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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_major_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_major_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First major writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_major_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Life in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Sketch_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sketch_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span><i>The Sketch Book</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sketch_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bracebridge_Hall_and_Tales_of_a_Traveller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bracebridge_Hall_and_Tales_of_a_Traveller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span><i>Bracebridge Hall</i> and <i>Tales of a Traveller</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bracebridge_Hall_and_Tales_of_a_Traveller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Spanish books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_to_the_American_legation_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_to_the_American_legation_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Secretary to the American legation in London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_to_the_American_legation_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Return to the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_to_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_to_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Minister to Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_to_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_American_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_American_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Impact on American culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_American_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington Irving</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="واشنطن إيرفينج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واشنطن إيرفينج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%9Finqton_%C4%B0rvinq" title="Vaşinqton İrvinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaşinqton İrvinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="واشینقتن اروینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واشینقتن اروینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ওয়াশিংটন আরভিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াশিংটন আরভিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ирвинг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вашингтон Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашынгтон Ірвінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вашынгтон Ірвінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашынгтон Ірвінг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вашынгтон Ірвінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Уошингтън Ървинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уошингтън Ървинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ирвинг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вашингтон Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%8A%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ουάσινγκτον Ίρβινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουάσινγκτον Ίρβινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="واشینگتن اروینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واشینگتن اروینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4_%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99" title="워싱턴 어빙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워싱턴 어빙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Վաշինգտոն Իրվինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաշինգտոն Իրվինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="वाशिंगटन अर्विंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाशिंगटन अर्विंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="וושינגטון אירווינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וושינגטון אירווינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ирвинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вашингтон Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtonius_Irving" title="Vasingtonius Irving – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vasingtonius Irving" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ingtons_%C4%92rvings" title="Vašingtons Ērvings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vašingtons Ērvings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ирвинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вашингтон Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="വാഷിങ്ടൺ ഇർവിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാഷിങ്ടൺ ഇർവിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვაშინგტონ ირვინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაშინგტონ ირვინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="واشينطون ايرفينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="واشينطون ايرفينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ирвинг – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вашингтон Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝါရှင်တန် အားဗင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါရှင်တန် အားဗင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ワシントン・アーヴィング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワシントン・アーヴィング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਵਾਸ਼ਿੰਗਟਨ ਇਰਵਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਸ਼ਿੰਗਟਨ ਇਰਵਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ирвинг, Вашингтон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирвинг, Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ington_Irving" title="Vašington Irving – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vašington Irving" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="வாசிங்டன் இர்விங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாசிங்டன் இர்விங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%9Fington_Irwing" title="Waşington Irwing – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Waşington Irwing" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вашингтон Ірвінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вашингтон Ірвінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="واشنگٹن ارونگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واشنگٹن ارونگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87" title="華盛頓歐文 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="華盛頓歐文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Washington Irving" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="华盛顿·欧文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="华盛顿·欧文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E4%BC%8A%E6%A6%AE" title="華盛頓伊榮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華盛頓伊榮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87" title="華盛頓·歐文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="華盛頓·歐文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer, historian, and diplomat (1783–1859)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the writer. For the cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Irving_Washington" title="Irving Washington">Irving Washington</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Washington Irving</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daguerreotype of Washington Irving (modern copy by Mathew Brady, original by John Plumbe)"><img alt="Daguerreotype of Washington Irving (modern copy by Mathew Brady, original by John Plumbe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg/220px-Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg/330px-Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg/440px-Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Daguerreotype of Washington Irving<br />(modern copy by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>,<br />original by <a href="/wiki/John_Plumbe" title="John Plumbe">John Plumbe</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1783-04-03</span>)</span>April 3, 1783<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">November 28, 1859<span style="display:none">(1859-11-28)</span> (aged 76)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown</a>, New York, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a>, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Geoffrey Crayon, <a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Knickerbocker" title="Diedrich Knickerbocker">Diedrich Knickerbocker</a>, Jonathan Oldstyle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Short story writer</li> <li>essayist</li> <li>biographer</li> <li>historian</li> <li>diplomat</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Romanticism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Irving_(New_York_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Irving (New York politician)">William Irving</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irving" title="Peter Irving">Peter Irving</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_Irving_Signature.svg/150px-Washington_Irving_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_Irving_Signature.svg/225px-Washington_Irving_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_Irving_Signature.svg/300px-Washington_Irving_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1842–1846</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Romulus Mitchell Saunders</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Washington Irving</b> (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He wrote the short stories "<a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>" (1819) and "<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a>" (1820), both of which appear in his collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</a></i> His historical works include biographies of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, as well as several histories of 15th-century Spain that deal with subjects such as the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. Irving served as American ambassador to Spain in the 1840s. </p><p>Irving was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> to a merchant family. He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, written under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Jonathan_Oldstyle,_Gent." title="Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.">Jonathan Oldstyle</a>. He temporarily moved to England for the family business in 1815, where he achieved fame with the publication of <i>The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</i> which was serialized from 1819 to 1820. He continued to publish regularly throughout his life, and he completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death at age 76 in <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown, New York</a>. </p><p>Irving was one of the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and he encouraged other American authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. He was also admired by some British writers, including <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(poet)" title="Thomas Campbell (poet)">Thomas Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Jeffrey">Francis Jeffrey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. He advocated for writing as a legitimate profession and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington Irving's parents were William Irving Sr., originally of <a href="/wiki/Quholm" title="Quholm">Quholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Scotland, and Sarah (née Saunders), originally of <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth, Cornwall</a>, England. They married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Their first two sons died in infancy, both named William, as did their fourth child John. Their surviving children were <a href="/wiki/William_Irving_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Irving (New York)">William Jr.</a> (1766), Ann (1770), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Irving" title="Peter Irving">Peter</a> (1771), Catherine (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), Sarah (1780), and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Burstein7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burstein7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg/220px-Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg/330px-Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Washington_Irving%27s_Encounter_with_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Watercolor of Washington Irving's encounter with George Washington, painted in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Butler" title="George Bernard Butler">George Bernard Butler</a> Jr.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irving family settled in Manhattan, and were part of the city's merchant class. Washington was born on April 3, 1783,<sup id="cite_ref-Burstein7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burstein7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same week that New York City residents learned of the British ceasefire which ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Irving's mother named him after George Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving met his namesake at age 6 when George Washington came to New York just before his inauguration as President in 1789. The President blessed young Irving,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an encounter that Irving had commemorated in a small watercolor painting which continues to hang in his home.