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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Private residence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conference_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conference_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conference center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conference_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wingspread&params=42_46_49_N_87_46_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-WI">42°46′49″N 87°46′15″W / 42.78028°N 87.77083°W / 42.78028; -87.77083</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic house in Wind Point, Wisconsin</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Herbert F. Johnson House</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The exterior of the Wingspread mansion in Wind Point, Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg/250px-WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg/375px-WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg/500px-WingspreadFrankLloydWrightKenoshaWisconsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3082" data-file-height="2094" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wingspread is located in Wisconsin"><img alt="Wingspread is located in Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Wisconsin_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.764%;left:75.059%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wingspread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Wisconsin</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wingspread is located in the United States"><img alt="Wingspread is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.108%;left:63.076%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wingspread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">33 East Four Mile Road, <a href="/wiki/Wind_Point,_Wisconsin" title="Wind Point, Wisconsin">Wind Point, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wingspread&params=42_46_49_N_87_46_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-WI">42°46′49″N 87°46′15″W / 42.78028°N 87.77083°W / 42.78028; -87.77083</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">30 acres (12 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1938–1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/75000076">75000076</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">January 8, 1975<a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">June 29, 1989<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wingspread (also known as the Herbert F. Johnson House) is a conference center and house in <a href="/wiki/Wind_Point,_Wisconsin" title="Wind Point, Wisconsin">Wind Point, Wisconsin</a>, United States. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, it was built between 1938 and 1939 for the businessman <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_Jr." title="Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.">Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/S.C._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="S.C. Johnson">S.C. Johnson</a>. With a floor area of 14,000 square feet (1,300 m2), it is one of the largest residences designed by Wright, who also called the building the last of his Prairie style houses. Since 1960, the property has been a conference center operated by the Johnson Foundation. The property is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and is designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. Wingspread stands near the center of the Wind Point peninsula on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> is largely made of brick, with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> courses and red roof tiles. It consists of a central hub, from which four wings radiate. The living room at the center is a domed structure, with <a href="/wiki/Clerestory_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerestory window">clerestory windows</a> on the sides, a central elliptical chimney, and a viewing platform at the top. There are separate wings for the master bedrooms, children's rooms, service rooms, and guest bedrooms. All of the wings are one story tall, except for the master bedroom wing, which has a mezzanine level. The house was built between 1938 and 1939. The Johnson family donated the property to the Johnson Foundation in 1960 as an international educational conference facility, which is also open to the public for tours. The conference center was dedicated on June 24, 1961, several months after hosting its first conferences in November 1960. It was hosting 100 conferences a year by the 1980s, with meetings focusing on education, family affairs, society, and international relations. The roof was repaired in the 1990s following deterioration. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Site">edit</a>]</div> Wingspread (also the Herbert F. Johnson House<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>), built for the family of businessman <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_Jr." title="Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.">Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.</a>, is at 33 East Four Mile Road in <a href="/wiki/Wind_Point,_Wisconsin" title="Wind Point, Wisconsin">Wind Point, Wisconsin</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-n165749465-4">[4]</a> It occupies a peninsula extending into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165882896-7">[7]</a> The grounds cover 30 acres (12 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> The house is surrounded by green space and a ravine,<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165882896-7">[7]</a> overlooking a series of ponds.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._40-13">[12]</a> Some parts of the estate are lawns that are mowed frequently, while other sections are left as wild marshland to attract migratory birds.<a href="#cite_note-n165882896-7">[7]</a> When the house was built, a stream separated the site from the surrounding farms.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> There are also numerous ponds and a stream draining into Lake Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-n165882896-7">[7]</a> The estate includes several pieces of sculpture by artists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Aronson" title="David Aronson">David Aronson</a>, Robert Cook, <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Creeft" title="Jose de Creeft">Jose de Creeft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Greco" title="Emilio Greco">Emilio Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hebald" title="Milton Hebald">Milton Hebald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berto_Lardera" title="Berto Lardera">Berto Lardera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Milles" title="Carl Milles">Carl Milles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Pattison" title="Abbott Pattison">Abbott Pattison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._6-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165802954-16">[15]</a> Hebald's sculpture Amanti (1964) is a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) depiction of two young lovers.<a href="#cite_note-n165779499-17">[16]</a> Within the garden is Primavera (1966) by Greco, which consists of a 47-inch-tall (1.2 m) bronze figure of a woman surrounded by three limbs. Quartet (1966) by Cook, located on the house's cypress terrace, is a larger bronze sculpture with four abstract figures.<a href="#cite_note-n165789292-18">[17]</a> Other works include Lardera's Amour des Etoiles (1964)<a href="#cite_note-n165794014a-19">[18]</a> and Pattison's Homage to Van Gogh (1971).<a href="#cite_note-n165802954-16">[15]</a> The grounds also include a building called The House, an office building, and structures for storage and maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-n165749465-4">[4]</a> In 2002, a 40-room hotel called the Guest House was built for people attending conferences at Wingspread. The Guest House, containing about 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) over two stories, was designed to complement the architecture of Wingspread.<a href="#cite_note-p261533374-20">[19]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Guest House is operated by Benchmark Resorts & Hotels.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> The house was designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, who called the building the last of his <a href="/wiki/Prairie_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie style">Prairie style</a> houses.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill_pp._373–374-22">[21]</a> According to the writer <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Gill" title="Brendan Gill">Brendan Gill</a>, this comment was likely facetious, since the architect was known to compliment his own work and then downplay the remark "in seeming modesty".<a href="#cite_note-Gill_pp._373–374-22">[21]</a> The house's first story is mostly located near the ground, except for the eastern portion, where Wingspread overlooks a pond.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a> Wright said the building enhanced the appearance of the otherwise "undistinguished" site.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._374-23">[22]</a> The house is one of five buildings that Wright designed around <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine</a>, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Wax_Headquarters" title="Johnson Wax Headquarters">Johnson Wax Headquarters</a>' Administration Building and Research Tower, the <a href="/wiki/Keland_House" title="Keland House">Keland House</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Hardy_House" title="Thomas P. Hardy House">Hardy House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exterior">edit</a>]</div> The house's shape prompted Wright to nickname it Wingspread;<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165972616-27">[26]</a> as he wrote, "We called the house `Wingspread' because spread its wings it did."<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-p260776572-28">[27]</a> The floor plan consists of a central octagonal hub, the living room, from which four wings radiate in a pinwheel configuration.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._13-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-p5107379082-30">[29]</a> The radiating wings contrasted with the layout of the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Wax_Headquarters" title="Johnson Wax Headquarters">Johnson Wax Headquarters</a> (built for Johnson's firm <a href="/wiki/S._C._Johnson_%26_Son" title="S. C. Johnson & Son">S. C. Johnson & Son</a>), in which the interiors were arranged tightly around a core.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._177-31">[30]</a> Wingspread's wings are perpendicular to each other, extending off the corners of the living room.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._13-29">[28]</a> Each wing has a similar length,<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._13-29">[28]</a> and, except for the double-story master-bedroom wing to the north, are all one story high.<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> To allow each wing to receive sunlight, the entire building is rotated slightly from due north.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._15-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> is largely built of Cherokee red brick,<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-p260776572-28">[27]</a> which was made in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._20-36">[35]</a> The brick is slightly concave, creating small shadows throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> The facade also includes horizontal <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, and the roof tiles are painted red.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-p260776572-28">[27]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a> boards and vine-covered <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergolas</a> made of cypress.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Red cypress">Red cypress</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> was used because it was more resistant to rotting than other types of wood were.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._472-38">[37]</a> Wingspread has about 500 windows on its facade,<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._473-39">[38]</a> which were positioned to maximize views of the surrounding landscape.<a href="#cite_note-n165972616-27">[26]</a> Among these are 16-foot-tall (4.9 m) windows on the living room's exterior, interspersed with alternating narrow and wide brick <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._16-40">[39]</a> There are three levels of <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows on the roof,<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._8-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._41-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-p333691452-43">[42]</a> which have a total of 190 window panes.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._49-44">[43]</a> These clerestory windows divide the roof into three tiers.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166001268-45">[44]</a> The rest of the facade has windows with thick wooden frames.<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a> One-quarter of the roof beams are made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer" title="Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer">carbon fiber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> a material that had not existed when Wright built the house.