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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear-free_zone_by_geographical_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear-free_zone_by_geographical_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear-free_zone_by_geographical_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-free_zone_by_geographical_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Austria</span> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area in which nuclear weapons and power plants are banned</div> <p> A <b>nuclear-free zone</b> is an area in which <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">plants</a> are banned. The specific ramifications of these depend on the locale in question, but are generally distinct from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">nuclear-weapon-free zones</a>, in that the latter only bans nuclear weapons but may permit nuclear power. </p><p>Nuclear-free zones usually neither address nor prohibit <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiopharmaceuticals">radiopharmaceuticals</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> even though many of them are produced in nuclear reactors. They typically do not prohibit other nuclear technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclotrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclotrons">cyclotrons</a> used in particle physics. </p><p>Several sub-national authorities worldwide have declared themselves "nuclear-free". However, the label is often symbolic, as nuclear policy is usually determined and regulated at higher levels of government: nuclear weapons and components may traverse nuclear-free zones via military transport without the knowledge or consent of local authorities which had declared nuclear-free zones. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> became the first nuclear-free nation in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Palau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was the first Western-allied nation to legislate towards a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's nuclear-free zone">national nuclear free zone</a> by effectively renouncing the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear-free_zone_by_geographical_areas">Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antarctica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a> banned military activity on the continent, effective in 1961, and suspended territorial claims. A nuclear reactor provided electricity for <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, operated by the United States in the New Zealand Antarctic Territory from 1962 to 1972.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Australian <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government areas</a> of Australia have passed anti-nuclear weaponry legislation; notable among these are <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, capital of Queensland, which has been nuclear weapon free since 1983, and the South and North Sydney councils. Fremantle in Western Australia was the first council to declare itself a nuclear free zone in 1980. The continuing presence of nuclear armed and powered warships in the city's port led to many protests during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the passage of such legislation is generally considered just a symbolic measure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of councils which have passed anti-nuclear weaponry legislation are members of the Australian Nuclear Free Zones and Toxic Industries Secretariat which has 44 member councils.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act outlawed all construction and operation of nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel fabrication plants, and all other nuclear power in all Australian states and territories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All nuclear power concerns in Australia are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Radiation_Protection_and_Nuclear_Safety_Agency" title="Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency">Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austria is a nuclear free zone, when a nuclear power station was built during the 1970s at <a href="/wiki/Zwentendorf" title="Zwentendorf">Zwentendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, start-up was prevented by a popular vote in 1978. The completed power plant is now marketed as a shooting location for film and television.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 9, 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Austria">Austrian Parliament</a> voted unanimously to maintain the country's anti-nuclear policy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ironically, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> is located in Vienna, and the IAEA maintains nuclear laboratories both in Vienna and Seibersdorf.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAEA has also established programs to assist nuclear energy projects in developing countries. </p><p>Austria's anti-nuclear stance also causes tension with its nuclear neighbors. Vienna is located close to the Czech reactor at <a href="/wiki/Temelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Temelin">Temelin</a>, and four reactors are being built in neighboring Slovakia and two in neighboring Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> also bans mining for uranium, and the construction of nuclear power plants within its territorial limits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Soviet_Union">Former Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Former Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> have signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Nuclear_Weapon_Free_Zone" title="Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone">Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone</a> treaty. Thus, there are no technologies to create a weapon or enrich the particles, but in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, during the Soviet Union, such initiatives were brought to life, but with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the facilities were dismantled and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. The Treaty came into force on 21 March 2009. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> has begun preparations to begin construction of its first nuclear power plant.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> announced it would work together with Russia in order to build a small nuclear plant.