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington's birth, but they later moved across the street to 128 William Street.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Irving's brothers became active New York merchants; they encouraged his literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career. </p><p>Irving was an uninterested student who preferred adventure stories and drama, and he regularly sneaked out of class in the evenings to attend the theater by the time he was 14.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in Manhattan in 1798 prompted his family to send him upriver, where he stayed with his friend <a href="/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding" title="James Kirke Paulding">James Kirke Paulding</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown, New York</a>. It was in Tarrytown where he became familiar with the bucolic beauty of the region with its Dutch customs and local ghost stories.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the town of Sleepy Hollow did not exist in Irving's time (North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in 1996), the area had been known as Slapershaven or "Sleeper's Haven" by the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving made several other trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to <a href="/wiki/Johnstown_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnstown (city), New York">Johnstown, New York</a>, where he passed through the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a> region, the setting for "<a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>". "Of all the scenery of the Hudson", Irving wrote, "the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving began writing letters to the New York <i>Morning Chronicle</i> in 1802 when he was 19, submitting commentaries on the city's social and theater scene under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Jonathan_Oldstyle,_Gent." title="Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.">Jonathan Oldstyle</a>. The name evoked his <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist</a> leanings<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first of many pseudonyms he employed throughout his career. The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> was a co-publisher of the <i>Chronicle</i>, and was impressed enough to send clippings of the Oldstyle pieces to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Theodosia_Burr_Alston" title="Theodosia Burr Alston">Theodosia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brockden_Brown" title="Charles Brockden Brown">Charles Brockden Brown</a> made a trip to New York to try to recruit Oldstyle for a literary magazine he was editing in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. He bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the social development of a young man, to the dismay of his brother William who wrote that he was pleased that his brother's health was improving, but he did not like the choice to "<i>gallop through Italy</i>… leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right".<sup id="cite_ref-Burstein43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burstein43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that eventually made him one of the world's most in-demand guests.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness", Irving wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with painter <a href="/wiki/Washington_Allston" title="Washington Allston">Washington Allston</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burstein43_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burstein43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was almost persuaded into a career as a painter. "My lot in life, however, was differently cast".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_major_writings">First major writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First major writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matilda_Hoffman_(1791_-_1809)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Matilda_Hoffman_%281791_-_1809%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Matilda Hoffman, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Anson_Dickinson" title="Anson Dickinson">Anson Dickinson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Irving returned from Europe to study law with his legal mentor Judge <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Ogden_Hoffman" title="Josiah Ogden Hoffman">Josiah Ogden Hoffman</a> in New York City. By his own admission, he was not a good student and barely passed the bar examination in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began socializing with a group of literate young men whom he dubbed "The Lads of Kilkenny",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he created the literary magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Salmagundi_(periodical)" title="Salmagundi (periodical)">Salmagundi</a></i> in January 1807 with his brother William and his friend James Kirke Paulding, writing under various pseudonyms, such as William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff. Irving lampooned New York culture and politics in a manner similar to the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)"><i>Mad</i></a> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Salmagundi</i> was a moderate success, spreading Irving's name and reputation beyond New York. He gave New York City the nickname "Gotham" in its 17th issue dated November 11, 1807, an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg/220px-Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg/330px-Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg/440px-Diedrich_Knickerbocker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>The fictional "Diedrich Knickerbocker" from the frontispiece of <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New York</a></i>, a wash drawing by <a href="/wiki/F.O.C._Darley" class="mw-redirect" title="F.O.C. Darley">Felix O. C. Darley</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_in_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Washington Irving by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Jarvis" title="John Wesley Jarvis">John Wesley Jarvis</a> from 1809</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="A_History_of_New_York"></span> Irving completed <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker</a></i> (1809) while mourning the death of his 17-year-old fiancée Matilda Hoffman. It was his first major book and a satire on self-important local history and contemporary politics. Before its publication, Irving started a hoax by placing a series of missing person advertisements in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a> seeking information on <a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Knickerbocker" title="Diedrich Knickerbocker">Diedrich Knickerbocker</a>, a crusty Dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in New York City. As part of the ruse, he placed a notice from the hotel's proprietor informing readers that, if Mr. Knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript that Knickerbocker had left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsuspecting readers followed the story of Knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some New York city officials were concerned enough about the missing historian to offer a reward for his safe return. Irving then published <i>A History of New York</i> on December 6, 1809, under the Knickerbocker pseudonym, with immediate critical and popular success.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It took with the public", Irving remarked, "and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in America".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Diedrich Knickerbocker became a nickname for Manhattan residents in general and was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knickerbockers</a> basketball team.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the success of <i>A History of New York</i>, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Analectic_Magazine" title="Analectic Magazine">Analectic Magazine</a></i>, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes such as <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also among the first magazine editors to reprint <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a>'s poem "Defense of <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a>", which was immortalized as "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving initially opposed the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> like many other merchants, but the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">British attack on Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1814 convinced him to enlist.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the staff of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tompkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Tompkins">Daniel Tompkins</a>, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia, but he saw no real action apart from a reconnaissance mission in the Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and he left for England in mid-1815 to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next 17 years.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Europe">Life in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sketch_Book"><i>The Sketch Book</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Sketch Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg/170px-TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg/255px-TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg/340px-TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The front page of <i>The Sketch Book</i> (1819)</figcaption></figure> <p>Irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but eventually had to declare bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no job prospects, he continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. In the summer of 1817, he visited <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, beginning a lifelong personal and professional friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving composed the short story "Rip Van Winkle" overnight while staying with his sister Sarah and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_Wart" title="Henry van Wart">Henry van Wart</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham, England</a>, a place that inspired other works as well.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1818, Irving's brother William secured for Irving a post as chief clerk to the United States Navy and urged him to return home.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving turned the offer down, opting to stay in England to pursue a writing career.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1819, Irving sent to his brother Ebenezer in New York a set of short prose pieces that he asked be published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</a></i> The first installment, containing "Rip Van Winkle", was an enormous success, and the rest of the work was equally successful; it was issued in 1819–1820 in seven installments in New York and in two volumes in London ("The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" appeared in the sixth issue of the New York edition and the second volume of the London edition).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, a legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. To prevent further piracy in Britain, Irving paid to have the first four American installments published as a single volume by John Miller in London. </p><p>Irving appealed to Walter Scott for help procuring a more reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. Scott referred Irving to his own publisher, London powerhouse <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publisher,_born_1778)" title="John Murray (publisher, born 1778)">John Murray</a>, who agreed to take on <i>The Sketch Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the United States and Britain to protect his copyright, with Murray as his English publisher of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving's reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in Paris and Great Britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature: an upstart American who dared to write English well.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bracebridge_Hall_and_Tales_of_a_Traveller"><i>Bracebridge Hall</i> and <i>Tales of a Traveller</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bracebridge Hall and Tales of a Traveller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Washington_Irving_attr._to_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Irving in about 1820, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Leslie" title="Charles Robert Leslie">Charles Robert Leslie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With both Irving and publisher John Murray eager to follow up on the success of <i>The Sketch Book</i>, Irving spent much of 1821 traveling in Europe in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. Hampered by writer's block—and depressed by the death of his brother William—Irving worked slowly, finally delivering a completed manuscript to Murray in March 1822. The book, <a href="/wiki/Bracebridge_Hall" title="Bracebridge Hall"><i>Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists, A Medley</i></a> (the location was based loosely on <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a>, occupied by members of the Bracebridge family, near his sister's home in Birmingham) was published in June 1822. </p><p>The format of <i>Bracebridge</i> was similar to that of <i>The Sketch Book</i>, with Irving, as Crayon, narrating a series of more than 50 loosely connected short stories and essays. While some reviewers thought <i>Bracebridge</i> to be a lesser imitation of <i>The Sketch Book</i>, the book was well received by readers and critics.