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2001-09-02-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR-2001-11-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The swimming pool outside the building. The pool deck is made of stone, except in the foreground of image, where the deck is made of red tile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg/250px-Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg/330px-Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg/500px-Wingspread_Exterior_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Swimming pool outside Wingspread</figcaption></figure>The entrance to the house is hidden, like in many of Wright's other houses. It is also smaller than the primary living spaces inside, an example of the compression-and-release principle that Wright espoused.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._47-48">[47]</a> The house's <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> is elliptical<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_pp._52–53-49">[48]</a> and rises 30 feet (9.1 m).<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._41-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2004-04-023-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166018685-10">[10]</a> The shape of the chimney differs from the chimney stacks in Wright's other houses, which tended to have angles.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._473-39">[38]</a> There is a "crow's nest",<a href="#cite_note-n1662489402-51">[50]</a> a glass observatory above the chimney, which was used by Johnson's children.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2004-04-022-52">[51]</a> In addition, there is a <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pool</a> next to the house,<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> which has an outdoor fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_pp._53–54-54">[53]</a> The pool measures 125 by 25 feet (38.1 by 7.6 m) across<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> and have pink walls that give the appearance of disappearing into the pool.<a href="#cite_note-n165882518-55">[54]</a> Wright, who considered swimming pools to be "outdoor bathtubs", reluctantly included the pool at the Johnson family's request.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior">edit</a>]</div> The house has a floor area of 14,000 square feet (1,300 m2),<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._374-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SC_Johnson_k197-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a> making it among Wright's largest house designs.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._473-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166248940-11">[11]</a> The interiors are decorated with Cherokee-red brick and pink sandstone;<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._13-29">[28]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> between the brick is deeply <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rusticated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> The plaster walls have a wax finish, which was then colored rust-rose. Parts of the ceiling are also made of plaster with a mustard-yellow wax finish.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a> The house includes furniture from Gillen Woodworking,<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._87-59">[58]</a> which also manufactured furniture for <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a>, the residence of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_J._Kaufmann" title="Edgar J. Kaufmann">Edgar J. Kaufmann</a> in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._87-59">[58]</a> The woodwork in the house is made of American oak and is oriented horizontally to emphasize the architectural details.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> There are notches carved into the wood. In addition, there are sandstone and stucco walls within each wing.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> The four wings originally had separate functions,<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> creating distinct zones.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165748130-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165875664-61">[60]</a> The zoned plan had been Johnson's idea;<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._40-13">[12]</a> it contrasted with Wright's earlier Prairie-style houses, in which separate rooms appeared to blend with one another.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._39-62">[61]</a> One wing each was devoted to the master bedroom, service rooms, guest rooms, and children's rooms.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165875664-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._2–3-63">[62]</a> As designed, the entrance doorway is only about 6 feet (1.8 m) high,<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-p510737908-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._41-42">[41]</a> and there are seven fireplaces.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._473-39">[38]</a> Wright also designed furniture for the house, such as lamps, some of which were built in.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._49-44">[43]</a> One of the house's pieces of furniture, a barrel-shaped chair, was sold for $33,000 in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-p1832739017-65">[64]</a> In addition, replicas of the house's rhombus-shaped cocktail tables have been sold over the years.<a href="#cite_note-p283944292-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Living_room">Living room</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Living room">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The main floor of the living room. There is built-in furniture in the foreground and floor-to-ceiling windows in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg/250px-Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg/330px-Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg/500px-Wingspread_living_room_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The main floor of the living room</figcaption></figure> At the center of the building is the living room, sometimes known as the Great Hall.<a href="#cite_note-p235662895-67">[66]</a> The living room may have been inspired in part by the Palm Room in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Drake_Hotel_(Chicago)" title="Drake Hotel (Chicago)">Drake Hotel</a>, with which Johnson had been impressed.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> The living area measures 40 by 60 feet (12 by 18 m).<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._15-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[b]</a> It has a concrete floor and originally had a <a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">radiant heating</a> system embedded underneath the floor slab.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._15-35">[34]</a> The floor is covered with Cherokee red tiles measuring 4 by 4 feet (1.2 by 1.2 m).<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._473-39">[38]</a> Glass doors on all four sides of the living room lead to outdoor terraces.<a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> When the house was built, the living room had a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> system produced by the <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Corporation" title="Seeburg Corporation">Seeburg Corporation</a>, which could accommodate 200 records.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> The living room also has several built-in couches, as well as octagonal pieces of furniture that are not built in.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._41-42">[41]</a> There are some barrel-shaped chairs, similar to those built for the <a href="/wiki/Darwin_D._Martin_House" title="Darwin D. Martin House">Darwin D. Martin House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_pp._41–42-69">[67]</a> The spaces surround the chimney, with five fireplaces extending off it on two levels,<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._41-42">[41]</a> a layout partially derived from the design for the unbuilt Nakoma Country Club in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._40-13">[12]</a> There are fireplaces on all four sides of the chimney at ground level, while the fifth fireplace is on the mezzanine level.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">fireplace mantels</a> are made of Kasota stone from Minnesota, and Wright also added a hanging kettle next to the fireplace, in case visitors wanted hot beverages.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._47–48-70">[68]</a> Wright referred to the living room as a "wigwam", given how the chimney's rooftop opening resembled the smokestack of a Native American <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._373-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a> Next to the chimney is a spiral staircase, which was not included in the original plan and leads to the building's glass observatory.<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._15-35">[34]</a> Within the observatory, Johnson's children could watch their father work, or they could observe the surrounding landscape and Lake Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hanging kettle under the rounded corner of the fireplace. The kettle is made of metal, while the fireplace is made of brick." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg/220px-Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg/330px-Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg/440px-Wingspread_living_room_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Hanging kettle next to the fireplace</figcaption></figure> Low partitions divide the living room into multiple zones,<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._15-35">[34]</a> which surround the chimney.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._40-13">[12]</a> The house's original dining area, within a portion of the living room, adjoins the servants' wing;<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> it has a movable table that can be slid back into the kitchen, although this feature was impractical because it required the servants and occupants to coordinate with each other.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._49-44">[43]</a> The mezzanine extends off one side of the living room, leading to the master bedroom wing;<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._2–3-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> it is clad with sculpted oak.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> In addition, Wright included several smaller spaces, which he described as "different holes to crawl into".<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a> For example, underneath the mezzanine is a <a href="/wiki/Sitting_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitting room">sitting room</a> with a low ceiling, which includes an <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">alcove</a> with a library.<a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-8">[8]</a> Also under the mezzanine is a set of doors leading to a terrace where the house's occupants could plug <a href="/wiki/Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">hot plates</a> into the wall.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a> The ceiling of the living room is domed<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._8-41">[40]</a> and is 30 feet (9.1 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._13-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wings">Wings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wings">edit</a>]</div> The master bedroom wing runs north<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> between the living room's mezzanine and a porch cantilevered off the building.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._2–3-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> This wing has five rooms.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> Johnson slept in the master-bedroom wing, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Karen_Johnson_Boyd" title="Karen Johnson Boyd">Karen</a> slept on the mezzanine-level balcony.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._48–49-71">[69]</a> Sources disagree on whether Karen had requested that the balcony be added after visiting Wright's <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_(studio)" title="Taliesin (studio)">Taliesin</a> studio,<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._48–49-71">[69]</a> or whether Johnson requested the balcony for his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2004-04-02-72">[70]</a> Wright's apprentice <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tafel" title="Edgar Tafel">Edgar Tafel</a> added a storage vault underneath the mezzanine, allowing him to conceal a support beam.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._48–49-71">[69]</a> The mezzanine itself has a wooden floor.<a href="#cite_note-n165972616-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> The portion of the mezzanine in the living room functions as a sitting room with a fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._53-58">[57]</a> The fireplace could accommodate one 12-foot-long (3.7 m) log, which had to be hung vertically; the logs tended to fall over after their bottoms had burned.<a href="#cite_note-p418550901-73">[71]</a> A staircase leads to the mezzanine from the living area.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> The guest wing to the west adjoins the house's garage or <a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">carport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> since virtually all visitors arrived via automobile.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> The garage could fit four<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> or five cars.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._375-75">[73]</a> A servants' wing extends to the south, along the west side of the house's swimming pool;<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> it has a kitchen, servants' bedrooms, and a porch for servants.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> The east wing, north of the swimming pool, was originally used by the Johnson children<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._2–3-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> and has a playroom or terrace room.