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href="#In_information_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In information systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_information_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cognitive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cognitive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In cognitive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cognitive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accuracy and precision</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="الدقة والضبط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدقة والضبط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99qiqlik" title="Dəqiqlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəqiqlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সঠিকতা ও সূক্ষ্মতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঠিকতা ও সূক্ষ্মতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAn-khak_kah_cheng-bi%CC%8Dt" title="Chún-khak kah cheng-bi̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chún-khak kah cheng-bi̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactitud_i_precisi%C3%B3" title="Exactitud i precisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exactitud i precisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Тĕллĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕллĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99esnost_a_preciznost" title="Přesnost a preciznost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přesnost a preciznost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genauigkeit" title="Genauigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genauigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4psus_ja_kordust%C3%A4psus" title="Täpsus ja kordustäpsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täpsus ja kordustäpsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisi%C3%B3n_y_exactitud" title="Precisión y exactitud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Precisión y exactitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzakteco_kaj_precizeco" title="Ekzakteco kaj precizeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekzakteco kaj precizeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%AA" title="صحت و دقت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صحت و دقت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactitude_et_pr%C3%A9cision" title="Exactitude et précision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exactitude et précision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%99%95%EB%8F%84%EC%99%80_%EC%A0%95%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="정확도와 정밀도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정확도와 정밀도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="यथार्थता एवं परिशुद्धता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यथार्थता एवं परिशुद्धता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akurasi_dan_presisi" title="Akurasi dan presisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akurasi dan presisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דיוק ונכונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוק ונכונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Дәлдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәлдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoss%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_precizit%C3%A1s" title="Pontosság és precizitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pontosság és precizitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauwkeurigheid" title="Nauwkeurigheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nauwkeurigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%A8%E7%B2%BE%E5%BA%A6" title="正確度と精度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正確度と精度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dok%C5%82adno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_precyzja_metody_pomiaru" title="Dokładność i precyzja metody pomiaru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dokładność i precyzja metody pomiaru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exatid%C3%A3o_e_precis%C3%A3o" title="Exatidão e precisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exatidão e precisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactitate_%C8%99i_precizie" title="Exactitate și precizie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exactitate și precizie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Точность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Точность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accuracy and precision" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presnos%C5%A5_merania" title="Presnosť merania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Presnosť merania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dnost_in_natan%C4%8Dnost" title="Točnost in natančnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Točnost in natančnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Прецизност и тачност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прецизност и тачност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dnost_i_ponovljivost" title="Tačnost i ponovljivost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tačnost i ponovljivost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akurasi_jeung_pr%C3%A9sisi" title="Akurasi jeung présisi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Akurasi jeung présisi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkkuus" title="Tarkkuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tarkkuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision" title="Precision – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Precision" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துல்லியம் மற்றும் வழுவாத நுண்ணியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துல்லியம் மற்றும் வழுவாத நுண்ணியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fruluk_ve_kesinlik" title="Doğruluk ve kesinlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğruluk ve kesinlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Точність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Точність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_ch%C3%ADnh_x%C3%A1c" title="Độ chính xác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ chính xác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%BA%96%E5%BA%A6" title="精準度 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="精準度" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Characterization of measurement error</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accuracy_and_precision.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Accuracy_and_precision.svg/300px-Accuracy_and_precision.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Accuracy_and_precision.svg/450px-Accuracy_and_precision.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Accuracy_and_precision.svg/600px-Accuracy_and_precision.