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We have received so much pleasure from this book", wrote critic Francis Jeffrey in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, "that we think ourselves bound in gratitude... to make a public acknowledgement of it".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving was relieved at its reception, which did much to cement his reputation with European readers. </p><p>Still struggling with writer's block, Irving traveled to Germany, settling in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in the winter of 1822. Here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to Amelia Foster, an American living in Dresden with her five children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 39-year-old Irving was particularly attracted to Foster's 18-year-old daughter Emily and vied in frustration for her hand. Emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He returned to Paris and began collaborating with playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Payne" title="John Howard Payne">John Howard Payne</a> on translations of French plays for the English stage, with little success. He also learned through Payne that the novelist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a> was romantically interested in him, though Irving never pursued the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1824, Irving published the collection of essays <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_a_Traveller" title="Tales of a Traveller">Tales of a Traveller</a></i>—including the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_Tom_Walker" title="The Devil and Tom Walker">The Devil and Tom Walker</a>"—under his Geoffrey Crayon persona. "I think there are in it some of the best things I have ever written", Irving told his sister.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But while the book sold respectably, <i>Traveller</i> was dismissed by critics, who panned both <i>Traveller</i> and its author. "The public have been led to expect better things", wrote the <i>United States Literary Gazette</i>, while the <i>New-York Mirror</i> pronounced Irving "overrated".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurt and depressed by the book's reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_books">Spanish books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in Paris, Irving received a letter from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Alexander Hill Everett</a> on January 30, 1826. Everett, recently the American Minister to Spain, urged Irving to join him in Madrid,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/310px-Alhambra_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/465px-Alhambra_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/620px-Alhambra_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> palace in <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada, Spain">Granada</a>, southern Spain, where Irving briefly resided in 1829, inspired one of his most colorful books.</figcaption></figure><p>With full access to the American consul's massive library of Spanish history, Irving began working on several books at once. The first offspring of this hard work, <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Life_and_Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus">A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></i>, was published in January 1828. The book was popular in the United States and in Europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first project of Irving's to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving was invited to stay at the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gor" title="Duke of Gor">Duke of Gor</a>, who gave him unfettered access to his library containing many medieval manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada</i> was published a year later,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <i>Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus</i> in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving's writings on Columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history. Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_flat_Earth" title="Myth of the flat Earth">believed the Earth was flat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the popular book, Columbus proved the Earth was round.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1829, Irving was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he moved into Granada's ancient palace Alhambra, "determined to linger here", he said, "until I get some writings under way connected with the place".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation in London. Worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, Irving left Spain for England in July 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretary_to_the_American_legation_in_London">Secretary to the American legation in London</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secretary to the American legation in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arriving in London, Irving joined the staff of American Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a>. McLane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped Irving to fill the role of aide-de-camp. The two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, finally reaching a deal in August 1830. That same year, Irving was awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following McLane's recall to the United States in 1831 to serve as Secretary of Treasury, Irving stayed on as the legation's chargé d'affaires until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s nominee for British Minister. With Van Buren in place, Irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Alhambra" title="Tales of the Alhambra">Tales of the Alhambra</a></i>, which would be published concurrently in the United States and England in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving was still in London when Van Buren received word that the United States Senate had refused to confirm him as the new Minister. Consoling Van Buren, Irving predicted that the Senate's partisan move would backfire. "I should not be surprised", Irving said, "if this vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_United_States">Return to the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Return to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Christian_Schussele_-_Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8917" data-file-height="5976" /></a><figcaption>Irving and his friends at <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Irving arrived in New York on May 21, 1832, after 17 years abroad. That September, he accompanied Commissioner on Indian Affairs <a href="/wiki/Henry_Leavitt_Ellsworth" title="Henry Leavitt Ellsworth">Henry Leavitt Ellsworth</a> on a surveying mission, along with companions <a href="/wiki/Charles_La_Trobe" title="Charles La Trobe">Charles La Trobe</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, and they traveled deep into <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (now the state of Oklahoma).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the completion of his western tour, Irving traveled through Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, where he became acquainted with politician and novelist <a href="/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pendleton Kennedy">John Pendleton Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving was frustrated by bad investments, so he turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with <i>A Tour on the Prairies</i> which related his recent travels on the frontier. The book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by Irving in the United States since <i>A History of New York</i> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, who convinced him to write a history of his fur trading colony in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>. Irving made quick work of Astor's project, shipping the fawning biographical account <i><a href="/wiki/Astoria_(book)" title="Astoria (book)">Astoria</a></i> in February 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, Irving, Astor, and a few others founded the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Society_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York">Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York</a>. </p><p>During an extended stay at Astor's home, Irving met explorer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bonneville" title="Benjamin Bonneville">Benjamin Bonneville</a> and was intrigued with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men met in Washington, D.C., several months later, and Bonneville sold his maps and rough notes to Irving for $1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book <i>The Adventures of Captain Bonneville</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three works made up Irving's "western" series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in England and Spain had made him more European than American.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics such as James Fenimore Cooper and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> felt that he had turned his back on his American heritage in favor of English aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving's western books were well received in the United States, particularly <i>A Tour on the Prairies</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though British critics accused him of "book-making".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunnyside,_Tarrytown,_New_York.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG/220px-Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG/330px-Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG/440px-Sunnyside%2C_Tarrytown%2C_New_York.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Irving acquired his famous home in Tarrytown, New York, known as Sunnyside, in 1835.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1835, Irving purchased a "neglected cottage" and its surrounding riverfront property in Tarrytown, New York, which he named <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a> in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required constant repair and renovation over the next 20 years, with costs continually escalating, so he reluctantly agreed to become a regular contributor to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knickerbocker" title="The Knickerbocker">The Knickerbocker</a></i> magazine in 1839, writing new essays and short stories under the Knickerbocker and Crayon pseudonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including Edgar Allan Poe, who sought Irving's comments on "<a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(short_story)" title="William Wilson (short story)">William Wilson</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1837, a lady of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> brought to the attention of <a href="/wiki/William_Clancy" title="William Clancy">William Clancy</a>, newly appointed bishop to <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a>, a passage in <i>The Crayon Miscellany</i>, and questioned whether it accurately reflected Catholic teaching or practice. The passage under "Newstead Abbey" read:</p><blockquote><p>One of the parchment scrolls thus discovered, throws rather an awkward light upon the kind of life led by the friars of Newstead. It is an indulgence granted to them for a certain number of months, in which a plenary pardon is assured in advance for all kinds of crimes, among which, several of the most gross and sensual are specifically mentioned, and the weaknesses of the flesh to which they were prone.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Clancy wrote to Irving, who "promptly aided the investigation into the truth, and promised to correct in future editions the misrepresentation complained of". Clancy traveled to his new posting by way of England, and bearing a letter of introduction from Irving, stopped at <a href="/wiki/Newstead_Abbey" title="Newstead Abbey">Newstead Abbey</a> and was able to view the document to which Irving had alluded. Upon inspection, Clancy discovered that it was, in fact, not an indulgence issued to the friars from any ecclesiastical authority, but a pardon given by the king to some parties suspected of having broken "forest laws". Clancy requested the local pastor to forward his findings to Catholic periodicals in England, and upon publication, send a copy to Irving. Whether this was done is not clear as the disputed text remains in the 1849 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving also championed America's maturing literature, advocating stronger <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued <i>The Sketch Book</i>. Writing in the January 1840 issue of <i>Knickerbocker</i>, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in Congress. "We have a young literature", he wrote, "springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which … deserves all its fostering care". The legislation, however, did not pass at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, Irving was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy of Design</a> as an Honorary Academician.