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> After the building was converted into a conference center in 1960, two wings were turned into offices for the foundation, while the other two wings were used as conference space.<a href="#cite_note-n165660430-76">[74]</a> The portion of the south (kitchen) wing next to the living room is still used as a kitchen, though the rest of the wing is used as offices. The west wing is also used as offices.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> The east wing is used for <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary sessions</a> during conferences,<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._22-74">[72]</a> while the north wing is used as meeting rooms.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> The conference center also includes dining areas, a library, exhibition space, and a theater.<a href="#cite_note-n165790594-77">[75]</a> In addition, the raised basement below the living areas has cloakrooms and restrooms; that space had been used as storage when the Johnson family lived there.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Wingspread was built for the businessman <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_Jr." title="Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.">Herbert F. Johnson Jr.</a>, who in 1935 commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design the nearby <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Wax_Headquarters" title="Johnson Wax Headquarters">Johnson Wax Headquarters</a>' Administration Building in Racine.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_s153-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._12-79">[77]</a> Wright reportedly offered to build Johnson a house after the businessman told Wright that he wanted to live in the Administration Building because it was "so beautiful and attractive".<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._38-80">[78]</a> Johnson married Jane Roach the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a> The Johnson–Roach <a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">stepfamily</a> had four children:<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._38-80">[78]</a> Johnson's daughter <a href="/wiki/Karen_Johnson_Boyd" title="Karen Johnson Boyd">Karen</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.">Sam</a>, and Roach's two sons.<a href="#cite_note-p176659386-81">[79]</a> They quickly outgrew the Johnson house at 1739 Wisconsin Avenue in Racine.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_pp._38–39-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_residence">Private residence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Private residence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wingspread's living room, which has a curved brick chimney and built-in furniture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg/220px-Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg/330px-Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg/440px-Wingspread_living_room_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>View of the living room</figcaption></figure> As the Administration Building was being completed, Johnson asked Wright to design a mansion on the Wind Point site.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._452-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-n1617625762-84">[82]</a> Johnson owned 50 acres (20 ha) at Wind Point near Lake Michigan,<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a> and he and Roach gave Wright a tour of the site in late 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._38-80">[78]</a> During this visit, Johnson showed Wright a sketch of his ideal house, which consisted of several "zones"; the architect went on to refine these plans.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzberg_p._40-13">[12]</a> Wright designed the house from his <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_(studio)" title="Taliesin (studio)">Taliesin</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Green,_Wisconsin" title="Spring Green, Wisconsin">Spring Green, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n165998747-85">[83]</a> Work on the house began in May 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a> Ben Wiltscheck, who had built the Johnson Wax Administration Building, was also hired to construct the house,<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._6-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_p._175-33">[32]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tafel" title="Edgar Tafel">Edgar Tafel</a> supervised construction.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._48–49-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> After Roach died partway through construction, Johnson nearly canceled the project, but he ultimately decided to finish it.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._374-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a> Legend has it that a white dove perched on the house before flying away, foreshadowing the fact that "the young mistress will never live in this house".<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a> The house was finished in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-p510737908-64">[63]</a> The completion of the Herbert F. Johnson House and the Johnson Wax Headquarters were among several that helped revive Wright's career, which had stalled in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-p290943086-87">[85]</a> Johnson's children were initially hesitant to move to the house but eventually became fond of it; Sam likened it to a spaceship.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._48-53">[52]</a> Sam Johnson recalled that, after the family moved to Wind Point, "I thought my friends would never find me, but they would all get on their bikes and come out here and we'd have a wonderful time."<a href="#cite_note-p2260982219-88">[86]</a> The domed observatory and Karen Johnson's balcony-level sleeping area were added at the request of Johnson's children.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._48–49-71">[69]</a> In 1941, Johnson married his third wife <a href="/wiki/Irene_Purcell" title="Irene Purcell">Irene Purcell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p176659386-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-89">[87]</a> who moved into the house.<a href="#cite_note-:2-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-p283298674-90">[88]</a> After the Johnson House was completed, it suffered from leaks. According to Sam Johnson, his father was once entertaining guests at the house when the roof started to leak.<a href="#cite_note-p290882135-91">[89]</a> When Herbert Johnson called Wright to complain, the architect reportedly told him to move his chair.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._49-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-11-30-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[c]</a> The radiant heating system beneath the floor slabs also did not work and had to be removed.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> The Johnson family lived at Wingspread for two decades.<a href="#cite_note-p510737908-64">[63]</a> Among their guests were the ballet dancers <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Markova" title="Alicia Markova">Alicia Markova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Dolin_(ballet_dancer)" title="Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)">Anton Dolin</a>, who visited the Johnsons in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-n165753452-94">[91]</a> By the late 1940s, the Johnsons lived at <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a>, during the winter, while their friends in California sometimes stayed at the Johnson House.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Purcell redecorated the house because she did not like its original design. According to one account, on one visit to the house, Wright woke up in the very early morning to remove the decorations.<a href="#cite_note-p283298674-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165741515-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._46–47-97">[94]</a> Sam Johnson wrote that he did not recall Wright and Purcell communicating much after that incident.<a href="#cite_note-p283298674-90">[88]</a> Wright visited the Johnson House again in 1954 whereupon, after a bout of indigestion that he thought was a heart attack, he told Johnson's daughter Karen to "come and watch how a great man dies"<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._375-75">[73]</a> (he lived for five more years).<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._499-98">[95]</a> The Johnson family moved out of Wingspread in 1959, relocating to a neighboring house that better reflected Purcell's design ideals.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._47-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conference_center">Conference center</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conference center">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s_to_1980s">1960s to 1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s to 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A conference room at Wingspread with seats around a table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg/220px-Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg/330px-Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg/440px-Wingspread_Interior_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A conference room</figcaption></figure> The Johnson family donated the property in 1960 to the Johnson Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-p182935632-99">[96]</a> led by Leslie Paffrath.<a href="#cite_note-n165746979-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[98]</a> Very few major changes were required.<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> Among the modifications that did take place were the addition of restrooms,<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> the conversion of the garage into offices, and the conversion of the playroom into a conference room.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._375-75">[73]</a> Some of the interior walls were also demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._24-34">[33]</a> Initially, there were five conference rooms, and the house was closed to the public aside from conferences.<a href="#cite_note-n165748130-60">[59]</a> Although Wingspread was the only structure on the estate, the foundation planned to add other buildings such as an auditorium and overnight sleeping quarters.<a href="#cite_note-n165766676-102">[99]</a> The Johnson Foundation hosted its first major conference, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midwest_Regional_American_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midwest Regional American Assembly (page does not exist)">Midwest Regional American Assembly</a> meeting, at Wingspread on November 17, 1960.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The conference center was formally dedicated June 24, 1961,<a href="#cite_note-p510737908-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-p182935632-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> with a ceremony attended by Wright's widow <a href="/wiki/Olgivanna_Lloyd_Wright" title="Olgivanna Lloyd Wright">Olgivanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n165784384-105">[102]</a> At this point, the house had already hosted 50 events.<a href="#cite_note-n165765275-106">[103]</a> Most of the house's earliest conferences attracted no more than 75 to 100 attendees,<a href="#cite_note-n165766676-102">[99]</a> and the foundation had to issue timed-entry tickets for some events due to relatively limited capacity.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> During the house's first two years as a conference center, it hosted discussions on such topics as <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> careers.<a href="#cite_note-n165780409-108">[105]</a> Several colleges held events at the house, including orientations for new teachers, retirement parties, and briefings for college students.<a href="#cite_note-n165744527-109">[106]</a> The conference center's earliest visitors included former U.S. first lady <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>; former United Nations General Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Boland" title="Frederick Boland">Frederick Boland</a>; and poets <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Shapiro" title="Karl Shapiro">Karl Shapiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n165781866-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165780409-108">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> were also established during meetings at Wingspread in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165684852-111">[108]</a> Wingspread started hosting opera performances in 1964,<a href="#cite_note-n165785516-112">[109]</a> and it also hosted visual art exhibits<a href="#cite_note-n165790594-77">[75]</a> and the annual Wingspread Conference on foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Johnson's widow Irene Purcell donated eight sculptures to Wingspread in the 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-n165802954-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hebald" title="Milton Hebald">Milton Hebald</a> was hired to create a sculpture named Amanti for the estate;<a href="#cite_note-n165779499-17">[16]</a> this artwork was dedicated the next year.<a href="#cite_note-n165786029-115">[112]</a> By then, the building was hosting up to 150 events a year, and 50,000 people had attended conferences at Wingspread in the conference center's first six years.<a href="#cite_note-n165790594-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berto_Lardera" title="Berto Lardera">Berto Lardera</a>'s sculpture Amour des Etoiles (Love of the Stars) was dedicated in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-n165794014a-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> and two more sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Greco" title="Emilio Greco">Emilio Greco</a>'s Primavera and Robert Cook's Quartet, were added to the estate the next year.