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministry of Energy (Kazakhstan)">Kazakhstan Ministry of Energy</a> has recently proposed to reintroduce nuclear power to decrease the country's reliance on fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg/350px-Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg/525px-Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg/700px-Kobe_City_view_from_Po-ai_Shiosai_Park01s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear-free <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobe Port">Kobe Port</a>, seen from Po-ai Shiosai Park in 2011</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_non-nuclear_weapons_policy" title="Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy">Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy</a></div> <p>As a resource-poor nation, Japan is heavily reliant on nuclear power, but its unique experience in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> has led to the wholesale rejection of nuclear weapons, holding nuclear weapons shall not be manufactured in, possessed by, or allowed entry into Japan. These tenets, known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Non-Nuclear_Principles" title="Three Non-Nuclear Principles">Three Non-Nuclear Principles</a>, were first stated by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> in 1967, and were adopted as a parliamentary resolution in 1971, though they have never formally been entered into law. They continue to reflect the attitudes of both government and the general public, who remain staunchly opposed to the manufacture or use of nuclear weapons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> have never made any attempt to manufacture or otherwise obtain nuclear arms, and no nuclear weapons are known to have been introduced into the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Home Islands</a> since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. While the United States does not maintain nuclear bases within its military installations on the Home Islands, it is believed to have once stored weapons at <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, which remained under US administrative jurisdiction until 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_nuclear_power_referendum,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nuclear power referendum, 1987">Italian nuclear power referendum, 1987</a></div> <p>Italy is a nuclear free zone since the Italian nuclear power referendum of November 1987. Following center-right parties' victory in the 2008 election, Italy's industry minister announced that the government scheduled the construction to start the first new Italian nuclear-powered plant by 2013. The announced project was paused in March 2011, after the Japanese earthquake, and scrapped after a referendum on 12–13 June 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free zone</a></div> <p>In 1984, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> barred <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear-powered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear-armed</a> ships from using <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> ports or entering New Zealand waters. This policy followed a long campaign by peace activists which included large protests and the disruption of visits by US warships.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone,_Disarmament,_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987" title="New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987">New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nuclear_Free_Zone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Free_Zone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> territorial sea and land of New Zealand became nuclear weapons and nuclear-powered ship free zones. It does not ban nuclear power stations. A research reactor was operated by the University of Canterbury until 1981. Official planning for a nuclear power station continued until the 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Act prohibits "entry into the internal waters of New Zealand 12 miles (22.2 km) radius by any ship whose propulsion is wholly or partly dependent on nuclear power" and bans the dumping of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> within the nuclear-free zone, as well as prohibiting any New Zealand citizen or resident "to manufacture, acquire, possess, or have any control over any nuclear explosive device."<sup id="cite_ref-Nuclear_Free_Zone_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Free_Zone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the firm policy of the United States to "neither confirm nor deny" whether particular naval vessels carry nuclear weapons (a "<a href="/wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity" title="Policy of deliberate ambiguity">policy of deliberate ambiguity</a>"), the Act effectively bars these ships from entering New Zealand waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand's security treaty with the United States, <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, did not mention nuclear deterrence and did not require unconditional port access. However, after New Zealand refused entry to <a href="/wiki/USS_Buchanan_(DDG-14)" title="USS Buchanan (DDG-14)">USS <i>Buchanan</i></a> in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government suspended its <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> obligations to New Zealand, seeing New Zealand's effective rejection of United States Navy vessels as voiding the treaty. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Lange Labour government</a> did not see their stance as incompatible with the treaty and sought a compromise for over two years before passing the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for the non-nuclear policy was bolstered by the perceived over-reaction of the United States and by the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a> by <a href="/wiki/DGSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DGSE">French spies</a> while docked in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. According to some commentators, the legislation was a milestone in New Zealand's development as a nation and seen as an important act of sovereignty, self-determination and cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>’s three decade <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> campaign is the only successful movement of its type in the world which resulted in the nation's nuclear-free zone status being enshrined in legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nuclear-free zone law does not make building land-based nuclear power plants illegal. However, the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_New_Zealand" title="Electricity sector in New Zealand">electricity system</a>, abundance of other resources to generate electricity, and public opposition has meant a nuclear power plant has never gone beyond the investigation phase – a nuclear power plant was proposed north of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in the early 1970s, but the discovery of large natural gas reserves in <a href="/wiki/Taranaki_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranaki region">Taranaki</a> saw the proposal shelved.