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began a friendly correspondence with Charles Dickens and hosted Dickens and his wife at Sunnyside during Dickens's American tour in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_to_Spain">Minister to Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minister to Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> appointed Irving as Minister to Spain in February 1842, after an endorsement from Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving wrote, "It will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little Sunnyside, but I shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped that his position as Minister would allow him plenty of time to write, but Spain was in a state of political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Queen Isabella II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of Spain rotated through <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Espartero</a>, Bravo, then <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez_y_Campos,_1st_Duke_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón María Narváez y Campos, 1st Duke of Valencia">Narváez</a>. Espartero was then locked in a power struggle with the Spanish Cortes. Irving's official reports on the ensuing civil war and revolution expressed his romantic fascination with the regent as young Queen Isabella's knight protector, He wrote with an anti-republican, undiplomatic bias. Though Espartero, ousted in July 1843, remained a fallen hero in his eyes, Irving began to view Spanish affairs more realistically.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and Irving was both homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country…. The last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the United States, and political adventurers in Spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that I begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, I beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as I wished them to be.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the political situation relatively settled in Spain, Irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of Isabella. His official duties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament's debates over the slave trade. He was also pressed into service by Louis McLane, the American Minister to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St._James%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of St. James's">Court of St. James's</a> in London, to assist in negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Anglo-American disagreement over the Oregon border</a> that newly elected president <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> had vowed to resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Washington_Irving%27s_headstone_Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Washington Irving's headstone, <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Sleepy Hollow, New York">Sleepy Hollow, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Wolfert's_Roost"></span>Irving returned from Spain in September 1846, took up residence at Sunnyside, and began work on an "Author's Revised Edition" of his works for publisher <a href="/wiki/George_Palmer_Putnam" title="George Palmer Putnam">George Palmer Putnam</a>. For its publication, Irving had made a deal which guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold, an agreement that was unprecedented at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he revised his older works for Putnam, he continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> in 1849 and Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 1850. In 1855, he produced <i>Wolfert's Roost</i>, a collection of stories and essays that he had written for <i>The Knickerbocker</i> and other publications,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams208209_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams208209-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he began publishing a biography of his namesake <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> which he expected to be his masterpiece. Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving traveled regularly to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> and Washington, D.C., for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams208209_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams208209-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an Associate Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was hired as an executor of John Jacob Astor's estate in 1848 and appointed by Astor's will as first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Astor_Library" title="Astor Library">Astor Library</a>, a forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. "I don't believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America", wrote Senator <a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">William C. Preston</a> in a letter to Irving. "I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1859, author <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> noted that Sunnyside had become "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859, age 76—only eight months after completing the final volume of his Washington biography. Legend has it that his last words were: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another night. When will this end?"<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried under a simple headstone at Sleepy Hollow cemetery on December 1, 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving and his grave were commemorated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> in his 1876 poem "In the Churchyard at Tarrytown", which concludes with: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>How sweet a life was his; how sweet a death!<br /> Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours,<br /> Or with romantic tales the heart to cheer;<br /> Dying, to leave a memory like the breath<br /> Of summers full of sunshine and of showers,<br /> A grief and gladness in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_reputation">Literary reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literary reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg/170px-Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg/255px-Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg/340px-Washington_Irving_Memorial_Irvington_Washington_Irving_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Washington Irving by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_York" title="Irvington, New York">Irvington, New York</a>, not far from Sunnyside</figcaption></figure> <p>Irving is largely credited as the first American Man of Letters and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow acknowledged Irving's role in promoting American literature in December 1859: "We feel a just pride in his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honourable name and position in the History of Letters".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving perfected the American short story<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first American writer to set his stories firmly in the United States, even as he poached from German or Dutch folklore. He is also generally credited as one of the first to write in the vernacular and without an obligation to presenting morals or being didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also encouraged many would-be writers. As <a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a> noted, there "is not a young literary aspirant in the country, who, if he ever personally met Irving, did not hear from him the kindest words of sympathy, regard, and encouragement".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edgar Allan Poe, on the other hand, felt that Irving should be given credit for being an innovator but that the writing itself was often unsophisticated. "Irving is much over-rated", Poe wrote in 1838, "and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critic for the <i>New-York Mirror</i> wrote: "No man in the Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. Washington Irving".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics claimed that Irving catered to British sensibilities, and one critic charged that he wrote "<i>of</i> and <i>for</i> England, rather than his own country".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, American critic <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a> in his 1824–25 critical work <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers" title="American Writers">American Writers</a></i> dismissed Irving as a poor copy of Goldsmith.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other critics were more supportive of Irving's style. <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> was the first to refer to Irving as the "ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent to the Old",<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. "He is the first of the American humorists, as he is almost the first of the American writers", wrote critic H.R. Hawless in 1881, "yet belonging to the New World, there is a quaint Old World flavor about him".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early critics often had difficulty separating Irving the man from Irving the writer. "The life of Washington Irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author", wrote <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Stoddard" title="Richard Henry Stoddard">Richard Henry Stoddard</a>, an early Irving biographer.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later critics, however, began to review his writings as all style with no substance. "The man had no message", said critic <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Wendell" title="Barrett Wendell">Barrett Wendell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a historian, Irving's reputation had fallen out of favor but then gained a resurgence. "With the advent of 'scientific' history in the generations that followed his, Irving's historical writings lapsed into disregard and disrespect. To late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians, including <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Jameson" title="J. Franklin Jameson">John Franklin Jameson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_Gooch" title="George Peabody Gooch">G. P. Gooch</a>, and others, these works were demiromances, worthy at best of veiled condescension. However, more recently several of Irving's histories and biographies have again won praise for their reliability as well as the literary skill with which they were written. Specifically, <i>A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus</i>; <i>Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains</i>; and <i>Life of George Washington</i> have earned the respect of scholars whose writings on those topics we consider authoritative in our generation: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">Bernard DeVoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-DLB_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLB-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_American_culture">Impact on American culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact on American culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg/310px-John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg/465px-John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg/620px-John_Quidor_-_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Quidor" title="John Quidor">John Quidor</a>'s 1858 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane" title="The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane">The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane</a></i>, inspired by Washington Irving's work</figcaption></figure> <p>Irving popularized the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_New_York_City" title="Nicknames of New York City">Gotham</a>" for New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is credited with inventing the expression "the almighty dollar". The surname of his fictional Dutch historian Diedrich Knickerbocker is generally associated with New York and New Yorkers, as found in New York's professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knickerbockers</a>. </p><p>One of Irving's most lasting contributions to American culture is in the way that Americans celebrate Christmas. In his 1812 revisions to <i>A History of New York</i>, he inserted a dream sequence featuring <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a> soaring over treetops in a flying wagon, an invention which others dressed up as Santa Claus. In his five Christmas stories in <i>The Sketch Book</i>, Irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old-fashioned Christmas customs at a quaint English manor which depicted English Christmas festivities that he experienced while staying in England, which had largely been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used text from <i>The Vindication of Christmas</i> (London 1652) of old English Christmas traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-BTR_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTR-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the book contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the Christmas holiday in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving introduced the erroneous idea that Europeans believed the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the New World in his biography of Christopher Columbus,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_flat_Earth" title="Myth of the flat Earth">flat-Earth myth</a> has been taught in schools as fact to many generations of Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American painter <a href="/wiki/John_Quidor" title="John Quidor">John Quidor</a> based many of his paintings on scenes from the works of Irving about Dutch New York, including such paintings as <i>Ichabod Crane Flying from the Headless Horseman</i> (1828), <i>The Return of Rip Van Winkle</i> (1849), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane" title="The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane">The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane</a></i> (1858).