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><i>Accuracy</i> is the proximity of measurement results to the accepted value; <i>precision</i> is the degree to which <a href="/wiki/Repeatability" title="Repeatability">repeated</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducible</a>) measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Accuracy and precision</b> are two measures of <i><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">observational error</a></i>. <i><b>Accuracy</b></i> is how close a given set of <a href="/wiki/Measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurements">measurements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observations</a> or readings) are to their <i><a href="/wiki/True_value" class="mw-redirect" title="True value">true value</a></i>. <i><b>Precision</b></i> is how close the measurements are to each other. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) defines a related measure:<sup id="cite_ref-iso5725_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso5725-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><b>trueness</b></i>, "the closeness of agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">arithmetic mean</a> of a large number of test results and the true or accepted reference value." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accuracy_(trueness_and_precision).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg/220px-Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg/330px-Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg/440px-Accuracy_%28trueness_and_precision%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>According to ISO 5725-1, accuracy consists of trueness (proximity of the mean of measurement results to the true value) and precision (repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement).</figcaption></figure> <p>While <i>precision</i> is a description of <i><a href="/wiki/Random_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Random errors">random errors</a></i> (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical variability">statistical variability</a>), <i>accuracy</i> has two different definitions: </p> <ol><li>More commonly, a description of <i><a href="/wiki/Systematic_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic errors">systematic errors</a></i> (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical bias">statistical bias</a> of a given measure of <a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">central tendency</a>, such as the mean). In this definition of "accuracy", the concept is independent of "precision", so a particular set of data can be said to be accurate, precise, both, or neither. This concept corresponds to ISO's <i>trueness</i>.</li> <li>A combination of both precision and trueness, accounting for the two types of observational error (random and systematic), so that high accuracy requires both high precision and high trueness. This usage corresponds to ISO's definition of <i>accuracy</i> (trueness and precision).<sup id="cite_ref-l641_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l641-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_technical_definition">Common technical definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common technical definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In simpler terms, given a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical sample">statistical sample</a> or set of data points from repeated measurements of the same quantity, the sample or set can be said to be <i>accurate</i> if their <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">average</a> is close to the true value of the quantity being measured, while the set can be said to be <i>precise</i> if their <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> is relatively small. </p><p>In the fields of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, the accuracy of a <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a> system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantity</a> to that quantity's true <a href="/wiki/Value_(mathematics)" title="Value (mathematics)">value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metrology_terms_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrology_terms-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precision of a measurement system, related to <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeatability" title="Repeatability">repeatability</a>, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same <a href="/wiki/Result" title="Result">results</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metrology_terms_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrology_terms-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the two words precision and accuracy can be <a href="/wiki/Synonymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonymous">synonymous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>. </p><p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, where the interpretation of measurements plays a central role, prefers to use the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">bias</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Variability_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variability (statistics)">variability</a></i> instead of accuracy and precision: bias is the amount of inaccuracy and variability is the amount of imprecision. </p><p>A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">systematic error</a>, then increasing the <a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">sample size</a> generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision. </p><p>A measurement system is considered <i>valid</i> if it is both <i>accurate</i> and <i>precise</i>. Related terms include <i>bias</i> (non-<a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">random</a> or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variable</a>) and <i>error</i> (random variability). </p><p>The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data. </p><p>In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a <a href="/wiki/Measurement_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement resolution">measurement resolution</a>, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>, accuracy is also the nearness of a calculation to the true value; while precision is the resolution of the representation, typically defined by the number of decimal or binary digits. </p><p>In military terms, accuracy refers primarily to the accuracy of fire (<i>justesse de tir</i>), the precision of fire expressed by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the centre of the target.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ISO_definition_(ISO_5725)"><span id="ISO_definition_.28ISO_5725.29"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="ISO_definition_(ISO_5725)"></span><span id="ISO_Definition_.28ISO_5725.29"></span><span class="vanchor-text">ISO definition (ISO 5725)</span></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ISO definition (ISO 5725)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A shift in the meaning of these terms appeared with the publication of the ISO 5725 series of standards in 1994, which is also reflected in the 2008 issue of the BIPM <a href="/wiki/International_Vocabulary_of_Metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="International Vocabulary of Metrology">International Vocabulary of Metrology</a> (VIM), items 2.13 and 2.14.