<a href="#cite_note-n165786029-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165788759-117">[114]</a> By the late 1960s, the Johnson Foundation was considering expanding the conference center.<a href="#cite_note-n165792535-118">[115]</a> Another sculpture on the estate, Homage to Van Gogh by <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Pattison" title="Abbott Pattison">Abbott Pattison</a>, was dedicated in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-n165802954-16">[15]</a> During this decade, the house attracted between 3,500 and 5,000 conference attendees every year.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Paffrath continued to lead Wingspread and the Johnson Foundation until 1980,<a href="#cite_note-:1-120">[117]</a> at which point <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> president <a href="/wiki/William_Beaty_Boyd" title="William Beaty Boyd">William Boyd</a> became the foundation's president.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165681538-122">[119]</a> By then, Wingspread hosted up to 100 conferences a year,<a href="#cite_note-:1-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> including 75 three-day-long conferences and 25 one-day-long conferences.<a href="#cite_note-n165973461-123">[120]</a> These events generally attracted 25 to 50 people each, and the foundation spent $2 million annually to host these conferences.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> During a particularly contentious meeting in 1985 that attracted protests,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Wingspread's grounds were closed to non-attendees for the first time in the conference center's history.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Boyd retired as Wingspread's president in 1988<a href="#cite_note-n165681538-122">[119]</a> and was succeeded that year by Charles William Bray, a former <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Senegal" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Senegal">U.S. ambassador to Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_to_present">1990s to present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990s to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The living room's roof as seen from below. There are three bands of clerestory windows on the roof. In the center is a round chimney shaft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wingspread_1.jpg/220px-Wingspread_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wingspread_1.jpg/330px-Wingspread_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wingspread_1.jpg/440px-Wingspread_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>The living room's roof, which leaked in the 1990s</figcaption></figure> By the 1990s, the Johnson Foundation spent $3 million annually to organize conferences at Wingspread.<a href="#cite_note-n165685763-127">[124]</a> The living room's roof began to sag by up to 3 inches (76 mm) during 1993 and 1994 after particularly severe winter weather caused ice accumulations.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> The roof joints had already begun to crack, but the ice buildups exacerbated these issues. After learning of the roof problems in May 1994, the Johnson Foundation restricted access to the living room.<a href="#cite_note-p333691452-43">[42]</a> The condition of the roof prompted the Johnson Foundation to announce in July 1994 that the house would be closed for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-p333691452-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165682664-128">[125]</a> Foundation employees were allowed to continue using their offices in the building, while visitors could use the rooms in each wing, but conferences were moved to an outbuilding called the House.<a href="#cite_note-n165682664-128">[125]</a> The roof was repaired in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-p235662895-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> To avoid altering the building's historic design features, workers could not remove parts of the roof and add steel beams to replace the existing, weakened ones.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> Instead, the existing roof tiles were removed temporarily so a waterproof membrane or <a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">flashing</a> could be installed.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR-1994-04-129">[126]</a> The new membrane, composed of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer" title="Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer">carbon fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, was then covered with slate tiles.<a href="#cite_note-n165990457-130">[127]</a> The old skylight panels were also replaced with insulated panels.<a href="#cite_note-AR-1994-04-129">[126]</a> About one-quarter of the wooden roof beams were replaced with carbon fiber beams,<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> each weighing 200 pounds (91 kg).<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Although carbon fiber had not existed when the house was built, restoration architect Robert Silman decided to use it after a Taliesin director said that Wright would have used the material if it had been invented during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-AR-2001-11-47">[46]</a> Copper tubes were installed to replace lead tubes that were toxic.<a href="#cite_note-p260440014-26">[25]</a> After the roof above the house's east wing was finished in March 1996, a temporary wooden shell was built above the living room to protect the original roof.<a href="#cite_note-n166001268-45">[44]</a> Wingspread reopened in June 1997 after the repairs were completed.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Bray served as Wingspread's president until November 1997, being succeeded by Boyd Gibbons.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166005748-134">[131]</a> Under Gibbons's leadership, the Johnson Foundation began planning the Guest House, a 40-room hotel on the Wingspread campus for conference attendees.<a href="#cite_note-n166005748-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-p261533374-20">[19]</a> At the time, people visiting Wingspread had to book hotel rooms nearby instead of staying on the campus.<a href="#cite_note-n166005052-135">[132]</a> Plans for the hotel were announced in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-n166005052-135">[132]</a> and the Guest House was opened in January 2002.<a href="#cite_note-p261533374-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Gibbons retired as Wingspread's president in 2006<a href="#cite_note-n166005748-134">[131]</a> and was succeeded by Roger Dower the next year.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-p263650516-138">[135]</a> By then, the foundation employed 15 people at the house.<a href="#cite_note-p263650516-138">[135]</a> The Johnson Foundation appointed Marcus White as its president in 2020, following Dower's retirement.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In 2023, SC Johnson bought 13 acres (5.3 ha) next to Wingspread.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Johnson Foundation" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson_Foundation" title="Magic Johnson Foundation">Magic Johnson Foundation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Johnson's daughter's bedroom, a narrow space with a sloped ceiling and windows to the left and right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg/220px-Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg/330px-Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg/440px-Wingspread_Interior_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Johnson's daughter's bedroom</figcaption></figure> Wingspread is operated by the Johnson Foundation, a philanthropic organization that maintains Wingspread as a forum for meetings and debates.<a href="#cite_note-n165681538-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165746127-141">[138]</a> The foundation had been established in January 1959 for "charitable, educational or religious purposes", with Leslie Paffrath as its first president<a href="#cite_note-n165746979-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[98]</a> and Barbara Sargent as its only other employee.<a href="#cite_note-n165777730-142">[139]</a> The Johnson Foundation replaced a Wisconsin-based foundation of the same name; the newer foundation was incorporated in New York state, which had more permissive laws regarding philanthropic organizations than Wisconsin did.<a href="#cite_note-n165752338-143">[140]</a> The new foundation was initially headquartered in Racine, but from the outset, there were plans to set up permanent headquarters at the Herbert F. Johnson House.<a href="#cite_note-n165746979-100">[97]</a> It receives income from S. C. Johnson & Son, members of the Johnson family, and its <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> fund.<a href="#cite_note-p192931048-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-n165973461-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a>]</div> The Johnson Foundation has helped plan conferences and meetings at the house, including organizing transportation and lodging for visitors.<a href="#cite_note-n165680962-145">[142]</a> Conferences are restricted to a small number of topics, namely education, family affairs, society, and international relations.<a href="#cite_note-n165685763-127">[124]</a> Topics for conferences are either solicited through mail, chosen by organizations already affiliated with the foundation, or selected directly by the foundation's board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-n165973461-123">[120]</a> Events are organized by a board of trustees with nine members.<a href="#cite_note-n165685763-127">[124]</a> The foundation does not take an official stance on any of the topics discussed during meetings.<a href="#cite_note-n165746127-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-p375995942-146">[143]</a> Dignitaries from around the world have attended meetings there.<a href="#cite_note-n165684852-111">[108]</a> Wingspread's in-house kitchen staff prepares <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a> for events at the house, though they could also accommodate dietary requests, such as requests for <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">vegetarian</a> food.<a href="#cite_note-n165947579-147">[144]</a> The conference center has also hosted concerts, exhibits, and lectures for the local community.<a href="#cite_note-p5107379083-148">[145]</a> Highlights from meetings at Wingspread are published in a quarterly newsletter called the Wingspread Journal.<a href="#cite_note-n165680962-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The foundation also distributed grants for conferences at Wingspread or for other projects,<a href="#cite_note-n165781866-110">[107]</a> though this was no longer done by the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-n165681538-122">[119]</a> From 1972 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1987–1988, the Johnson Foundation hosted a radio series called Conversations from Wingspread,<a href="#cite_note-n166003509-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> which included recordings of conferences at Wingspread.<a href="#cite_note-n165879885-152">[149]</a> The foundation received the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> for Conversations from Wingspread in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> as well as the George Washington Honor Medal Award in 1977 and the Ohio State Award in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-n166008473-154">[151]</a> A revival of Conversations from Wingspread was launched in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-n166003509-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tours">Tours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tours">edit</a>]</div> The house is also open to the public for tours.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-p1901521087-156">[153]</a> In the late 20th century, anyone could tour the house if they booked in advance;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1991-10-06-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-p418550901-73">[71]</a> if a conference was taking place, only the grounds were open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> Guides showed some notable features of the house to guests before allowing them to take self-guided tours.<a href="#cite_note-p418550901-73">[71]</a> Reservations were still required for tours in the 21st century;<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-11-30-92">[90]</a> starting in 2014, tours of Wingspread could be booked from the Johnson Wax Headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-n166248940-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit">[update]</a>, free tours of the Wingspread complex were given three times a day, five days a week, if no other events were being hosted there.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_p._46-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="One of the building's offices. There is a desk in the foreground and windows to the left. The ceiling slopes down slightly from left to right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg/220px-Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg/330px-Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg/440px-Wingspread_Interior_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An office in the building</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the house was completed, a writer for <a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town and Country</a> magazine wrote that Wingspread "is timeless architecture, standing on its own native nobility, owing nothing to what [Wright] calls borrowings from the nobility of little England".<a href="#cite_note-Patterson_p._52-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166252748-159">[156]</a> Another news source wrote that "there is nothing static about the design of Wingspread", highlighting the layout of its arms.