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/120px-Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/180px-Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/240px-Washington_Irving2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Washington Irving, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">postage stamp</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg/118px-WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg/178px-WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg/237px-WASHINGTON-IRVING-ALHAMBRA-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Statue in Granada, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The village of Dearman, New York, changed its name to "<a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_York" title="Irvington, New York">Irvington</a>" in 1854 to honor Washington Irving, who was living in nearby <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a>, which is preserved as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential residents of the village prevailed upon the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson River Railroad">Hudson River Railroad</a>, which had reached the village by 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-foundation_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foundation-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to change the name of the train station to "Irvington", and the village incorporated as Irvington on April 16, 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-scharf_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharf-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chamber_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamber-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-living1992_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-living1992-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker,_Texas" title="Knickerbocker, Texas">Knickerbocker, Texas</a>, was founded by two of Irving's nephews, who named it in honor of their uncle's literary pseudonym.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a>, states that it is named for Washington Irving.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington, New Jersey</a> is also named after Irving. It was incorporated on March 27, 1874, from parts of Clinton Township (Clinton Township is now part of <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> since 1902). </p><p>Irving Street in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irving_Park,_Chicago" title="Irving Park, Chicago">Irving Park</a> neighborhood in Chicago is named for him as well, though the original name of the subdivision was Irvington and then later Irving Park before annexation to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Honesdale_Star_Park" title="Honesdale Star Park">Gibbons Memorial Park</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania" title="Honesdale, Pennsylvania">Honesdale, Pennsylvania</a>, is located on Irving Cliff, which was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irvington_Historic_District_(Indianapolis)" title="Irvington Historic District (Indianapolis)">Irvington</a> neighborhood in Indianapolis is also one of the many communities named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irving College (1838–1890) in <a href="/wiki/Irving_College,_Tennessee" title="Irving College, Tennessee">Irving College, Tennessee</a>, was named for Irving.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a statue of Irving in Granada, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Village of North Tarrytown, New York, changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in 1996 to honor Washington Irving and capitalize on the popularity of the story "The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Memorial_Park_and_Arboretum" title="Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum">Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Bixby,_Oklahoma" title="Bixby, Oklahoma">Bixby, Oklahoma</a>, is named in honor of Washington Irving and features an amphitheater stage with a replica façade of his Sunnyside home. The home includes a statue of Irving seated on the porch of the home. Among the tributes to Irving are memorials to the victims of the Oklahoma City Bombing and the World Trade Center attacks, with a steel beam from the towers on display. The park is also the site of local community events, including the annual Bixby BBQ and Blues festival.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Works by Washington Irving </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Publication date </th> <th scope="col">Written as </th> <th scope="col">Genre </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Jonathan_Oldstyle,_Gent." title="Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.">Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle</a></i> </th> <td>1802 </td> <td>Jonathan Oldstyle </td> <td>Observational letters </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Salmagundi_(periodical)" title="Salmagundi (periodical)">Salmagundi</a></i> </th> <td>1807–1808 </td> <td>Launcelot Langstaff, Will Wizard </td> <td>Periodical </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New York</a></i> </th> <td>1809 </td> <td>Diedrich Knickerbocker </td> <td>Satire </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</a></i> </th> <td>1819–1820 </td> <td>Geoffrey Crayon </td> <td>Short stories/essays </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Bracebridge_Hall" title="Bracebridge Hall">Bracebridge Hall</a></i> </th> <td>1822 </td> <td>Geoffrey Crayon </td> <td>Short stories/essays </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_a_Traveller" title="Tales of a Traveller">Tales of a Traveller</a></i> </th> <td>1824 </td> <td>Geoffrey Crayon </td> <td>Short stories/essays </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Life_and_Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus">A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></i> </th> <td>1828 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada</i> </th> <td>1829 </td> <td>Fray Antonio Agapida<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Romantic history </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus</i> </th> <td>1831 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography/history </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Alhambra" title="Tales of the Alhambra">Tales of the Alhambra</a></i> </th> <td>1832 </td> <td>"The Author of the Sketch Book" </td> <td>Short stories/travel </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Crayon Miscellany</i><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1835 </td> <td>Geoffrey Crayon </td> <td>Short stories </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Astoria_(book)" title="Astoria (book)">Astoria</a></i> </th> <td>1836 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>History </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Adventures of Captain Bonneville</i> </th> <td>1837 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography/romantic history </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Life of Oliver Goldsmith</i> </th> <td>1840<br />(revised 1849) </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Biography and Poetical Remains of the Late Margaret Miller Davidson</i> </th> <td>1841 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Mahomet_and_His_Successors" title="Mahomet and His Successors">Mahomet and His Successors</a></i> </th> <td>1850 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Wolfert's Roost</i> </th> <td>1855 </td> <td>Geoffrey Crayon<br />Diedrich Knickerbocker<br />Washington Irving </td> <td>Short stories/essays </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Life of George Washington</i> (5 volumes) </th> <td>1855–1859 </td> <td>Washington Irving </td> <td>Biography </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burstein7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDocent_Tour2017" class="citation news cs1">Docent Tour (October 28, 2017). "Home of the Legend: Washington Irving's Sunnyside". <i>Historic Hudson Valley</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historic+Hudson+Valley&rft.atitle=Home+of+the+Legend%3A+Washington+Irving%27s+Sunnyside&rft.date=2017-10-28&rft.au=Docent+Tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving, Pierre M. (1862) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifelettersofwas01irvi2/lifelettersofwas01irvi2_djvu.txt">"The life and letters of Washington Irving"</a> (Cited herein as PMI), vol. 1:26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 1:27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 1:27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, 27; PMI, 1:36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancuso2016" class="citation news cs1">Mancuso, Anne (September 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/realestate/sleepy-hollow-surrounded-by-history-and-legends.html">"Sleepy Hollow: Surrounded by History, and Legends"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sleepy+Hollow%3A+Surrounded+by+History%2C+and+Legends&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mancuso&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F02%2Frealestate%2Fsleepy-hollow-surrounded-by-history-and-legends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton-Matza2016" class="citation book cs1">Newton-Matza, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6fOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA519"><i>Historic Sites and Landmarks That Shaped America [2 volumes]: From Acoma Pueblo to Ground Zero</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-750-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Sites+and+Landmarks+That+Shaped+America+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+From+Acoma+Pueblo+to+Ground+Zero&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-750-7&rft.aulast=Newton-Matza&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6fOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 1:39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burstein43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein43_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein43_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jones, 44–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to William Irving Jr., September 20, 1804, <i>Works</i> 23:90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving, Washington. "Memoir of Washington Allston", <i>Works</i> 2:175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], <i>Works</i>, 23:740-41. See also PMI, 1:173, Williams, 1:77, <i>et al</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows, Edwin G. and Mike Wallace. <i>Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</i>. (Oxford University Press, 1999), 417. See Jones, 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 118-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], <i>Works</i>, 23:741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Knickerbocker". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Knickerbocker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 121–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 154-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Irving Jr. to Washington Irving, New York, October 14, 1818, Williams, 1:170-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, [London, late November 1818], <i>Works</i>, 23:536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See reviews from <i>Quarterly Review</i> and others, in <i>The Sketch Book</i>, xxv–xxviii; PMI 1:418–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving, Washington. "Preface to the Revised Edition", <i>The Sketch Book</i>, <i>Works</i>, 8:7; Jones, 188-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McClary, Ben Harris, ed. <i>Washington Irving and the House of Murray</i>. (University of Tennessee Press, 1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See comments of William Godwin, cited in PMI, 1:422; Lady Littleton, cited in PMI 2:20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aderman, Ralph M., ed. <i>Critical Essays on Washington Irving</i>. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 55–57; STW 1:209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aderman, 58–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Reichart, Walter A. <i>Washington Irving and Germany</i>. (University of Michigan Press, 1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 207-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Sanborn, F.B., ed. <i>The Romance of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, John Howard Payne and Washington Irving</i>. Boston: Bibliophile Society, 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving to Catharine Paris, Paris, September 20, 1824, <i>Works</i> 24:76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See reviews in <i>Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</i>, <i>Westminster Review</i>, et al., 1824. Cited in Jones, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 170–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowers, 22–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. <i>Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians</i>. Praeger Paperback, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95904-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95904-X">0-275-95904-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loewen, James W. <i>Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong</i>. New York: The New Press, 1999: 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1829;year-max=1829;smode=advanced;f1-date=1829">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fyear%3D1829%3Byear-max%3D1829%3Bsmode%3Dadvanced%3Bf1-date%3D1829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Peter Irving, Alhambra, June 13, 1829. <i>Works</i>, 23:436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 2:429, 430, 431–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 3:17–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Peter Irving, London, March 6, 1832, <i>Works</i>, 23:696</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Eastwood1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jill Eastwood (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020077b.htm">"La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801–1875)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. pp. 89–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+Trobe%2C+Charles+Joseph+%281801%E2%80%931875%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=89-93&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.au=Jill+Eastwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020077b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Irving, "A Tour on the Prairies", <i>Works</i> 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2:48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2:76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2:36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 318-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Monthly Review, New and Improved</i>, ser. 2 (June 1837): 279–90. See Aderman, Ralph M., ed. <i>Critical Essays on Washington Irving</i>. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 110–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burstein, 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar Allan Poe to N. C. Brooks, Philadelphia, September 4, 1838. Cited in Williams, 2:101-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1849" class="citation web cs1">Irving, Washington (January 1, 1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3URAAAAYAAJ&q=crayon+miscellany+by+washington+irving">"The Crayon Miscellany"</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crayon+Miscellany&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1849-01-01&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3URAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcrayon%2Bmiscellany%2Bby%2Bwashington%2Birving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1872" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Richard Henry (January 1, 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z79LiSQC8YEC&dq=William+Clarke&pg=PA264">"Lives of the Deceased Bishops of the Catholic Church in the United States"</a>. P. O'Shea – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Deceased+Bishops+of+the+Catholic+Church+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=P.+O%27Shea&rft.date=1872-01-01&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Richard+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ79LiSQC8YEC%26dq%3DWilliam%2BClarke%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Lewis G. Clark, (before January 10, 1840), <i>Works</i>, 25:32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116083431/http://www.nationalacademy.org/academy/national-academicians/?na=I">"National Academicians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalacademy.org/academy/national-academicians/?na=I">the original</a> on January 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Academicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalacademy.org%2Facademy%2Fnational-academicians%2F%3Fna%3DI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, New York, February 10, 1842, <i>Works</i>, 25:180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowers, 127–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Duarte, and Ronald E. Coons, "Washington Irving, American Ambassador to Spain, 1842-1846". <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings</i> (1992), Vol. 21, pp, 350-360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving to Thomas Wentworth Storrow, Madrid, 18 May 1844, <i>Works</i>, 25:751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 415-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams208209-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams208209_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams208209_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2:208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, William Alfred. <i>George Washington in American Literature 1775–1865</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952: 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterI.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+I&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Preston to Washington Irving, Charlottesville, May 11, 1859, PMI, 4:286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kime, Wayne R. <i>Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: A Collaboration in Life and Letters</i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1977: 151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-056-4">0-88920-056-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, Randy F. <i>The Almanac of American Letters</i>. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X">0-86576-008-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PMI, 4:328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "In The Churchyard at Tarrytown", quoted in Burstein, 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Address on the Death of Washington Irving", <i>Poems and Other Writings</i>, J.D. McClatchy, editor. (Library of America, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon H. Vincent, <i>American Literary Masters</i>, 1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pattee, Fred Lewis. <i>The First Century of American Literature, 1770–1870</i>. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kime, Wayne R. <i>Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: A Collaboration in Life and Letters</i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1977: 152. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-056-4">0-88920-056-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poe to N.C. Brooks, Philadelphia, September 4, 1838. Cited in Williams 2:101-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsCarlson2012" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Edward; Carlson, David J. (2012). "Introduction". In Watts, Edward; Carlson, David J. (eds.). <i>John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture</i>. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-420-5"><bdi>978-1-61148-420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=John+Neal+and+Nineteenth+Century+American+Literature+and+Culture&rft.place=Lewisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61148-420-5&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Carlson%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thackeray, <i>Roundabout Papers</i>, 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawless, <i>American Humorists</i>, 1881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoddard, <i>The Life of Washington Irving</i>, 1883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendell, <i>A Literary History of America</i>, 1901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLB-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DLB_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kime, Wayne R. "Washington Irving (3 April 1783-28 November 1859", in Clyde N. Wilson (ed.), <i>American Historians, 1607-1865</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography" title="Dictionary of Literary Biography">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a> Vol. 30, Detroit: Gale Research, 1984, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigro" class="citation web cs1">Migro, Carmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/01/25/so-why-do-we-call-it-gotham-anyway">"So, Why Do We Call It Gotham, Anyway?"</a>. <i>NYPL.org</i>. New York Public Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYPL.org&rft.atitle=So%2C+Why+Do+We+Call+It+Gotham%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.aulast=Migro&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F01%2F25%2Fso-why-do-we-call-it-gotham-anyway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol. p.20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-476-3">1-55111-476-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTR-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTR_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestad,_Penne_L.1995" class="citation book cs1">Restad, Penne L. (1995). <i>Christmas in America: a History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510980-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510980-5"><bdi>0-19-510980-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+America%3A+a+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-510980-5&rft.au=Restad%2C+Penne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stephen Nissebaum, <i>The Battle for Christmas</i> (Vintage, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Irving, 1829, Chapter VII: "Columbus before the council at Salamanca", pp. 40–47, especially p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (Edward), 2001, "God and Reason in the Middle Ages", p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (John), 2006, p. 32, in the subsection "The Earth – Flat or Hollow?" beginning at p. 30, within Chapter 1 "Worlds in Upheaval".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellRodriguez_Roque1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Caldwell, John; Rodriguez Roque, Oswaldo (1994). Kathleen Luhrs (ed.). <i>American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. Vol. I: a Catalogue of Works by Artists Born By 1815. Dale T. Johnson, Carrie Rebora, Patricia R. Windels. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in association with Princeton University Press. pp. 479–482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Paintings+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pages=479-482&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+in+association+with+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Rodriguez+Roque%2C+Oswaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Panetta2009" class="citation book cs1">Roger Panetta, ed. (2009). <i>Dutch New York: the roots of Hudson Valley culture</i>. Hudson River Museum. pp. 223–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3039-6"><bdi>978-0-8232-3039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+New+York%3A+the+roots+of+Hudson+Valley+culture&rft.pages=223-235&rft.pub=Hudson+River+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-3039-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunnyside was considered to be part of Irvington (or Dearman) at the time; the neighboring village of Tarrytown incorporated in 1870, two years before Irvington. The estate ended up in Tarrytown rather than Irvington after the boundaries were drawn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foundation-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foundation_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodsworth (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scharf-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scharf_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharf1886" class="citation book cs1">Scharf (1886). "II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~nywestch/towns/irvingtn.htm"><i>History of Westchester County</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II&rft.btitle=History+of+Westchester+County&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Scharf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.com%2F~nywestch%2Ftowns%2Firvingtn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamber-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chamber_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206091628/http://www.irvingtonnychamber.com/about_irvington_NY.html">"About Irvington, NY"</a>. Village of Irvington Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irvingtonnychamber.com/about_irvington_NY.html">the original</a> on December 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Irvington%2C+NY&rft.pub=Village+of+Irvington+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irvingtonnychamber.com%2Fabout_irvington_NY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-living1992-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-living1992_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVizard1992" class="citation news cs1">Vizard, Mary McAleer (April 19, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/19/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-irvington.html">"If You're Thinking of Living in: Irvington"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=If+You%27re+Thinking+of+Living+in%3A+Irvington&rft.date=1992-04-19&rft.aulast=Vizard&rft.aufirst=Mary+McAleer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F04%2F19%2Frealestate%2Fif-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-irvington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818163830/http://irvingtx.net/common/irving-history.html">"Irving History"</a>. <i>IrvingTX.