in their art, whereas the Fort Ancient culture built the Ohio Alligator Mound and frequently depicted serpents in their art. These assessments conclude that the best available data indicate that Serpent Mound was built by the Fort Ancient culture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mound</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rice_Lake_(Ontario)" title="Rice Lake (Ontario)">Rice Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_County" title="Peterborough County">Peterborough County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, has been dated to more than 2,000 years old. It has also been linked to the Adena culture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a Middle Woodland Hopewell burial mound in a zigzag shape that may or may not have been intended to depict a serpent (Oberholtzer 2013:163). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_of_Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory of Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/240px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/360px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/480px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The spiral at the tail of the Serpent Mound</figcaption></figure> <p>Several groups of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> (13000 BCE–7000 BCE) occupied the subject land in Ohio prior to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> cultures. Evidence shows that numerous groups of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio and ranged throughout the territory. They were hunter-gatherers who traveled seasonally for game. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>. Archaeologists have found remains of more than 150 mastodons in Ohio,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the remains of other large game. The most complete mastodon skeleton was excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Tree_Mastodon" title="Burning Tree Mastodon">Burning Tree Mastodon</a> site. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a> spear heads have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians who also hunted large game. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paleo_Crossing_site" title="Paleo Crossing site">Paleo Crossing site</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobles_Pond_site" title="Nobles Pond site">Nobles Pond site</a> tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-throwers</a>, were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a>, a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups. These materials were used for objects that were a sign of prestige within the group and were carried by respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland Period</a> (800 BCE–1200 CE) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known as a period in which cultures built <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a>. They are believed to have been related to religious practices, as some mounds were used for burials. Along with hunting and gathering, cultures of this period began to cultivate crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>. The Adena and Hopewell cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, and the addition of crops enabled the population of the Woodland people to expand dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches. Ceremonial and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as did trading with other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early in this period. Later, the cultures did not build new mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late prehistoric period (900 CE–1650 CE), the villages of such cultures as the Adena and the Fort Ancient peoples were much larger. These villages were often built on higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, some cultures had begun to build earthworks and effigy mounds, but not so frequently as during the Woodland period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures_of_the_Midwest">Cultures of the Midwest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultures of the Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adena_culture">Adena culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adena culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serpent_Mound" title="Special:EditPage/Serpent Mound">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Serpent+Mound%22">"Serpent Mound"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Serpent+Mound%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Serpent+Mound%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Serpent+Mound%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Serpent+Mound%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Serpent+Mound%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a> consisted of the pre-contact Native Americans who lived throughout the midwest in the areas that would become the states of Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and most predominantly, Ohio. The majority of these peoples inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near present-day <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 BCE and 1 CE. The name “Adena” refers to the shared culture of the peoples rather than to a singular group or tribe. </p><p>Researchers adopted the name "Adena" from the <a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County</a> estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, about one and a half miles northwest of <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe, Ohio</a>. Worthington referred to the community as “Adena”, which Worthington’s diary claims comes from a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”.<sup id="cite_ref-ohc_adena_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohc_adena-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, had been located at his estate and was known as "The Adena Mound". It was destroyed for agricultural development. </p><p>Archaeologists attribute the mounds to the Adena culture as a whole, although are unsure of the specific tribes who inhabited the land. The term "culture" encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the regional culture that is used by anthropologists.<sup id="cite_ref-ohc_adena_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohc_adena-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other peoples of the Woodland period, the Adena culture were hunter-gatherers. The women also domesticated and cultivated various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens, but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts, fruits, and roots along the way. The Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first of cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, archaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through its large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern-day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance. </p><p>The Adena were known for their burial practices. They buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. Often the mounds were accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The <a href="/wiki/Miamisburg_Mound" title="Miamisburg Mound">Miamisburg Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio" title="Montgomery County, Ohio">Montgomery County, Ohio</a>, is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, <a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">gorgets</a>, and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1 CE, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">The Hopewell culture</a>. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds and expanded their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica through trade. Many people of The Hopewell culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century CE through the efforts of these people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Ancient_Culture">Fort Ancient Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fort Ancient Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient Culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/220px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/330px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/440px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Map of Fort Ancient from 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a> who predominantly inhabited land near the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley in a culture that flourished from 1000 CE to 1750 CE. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, although they can be distinguished from that culture through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Hopewellian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewellian culture">Hopewellian Culture</a>. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, although they contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance of it around 200 CE. </p><p>The name of the culture originates from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a> archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Hopewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Hopewell">Ohio Hopewellian</a> people, but having been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the <a href="/wiki/Little_Miami_River" title="Little Miami River">Little Miami River</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio" title="Lebanon, Ohio">Lebanon, Ohio</a>. Despite its name, most <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/220px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/330px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/440px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Fort Ancient tools found in Maysville, Kentucky</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_History_Connection" title="Ohio History Connection">Ohio Historical Society</a>'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> more than 100 years before. They found a few pieces of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> in what they believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. Natural changes called <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost_crack" title="Frost crack">frost cracks</a>, etc., can reverse the <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structural timeline</a> of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound, however, and bioturbation can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger. This factor may be significant to the dating of the original construction of the mound. </p><p>When the team conducted <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon dating</a> studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 CE, with the third piece dating to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Archaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Archaic (page does not exist)">Late Archaic</a> period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below the cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> found in Ohio, the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Ohio" title="Granville, Ohio">Granville</a>, was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/220px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/330px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/440px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The curvature of the Serpent Mound</figcaption></figure> <p>Having been built around 1070 CE, many archaeologists believe that the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events. The primary theory is that the light from a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> may have prompted its construction. Although numerous supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, the one that created the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> occurred in the year 1054 CE. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth and it was visible in broad daylight. As a secondary theory, some archaeologists suggest and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 1066 CE could have been the influence and that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound; however, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line that does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. </p><p>The mound is located on the site of a classic <a href="/wiki/Astrobleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrobleme">astrobleme</a>, an ancient meteorite <a href="/wiki/Impact_structure" title="Impact structure">impact structure</a>. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus lunar crater</a>. In 2003, geologists from <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> Period, about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>, has been completely erased by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound appeared in <i>The Century</i> periodical in April 1890, drawn by <a href="/wiki/William_Jacob_Baer" title="William Jacob Baer">William Jacob Baer</a>. </p><p>According to archaeologist Brad Lepper, Serpent Mound may be a depiction of a Dhegihan Siouan origin story of the Great Serpent "Toothy Mouth”, lord of the Beneath World, who impregnated the First Woman.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Woodward and McDonald's interpretation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“Serpent Mound has given rise to a rich, diverse, and dynamic body of folk and scientific lore — there is no shortage of thoughts about how the effigy came to exist or, perhaps more importantly, why. At one time this earthen serpent was considered by some people with Christian affinity to be a mark of God that indicated the location of the Garden of Eden and served as a reminder of his moral authority. Today, New Age pilgrims find power and enlightenment, traditional views revere unrevealed distant purpose and perspective, and others seek meaning in geometric relationships between mounds and astronomical concurrences.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Woodward & McDonald, <i>Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley</i>, p.118 (2001)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/265px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" decoding="async" width="265" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/398px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the Serpent Mound that appeared in <i>The Century</i> periodical in April 1890, drawn by <a href="/wiki/William_Jacob_Baer" title="William Jacob Baer">William Jacob Baer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</i> fascinated many across the country, including <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, such as the patroness of <a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">The Glass Flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Ware" title="Mary Lee Ware">Mary Lee Ware</a>, Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site, and a burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder of the Ancient World" by <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>. </p><p>The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum. In 1900, the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a> designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of <a href="/wiki/Highlands_Sanctuary" title="Highlands Sanctuary">Highlands