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuclear weapons-free Nordic (<i>Finn. Ydinaseeton Pohjola</i>) was an initiative by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> for a nuclear weapons-free zone in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>. The aim was to prevent the Nordic countries from becoming a nuclear battleground and a route for <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> in the event of a nuclear war between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. </p><p>The idea was proposed first in 1963, in a speech by Kekkonen proposing that the Nordic countries pledge to not procure nuclear weapons or station nuclear weapons in their territory. At the time, among the Nordic countries, Sweden was close to acquire nuclear weapons through a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Swedish nuclear weapons program">domestic programme</a>, and only <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> had outright rejected them. Finland was required by Article 17 of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">1947 Peace Treaty</a> to not seek atomic weapons,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Norway and Denmark were members of NATO, and the alliance saw nuclear weapons as crucial to their strategy. Despite both Norway and Denmark being somewhat opposed to the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory, the presence of foreign military in their countries made an absolute peacetime and wartime ban, as proposed by Kekkonen, practically impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Apunen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apunen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden finally scrapped its nuclear weapon programme in 1968, due to concerns of a domino effect increase of countries in the world aiming for atomic weapons. </p><p>The idea was proposed again in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> period of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the 1970s, with the background of both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> decreasing their nuclear weapon stockpile. A speech made by Kekkonen in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on 8 May 1978 presented a plan for arms control in the Nordic region, the strengthening of existing non-nuclear status of northern Europe, and a guarantee that nuclear-armed states would not use nuclear weapons against nuclear weapon free zone states.<sup id="cite_ref-Apunen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apunen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea for a Nuclear weapons-free zone in the north gained popularity in Norway from late 1980, and gained broad cross-party support in government. At a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers in September 1981, the issue was put on the agenda, but received little attention and no future prospects for implementation. this was primarily due to the beliefs of ministers that the zone should be within the framework of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and in a wider European context of disarmament, which seemed unlikely at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union was also interested in establishing a Nordic nuclear weapons-free zone, though likely only as a tool to divide NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union did not commit to the removal of any nuclear weapons on the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a>. This, combined with the Soviet Union's continued <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation of the Baltic states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlskrona incident">Karlskrona incident</a> of 1981, made the establishment of a Nordic nuclear free zone in the Cold War unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States was against the establishment of a nuclear weapons-free Nordic zone, facing the fact that the zone would be against U.S. and NATO security interests.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuclear energy is used in both <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palau">Palau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Palau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> adopted its first constitution in July 1979, stating that the Micronesian country would be "nuclear-free". The United States told the Palauan government that this constitution was likely incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a>. The Palauan government submitted a revised version of the constitution without the "nuclear-free" clause the following October. The Palauan people rejected the revised document and reinstated the original constitution in July 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Palau_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later, however, the Palauan people voted to overturn their nuclear-free status out of "economic survival".<sup id="cite_ref-NY_Times_Palau_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_Palau-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuclear Free Zone Movement in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was very strong in early 1980s; up to two hundred local authorities including <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">district councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city councils</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> (GLC) (before its abolition) declared themselves to be 'nuclear free'. The first 'nuclear-free zone' in the UK was <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a> in 1980 – this still exists to this day. Wales became 'nuclear free' on 23 February 1982 after Clwyd County Council declared itself 'nuclear free' and the Nuclear Free Wales Declaration was made. This policy was legally underpinned by Section 137 of the Local Government Act, which allowed local authorities to spend a small amount on whatever members considered was in the interest of their area or a part of their area. </p><p>UK nuclear-free local authorities refused to take part in civil defence exercises relating to nuclear war, which they thought were futile. The non-cooperation of the nuclear-free zone authorities was the main reason for the cancellation of the national <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_(exercise)" title="Hard Rock (exercise)">'Hard Rock' civil defence exercise</a> in July 1982. In England and Wales 24 of the 54 county councils refused to participate and seven more co-operated only in a half-hearted way.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been seen as a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_Kingdom" title="Peace movement">British Peace movement</a> against the policies of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. Generally, nuclear-free zones were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> controlled councils but <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and even a few <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> councillors were often active in this respect too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis,_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/220px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/330px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/440px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A number of towns, cities and counties in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> established themselves as Nuclear-Free Zones in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The first was <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>. In