<a href="#cite_note-n166252748-159">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Post-Crescent" title="The Post-Crescent">The Post-Crescent</a> wrote that Japanese visitors tended to liken Wingspread to Wright's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Hotel,_Tokyo" title="Imperial Hotel, Tokyo">Imperial Hotel, Tokyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n165972616-27">[26]</a> Several sources likened Wingspread to a maritime vessel. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Henry-Russell_Hitchcock" title="Henry-Russell Hitchcock">Henry-Russell Hitchcock</a> characterized Wingspread as "floating on waves",<a href="#cite_note-p192931048-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> the <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_Tribune" title="La Crosse Tribune">La Crosse Tribune</a> compared the building to an ocean liner gliding on the prairie,<a href="#cite_note-n165635482-37">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> likened the building to "ship on a sea of small hills".<a href="#cite_note-p385730626-161">[158]</a> Conversely, in his biography of Wright, the writer Brendan Gill regarded the house critically, saying: "A true folly, it imposes itself upon its site instead of accommodating to it," despite Wright's claim that Wingspread's presence improved the site.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_p._374-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a> said that the "wood is used structurally and sculpturally", blending in with the red brick.<a href="#cite_note-n165876619-32">[31]</a> The writer Richard Kinch stated in 1981 that "the visitor to Wingspread may feel awed, or delighted, perhaps charmed—but indifferent the visitor cannot be."<a href="#cite_note-Kinch_p._10-162">[159]</a> A 1986 article for the <a href="/wiki/Racine_Journal_Times" title="Racine Journal Times">Journal Times</a> said that "nature and structure seem to have been living in perfect harmony" at Wingspread, despite its brick-and-masonry construction.<a href="#cite_note-n165973461-123">[120]</a>A writer for the Journal Times said in 1993 that Wingspread and the Johnson Wax Headquarters "overshadow the rest of the architecture in <a href="/wiki/Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="Racine County, Wisconsin">Racine County</a>" because they were so well-known.<a href="#cite_note-n165991665-163">[160]</a> The next year, a writer for <a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a> said that "Wingspread is probably the grandest Wright country house" besides Wright's own houses, <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliesin North">Taliesin North</a> in Wisconsin and <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_West" title="Taliesin West">Taliesin West</a> in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-p197241841-164">[161]</a> A writer for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called the building "a prime example of Wright's organic architecture",<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-11-30-92">[90]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> called it "a pharaonic ornament cast in Cherokee red".<a href="#cite_note-Jansson_s533-165">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Weekend_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend Australian">Weekend Australian</a> said in 2011 that "On a bright and warm autumn day, it is a delight", but that the house was cold and drafty during the winters.<a href="#cite_note-p845807952-166">[163]</a> Of the building's function as a conference center, the Racine Journal-Times Sunday Bulletin wrote in 1961 that Wingspread could be "more than a monument to the genius of Frank Lloyd Wright, and more than a monument to the generosity of Herbert F. Johnson".<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> A reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a> said in 1982 that the house "nonetheless has made the transition [to a conference center] with apparent ease and only minor alteration" and that conference attendees could still feel at home in Wingspread's various rooms.<a href="#cite_note-p538094656-9">[9]</a> A 1994 article in the Journal Times described the house as a tranquil place where "even in the midst of the most heated controversies, opponents may find common ground".<a href="#cite_note-n165685763-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_landmark_designations">Media and landmark designations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media and landmark designations">edit</a>]</div> The building is detailed in several books, including the Johnson Foundation's 1981 book Wingspread–The Building;<a href="#cite_note-p1038377756-168">[165]</a> Jonathan Lipman's 1986 book Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Wax Buildings,<a href="#cite_note-p290943086-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-n161876048-169">[166]</a> and M. Caren Connolly and Louis Wasserman's 2010 book Wisconsin's Own: Twenty Remarkable Homes.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The structure is also the subject of Frank Lloyd Wright's Wingspread, a 47-minute documentary by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p263397892-171">[168]</a> Its hearth and oversized chimney inspired that in another house on <a href="/wiki/Kiawah_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Kiawah Island, South Carolina">Kiawah Island, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p1026628348-172">[169]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York owns an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">architectural model</a> of the building.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-09-04-173">[170]</a> The property was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a> and was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-n166248940-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Wingspread is also part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, a collection of sites in Wisconsin designed by Wright, which was established in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-p1901521087-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright_works" title="List of Frank Lloyd Wright works">List of Frank Lloyd Wright works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Wisconsin" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin">List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Racine County, Wisconsin">National Register of Historic Places listings in Racine County, Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> A 1981 publication from the building's owner, the Johnson Foundation, cites the site as covering 12 acres (4.9 ha).<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-6">[6]</a> Other sources have given figures as high as 36 acres (15 ha).<a href="#cite_note-n166018685-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-n166248940-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> One source gives a conflicting figure of 38 by 50 feet (12 by 15 m).<a href="#cite_note-n165875664-61">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGill1987">Gill 1987</a>, p. 271, cites a slightly different version of this anecdote in which Wright reportedly told Johnson to move a table. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Retrieved February 20, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Vast+Frank+Lloyd+Wright+Archive+Is+Moving+to+New+York&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F04%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Ffrank-lloyd-wright-collection-moves-to-moma-and-columbia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/nhls-associated-with-flw.htm">"NHLs Associated with Frank Lloyd Wright"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. March 29, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=NHLs+Associated+with+Frank+Lloyd+Wright&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Fnationalhistoriclandmarks%2Fnhls-associated-with-flw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRackl2017" class="citation web cs1">Rackl, Lori (May 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/05/02/hitting-the-highlights-on-wisconsins-new-200-mile-frank-lloyd-wright-trail/">"Hitting the highlights on Wisconsin's new 200-mile Frank Lloyd Wright trail"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-6706">1085-6706</a>. Retrieved December 3, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hitting+the+highlights+on+Wisconsin%27s+new+200-mile+Frank+Lloyd+Wright+trail&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft.issn=1085-6706&rft.aulast=Rackl&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2017%2F05%2F02%2Fhitting-the-highlights-on-wisconsins-new-200-mile-frank-lloyd-wright-trail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Chelsey (May 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/travel/wisconsin/day-out/2017/05/12/new-200-mile-frank-lloyd-wright-trail-showcases-architects-diverse-works-his-home-state/101461878/">"New 200-mile Frank Lloyd Wright Trail showcases the architect's diverse works in his home state"</a>. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal+Sentinel&rft.atitle=New+200-mile+Frank+Lloyd+Wright+Trail+showcases+the+architect%27s+diverse+works+in+his+home+state&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Chelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Fwisconsin%2Fday-out%2F2017%2F05%2F12%2Fnew-200-mile-frank-lloyd-wright-trail-showcases-architects-diverse-works-his-home-state%2F101461878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill1987" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Brendan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manymaskslifeoff0000gill_t0l6">Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-13232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-13232-2"><bdi>978-0-399-13232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Masks%3A+A+Life+of+Frank+Lloyd+Wright&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-399-13232-2&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanymaskslifeoff0000gill_t0l6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2023" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Kristine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCSpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Frank Lloyd Wright's Wisconsin: How America's Most Famous Architect Found Inspiration in His Home State</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-6915-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-6915-6"><bdi>978-1-4930-6915-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Lloyd+Wright%27s+Wisconsin%3A+How+America%27s+Most+Famous+Architect+Found+Inspiration+in+His+Home+State&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-6915-6&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCSpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertzberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Hertzberg, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLuA_5GYVJEC">Wright in Racine: The Architect's Vision for One American City</a>. Pomegranate catalog. Pomegranate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7649-2890-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7649-2890-1"><bdi>978-0-7649-2890-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wright+in+Racine%3A+The+Architect%27s+Vision+for+One+American+City&rft.series=Pomegranate+catalog&rft.pub=Pomegranate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7649-2890-1&rft.aulast=Hertzberg&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLuA_5GYVJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service1989" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_WI/75000076_NHL.pdf">Johnson, Herbert, House</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. June 25, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Johnson%2C+Herbert%2C+House&rft.pub=National+Register+of+Historic+Places%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1989-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2FNARAprodstorage%2Flz%2Felectronic-records%2Frg-079%2FNPS_WI%2F75000076_NHL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinch1981" class="citation book cs1">Kinch, Richard (1981). Wingspread – the Building. Racine, Wis.: Johnson Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8593959">8593959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingspread+%E2%80%93+the+Building&rft.place=Racine%2C+Wis.&rft.pub=Johnson+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8593959&rft.aulast=Kinch&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipman1986" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franklloydwright0000lipm">Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Wax Buildings</a>. Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42748-5"><bdi>978-0-486-42748-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Lloyd+Wright+and+the+Johnson+Wax+Buildings&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42748-5&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranklloydwright0000lipm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1940" class="citation magazine cs1">Patterson, Augusta Owen (February 1940). "3 Modern Houses". Town & Country. Vol. 95, no. 4209. pp. 52–63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2130747288">2130747288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Town+%26+Country&rft.atitle=3+Modern+Houses&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4209&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1940-02&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Augusta+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorrer1993" class="citation book cs1">Storrer, William Allin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDE6683N_z4C">The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77624-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77624-8"><bdi>978-0-226-77624-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frank+Lloyd+Wright+Companion&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77624-8&rft.aulast=Storrer&rft.aufirst=William+Allin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDE6683N_z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingspread" class="Z3988"> (S.239)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="Template:NRHP in Racine County, Wisconsin"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:NRHP_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:NRHP in Racine County, Wisconsin (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP in Racine County, Wisconsin"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="Racine County, Wisconsin">Racine County, Wisconsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Downtown_Historic_District" title="Burlington Downtown Historic District">Burlington Downtown Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Sixth_Street_Business_District" title="Historic Sixth Street Business District">Historic Sixth Street Business District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_Street_Historic_District" title="Kane Street Historic District">Kane Street Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Main_Street_Historic_District_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Old Main Street Historic District (Racine, Wisconsin)">Old Main Street Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_Historic_District_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Southside Historic District (Racine, Wisconsin)">Southside Historic District</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Racine County map"><img alt="Racine County map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Racine_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1130" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Historic properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Building" title="Badger Building">Badger Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Community_Swimming_Pools_and_Bathhouse" title="Burlington Community Swimming Pools and Bathhouse">Burlington Community Swimming Pools and Bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_R._Cooley_House" title="Eli R. Cooley House">Eli R. Cooley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="First Presbyterian Church (Racine, Wisconsin)">First Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Hall_Building" title="Chauncey Hall Building">Chauncey Hall Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Hall_House" title="Chauncey Hall House">Chauncey Hall House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_House_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Hansen House (Racine, Wisconsin)">Hansen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Hardy_House" title="Thomas P. Hardy House">Thomas P. Hardy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklyn_Hazelo_House" title="Franklyn Hazelo House">Franklyn Hazelo House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Jonas_House" title="Karel Jonas House">Karel Jonas House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser%27s_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Kaiser's (Racine, Wisconsin)">Kaiser's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Kelly_(shipwreck)" title="Kate Kelly (shipwreck)">Kate Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_School_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Lincoln School (Racine, Wisconsin)">Lincoln School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClurg_Building_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="McClurg Building (Racine, Wisconsin)">McClurg Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Lewis_Building" title="Mitchell Lewis Building">Mitchell Lewis Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murray_House_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="George Murray House (Racine, Wisconsin)">George Murray House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Engine_House" title="No. 4 Engine House">No. 4 Engine House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_College" title="Racine College">Racine College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_County_Courthouse" title="Racine County Courthouse">Racine County Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Racine Depot">Racine Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Elks_Club,_Lodge_No._252" title="Racine Elks Club, Lodge No. 252">Racine Elks Club, Lodge No. 252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Harbor_Lighthouse_and_Life_Saving_Station" title="Racine Harbor Lighthouse and Life Saving Station">Racine Harbor Lighthouse and Life Saving Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Heritage_Museum" title="Racine Heritage Museum">Racine Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickeman_Grocery_Building" title="Rickeman Grocery Building">Rickeman Grocery Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Chapel,_Guildhall,_and_Rectory" title="St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Chapel, Guildhall, and Rectory">St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Chapel, Guildhall, and Rectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church (Racine, Wisconsin)">St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoop_Building" title="Shoop Building">Shoop Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bray_Neighborhood_Center" title="George Bray Neighborhood Center"> United Laymen Bible Student Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="United States Post Office (Racine, Wisconsin)">United States Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Theater_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="Uptown Theater (Racine, Wisconsin)">Uptown Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmanor_Apartments" title="Wilmanor Apartments">Wilmanor Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Point_Light" title="Wind Point Light">Wind Point Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_Building_(Racine,_Wisconsin)" title="YMCA Building (Racine, Wisconsin)">YMCA Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Wax_Headquarters" title="Johnson Wax Headquarters">Johnson Wax Headquarters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wingspread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Racine County, Wisconsin">National Register of Historic Places listings in Racine County, Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Wisconsin" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin">List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frank_Lloyd_Wright536" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Template:Frank Lloyd Wright"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Template talk:Frank Lloyd Wright"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frank Lloyd Wright"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frank_Lloyd_Wright536" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright_works" title="List of Frank Lloyd Wright works">List of works</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_Home_and_Studio" title="Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio">Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin_(studio)" title="Taliesin (studio)">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin_West" title="Taliesin West">Taliesin West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg/86px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg/129px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg/172px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_W._Adams_House" title="Mary W. Adams House">Adams, M.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_and_Jessie_M._Adams_House" title="William and Jessie M. Adams House">Adams, W. and J.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_and_Edith_Adelman_House" title="Albert and Edith Adelman House">Adelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_S._and_Elizabeth_B._Affleck_House" title="Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House">Affleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen%E2%80%93Lambe_House" title="Allen–Lambe House">Allen–Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Alsop_House" title="Carroll Alsop House">Alsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clarke_and_Julia_Arnold_House" title="E. Clarke and Julia Arnold House">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bach_House" title="Emil Bach House">Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachman%E2%80%93Wilson_House" title="Bachman–Wilson House">Bachman–Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Baird_Residence" title="Theodore Baird Residence">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Baker_House" title="Frank J. Baker House">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_B._Balch_House" title="Oscar B. Balch House">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Baldwin_House" title="Hiram Baldwin House">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barton_House" title="George Barton House">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bazett_House" title="Sidney Bazett House">Bazett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Beachy_House" title="Peter A. Beachy House">Beachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Becker_House" title="Gustav Becker House">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Blair_House" title="Quintin Blair House">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blossom_House" title="George Blossom House">Blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bogk_House" title="Frederick C. Bogk House">Bogk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_G._and_Patricia_Neils_Boulter_House" title="Cedric G. and Patricia Neils Boulter House">Boulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Boynton_House" title="Edward E. Boynton House">Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Harley_Bradley_House" title="B. Harley Bradley House">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandes_House" title="Brandes House">Brandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Margin" title="Broad Margin">Broad Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Brown_House" title="Charles A. Brown House">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Buehler_House" title="Maynard Buehler House">Buehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._Bulbulian_Residence" title="A. H. Bulbulian Residence">Bulbulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnley%E2%80%93Norwood_House" title="Charnley–Norwood House">Charnley–Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Charnley_House" title="James Charnley House">Charnley–Persky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Cheney_House" title="Edwin H. Cheney House">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Christie_House" title="James B. Christie House">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Cooke_House" title="Andrew B. Cooke House">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonley_House" title="Coonley House">Coonley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Copeland_House" title="William H. Copeland House">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crimson_Beech" title="The Crimson Beech">Crimson Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Thomas_House" title="Dana–Thomas House">Dana–Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_V._Davidson_House" title="Walter V. Davidson House">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Richard_Davis_House" title="Dr. Richard Davis House">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._DeRhodes_House" title="K. C. DeRhodes House">DeRhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Syd_Dobkins_House" title="John and Syd Dobkins House">Dobkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennis_House" title="Ennis House">Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabyan_Villa" title="Fabyan Villa">Fabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Fawcett_House" title="Randall Fawcett House">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_House_(Charles_Ross_House)" title="Forest House (Charles Ross House)">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Foster_House_and_Stable" title="S. A. Foster House and Stable">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountainhead_(Jackson,_Mississippi)" title="Fountainhead (Jackson, Mississippi)">Fountainhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_House" title="Samuel Freeman House">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fredrick_House" title="Louis Fredrick House">Fredrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Fricke_House" title="William G. Fricke House">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Friedman_House" title="Sol Friedman House">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arinobu_Fukuhara" title="Arinobu Fukuhara">Fukuhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furbeck_House" title="George Furbeck House">G. Furbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollin_Furbeck_House" title="Rollin Furbeck House">R. Furbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Gale_House" title="Laura Gale House">Gale, L.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Gale_House" title="Thomas H. Gale House">Gale, T.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gale_House" title="Walter Gale House">Gale, W.