Sanctuary</a>, Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation">Excavation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/170px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/255px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/340px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">Gorgets</a> and points from the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>, found at the Serpent Mound</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/170px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/255px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/340px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at the Serpent Mound</figcaption></figure> <p>During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspools from the Hopewell culture as well as <a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">Gorgets</a> and points from the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>. </p><p>After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state. </p><p>One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just north of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that had been excavated previously by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 CE and 1211 CE. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serpent_Mound_Museum">Serpent Mound Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serpent Mound Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/265px-Serpent_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/398px-Serpent_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/530px-Serpent_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>Digital <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic Information System</a> Map of the Serpent Mound</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56-inch by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound. </p><p>In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened The Serpent Mound Museum that was built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the construction of the mound, and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture that historically, they credited as the creators of the mound. </p><p>In March 2002, A digital <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> map of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooks_Mound" title="Crooks Mound">Crooks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mounds_Park_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Indian Mounds Park (disambiguation)">Indian Mounds Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marree_Man" title="Marree Man">Marree Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters on Earth">List of impact craters on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in North America">List of impact craters in North America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1062580">"Serpent Mound"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serpent+Mound&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F1062580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm">"Great Serpent Mound"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Great+Serpent+Mound&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fserp%2Fhd_serp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html">"New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old – The Ancient Earthworks Project"</a>. March 27, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+Suggest+Serpent+Mound+is+More+Than+2%2C000+Years+Old+%E2%80%93+The+Ancient+Earthworks+Project&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancientearthworksproject.org%2F1%2Fpost%2F2014%2F07%2Fnew-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrmann, Edward W., G. William Monaghan, William F. Romain, Timothy M. Schilling, Jarrod Burks, Karen L. Leone, Matthew P. Purtill, and Alan C. Tonetti (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440314002465">"A New Multistage Construction Chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA"</a>, <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i> 50:117-125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghanHerrmann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Monaghan, G. William; Herrmann, Edward W. (January 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mcja/article/44/1/84/217212/Serpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still">"Serpent Mound Still Built by the Adena, and Still Rebuilt During the Fort Ancient Period"</a>. <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01461109.2018.1511156">10.1080/01461109.2018.1511156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1109">0146-1109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26599989">26599989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158652932">158652932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midcontinental+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Serpent+Mound+Still+Built+by+the+Adena%2C+and+Still+Rebuilt+During+the+Fort+Ancient+Period&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.issn=0146-1109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158652932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26599989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01461109.2018.1511156&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=G.+William&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fuip%2Fmcja%2Farticle%2F44%2F1%2F84%2F217212%2FSerpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepperDuncanDiaz-GranádosFrolking2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lepper, Bradley T.; Duncan, James R.; Diaz-Granádos, Carol; Frolking, Tod A. 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"Arguments for the Age of Serpent Mound". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095977431800001X">10.1017/S095977431800001X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165819360">165819360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Arguments+for+the+Age+of+Serpent+Mound&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095977431800001X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165819360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lepper&rft.aufirst=Bradley+T.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Diaz-Gran%C3%A1dos%2C+Carol&rft.au=Frolking%2C+Tod+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. A. Kenyon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/moundsofsacredea00keny/moundsofsacredea00keny.pdf">"Mounds of Sacred Earth – Burial Mounds of Ontario."</a> Royal Ontario Museum, 1986. <i>ROM Archaeology Monograph 9</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88854-303-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88854-303-4">0-88854-303-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hanover.edu/about/news/2021/mastodon-installed-science-center/">World’s most-complete mastodon debuts in science center.</a> hanover.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/indians/paleoindians.htm">"Shelby County Historical Society – Indians – About the Paleo-Indians"</a>. <i>www.shelbycountyhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806">"Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann's Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound"</a>. <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01461109.2018.1507806">10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1109">0146-1109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165322960">165322960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midcontinental+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Debating+the+Age+of+Serpent+Mound%3A+A+Reply+to+Romain+and+Herrmann%27s+Rejoinder+to+Lepper+Concerning+Serpent+Mound&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165322960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-1109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01461109.2018.1507806&rft.aulast=Lepper&rft.aufirst=Bradley+T.