<sup id="cite_ref-metrology_terms_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrology_terms-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to ISO 5725-1,<sup id="cite_ref-iso5725_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso5725-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the general term "accuracy" is used to describe the closeness of a measurement to the true value. When the term is applied to sets of measurements of the same <a href="/wiki/Measurand" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurand">measurand</a>, it involves a component of random error and a component of systematic error. In this case trueness is the closeness of the mean of a set of measurement results to the actual (true) value, that is the systematic error, and precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results, that is the random error. </p><p>ISO 5725-1 and VIM also avoid the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">bias</a>", previously specified in BS 5497-1,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it has different connotations outside the fields of science and engineering, as in medicine and law. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Accuracy of a <a href="/wiki/Grouping_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouping (firearms)">target grouping</a> according to BIPM and ISO 5725</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low accuracy due to low precision"><img alt="Low accuracy due to low precision" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg/150px-High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg/225px-High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg/300px-High_accuracy_Low_precision.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low accuracy due to low precision</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low accuracy even with high precision"><img alt="Low accuracy even with high precision" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg/150px-High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg/225px-High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg/300px-High_precision_Low_accuracy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low accuracy even with high precision</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantification_and_applications">Quantification and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quantification and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">False precision</a></div> <p>In industrial instrumentation, accuracy is the measurement tolerance, or transmission of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideally a measurement device is both accurate and precise, with measurements all close to and tightly clustered around the true value. The accuracy and precision of a measurement process is usually established by repeatedly measuring some <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceable</a> reference <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a>. Such standards are defined in the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">International System of Units</a> (abbreviated SI from French: <i>Système international d'unités</i>) and maintained by national <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> in the United States. </p><p>This also applies when measurements are repeated and averaged. In that case, the term <a href="/wiki/Standard_error_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard error (statistics)">standard error</a> is properly applied: the precision of the average is equal to the known standard deviation of the process divided by the square root of the number of measurements averaged. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">central limit theorem</a> shows that the <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> of the averaged measurements will be closer to a normal distribution than that of individual measurements. </p><p>With regard to accuracy we can distinguish: </p> <ul><li>the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> of the measurements and the reference value, the <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">bias</a>. Establishing and correcting for bias is necessary for <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibration</a>.</li> <li>the combined effect of that and precision.</li></ul> <p>A common convention in science and engineering is to express accuracy and/or precision implicitly by means of <a href="/wiki/Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">significant figures</a>. Where not explicitly stated, the margin of error is understood to be one-half the value of the last significant place. For instance, a recording of 843.6 m, or 843.0 m, or 800.0 m would imply a margin of 0.05 m (the last significant place is the tenths place), while a recording of 843 m would imply a margin of error of 0.5 m (the last significant digits are the units). </p><p>A reading of 8,000 m, with trailing zeros and no decimal point, is ambiguous; the trailing zeros may or may not be intended as significant figures. To avoid this ambiguity, the number could be represented in scientific notation: 8.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> m indicates that the first zero is significant (hence a margin of 50 m) while 8.000 × 10<sup>3</sup> m indicates that all three zeros are significant, giving a margin of 0.5 m. Similarly, one can use a multiple of the basic measurement unit: 8.0 km is equivalent to 8.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> m. It indicates a margin of 0.05 km (50 m). However, reliance on this convention can lead to <a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">false precision</a> errors when accepting data from sources that do not obey it. For example, a source reporting a number like 153,753 with precision +/- 5,000 looks like it has precision +/- 0.5. Under the convention it would have been rounded to 150,000. </p><p>Alternatively, in a scientific context, if it is desired to indicate the margin of error with more precision, one can use a notation such as 7.54398(23) × 10<sup>−10</sup> m, meaning a range of between 7.54375 and 7.54421 × 10<sup>−10</sup> m. </p><p>Precision includes: </p> <ul><li><i>repeatability</i> — the variation arising when all efforts are made to keep conditions constant by using the same instrument and operator, and repeating during a short time period; and</li> <li><i>reproducibility</i> — the variation arising using the same measurement process among different instruments and operators, and over longer time periods.</li></ul> <p>In engineering, precision is often taken as three times Standard Deviation of measurements taken, representing the range that 99.73% of measurements can occur within.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an ergonomist measuring the human body can be confident that 99.73% of their extracted measurements fall within ± 0.7 cm - if using the GRYPHON processing system - or ± 13 cm - if using unprocessed data.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_classification">In classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_binary_classification">In binary classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In binary classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_of_binary_classifiers#Single_metrics" title="Evaluation of binary classifiers">Evaluation of binary classifiers § Single metrics</a></div> <p><i>Accuracy</i> is also used as a statistical measure of how well a <a href="/wiki/Binary_classification" title="Binary classification">binary classification</a> test correctly identifies or excludes a condition. That is, the accuracy is the proportion of correct predictions (both <a href="/wiki/True_positive" title="True positive">true positives</a> and <a href="/wiki/True_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="True negative">true negatives</a>) among the total number of cases examined.