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irvingtx.net/common/irving-history.html">the original</a> on August 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrvingTX.net&rft.atitle=Irving+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firvingtx.net%2Fcommon%2Firving-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityofirving.org/documentcenter/view/6461">"Declaration that Irving, TX is named for Washington Irving"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+that+Irving%2C+TX+is+named+for+Washington+Irving.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityofirving.org%2Fdocumentcenter%2Fview%2F6461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chronicle</i> April 12, 1987, p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/655.html">"Irving Park"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org&rft.atitle=Irving+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waynehistorypa.org/page/irving-cliff">Washington Irving, Irving Cliff and the Ill-fated Irving Cliff Hotel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119063959/http://www.waynehistorypa.org/page/irving-cliff">Archived</a> November 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Wayne County Historical Society]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irvingtondevelopment.org/why-we-do/about-irvington/">Irvington Development Organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Miller, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOzPQYkkbaAC&vq">Tennessee Place Names</a></i> (Indiana University Press, 2001), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/edificios-lugares/monumento-a-washington-irving">"Monumento a Washington Irving"</a>. <i>Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patronato+de+la+Alhambra+y+Generalife&rft.atitle=Monumento+a+Washington+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alhambra-patronato.es%2Fedificios-lugares%2Fmonumento-a-washington-irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeloni" class="citation web cs1">Feloni, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-sleepy-hollow-saved-north-tarrytown-2015-10">"How the 'Legend of Sleepy Hollow' saved a tiny industrial town in New York"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=How+the+%27Legend+of+Sleepy+Hollow%27+saved+a+tiny+industrial+town+in+New+York&rft.aulast=Feloni&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-sleepy-hollow-saved-north-tarrytown-2015-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.23900">"Washington Irving Memorial Park & Arboretum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+Irving+Memorial+Park+%26+Arboretum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelok.com%2Flistings%2Fview.profile%2Fid.23900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Irving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving's publisher, John Murray, overrode Irving's decision to use this pseudonym and published the book under Irving's name—much to the annoyance of its author. See Jones 258—259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Composed of the three short stories "A Tour on the Prairies", "Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey", and "Legends of the Conquest of Spain".</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aderman, Ralph M. ed. <i>Critical essays on Washington Irving</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalessayson00ader">online</a></li> <li>Apap, Christopher, and Tracy Hoffman. "Prospects for the Study of Washington Irving". <i>Resources for American Literary Study</i> 35 (2010): 3–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26367275">online</a></li> <li>Bowden, Edwin T. <i>Washington Irving bibliography</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonirving0030bowd">online</a></li> <li>Brodwin, Stanley. <i>The Old and New World romanticism of Washington Irving</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldnewworldrom00brod">online</a></li> <li>Brooks, Van Wyck. <i>The World Of Washington Irving</i> (1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234731/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Burstein, Andrew. <i>The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving</i>. (Basic Books, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00853-7">978-0-465-00853-7</a></li> <li>Burstein, Andrew, and Nancy Isenberg, eds. <i>Rip Van Winkle’s Republic: Washington Irving in History and Memory</i> (Louisiana State University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58572">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Bowers, Claude G</a>. <i>The Spanish Adventures of Washington Irving</i>. (Riverside Press, 1940).</li> <li>Hedges, William L. <i>Washington Irving: An American Study, 1802–1832</i> (Johns Hopkins UP, 2019).</li> <li>Hellman, George S. <i>Washington Irving, Esquire</i>. (Alfred A. Knopf, 1925).</li> <li>Irvine, James M. <i>The Genealogy of Washington Irving</i> (Ashtead, 2019). ISBN 978-1-78955-477-9</li> <li>Jones, Brian Jay. <i>Washington Irving: An American Original</i>. (Arcade, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-836-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-836-4">978-1-55970-836-4</a></li> <li>LeMenager, Stephanie. "Trading Stories: Washington Irving and the Global West". <i>American Literary History</i> 15.4 (2003): 683–708. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567928">online</a></li> <li>McGann, Jerome. "Washington Irving", A History of New York", and American History". <i>Early American Literature</i> 47.2 (2012): 349–376. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41705664">online</a>.</li> <li>Myers, Andrew B., ed. <i>A Century of commentary on the works of Washington Irving, 1860–1974</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofcomment00myer">online</a></li> <li>Pollard, Finn. "From beyond the grave and across the ocean: Washington Irving and the problem of being a questioning American, 1809–20". <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i> 8.1 (2007): 81–101.</li> <li>Springer, Haskell S. <i>Washington Irving: a reference guide</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonirving00spri">online</a></li> <li>Williams, Stanley T. <i>The Life of Washington Irving.</i> 2 vols. (Oxford UP, 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3294">vol 1 online</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3297">vol 2 online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Irving, Pierre M. <i>Life and Letters of Washington Irving</i>. 4 vols. (G.P. Putnam, 1862). Cited herein as PMI.</li> <li>Irving, Washington. <i>The Complete Works of Washington Irving</i>. (Rust, <i>et al.</i>, editors). 30 vols. (University of Wisconsin/Twayne, 1969–1986). Cited herein as <i>Works</i>.</li> <li>Irving, Washington. (1828) <i>History of the Life of Christopher Columbus</i>, 3 volumes, 1828, G. & C. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; as 4 volumes, 1828, John Murray, publisher, London; and as 4 volumes, 1828, Paris A. and W. Galignani, publishers, France.</li> <li>Irving, Washington. (1829) <i>The Life and Voyage of Christopher Columbus</i>, 1 volume, 1829, G. & C. & H. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; an abridged version prepared by Irving of his 1828 work.</li> <li>Irving, Washington. <i>Selected writings of Washington Irving</i> (Modern Library edition, 1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186771/page/n3/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Washington_Irving">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Washington_Irving">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Washington_Irving">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Washington_Irving">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Washington_Irving">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/washington-irving">Works by Washington Irving in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34">Works by Washington Irving</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Irving%2C%20Washington%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Washington%20Irving%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Irving%2C%20Washington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Washington%20Irving%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Irving%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Washington%20Irving%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Irving%2C%20Washington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Washington%20Irving%22%29%20OR%20%28%221783-1859%22%20AND%20Irving%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Washington Irving</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1743">Works by Washington Irving</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/search.php?searchletters=authsearch181">Washington Irving letters</a> at Lehigh University's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/index.html">I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm083_main.html">Irving letter, 1854</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113153/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm083_main.html">Archived</a> April 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theotherpages.org/poems/poem-ij.html#irving">Washington Irving at Poets' Corner</a> (theOtherPages.org/poems)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_day_with_Washington_Irving" class="extiw" title="s:A day with Washington Irving">"A Day with Washington Irving"</a>, published 1859 in <i><a href="/wiki/Once_a_Week_(magazine)" title="Once a Week (magazine)">Once a Week</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spainisculture.com//en/rutas_culturales/ruta_de_washington_irving.html">Washington Irving Cultural Route</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140619220934/http://www.spainisculture.com/en/rutas_culturales/ruta_de_washington_irving.html">Archived</a> June 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Spain</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79005645">Washington Irving</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 988 library catalog records</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/brg/19103">Finding Aid for the Washington Irving Collection of Papers, 1805–1933</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft738nb30f">Guide to Timothy Hopkins' Washington Irving collection, 1683–1839</a> – five 5 volumes of letters at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html">Department of Special Collections and University Archives</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/">Stanford University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/irving.html">The Washington Irving Collection</a>, Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.irving" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.irving">Washington Irving Collection</a>, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">U.S. Minister to Spain</a> </b><br />1842–1846 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Romulus M. Saunders</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bracebridge_Hall" title="Bracebridge Hall">Bracebridge Hall</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_a_Traveller" title="Tales of a Traveller">Tales of a Traveller</a></i> (1824) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_German_Student" title="The Adventure of the German Student">The Adventure of the German Student</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kidd_the_Pirate" title="Kidd the Pirate">Kidd the Pirate</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_Tom_Walker" title="The Devil and Tom Walker">The Devil and Tom Walker</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Alhambra" title="Tales of the Alhambra">Tales of the Alhambra</a></i> (1832)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biography and<br />history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Life_and_Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus">The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astoria_(book)" title="Astoria (book)">Astoria</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahomet_and_His_Successors" title="Mahomet