&rft.au=Frolking%2C+Tod+A.&rft.au=Pickard%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F01461109.2018.1507806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohc_adena-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohc_adena_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohc_adena_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Adena_Culture">"Adena culture – Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=Adena+culture+%E2%80%93+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAdena_Culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio).">"American Indians – Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=American+Indians+%E2%80%93+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAmerican_Indians%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFrom%2520these%2520missionaries%2C%2520historians%2520know%2CMyaamia%2520%28in%2520western%2520Ohio%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2001" class="citation book cs1">Webb, William S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03744"><i>The Adena people</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.03744">2027/heb.03744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-159-7"><bdi>978-0-87049-159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adena+people&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb.03744&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-159-7&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fheb.03744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>, Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/technology/2018/02/11/archaeology-serpent-mound-might-depict/14828999007/">"Archaeology: Serpent Mound might depict a creation story"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Serpent+Mound+might+depict+a+creation+story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2F02%2F11%2Farchaeology-serpent-mound-might-depict%2F14828999007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6699348">"Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long+Shadows+Over+the+Valley%3A+Recent+Findings+from+ASC+Group%27s+Excavations+at+Serpent+Mound+State+Memor.&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6699348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fletcher, Robert V., Terry L. Cameron, Bradley T. Lepper, Dee Anne Wymer, and William Pickard, "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>, Vol 21, No. 1, Spring 1996, University of Iowa.</li> <li>Putnam, Frederic Ward, "The Serpent Mound of Ohio: Site Excavation and Park Reconstruction.", <i>Century Magazine</i> Vol 39: 871–888. Illustrations by William Jacob Baer.</li> <li>Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis, <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i>, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1998. Reprint of 1848 edition with a new introduction by David J. Meltzer.</li> <li>Weintraub, Daniel and Kevin R. Schwarz, "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memorial", <i>Current Research in Ohio Archaeology</i> 2013. The Ohio Archaeological Council.</li> <li>Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald, <i>Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley</i>, Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Mound">Serpent Mound</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/serpent-mound">Serpent Mound</a>, Ohio Historical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/hocu/">"Hopewell culture National Historical Park"</a>, National Park Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040113195022/http://www.ohiohistoryteachers.org/03/04/sw07.shtml">Ohio History Teachers – Field Trips: Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html">"Archaeological Sites: Serpent Mound"</a>, Minnesota State University Mankato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2223">Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society</a></li> 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template talk:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Anderson<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hine_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hine site (page does not exist)">Hine site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemp_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemp site (page does not exist)">Kemp site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Line_Archeological_District" title="State Line Archeological District">State Line site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors"><img alt="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/250px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/375px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/500px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Baum Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin site (page does not exist)">Baldwin site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gartner_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gartner site (page does not exist)">Gartner site</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpent Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Feurt Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Indian_Village_Site" title="Buffalo Indian Village Site">Buffalo Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feurt_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Feurt Mounds and Village Site">Feurt Mounds and Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Village_site" title="Hardin Village site">Hardin Village site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobson_site" title="Hobson site">Hobson site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Madisonville<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckner_site" title="Buckner site">Buckner site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clay_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay Mound (page does not exist)">Clay Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleek%E2%80%93McCabe_site" title="Cleek–McCabe site">Cleek–McCabe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Farm_site_(Mays_Lick,_Kentucky)" title="Fox Farm site (Mays Lick, Kentucky)">Fox Farm site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hahn_Field_Archeological_District" title="Hahn Field Archeological District">Hahn Field site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larkin_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larkin site (page does not exist)">Larkin site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonville_site" title="Madisonville site">Madisonville site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Watson_Gravel_site" title="Ronald Watson Gravel site">Ronald Watson Gravel site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clough_Creek_and_Sand_Ridge_Archaeological_District" title="Clough Creek and Sand Ridge Archaeological District">Sand Ridge site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpin_site" title="Turpin site">Turpin site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bone_Stone_Graves" title="Bone Stone Graves">Bone Stone Graves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bone_Mound_II" title="Bone Mound II">Bone Mound II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cole_culture" title="Cole culture">Cole culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owasco_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owasco culture (page does not exist)">Owasco culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in 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