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it compares estimates of <a href="/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability" title="Pre- and post-test probability">pre- and post-test probability</a>. To make the context clear by the semantics, it is often referred to as the "Rand accuracy" or "<a href="/wiki/Rand_index" title="Rand index">Rand index</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a parameter of the test. The formula for quantifying binary accuracy is: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Accuracy</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bfe40cea126a04004b82f729cf7df1ec435fbf6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:36.262ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}}}"></span> where <span class="texhtml">TP = True positive</span>; <span class="texhtml">FP = False positive</span>; <span class="texhtml">TN = True negative</span>; <span class="texhtml">FN = False negative</span> </p><p>In this context, the concepts of trueness and precision as defined by ISO 5725-1 are not applicable. One reason is that there is not a single “true value” of a quantity, but rather two possible true values for every case, while accuracy is an average across all cases and therefore takes into account both values. However, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">precision</a></i> is used in this context to mean a different metric originating from the field of information retrieval (<a href="#In_information_systems">see below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_multiclass_classification">In multiclass classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In multiclass classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When computing accuracy in multiclass classification, accuracy is simply the fraction of correct classifications:<sup id="cite_ref-op24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {\text{correct classifications}}{\text{all classifications}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Accuracy</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>correct classifications</mtext> <mtext>all classifications</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {\text{correct classifications}}{\text{all classifications}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0453f2614cd29f5dd49c2c9a0ef807985128e9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:34.734ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {\text{correct classifications}}{\text{all classifications}}}}"></span> This is usually expressed as a percentage. For example, if a classifier makes ten predictions and nine of them are correct, the accuracy is 90%. </p><p>Accuracy is sometimes also viewed as a <i>micro metric</i>, to underline that it tends to be greatly affected by the particular class prevalence in a dataset and the classifier's biases.<sup id="cite_ref-op24_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, it is also called top-1 accuracy to distinguish it from top-5 accuracy, common in <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a> evaluation. To evaluate top-5 accuracy, the classifier must provide relative likelihoods for each class. When these are sorted, a classification is considered correct if the correct classification falls anywhere within the top 5 predictions made by the network. Top-5 accuracy was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a> challenge. It is usually higher than top-1 accuracy, as any correct predictions in the 2nd through 5th positions will not improve the top-1 score, but do improve the top-5 score. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychometrics_and_psychophysics">In psychometrics and psychophysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In psychometrics and psychophysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">psychometrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>, the term <i>accuracy</i> is interchangeably used with <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity</a> and <i>constant error</i>. <i>Precision</i> is a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a> and <i>variable error</i>. The validity of a measurement instrument or psychological test is established through experiment or correlation with behavior. Reliability is established with a variety of statistical techniques, classically through an internal consistency test like <a href="/wiki/Cronbach%27s_alpha" title="Cronbach's alpha">Cronbach's alpha</a> to ensure sets of related questions have related responses, and then comparison of those related question between reference and target population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_logic_simulation">In logic simulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In logic simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACCvsPrecision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ACCvsPrecision.jpg/220px-ACCvsPrecision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ACCvsPrecision.jpg/330px-ACCvsPrecision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ACCvsPrecision.jpg/440px-ACCvsPrecision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Comparative Waveforms for Logic values, circuit voltages, and measure voltages</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Logic_simulation" title="Logic simulation">logic simulation</a>, a common mistake in evaluation of accurate models is to compare a <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit_simulation" title="Electronic circuit simulation">logic simulation model</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> <a href="/wiki/Transistor_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor models">circuit simulation model</a>. This is a comparison of differences in precision, not accuracy. Precision is measured with respect to detail and accuracy is measured with respect to reality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_information_systems">In information systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In information systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information retrieval systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a>, are evaluated by <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_measures_(information_retrieval)" title="Evaluation measures (information retrieval)">many different metrics</a>, some of which are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">confusion matrix</a>, which divides results into true positives (documents correctly retrieved), true negatives (documents correctly not retrieved), false positives (documents incorrectly retrieved), and false negatives (documents incorrectly not retrieved). Commonly used metrics include the notions of <a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">precision and recall</a>. In this context, precision is defined as the fraction of documents correctly retrieved compared to the documents retrieved (true positives divided by true positives plus false positives), using a set of <a href="/wiki/Ground_truth" title="Ground truth">ground truth</a> relevant results selected by humans. Recall is defined as the fraction of documents correctly retrieved compared to the relevant documents (true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives). Less