and His Successors">Mahomet and His Successors</a></i> (1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Jonathan_Oldstyle,_Gent." title="Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.">Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmagundi_(periodical)" title="Salmagundi (periodical)">Salmagundi</a></i> (1807–08)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New York</a></i> (1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Irving_(American_politician)" title="William Irving (American politician)">William Irving</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irving" title="Peter Irving">Peter Irving</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Knickerbocker" title="Diedrich Knickerbocker">Diedrich Knickerbocker</a> (character, pen name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichabod_Crane" title="Ichabod Crane">Ichabod Crane</a> (character)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a> (character)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Van_Corlaer" title="Anthony Van Corlaer">Anthony Van Corlaer</a> (character)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a> (home and museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Group" title="Knickerbocker Group">Knickerbocker Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Memorial" title="Washington Irving Memorial">Washington Irving Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Memorial_Park_and_Arboretum" title="Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum">Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Literary_Society_(Cornell_University)" title="Irving Literary Society (Cornell University)">Irving Literary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Washington_Irving" title="PS Washington Irving">PS <i>Washington Irving</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">U.S. ambassador to Spain, 1842–1846</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Washington_Irving&#039;s_&quot;The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow&quot;_(1820)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sleepy_Hollow" title="Template:Sleepy Hollow"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sleepy_Hollow" title="Template talk:Sleepy Hollow"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sleepy_Hollow" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sleepy Hollow"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Washington_Irving&#039;s_&quot;The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow&quot;_(1820)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Irving</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a>" (1820)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichabod_Crane" title="Ichabod Crane">Ichabod Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">The Headless Horseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Horseman_(1922_film)" title="The Headless Horseman (1922 film)">The Headless Horseman</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ichabod_and_Mr._Toad" title="The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad">The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)" title="Sleepy Hollow (film)">Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs:_The_Legend_of_Smurfy_Hollow" title="The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow">The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow_(1980_film)" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980 film)">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i>The Night of the Headless Horseman</i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hollow (2004 film)">The Hollow</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman_(film)" title="Headless Horseman (film)">Headless Horseman</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(TV_series)" title="Sleepy Hollow (TV series)">Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(comics)" title="Chopper (comics)">Chopper</a></i> (graphic novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane" title="The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane">The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichabod_%E2%80%93_The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (studio album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)#Musical_score" title="Sleepy Hollow (film)">Sleepy Hollow: Music from the Motion Picture</a></i> (soundtrack album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch_Church_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow">Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Sleepy Hollow, New York">Sleepy Hollow, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown, New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Washington_Irving&#039;s_&quot;Rip_Van_Winkle&quot;_(1819)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Template:Rip Van Winkle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Template talk:Rip Van Winkle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rip Van Winkle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Washington_Irving&#039;s_&quot;Rip_Van_Winkle&quot;_(1819)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Irving's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>" (1819)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(1903_film)" title="Rip Van Winkle (1903 film)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip%27s_Dream" title="Rip's Dream">Rip's Dream</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(1910_film)" title="Rip Van Winkle (1910 film)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(1912_film)" title="Rip Van Winkle (1912 film)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(1914_film)" title="Rip Van Winkle (1914 film)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(1921_film)" title="Rip Van Winkle (1921 film)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_(operetta)" title="Rip Van Winkle (operetta)">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> (operetta)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rip_Van_Winkle_Caper" title="The Rip Van Winkle Caper">The Rip Van Winkle Caper</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Statue of Rip Van Winkle"><i>Rip Van Winkle</i> (statue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">United States Ambassadors to Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1779–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_(diplomat)" title="William Carmichael (diplomat)">Carmichael</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Nelson (American politician)">Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to Spain<br />(1825–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Van Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moreau_Barringer" title="Daniel Moreau Barringer">Barringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Koerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild" title="Lucius Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Lamar_Monroe_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burd_Grubb_Jr." title="Edward Burd Grubb Jr.">Grubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Loudon_Snowden" title="A. Loudon Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannis_Taylor" title="Hannis Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamy_Storer_(politician,_born_1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamy Storer (politician, born 1847)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sherburne_Hardy" title="Arthur Sherburne Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Collier" title="William Miller Collier">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1913–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Willard" title="Joseph Edward Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Woods" title="Cyrus Woods">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pollock_Moore" title="Alexander Pollock Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_H._Hammond" title="Ogden H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_B._Laughlin" title="Irwin B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Weddell" title="Alexander W. Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Armour" title="Norman Armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bonsal" title="Philip Bonsal">Bonsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Culbertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul T. Culbertson">Culbertson</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Griffis" title="Stanton Griffis">Griffis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MacVeagh" title="Lincoln MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Woodward" title="Robert F. Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke" title="Angier Biddle Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hill" title="Robert C. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero_Jr." title="Horacio Rivero Jr.">Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Penn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Penn (page does not exist)">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Stabler" title="Wells Stabler">Stabler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Todman" title="Terence Todman">Todman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Enders" title="Thomas O. Enders">Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bartholomew" title="Reginald Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zappala" title="Joseph Zappala">Zappala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Capen_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goodwin Capen Jr.">Capen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Gardner" title="Richard N. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Romero" title="Edward L. Romero">Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Argyros" title="George Argyros">Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Aguirre_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Aguirre (diplomat)">Aguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Solomont" title="Alan Solomont">Solomont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Costos" title="James Costos">Costos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Buchan" title="Duke Buchan">Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julissa_Reynoso_Pantale%C3%B3n" title="Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón">Pantaleón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181667#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181667#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181667#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000400156574">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/295999941">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30025/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJ7T3kkbyfYyfQRQmMGjK">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555855">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79005645">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908273j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908273j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444295">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irving, Washington"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV094732">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35237031">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000810147&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX886085">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/67773">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070501335">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068482957">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90128046">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000008439&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035891">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=142460">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73367">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024629">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613521">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp351mz95hqdk3n">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556547605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/23717">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263112805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000045376">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519930806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14243603">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00989333?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500231645">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9e3147c2-8b8f-4f9e-a5db-e5ac6f4cd738">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/322609">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876684">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555855.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555855">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026931249">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69x14j4">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fb5542">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50037030">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&oldid=1255077524">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irving&oldid=1255077524</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Washington_Irving" title="Category:Washington 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