the November 1978 general election, Missoula voters overwhelmingly approved a ballot initiative in the form of a land-use ordinance establishing the entirety of Missoula County as a "'nuclear free' zoning district" banning all nuclear facilities except those for medical purposes. (In the same election, Montana voters approved a statewide initiative by a 2–1 margin barring nuclear facilities or reactors without strict state-enforced regulatory standards and ratification by popular referendum, and in a follow-up 1980 initiative, Montanans narrowly voted to ban the disposal of nuclear waste.) That Missoula's measure was originally drafted as a zoning ordinance legally enforceable by the county planning department apparently created the popular term "Nuclear Free Zone" adopted as the name of the local political action group sponsoring the initiative and later used by other jurisdictions worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the tiny town of <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Park,_Maryland" title="Garrett Park, Maryland">Garrett Park, Maryland</a>, attracted worldwide attention with its referendum in May, 1982. The following year, <a href="/wiki/Takoma_Park,_Maryland" title="Takoma Park, Maryland">Takoma Park, Maryland</a>, was officially declared a nuclear-free zone in 1983 by then-mayor Sam Abbott. A citizen committee of the local city council continues to monitor city contracts. The city cannot hold contracts with any company associated with any aspect of nuclear weapons without a waiver from the citizen committee. In September 2005, Takoma Park took a stand against the transportation of high-level nuclear waste through the city. It voted to amend its Nuclear-Free Zone Ordinance to give its citizen committee responsibility to collect information and from this information and from consultations with individuals and organizations involved in the transportation of high-level nuclear waste, to advise the city on how to promote the safety and welfare of its citizens from harmful exposure to high-level nuclear waste.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg/220px-Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg/330px-Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg/440px-Nuclear_Free_Zone_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Existing sign (2024) in Berkeley, California declaring itself a Nuclear Free Zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another well-known nuclear-free community is <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, whose citizens passed the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act in 1986 which allows the city to levy fines for nuclear weapons-related activity and to boycott companies involved in the United States nuclear infrastructure. The City of Berkeley has posted signs at city limits proclaiming its nuclear free status. The ordinance specifies possible fines for such activities within its borders. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> is deeply involved in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">history of nuclear weapons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> system until recently managed operations at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>, a U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory, and continues to manage the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>. At the time of the passage of the act, the university operated a nuclear reactor for research purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Etcheverry_Hall" title="Etcheverry Hall">Etcheverry Reactor</a>, which it continued to operate after the act went into effect. The University of California, as a state institution, is not subject to Berkeley's municipal regulations, including the ban. Berkeley also has major freeway and train lines which are used in transporting nuclear materials. </p><p>On November 14, 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a> <a href="/wiki/City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council">City Council</a> declared the city to be a nuclear-free zone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis has major freeway and train arteries running through it which are used for transporting nuclear materials. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, with a campus at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a>, runs a research reactor at the nearby former <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base" title="McClellan Air Force Base">McClellan Air Force Base</a>, as well as workers who are involved with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oakland,_California_and_Legal_Test_Case"><span id="Oakland.2C_California_and_Legal_Test_Case"></span>Oakland, California and Legal Test Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oakland, California and Legal Test Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 8, 1988, City of <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> voters passed "Measure T" with 57% of the vote, making that city a nuclear free zone. Prior to the vote, the Oakland City Council voted 8-1 to oppose the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Oakland Tribune editorial section, recommended a "No" vote towards the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Ordinance No. 11062 CMS then passed on December 6, 1988, the city is restricted from doing business with <i>"any entity knowingly engaged in nuclear weapons work and any of its agents, subsidiaries or affiliates which are engaged in nuclear weapons work."</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two lawsuits were filed against the City regarding the measure, one brought by Pacific Legal Foundation on behalf of businesses. The other was brought by the Federal government in September 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in court document filings, the federal government revealed that Oakland was the hub of the Bay Area's nuclear weapons distribution network and that radioactive components of atomic weapons traveled regularly through Oakland.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon thereafter, the 6.9M<a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake</a> occurred leading to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Street_Viaduct" title="Cypress Street Viaduct">Cypress Street Viaduct</a> in West Oakland. The combination of the information disclosure in court as well as the freeway collapse generated concern from then West Oakland Councilmember, Wilson Riles Jr. who contended there would have been "deaths within a mile radius" had there been a truck carrying nuclear material present on the structure when the earthquake occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measure was invalidated in federal court, on the grounds that it interfered with the Federal Government's constitutional authority over national defense and atomic energy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue being Oakland is a major port, and like Berkeley, and Davis, has major freeway and train arteries running through it. The City did not appeal the decision. </p><p>In 1992, the Oakland City Council unanimously reinstated modified elements of the older ordinance, reportedly bringing the total number of Nuclear Free Zones in the United States at that time to 188, with a total population of over 17 million in 27 states.