commonly, the metric of accuracy is used, is defined as the fraction of documents correctly classified compared to the documents (true positives plus true negatives divided by true positives plus true negatives plus false positives plus false negatives). </p><p>None of these metrics take into account the ranking of results. Ranking is very important for web search engines because readers seldom go past the first page of results, and there are too many documents on the web to manually classify all of them as to whether they should be included or excluded from a given search. Adding a cutoff at a particular number of results takes ranking into account to some degree. The measure <a href="/wiki/Precision_at_k" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision at k">precision at k</a>, for example, is a measure of precision looking only at the top ten (k=10) search results. More sophisticated metrics, such as <a href="/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain" title="Discounted cumulative gain">discounted cumulative gain</a>, take into account each individual ranking, and are more commonly used where this is important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cognitive_systems">In cognitive systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In cognitive systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cognitive systems, accuracy and precision is used to characterize and measure results of a cognitive process performed by biological or artificial entities where a cognitive process is a transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a higher-valued form. (<a href="/wiki/DIKW_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="DIKW Pyramid">DIKW Pyramid</a>) Sometimes, a cognitive process produces exactly the intended or desired output but sometimes produces output far from the intended or desired. Furthermore, repetitions of a cognitive process do not always produce the same output. <i>Cognitive accuracy</i> (C<sub>A</sub>) is the propensity of a cognitive process to produce the intended or desired output. <i>Cognitive precision</i> (C<sub>P</sub>) is the propensity of a cognitive process to produce the same output.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To measure <a href="/wiki/Augmented_cognition" title="Augmented cognition">augmented cognition</a> in human/cog ensembles, where one or more humans work collaboratively with one or more cognitive systems (cogs), increases in cognitive accuracy and cognitive precision assist in measuring the degree of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_augmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive augmentation">cognitive augmentation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias-variance_tradeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias-variance tradeoff">Bias-variance tradeoff</a> in statistics and machine learning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_and_experimental_value" title="Accepted and experimental value">Accepted and experimental value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">Data quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Engineering tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exactness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Exactness (disambiguation)">Exactness (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_uncertainty_analysis" title="Experimental uncertainty analysis">Experimental uncertainty analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-score" title="F-score">F-score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_point_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point arithmetic">Floating point arithmetic</a> (section <a href="/wiki/Floating_point_arithmetic#Accuracy_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point arithmetic">Accuracy problems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_of_binary_classifiers#Single_metrics" title="Evaluation of binary classifiers">Hypothesis tests for accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_quality" title="Information quality">Information quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty" title="Measurement uncertainty">Measurement uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_(statistics)" title="Precision (statistics)">Precision (statistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_and_systematic_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Random and systematic errors">Random and systematic errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">Sensitivity and specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">Significant figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">Statistical significance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iso5725-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso5725_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso5725_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">BS ISO 5725-1: "Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 1: General principles and definitions.", p.1 (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l641-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l641_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMendittoPatriarcaMagnusson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Menditto, Antonio; Patriarca, Marina; Magnusson, Bertil (2007-01-09). 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Guide for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method." (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creus, Antonio. <i>Instrumentación Industrial</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2020" class="citation book cs1">Black, J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alta.asn.au/events/altss_w2003_proc/altss/courses/powers/ALTSS2003-Val+Eval-L3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Cham. pp. 494–507. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06477">2211.06477</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92046-7_41">10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92045-0"><bdi>978-3-319-92045-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51603737">51603737</a>.</cite><span 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precision">Accuracy and precision</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/">BIPM - Guides in metrology</a>, <i>Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.en25.com/Web/Vaisala/NIST-article.pdf">"Beyond NIST Traceability: What really creates accuracy"</a>, <i>Controlled Environments</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/psycho">Precision and Accuracy with Three Psychophysical Methods</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/guidelines/appd.1.html">Appendix D.1: Terminology</a>, <i>Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digipac.ca/chemical/sigfigs/contents.htm">Accuracy and Precision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LL0uiOgh1E">Accuracy vs Precision</a> — a brief video by Matt Parker</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRAFPdDppzs">What's the difference between accuracy and precision?