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gerts_House" title="Walter Gerts House">Gerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_A._Gilmore_House" title="Eugene A. Gilmore House">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gillin_Residence" title="John Gillin Residence">Gillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Glasner_House" title="William A. Glasner House">Glasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetsch%E2%80%93Winckler_House" title="Goetsch–Winckler House">Goetsch–Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_House_(Silverton,_Oregon)" title="Gordon House (Silverton, Oregon)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_and_Charlotte_Grant_House" title="Douglas and Charlotte Grant House">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graycliff" title="Graycliff">Graycliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._A._W._Gridley_House" title="Mrs. A. W. Gridley House">Gridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Honeycomb_House" title="Hanna–Honeycomb House">Hanna–Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Hardy_House" title="Thomas P. Hardy House">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Haynes_House" title="John D. Haynes House">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Heath_House" title="William R. Heath House">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_House" title="Heller House">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.B._Henderson_House" title="F.B. Henderson House">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Heurtley_House" title="Arthur Heurtley House">Heurtley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hickox_House" title="Warren Hickox House">Hickox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Hills_House" title="Edward R. Hills House">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffman_House" title="Max Hoffman House">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollyhock_House" title="Hollyhock House">Hollyhock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_and_Katherine_Jacobs_First_House" title="Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House">Jacobs I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_and_Katherine_Jacobs_Second_House" title="Herbert and Katherine Jacobs Second House">Jacobs II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Johnson_House" title="A. P. Johnson House">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_B._Jones_House" title="Fred B. Jones House">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toufic_H._Kalil_House" title="Toufic H. Kalil House">Kalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keland_House" title="Keland House">Keland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentuck_Knob" title="Kentuck Knob">Kentuck Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keys_Residence" title="Thomas Keys Residence">Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_and_Margaret_Kinney_House" title="Patrick and Margaret Kinney House">Kinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraus_House" title="Kraus House">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lamberson_House" title="Jack Lamberson House">Lamberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lamp_House" title="Robert M. Lamp House">Lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_and_Phyllis_Laurent_House" title="Kenneth and Phyllis Laurent House">Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Rae_Levin_House" title="Robert and Rae Levin House">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_House_(Tallahassee,_Florida)" title="Lewis House (Tallahassee, Florida)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Lewis_House" title="Lloyd Lewis House">Lewis, L.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Manson_House" title="Charles L. Manson House">Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marden_House" title="Marden House">Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_D._Martin_House" title="Darwin D. Martin House">D. D. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Martin_House" title="William E. Martin House">W. E. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_May_House" title="Meyer May House">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McBean_Residence" title="James McBean Residence">McBean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Charles_P._McCarthy_House" title="Judge Charles P. McCarthy House">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_House" title="Millard House">Millard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Miller_House" title="Alvin Miller House">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Madison_Millard_House" title="George Madison Millard House">Millard, G.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_G._Moore_House" title="Nathan G. Moore House">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosher_House" title="Mosher House">Mosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_T._Mossberg_Residence" title="Herman T. Mossberg Residence">Mossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Murphy_House" title="Elizabeth Murphy House">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_and_Henry_J._Neils_House" title="Frieda and Henry J. Neils House">Neils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olfelt_House" title="Paul Olfelt House">Olfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Palmer_Residence" title="William Palmer Residence">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_A._Pappas_House" title="Theodore A. Pappas House">Pappas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Parker_House" title="Robert P. Parker House">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Pauson_House" title="Rose Pauson House">Pauson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Penfield_House" title="Louis Penfield House">Penfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Peterson_Cottage" title="Seth Peterson Cottage">Peterson Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Pew_House" title="John C. Pew House">Pew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope%E2%80%93Leighey_House" title="Pope–Leighey House">Pope–Leighey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayward%E2%80%93Shepherd_House" title="Rayward–Shepherd House">Rayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rebhuhn_House" title="Ben Rebhuhn House">Rebhuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Reisley_House" title="Roland Reisley House">Reisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Richardson_House" title="Stuart Richardson House">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Roberts_House" title="Isabel Roberts House">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robie_House" title="Robie House">Robie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roloson_Houses" title="Roloson Houses">Roloson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenbaum_House" title="Rosenbaum House">Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudin_House" title="Walter Rudin House">Rudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(house)" title="Samara (house)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sander_Residence" title="Frank Sander Residence">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Schaberg_House" title="Donald Schaberg House">Schaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Schwartz_House" title="Bernard Schwartz House">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Serlin_House" title="Edward Serlin House">Serlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamour_and_Gerte_Shavin_House" title="Seamour and Gerte Shavin House">Shavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Smith_House_(Oak_Park,_Illinois)" title="George W. Smith House (Oak Park, Illinois)">Smith, G. W.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Maxwell_and_Sara_Stein_Smith_House" title="Melvyn Maxwell and Sara Stein Smith House">Smith, M.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Smith_House" title="Richard C. Smith House">Smith, R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Sondern_House" title="Clarence Sondern House">Sondem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Spencer_House" title="Dudley Spencer House">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_A._Staley_House" title="Karl A. Staley House">Staley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._G.C._Stockman_House" title="Dr. G.C. Stockman House">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_House_(Los_Angeles)" title="Storer House (Los Angeles)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_M_Stromquist_House" title="Don M Stromquist House">Stromquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sturges_House" title="George Sturges House">Sturges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan_Bungalow" title="Louis Sullivan Bungalow">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Sunday_House" title="Robert H. Sunday House">Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_P._Sutton_House" title="Harvey P. Sutton House">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.A._Sweeton_Residence" title="J.A. Sweeton Residence">Sweeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-Y-Deri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan-Y-Deri">Tan-Y-Deri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Thaxton_Jr._House" title="William L. Thaxton Jr. House">Thaxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Thomas_House" title="Frank Thomas House">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._F._Tomek_House" title="F. F. Tomek House">Tomek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._and_Beverley_Tonkens_House" title="Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House">Tonkens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_House" title="Tracy House">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._and_Ida_Trier_House" title="Paul J. and Ida Trier House">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_H._Turkel_House" title="Dorothy H. Turkel House">Turkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_D._Wall_House" title="Carlton D. Wall House">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Clinton_Walker_House" title="Mrs. Clinton Walker House">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Walser_Jr._House" title="J. J. Walser Jr. House">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Rock_State_Park" title="Cedar Rock State Park">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westcott_House_(Springfield,_Ohio)" title="Westcott House (Springfield, Ohio)">Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhope" title="Westhope">Westhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltzheimer/Johnson_House" title="Weltzheimer/Johnson House">Weltzheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Willey_House" title="Malcolm Willey House">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_L._Williams_Residence" title="Chauncey L. Williams Residence">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits_House" title="Willits House">Willits</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wingspread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_House_(River_Forest,_Illinois)" title="Winslow House (River Forest, Illinois)">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Woolley_House" title="Francis J. Woolley House">Woolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Gladys_Wright_House" title="David and Gladys Wright House">Wright, D. and G.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duey_and_Julia_Wright_House" title="Duey and Julia Wright House">Wright, D. and J.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Llewellyn_Wright_House" title="Robert Llewellyn Wright House">Wright, R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Wynant_House" title="Wilbur Wynant House">Wynant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodok%C5%8D_Guest_House" title="Yodokō Guest House">Yamamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_P._Young_House" title="Harrison P. Young House">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_R._Zeigler_House" title="Jesse R. Zeigler House">Zeigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmerman_House_(Manchester,_New_Hampshire)" title="Zimmerman House (Manchester, New Hampshire)">Zimmerman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Housing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System-Built_Homes" title="American System-Built Homes">American System-Built Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Erdman_Prefab_Houses" title="Marshall Erdman Prefab Houses">Erdman Prefab Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fireproof_House_for_$5000" title="A Fireproof House for $5000">Fireproof House for $5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Acres" title="The Acres">Galesburg Country Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine_Bluffs_Development" title="Ravine Bluffs Development">Ravine Bluffs Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntop_Homes" title="Suntop Homes">Suntop Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usonia_Historic_District" title="Usonia Historic District">Usonia Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_block_house" title="Textile block house">Textile block house</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderton_Court_Shops" title="Anderton Court Shops">Anderton Court Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church">Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Biltmore_Hotel" title="Arizona Biltmore Hotel">Arizona Biltmore Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auldbrass_Plantation" title="Auldbrass Plantation">Auldbrass Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park_Pavilion" title="Banff National Park Pavilion">Banff National Park Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Sholom_Congregation_(Elkins_Park,_Pennsylvania)" title="Beth Sholom Congregation (Elkins Park, Pennsylvania)">Beth Sholom Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_of_the_Sun" title="Child of the Sun">Child of the Sun</a> at <a href="/wiki/Florida_Southern_College" title="Florida Southern College">Florida Southern College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Christian_Church_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)" title="Community Christian Church (Kansas City, Missouri)">Community Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Como_Orchards_Summer_Colony_One-Room_Cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Como Orchards Summer Colony One-Room Cottage">Como Orchard Summer Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Coonley_School" title="Avery Coonley School">Coonley School Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Z_Polish_Factory" title="E-Z Polish Factory">E-Z Polish Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie%27s_House" title="Eddie's House">Eddie's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasbender_Clinic" title="Fasbender