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_US_Cities">Additional US Cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Additional US Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other cities, counties, and other governments within the United States passing nuclear free zone ordinances and the date of adoption, when known: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcata,_California" title="Arcata, California">Arcata</a>, CA (9/15/1989)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>, CO (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California" title="Carmel-by-the-Sea, California">Carmel-By-The Sea</a>, CA<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico,_California" title="Chico, California">Chico</a>, CA (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, IL (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Heights, OH">Cleveland Heights</a>, OH (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Windsor,_Connecticut" title="East Windsor, Connecticut">East Windsor</a>, CT (12/16/1992)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a>, OR (11/1986); revised measure defeated 5/15/1990<sup id="cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunsite.berkeley.edu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Park,_Maryland" title="Garrett Park, Maryland">Garrett Park</a>, MD (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaii County</a>, HI (1981); amendment excluding military approved by referendum 11/1986<sup id="cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunsite.berkeley.edu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward,_California" title="Hayward, California">Hayward</a>, CA (9/15/87)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer,_Alaska" title="Homer, Alaska">Homer</a>, AK (10/3/89)<sup id="cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunsite.berkeley.edu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City</a>, IA (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, WI (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin County</a>, CA (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, CA (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin</a>, Ohio (November 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa,_California" title="Napa, California">Napa</a>, CA (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, NY (11/8/1984)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a>, NV (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a>, OK (8/28/1993)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a>, CA (11/17/1998)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sebastopol.municipal.codes/SMC/8.20">Sebastopol</a>, CA (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykesville,_Maryland" title="Sykesville, Maryland">Sykesville</a>, MD (6/16/1982)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Helena,_California" title="St. Helena, California">St. Helena</a>, CA (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoma_Park,_Maryland" title="Takoma Park, Maryland">Takoma Park</a>, MD (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, many cities, counties, and states considered becoming nuclear free zones. Locations where governmental or popular votes were conducted and defeated, where known, were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras County</a>, CA<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, MA<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, CA<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Nuclear_Weapons_Free_Zone_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty">African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Nuclear-Weapons-Free_Status" title="Mongolian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Status">Mongolian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_and_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki and Hiroshima">Nagasaki and Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-nuclear_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-nuclear future">Non-nuclear future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">Nuclear testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear weapons and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone">Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tlatelolco" title="Treaty of Tlatelolco">Treaty of Tlatelolco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">United States and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Palau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palau_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palau_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClarkRoff1984" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roger; Roff, Sue Rabbitt (1984). <span 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(1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44481027">"A Nordic Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone as a (Partial) Depletion Zone"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Peace Proposals</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 337–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096701068301400405">10.1177/096701068301400405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-5035">0007-5035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44481027">44481027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143708385">143708385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Peace+Proposals&rft.atitle=A+Nordic+Nuclear+Weapon-Free+Zone+as+a+%28Partial%29+Depletion+Zone&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-339&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0007-5035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143708385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44481027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096701068301400405&rft.aulast=Saperstein&rft.aufirst=Alvin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44481027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEITENBERG1982" class="citation journal cs1">LEITENBERG, MILTON (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083274">"The Stranded USSR Submarine in Sweden and the Question of a Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone"</a>. <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 17–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001083678201700103">10.1177/001083678201700103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8367">0010-8367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083274">45083274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153493094">153493094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=The+Stranded+USSR+Submarine+in+Sweden+and+the+Question+of+a+Nordic+Nuclear-Free+Zone&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-28&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0010-8367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153493094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001083678201700103&rft.aulast=LEITENBERG&rft.aufirst=MILTON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumsden,_Catherine_Anne1990" class="citation thesis cs1">Lumsden, Catherine Anne (1 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/30655"><i>The Soviet Nordic Nuclear Weapon Free Zone proposal</i></a> (Thesis). Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Soviet+Nordic+Nuclear+Weapon+Free+Zone+proposal&rft.inst=Monterey%2C+California.+Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.date=1990-06-01&rft.au=Lumsden%2C+Catherine+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalhoun.nps.edu%2Fhandle%2F10945%2F30655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZAKHEIM1998" class="citation journal cs1">ZAKHEIM, DOV S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083795">"The United States and the Nordic Countries During the Cold War"</a>. <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 115–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010836798033002001">10.1177/0010836798033002001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8367">0010-8367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083795">45083795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143457225">143457225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Nordic+Countries+During+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-129&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0010-8367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143457225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010836798033002001&rft.aulast=ZAKHEIM&rft.aufirst=DOV+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY_Times_Palau-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_Palau_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/07/world/palau-drops-nuclear-free-status.html">"Palau Drops Nuclear-Free Status"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 August 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Palau+Drops+Nuclear-Free+Status&rft.date=1987-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F07%2Fworld%2Fpalau-drops-nuclear-free-status.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolsover, Philip, "A victory – and a new development", in Minnion, J., and Bolsover, P., <i>The CND Story</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Allison_and_Busby" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison and Busby">Allison and Busby</a>, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the Missoula zoning ordinance, see Missoula Independent, Nov. 30, 2000, at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/reading-the-sign/Content?oid=1133059">http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/reading-the-sign/Content?oid=1133059</a>. For the zoning ordinance text as updated in 2007, see Missoula County, MT Nuclear Free Zone, at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20130710025400/http://greenpolicy360.net/index.php?title=Missoula_County,_MT_Nuclear_Free_Zone">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on Takoma Park's nuclear-free history see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628032216/http://www.takomaparkmd.gov/committees/nfz/nftpc.htm">"Nuclear Free Takoma Park Committee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takomaparkmd.gov/committees/nfz/nftpc.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Free+Takoma+Park+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takomaparkmd.gov%2Fcommittees%2Fnfz%2Fnftpc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daviswiki.org/Nuclear_Free_Zone">Nuclear Free Zone – Davis Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheevers1988" class="citation news cs1">Cheevers, Jack (3 November 1988). "Oakland council opposes 'nuclear-free' measure". <i>The Tribune, Oakland, California</i>. pp. A11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland%2C+California&rft.atitle=Oakland+council+opposes+%27nuclear-free%27+measure&rft.pages=A11&rft.date=1988-11-03&rft.aulast=Cheevers&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard1988" class="citation news cs1">Maynard, Robert C., ed. (8 November 1988). "The Tribune Recommends". <i>The Tribune, Oakland California</i>. pp. B6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland+California&rft.atitle=The+Tribune+Recommends&rft.pages=B6&rft.date=1988-11-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526022607/http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/obra/raillineremoval/Schedule%20P%20-%20Nuclear%20Free.pdf">"Schedule P, City of Oakland, rev. 7/30/01"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/obra/raillineremoval/Schedule%20P%20-%20Nuclear%20Free.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schedule+P%2C+City+of+Oakland%2C+rev.+7%2F30%2F01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaklandnet.com%2Fgovernment%2Fobra%2Fraillineremoval%2FSchedule%2520P%2520-%2520Nuclear%2520Free.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1989" class="citation news cs1">Collier, Michael (7 September 1989). "U.S. in court to kill Oakland nuclear ban". <i>The Tribune, Oakland, California</i>. pp. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland%2C+California&rft.atitle=U.S.+in+court+to+kill+Oakland+nuclear+ban&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1989-09-07&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Wolk1989" class="citation news cs1">De Wolk, Roland (6 November 1989). "Oakland is area's nuclear transportation hub". <i>The Tribune, Oakland, California</i>. pp. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland%2C+California&rft.atitle=Oakland+is+area%27s+nuclear+transportation+hub&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1989-11-06&rft.aulast=De+Wolk&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1989" class="citation news cs1">Johns, Brian (8 November 1989). "Official wants U.S. network of nuclear free cities". <i>The Tribune, Oakland, California</i>. pp. C3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland%2C+California&rft.atitle=Official+wants+U.S.+network+of+nuclear+free+cities&rft.pages=C3&rft.date=1989-11-08&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/28/us/a-nuclear-free-zone-is-ruled-to-be-invalid.html">"A Nuclear-Free Zone Is Ruled to Be Invalid"</a>. 28 April 1990 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Nuclear-Free+Zone+Is+Ruled+to+Be+Invalid&rft.date=1990-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F28%2Fus%2Fa-nuclear-free-zone-is-ruled-to-be-invalid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611125759/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/334/3337.html">"WISE NC; US FEDERAL COURT OVERTURNS NUCLEAR FREE ZONE LAW"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WISE+NC%3B+US+FEDERAL+COURT+OVERTURNS+NUCLEAR+FREE+ZONE+LAW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F334%2F3337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakland City Council Reinstates Nuclear-Free Policy, US Newswire 7/3/92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004102422/http://www.cityofarcata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=197&Itemid=9">"City of Arcata"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofarcata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=197&Itemid=9">the original</a> on 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Arcata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofarcata.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26amp%3Btask%3Dview%26amp%3Bid%3D197%26amp%3BItemid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colocode.com/boulder2/chapter6-8.htm">Boulder Revised Code Chapter 6–8: Nuclear Free Zone, via Colorado Code Publishing Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614014724/http://www.colocode.com/boulder2/chapter6-8.htm">Archived</a> June 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"No nukes in Carmel". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. 10 May 1985. pp. B6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=No+nukes+in+Carmel&rft.pages=B6&rft.date=1985-05-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes1984" class="citation news cs1">Haynes, Jim (8 August 1984). "Nucleare-free zone ordinance passed by Chico City Council". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Nucleare-free+zone+ordinance+passed+by+Chico+City+Council&rft.date=1984-08-08&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggerObserverWeapons1987" class="citation web cs1">Dugger, Ronnie Dugger: Ronnie; Observer, the Publisher of the Texas; Weapons, Is Writing A. Book On the Ethical Implications of Nuclear (20 September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/magazine/the-company-as-target.html">"The Company As Target"</a> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Company+As+Target&rft.date=1987-09-20&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Ronnie+Dugger%3A+Ronnie&rft.au=Observer%2C+the+Publisher+of+the+Texas&rft.au=Weapons%2C+Is+Writing+A.+Book+On+the+Ethical+Implications+of+Nuclear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-company-as-target.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2013/04/signs_announcing_cleveland_hei.html">"Signs announcing Cleveland Heights as Nuclear Free Zone: Whatever happened to ...?"</a>. <i>cleveland</i>. 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cleveland&rft.atitle=Signs+announcing+Cleveland+Heights+as+Nuclear+Free+Zone%3A+Whatever+happened+to+...%3F&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2F2013%2F04%2Fsigns_announcing_cleveland_hei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwindsor-ct.gov/Public_Documents/EWindsorCT_ordinances/92-3">"Town of East Windsor Nuclear Free Zone Ordinance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+of+East+Windsor+Nuclear+Free+Zone+Ordinance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwindsor-ct.gov%2FPublic_Documents%2FEWindsorCT_ordinances%2F92-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunsite.berkeley.edu-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunsite.berkeley.edu_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/meiklejohn/meik-peacelaw/meik-peacelaw-16.html">Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute Archives: Human Rights and Peace Law Docket 1945–1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garrettpark-md.gov/c/286/history">Town of Garrett Park: History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523010419/http://www.garrettpark-md.gov/c/286/history">Archived</a> 2009-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.hayward.ca.us/municipal/uncodified/Nuclear%20Free%20Hayward.pdf">Ordinance No. 87-024, An Ordinance Establishing Nuclear Free Hayward</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229130130/http://www.ci.hayward.ca.us/municipal/uncodified/Nuclear%20Free%20Hayward.pdf">Archived</a> December 29, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.press-citizen.com/comments/article/20100615/NEWS01/6150320/Iowa-City-to-replace-Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone-signs">[3]</a> press-citizen- Iowa City to replace missing signs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Madison Oks nuke-free plan". <i>S.F. Examiner</i>. 16 November 1983. pp. D2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.F.+Examiner&rft.atitle=Madison+Oks+nuke-free+plan&rft.pages=D2&rft.date=1983-11-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713113922/http://www.municode.com/Library/Library.aspx">"Municode Library"</a>. 13 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municode.com/Library/Library.aspx">the original</a> on 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municode+Library&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municode.com%2FLibrary%2FLibrary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowiczCheevers" class="citation news cs1">Grabowicz, Paul; Cheevers, Jack. "Oakland, port assessing no-nukes vote". <i>The Tribune, Oakland California</i>. pp. A15-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Oakland+California&rft.atitle=Oakland%2C+port+assessing+no-nukes+vote&rft.pages=A15-16&rft.aulast=Grabowicz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Cheevers%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nuclear-free zone". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. 20 December 1984. pp. B5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Nuclear-free+zone&rft.pages=B5&rft.date=1984-12-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.peacemagazine.org/v01n1p30.htm">Peace Magazine, Mar 1985</a> The article adds that 14 of 16 ballot measures passed in the 1984 general election, and that there were 80 US NFZs at that time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114432/http://www.jour.unr.edu/outpost/community/archives/com.go.nuclear.html">"Nuclear free Reno"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jour.unr.edu/outpost/community/archives/com.go.nuclear.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+free+Reno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jour.unr.edu%2Foutpost%2Fcommunity%2Farchives%2Fcom.go.nuclear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611114559/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/403/3922.html">"WISE NC; NATIVE LANDS BECOMINGNUCLEAR FREE ZONES IN US"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WISE+NC%3B+NATIVE+LANDS+BECOMINGNUCLEAR+FREE+ZONES+IN+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F403%2F3922.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.santa-cruz.ca.us/council/CouncilPolicies/11-04.pdf">COUNCIL POLICY 11.4: DECLARING THE CITY OF SANTA CRUZ A NUCLEAR FREE ZONE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118153650/http://www.ci.santa-cruz.ca.us/council/CouncilPolicies/11-04.pdf">Archived</a> November 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901231628/http://archives.ubalt.edu/wmar/1982_june.htm">"Special Collections, Langsdale Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.ubalt.edu/wmar/1982_june.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Collections%2C+Langsdale+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.ubalt.edu%2Fwmar%2F1982_june.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1984" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Steve (11 April 1984). "St. Helena Opts for No Nukes". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. pp. B8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=St.+Helena+Opts+for+No+Nukes&rft.pages=B8&rft.date=1984-04-11&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/12/15/takoma-park-votes-itself-a-nuclear-free-zone/e8664144-8055-47ac-8a4e-1925ce22b6e4/">Takoma Park Votes Itself a Nuclear-Free Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170828110812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/12/15/takoma-park-votes-itself-a-nuclear-free-zone/e8664144-8055-47ac-8a4e-1925ce22b6e4/">Archived</a> 2017-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1984" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Steve (7 June 1984). "9 women elected county supervisors". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. pp. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=9+women+elected+county+supervisors&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=1984-06-07&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nuclear Ban Defeated in Cambridge". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. 12 November 1983. pp. A5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Ban+Defeated+in+Cambridge&rft.pages=A5&rft.date=1983-11-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Fresno rejects nuclear-free zone". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. 6 March 1985. pp. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Fresno+rejects+nuclear-free+zone&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1985-03-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"From gambling to taxes, voters have last say". <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. 6 November 1986. pp. A17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=From+gambling+to+taxes%2C+voters+have+last+say&rft.pages=A17&rft.date=1986-11-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear-free+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-free_zone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615231832/http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903994,00.html">Mururoa protest, Time 1973</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/11/23/1069522476689.html?from=storyrhs">"By-laws beat the bomb" – Commentary by Frank Johnson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikiniatoll.com/">Bikini Atoll Atomic test zone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/media-gallery/image/testing/marshall-islands.htm">Pictures of victims of US nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611051514/http://www.underground-book.com/chapters/maralinga/British/">Nuclear Testing in Australia 1952–1958</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bntva.com/">British Nuclear Test Veterans Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701085022/http://www.sea-us.org.au/thunder/britsbombingus.html">Australias Maralinga nuclear test site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210205539/http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/bmc/berkeley_municipal_code/title_12/90/index.html">"Nuclear Free Berkeley Act" – Nuclear-free zone legislation for Berkeley, California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionizkor.org/peace/nw.html">Radio Nizkor International Nuclear conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclear-free-future.com/en/laureates/">Nuclear-free future award</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti%E2%80%93nuclear_power_groups" title="List of anti–nuclear power groups">Anti-nuclear power groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Lawyers_against_Nuclear_Arms" title="International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms">International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action#Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign" title="Peace Action">Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action" title="Peace Action">Peace Action and SANE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembina_Institute" title="Pembina Institute">Pembina Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_(France)" title="Sortir du nucléaire (France)">Sortir du nucléaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing" title="World Uranium Hearing">World Uranium Hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Canada" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_France" title="Anti-nuclear movement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India#Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_power_movement_in_Japan" title="Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Russia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea" title="Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan#Post-Fukushima" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadatoshi_Akiba" title="Tadatoshi Akiba">Tadatoshi Akiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bigelow" title="Albert Bigelow">Albert Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Edwards_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Edwards (scientist)">Gordon Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Green_(activist)" title="Jim Green (activist)">Jim Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gunter" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuto_Hosaka" title="Nobuto Hosaka">Nobuto Hosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Hudson" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Hudson_(activist)" title="Kate Hudson (activist)">Kate Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Kopreitan" title="Ole Kopreitan">Ole Kopreitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lown" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freda_Meissner-Blau" title="Freda Meissner-Blau">Freda Meissner-Blau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pentz" title="Mike Pentz">Mike Pentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Roche" title="Adi Roche">Adi Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Scheer" title="Jens Scheer">Jens Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schell" title="Jonathan Schell">Jonathan Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Weeramantry" title="Christopher Weeramantry">Christopher Weeramantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_holocaust_fiction" title="List of nuclear holocaust fiction">Nuclear holocaust fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture" title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture">Nuclear weapons in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_about_nuclear_war_and_weapons" title="Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons">Songs about nuclear war and weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretariat_19" title="Defence Secretariat 19">Defence Secretariat 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Manifesto" title="Göttingen Manifesto">Göttingen Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">Peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Sun" title="Smiling Sun">Smiling Sun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_(film)" title="The Bomb (film)">The Bomb</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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