</a> by Matt Anticole at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a>-Ed</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machine_learning_evaluation_metrics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning_evaluation_metrics" title="Template:Machine learning evaluation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning_evaluation_metrics" title="Template talk:Machine learning evaluation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_learning_evaluation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine learning evaluation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Machine_learning_evaluation_metrics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> evaluation metrics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_squared_error" title="Mean squared error">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_error" title="Mean absolute error">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_mean_absolute_percentage_error" title="Symmetric mean absolute percentage error">sMAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_percentage_error" title="Mean absolute percentage error">MAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_scaled_error" title="Mean absolute scaled error">MASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_squared_prediction_error" title="Mean squared prediction error">MSPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">RMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-mean-square deviation">RMSE/RMSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">R<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_directional_accuracy" title="Mean directional accuracy">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation" title="Median absolute deviation">MAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F-score" title="F-score">F-score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P4-metric" title="P4-metric">P4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_coefficient" title="Phi coefficient">MCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic#Area_under_the_curve" title="Receiver operating characteristic">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">Sensitivity and specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-entropy#Cross-entropy_loss_function_and_logistic_regression" title="Cross-entropy">Logarithmic Loss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silhouette_(clustering)" title="Silhouette (clustering)">Silhouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calinski-Harabasz_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Calinski-Harabasz index">Calinski-Harabasz index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies%E2%80%93Bouldin_index" title="Davies–Bouldin index">Davies-Bouldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunn_index" title="Dunn index">Dunn index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_statistic" title="Hopkins statistic">Hopkins statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaccard_index" title="Jaccard index">Jaccard index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_index" title="Rand index">Rand index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_measure" title="Similarity measure">Similarity measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_matching_coefficient" title="Simple matching coefficient">SMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimHash" title="SimHash">SimHash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ranking_(information_retrieval)" title="Ranking (information retrieval)">Ranking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_reciprocal_rank" title="Mean reciprocal rank">MRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDCG" class="mw-redirect" title="NDCG">NDCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Average precision">AP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Vision">Computer Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSNR" class="mw-redirect" title="PSNR">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSIM" class="mw-redirect" title="SSIM">SSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_over_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersection over union">IoU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perplexity" title="Perplexity">Perplexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLEU" title="BLEU">BLEU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deep Learning Related Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inception_score" title="Inception score">Inception score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_inception_distance" title="Fréchet inception distance">FID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_probability" title="Coverage probability">Coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intra-list_Similarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intra-list Similarity (page does not exist)">Intra-list Similarity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similarity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosine_similarity" title="Cosine similarity">Cosine similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_distance" title="Euclidean distance">Euclidean distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson correlation coefficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_quality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_quality" title="Template:Software quality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_quality" title="Template talk:Software quality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_quality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software quality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_quality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_sizing" title="Software sizing">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintainability#Software_engineering" title="Maintainability">Maintainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(engineering)" title="Flexibility (engineering)">Flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">Portability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">Reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming#Readability_of_source_code" title="Computer programming">Readability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testability" title="Software testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understandability" class="mw-redirect" title="Understandability">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonality_(programming)" title="Orthogonality (programming)">Orthogonality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptability" title="Adaptability">Adaptability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctness_(computer_science)" title="Correctness (computer science)">Correctness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">Robustness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Software system safety">Safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">ISO/IEC 9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement#Examples" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">List of system quality attributes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_management" title="Software quality management">Software quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_control" title="Software quality control">Software quality control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_quality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software quality">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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