Clinic">Fasbender Medical Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._German_Warehouse" title="A. D. German Warehouse">German Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_Home_School_I" title="Hillside Home School I">Hillside Home School I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_Home_School_II" title="Hillside Home School II">Hillside Home School II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Auto_Showroom" title="Hoffman Auto Showroom">Hoffman Auto Showroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Show_Fountain" title="Horse Show Fountain">Horse Show Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_Humphreys_Theater" title="Kalita Humphreys Theater">Humphreys Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Hotel,_Tokyo" title="Imperial Hotel, Tokyo">Imperial Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiyu_Gakuen_Girls%27_School" title="Jiyu Gakuen Girls' School">Jiyu Gakuen Girls' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Wax_Headquarters" title="Johnson Wax Headquarters">Johnson Wax Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundert_Medical_Clinic" title="Kundert Medical Clinic">Kundert Medical Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mendota_Boathouse" title="Lake Mendota Boathouse">Lake Mendota Boathouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lamp_Cottage" title="Robert M. Lamp Cottage">Lamp Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkin_Administration_Building" title="Larkin Administration Building">Larkin Administration Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Memorial_Library_(Springfield,_Illinois)" title="Lawrence Memorial Library (Springfield, Illinois)">Lawrence Memorial Library (Springfield, Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._W._Lindholm_Service_Station" title="R. W. Lindholm Service Station">Lindholm Service Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockridge_Medical_Clinic" title="Lockridge Medical Clinic">Lockridge Medical Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County_Civic_Center" title="Marin County Civic Center">Marin County Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Barn" title="Midway Barn">Midway Barn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Gardens" title="Midway Gardens">Midway Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Terrace_Restaurant" title="Riverview Terrace Restaurant">Riverview Terrace Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Roberts_Stable" title="Charles E. Roberts Stable">Roberts Stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Building" title="Rookery Building">Rookery Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_Windmill" title="Romeo and Juliet Windmill">Romeo and Juliet Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Inn_Hotel" title="Park Inn Hotel">Park Inn Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettit_Memorial_Chapel" title="Pettit Memorial Chapel">Pettit Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Congregational_Church_(Redding,_California)" title="Pilgrim Congregational Church (Redding, California)">Pilgrim Congregational Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Tower" title="Price Tower">Price Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Smith_Bank" title="Frank L. Smith Bank">Frank L. Smith Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Teater_Studio" title="Archie Teater Studio">Teater Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Unitarian_Society_of_Madison" title="First Unitarian Society of Madison">Unitarian Society Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Chapel" title="Unity Chapel">Unity Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Temple" title="Unity Temple">Unity Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Morris_Gift_Shop" title="V. C. Morris Gift Shop">V. C. Morris Gift Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waller_Apartments" title="Waller Apartments">Waller Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley_School" title="Wyoming Valley School">Wyoming Valley School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Mausoleum" title="Blue Sky Mausoleum">Blue Sky Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammage_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Gammage Memorial Auditorium">Gammage Memorial Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Kamehameha_Golf_Course_Clubhouse" title="King Kamehameha Golf Course Clubhouse">King Kamehameha Golf Course Clubhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massaro_House" title="Massaro House">Massaro House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monona_Terrace" title="Monona Terrace">Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Family_Tourism_and_Education_Center" title="Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center">Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unbuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadacre_City" title="Broadacre City">Broadacre City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Heights" title="Crystal Heights">Crystal Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Strong_Automobile_Objective" title="Gordon Strong Automobile Objective">Gordon Strong Automobile Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Illinois" title="The Illinois">The Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Greater_Baghdad" title="Plan for Greater Baghdad">Plan for Greater Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Park_Civic_Center" title="Point Park Civic Center">Point Park Civic Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin_Associated_Architects" title="Taliesin Associated Architects">Taliesin Associated Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasmuth_Portfolio" title="Wasmuth Portfolio">Wasmuth Portfolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_Building_Conservancy" title="Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy">Wright Building Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright%E2%80%93Prairie_School_of_Architecture_Historic_District" title="Frank Lloyd Wright–Prairie School of Architecture Historic District">Wright–Prairie School of Architecture Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_20th-Century_Architecture_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usonia" title="Usonia">Usonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olgivanna_Lloyd_Wright" title="Olgivanna Lloyd Wright">Olgivanna Lloyd Wright</a> (3rd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Wright" title="Lloyd Wright">Lloyd Wright</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Wright" title="John Lloyd Wright">John Lloyd Wright</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Baxter" title="Anne Baxter">Anne Baxter</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lloyd_Wright" title="Eric Lloyd Wright">Eric Lloyd Wright</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maginel_Wright_Enright" title="Maginel Wright Enright">Maginel Wright Enright</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bock" title="Richard Bock">Richard Bock</a> (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamah_Borthwick" title="Mamah Borthwick">Mamah Borthwick</a> (client and lover)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mahony_Griffin" title="Marion Mahony Griffin">Marion Griffin</a> (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a> (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_Niedecken" title="George Mann Niedecken">George Mann Niedecken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Josef_Pol%C3%ADvka" title="Jaroslav Josef Polívka">Jaroslav Josef Polívka</a> (associate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Wright:_Frank_Lloyd_Wright_and_the_Park_Inn_Hotel" title="The Last Wright: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Park Inn Hotel">The Last Wright: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Park Inn Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Brow" title="Shining Brow">Shining Brow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_Frank" title="Loving Frank">Loving Frank</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/So_Long,_Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright">So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_Song:_Three_Views_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright">Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women_(Boyle_novel)" title="The Women (Boyle novel)">The Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wright_3" title="The Wright 3">The Wright 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Frank Lloyd Wright">Wikiquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="S._C._Johnson_family95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S._C._Johnson_family" title="Template:S. C. Johnson family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S._C._Johnson_family" title="Template talk:S. C. Johnson family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S._C._Johnson_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:S. C. Johnson family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="S._C._Johnson_family95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">S. C. Johnson family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Sr." title="Samuel Curtis Johnson Sr.">Samuel Curtis Johnson Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_Sr." title="Herbert Fisk Johnson Sr.">Herbert Fisk Johnson Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_Jr." title="Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.">Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Johnson_Louis" title="Henrietta Johnson Louis">Henrietta Johnson Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.">Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imogene_Powers_Johnson" title="Imogene Powers Johnson">Imogene Powers Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Johnson_Boyd" title="Karen Johnson Boyd">Karen Johnson Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Louis" title="Herbert Louis">Herbert Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">John J. Louis Jr.</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Josephine_Louis" title="Josephine Louis">Josephine Louis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fisk_Johnson_III" title="Herbert Fisk Johnson III">Herbert Fisk Johnson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Johnson-Leipold" title="Helen Johnson-Leipold">Helen Johnson-Leipold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Curtis_Johnson" title="S. Curtis Johnson">S. Curtis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Johnson-Marquart" title="Winnie Johnson-Marquart">Winnie Johnson-Marquart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wingspread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keland_House" title="Keland House">Keland House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._C._Johnson_%26_Son" title="S. C. Johnson & Son">S. C. Johnson & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Financial_Group" title="Johnson Financial Group">Johnson Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&oldid=1281362331">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingspread&oldid=1281362331</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1930s 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5.53% 140.506 3 Template:Navbox"," 4.94% 125.584 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.83% 122.741 3 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.608","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11603174,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAger1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApple1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackmann1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaustein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2025\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButtweiler2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoon1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDose1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEals1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyer1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltz_Kay1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1964\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJansson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlages1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneiszel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraft1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubik2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamke1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartell2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrebin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRackl2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolark1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybczynski1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScolaro1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSecrest1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSides2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolis-Cohen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommers1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTancill1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThome1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunkieicz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunkieicz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunkieicz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitt1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWratten1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyngaard1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaferos1986\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Wright Companion\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 115,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 22,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Frank Lloyd Wright\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 43,\n [\"Infobox NRHP\"] = 1,\n [\"NRHP in Racine County, Wisconsin\"] = 1,\n [\"NRISref\"] = 1,\n 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