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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="بقية (كيمياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بقية (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostatak_(hemija)" title="Ostatak (hemija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ostatak (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckstand_(Chemie)" title="Rückstand (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rückstand (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="باقی‌مانده (شیمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باقی‌مانده (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(biochimie)" title="Résidu (biochimie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résidu (biochimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%94%EA%B8%B0" title="잔기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잔기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residu" title="Residu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Residu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residu_(scheikunde)" title="Residu (scheikunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Residu (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%99" title="かす – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="かす" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osad_(chemia)" title="Osad (chemia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osad (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Остаток (биохимия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остаток (биохимия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Residue (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Residue (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%B1nt%C4%B1_(biyokimya)" title="Kalıntı (biyokimya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalıntı (biyokimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Залишок (біохімія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залишок (біохімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q903495#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Special:EditPage/Residue (chemistry)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Residue%22+chemistry">"Residue" chemistry</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Residue%22+chemistry+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Residue%22+chemistry&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Residue%22+chemistry+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Residue%22+chemistry">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Residue%22+chemistry&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillation_2-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Distillation_2-a.jpg/220px-Distillation_2-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Distillation_2-a.jpg/330px-Distillation_2-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Distillation_2-a.jpg/440px-Distillation_2-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Distillation apparatus</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <b>residue</b> is whatever remains or acts as a <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminant</a> after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>. It may also denote the undesired <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>. </p><p>Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_safety">Food safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residue_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Food safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxic chemical residues, wastes or contamination from other processes, are a concern in food safety. The most common food residues originate from pesticides, veterinary drugs, and industrial chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> (CFIA) have guidelines for detecting chemical residues that are possibly dangerous to consume.<sup id="cite_ref-urlDrug_&_Chemical_Residues_Methods_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDrug_&_Chemical_Residues_Methods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlChemical_Residues_/_Microbiology_-_Food_-_Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlChemical_Residues_/_Microbiology_-_Food_-_Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., the FDA is responsible for setting guidelines while other organizations enforce them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residue_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Similar to the food industry, in environmental sciences residue also refers to chemical contaminants. Residues in the environment are often the result of industrial processes, such as escaped chemicals from <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> processing, fuel leaks during industrial transportation, trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive</a> material, and excess pesticides that enter the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aflatoxin_3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aflatoxin_3d.png/220px-Aflatoxin_3d.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aflatoxin_3d.png/330px-Aflatoxin_3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aflatoxin_3d.png/440px-Aflatoxin_3d.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>3D image of Aflatoxin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristic_units_within_a_molecule">Characteristic units within a molecule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residue_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristic units within a molecule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Residue may refer to an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> or a group of atoms that form part of a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residue_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Biochemistry"></span> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, a residue refers to a specific <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric chain</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a>. </p><p>In proteins, the carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid to form a peptide. This results in the removal of water and what remains is called the residue. Naming of residues is done by replacing "acid" with "residue".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A residue's properties will influence interactions with other residues and the overall chemical properties of the protein it resides in. One might say, "This <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> consists of 118 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues" or "The <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> residue is considered to be basic because it contains an <a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">imidazole</a> ring." Note that a residue is different from a <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a>, which, in the above example would be constituted by the <i>imidazole ring</i> or the <i>imidazole moiety</i>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> residue is a single <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a>. Examples of residues in DNA are the bases "A", "T", "G", and "C". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residue_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/science-data/data-sets-visualizations/chemical-residues-and-contaminants">"Chemical Residues and Contaminants"</a>. <i>Food Safety and Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture</i>. July 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Safety+and+Inspection+Service+U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Chemical+Residues+and+Contaminants&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2Fscience-data%2Fdata-sets-visualizations%2Fchemical-residues-and-contaminants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidue+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlDrug_&_Chemical_Residues_Methods-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlDrug_&_Chemical_Residues_Methods_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm2006950.htm">"Drug & Chemical Residues Methods"</a>. 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Canadian Food Inspection Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Residues+%2F+Microbiology+-+Food&rft.pub=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspection.gc.ca%2Ffood%2Fchemical-residues-microbiology%2Feng%2F1331960432334%2F1331962151945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidue+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudiDaniel_RuanWangLyu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tudi, Muyesaier; Daniel Ruan, Huada; Wang, Li; Lyu, Jia; Sadler, Ross; Connell, Des; Chu, Cordia; Phung, Dung Tri (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7908628">"Agriculture Development, Pesticide 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513796">33513796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Agriculture+Development%2C+Pesticide+Application+and+Its+Impact+on+the+Environment&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1112&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7908628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1661-7827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33513796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph18031112&rft.aulast=Tudi&rft.aufirst=Muyesaier&rft.au=Daniel+Ruan%2C+Huada&rft.au=Wang%2C+Li&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Jia&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Ross&rft.au=Connell%2C+Des&rft.au=Chu%2C+Cordia&rft.au=Phung%2C+Dung+Tri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7908628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidue+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac198456050595/html">"Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (Recommendations 1983)"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>56</b> (5): 595–624. 1984-01-01. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198456050595">10.1351/pac198456050595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span 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