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id="toc-Task_Manager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Task_Manager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Task Manager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Task_Manager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP_address_management_(IPAM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_address_management_(IPAM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>IP address management (IPAM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_address_management_(IPAM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_Directory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_Directory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Active Directory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_Directory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyper-V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyper-V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Hyper-V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyper-V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ReFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>ReFS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IIS_8.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IIS_8.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>IIS 8.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IIS_8.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_Desktop_Protocol_8.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_Desktop_Protocol_8.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_Desktop_Protocol_8.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scalability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scalability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Scalability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scalability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Server_2012_R2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Server_2012_R2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Windows Server 2012 R2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Server_2012_R2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Support lifecycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Server 2012</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1_2012" title="ويندوز سيرفر 2012 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندوز سيرفر 2012" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8" title="উইন্ডোজ সার্ভার ২০১২ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইন্ডোজ সার্ভার ২০১২" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Server_2012" title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Server_2012" title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B2" title="ویندوز سرور ۲۰۱۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندوز سرور ۲۰۱۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84_2012" title="윈도우 서버 2012 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈도우 서버 2012" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8" title="विंडोज़ सर्वर २०१२ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विंडोज़ सर्वर २०१२" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_2012" title="വിൻഡോസ് സെർവർ 2012 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൻഡോസ് സെർവർ 2012" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8" title="विंडोज सर्व्हर २०१२ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विंडोज सर्व्हर २०१२" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Server_2012" title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Windows Server 2012" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sixth version of Windows Server, released in 2012</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Windows Server 2012</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Version of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> operating system</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg/200px-Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg/300px-Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg/400px-Windows_Server_2012_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="111" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png/300px-Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png/450px-Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png/600px-Windows_Server_2012_Desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Windows Server 2012, showing the Server Manager application which is automatically opened when an administrator logs on, taskbar, and the blue color of Aero Lite</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Microsoft</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">Released to<br />manufacturing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">August 1, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-08-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#General_availability_(GA)" title="Software release life cycle">General<br />availability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 4, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-09-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.2.9200 with February 2025 monthly update rollup / February 11, 2025<span class="noprint">; 3 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-02-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Business</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Center_Configuration_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="System Center Configuration Manager">SCCM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT kernel">Windows NT kernel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031152857/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server">Windows Server 2012</a> (archived at <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>))</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Mainstream support ended on October 9, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-prod-lifecycle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prod-lifecycle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extended support ended on October 10, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-prod-lifecycle_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prod-lifecycle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paid support via the Extended Security Updates program until October 13, 2026, only for <a href="/wiki/Volume_licensed" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume licensed">volume licensed</a> editions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="border-top:#00adef 5px solid">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_8" title="Category:Windows 8">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:#00adef 5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/300px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/400px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">New features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">Removed features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Windows Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Windows Phone 8.1</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0"> Siblings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Store (digital)">Windows Store</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windows_8" title="Template:Windows 8"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windows_8" title="Template talk:Windows 8"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windows_8" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windows 8"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Windows Server 2012</b>, codenamed "<b>Windows Server 8</b>", is the ninth major version of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to be released under the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> brand name. It is the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> version of Windows based on <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and succeeds the <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a>, released nearly three years earlier. Two pre-release versions, a <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">developer preview</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Beta_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta version">beta version</a>, were released during development. The software was <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#General_availability_(GA)" title="Software release life cycle">officially launched</a> on September 4, 2012, which was the month before the release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSofficialRTM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSofficialRTM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> . Mainstream support ended on October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023. It is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers continued security updates until October 13, 2026. </p><p>It removed support for <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> and processors without <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">PAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> and <a href="/wiki/NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-no_itanium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_itanium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four editions were released. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2 (with many placing an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>), such as an updated version of <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>, an <a href="/wiki/IP_address_management" title="IP address management">IP address management</a> role, a new version of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Task Manager">Windows Task Manager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro</a>-based user interface seen in Windows 8, which includes the Charms Bar for quick access to settings in the desktop environment. </p><p>It is the final version of Windows Server that supports processors without CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF. </p><p>As of April 2017, 35% of servers were running Windows Server 2012, surpassing usage share of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",<sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the fifth release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> family of operating systems developed concurrently with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-betawinsupersite_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betawinsupersite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSVRBlog-RC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSVRBlog-RC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and its <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">developer preview</a> in the <a href="/wiki/BUILD_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="BUILD (Microsoft)">BUILD 2011</a> conference on September 9, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-serverandcloudblog_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serverandcloudblog-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike Windows 8, the developer preview of Windows Server 2012 was only made available to <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) based on <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro design language</a> and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management.<sup id="cite_ref-win8serverdevpreviewzdnet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-win8serverdevpreviewzdnet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 16, 2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from April 8, 2012 to January 15, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two test <a href="/wiki/Software_build" title="Software build">builds</a> were made public. A public <a href="/wiki/Beta_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta version">beta version</a> of Windows Server 2012 was released along with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> Consumer Preview on February 29, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-betawinsupersite_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betawinsupersite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 17, 2012, Microsoft revealed "Windows Server 2012" as the final name for the operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Release_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Release candidate">release candidate</a> of Windows Server 2012 was released on May 31, 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.<sup id="cite_ref-WSVRBlog-RC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSVRBlog-RC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The product was <a href="/wiki/Release_to_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Release to manufacturing">released to manufacturing</a> on August 1, 2012 (along with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>) and became <a href="/wiki/General_availability" class="mw-redirect" title="General availability">generally available</a> on September 4, that year.<sup id="cite_ref-MSofficialRTM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSofficialRTM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all <a href="#Editions">editions of Windows Server 2012</a> were released at the same time. Windows Server 2012 Essentials was released to manufacturing on October 9, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was made generally available on November 1, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 23, 2012, all students subscribed to <a href="/wiki/DreamSpark" class="mw-redirect" title="DreamSpark">DreamSpark</a> program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows Server 2012 is based on <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and is the second version of Windows Server which runs only on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">64-bit</a> CPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with fundamental changes in the structure of the client backups and the shared folders, there is no clear method for migrating from the previous version to Windows Server 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">Features new to Windows 8</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png/220px-Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png/330px-Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png/440px-Start_screen_on_Windows_Server_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Windows Server 2012 <a href="/wiki/Start_screen_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Start screen (Windows)">Start screen</a>, with tools used in a server pinned on the Start screen by default</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation_options">Installation options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Installation options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 users can switch between "<a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a>" and "Server with a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>" installation options without a full re-installation. Server Core – an option with a command-line interface only – is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">MMC</a> and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> or default programs like <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-win8serverdevpreviewzdnet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-win8serverdevpreviewzdnet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: User interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operating system, like <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, uses the Metro-based <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> unless installed in Server Core mode.<sup id="cite_ref-thenextweb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenextweb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a> is available by installing the desktop experience feature from the server manager, but is not installed by default.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a> in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2.<sup id="cite_ref-winserver8previewunedited_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winserver8previewunedited-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Task_Manager">Task Manager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Task Manager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Task Manager">Windows Task Manager</a></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 includes a new version of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Task Manager">Windows Task Manager</a> together with the old version.<sup id="cite_ref-techradaroldversion_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techradaroldversion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the new version the tabs are hidden by default, showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use.<sup id="cite_ref-win8taskmanager_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-win8taskmanager-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information found in the older versions are now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> version of Task Manager (which looks similar), the "Disk" activity graph is not enabled by default. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default, although that remains an option. Additionally, it can display data for each <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">non-uniform memory access</a> (NUMA) node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this tab does not exist in Windows Server 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new task manager recognizes when a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a> app has the "Suspended" status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IP_address_management_(IPAM)"><span id="IP_address_management_.28IPAM.29"></span>IP address management (IPAM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IP address management (IPAM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 has an <a href="/wiki/IP_address_management" title="IP address management">IP address management</a> role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> space used on a corporate network. The IPAM is used for the management and monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</a> (DHCP) servers. Both <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> are fully supported.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_Directory">Active Directory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Active Directory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and a GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin.<sup id="cite_ref-redmondmagAD_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redmondmagAD-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple password policies can be set in the same domain.<sup id="cite_ref-technetADpasswordpolicies_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technetADpasswordpolicies-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hyper-V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012, along with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, includes a new version of <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as presented at the Microsoft BUILD event.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premises connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 1 terabyte of memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new .vhdx format).<sup id="cite_ref-officialhypervpage_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialhypervpage-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winsupersite.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsupersite.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active per host, and up to 8000 can be active per failover cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Second-level_address_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-level address translation">SLAT</a> is a required processor feature for Hyper-V on <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, while for Windows Server 2012 it is only required for the supplementary <a href="/wiki/RemoteFX" title="RemoteFX">RemoteFX</a> role.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ReFS">ReFS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ReFS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></div> <p>Resilient File System (ReFS),<sup id="cite_ref-technetReFS1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technetReFS1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> codenamed "Protogon",<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefsunveiled_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefsunveiled-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a new <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for <a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">file servers</a> that improves on <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> in some respects. Major new features of ReFS include:<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefs_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Improved reliability for on-disk structures</dt> <dd>ReFS uses <a href="/wiki/B%2B_tree" title="B+ tree">B+ trees</a><sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for all on-disk structures including metadata and file data. Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>. The file size, number of files in a <a href="/wiki/Folder_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folder (computing)">folder</a>, total volume size and number of folders in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers; as a result ReFS supports a maximum file size of 16 <a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">exabytes</a>, a maximum of 18.4 × 10<sup>18</sup> folders and a maximum volume size of 1 <a href="/wiki/Yottabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Yottabyte">yottabyte</a> (with 64 KB <a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">clusters</a>) which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and folder size (hardware restrictions still apply). Free space is counted by a hierarchical allocator which includes three separate tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KB <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> text string.</dd> <dt>Built-in resilience</dt> <dd>ReFS employs an <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">allocation-on-write</a> update strategy for metadata,<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large IO batches. All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integrity <a href="/wiki/Fork_(filesystem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork (filesystem)">stream</a>", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking the whole volume offline. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a> when using ReFS.</dd> <dt>Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies</dt> <dd>ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such as <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a> encryption, <a href="/wiki/Access_Control_Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control Lists">Access Control Lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/USN_Journal" title="USN Journal">USN Journal</a>, change notifications,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NTFS_symbolic_link" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS symbolic link">symbolic links</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_junction_point" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS junction point">junction points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volume_Mount_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Mount Point">mount points</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">reparse points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">volume snapshots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_File_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Master File Table">file IDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NTFS#Opportunistic_locks" title="NTFS">oplock</a>. ReFS seamlessly<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> integrates with <a href="/wiki/Storage_Spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Spaces">Storage Spaces</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">storage virtualization</a> layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_storage_spaces_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_storage_spaces-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using background <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">data scrubbing</a> process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.</dd></dl> <p>Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, including <a href="/wiki/NTFS#Distributed_Link_Tracking_(DLT)" title="NTFS">object IDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">short names</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS compression">file compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">file level encryption (EFS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">user data transactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attributes">extended attributes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">disk quotas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefsunveiled_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefsunveiled-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">Sparse files</a> are supported.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for <a href="/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)" title="NTFS">named streams</a> is not implemented in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, though it was later added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_REFS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet_REFS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS does not itself offer <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">data deduplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces. In Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction with integrity streams is only supported on mirrored spaces; automatic recovery on parity spaces was added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_REFS_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet_REFS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booting from ReFS is not supported either. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IIS_8.0">IIS 8.0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IIS 8.0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a> (IIS). The new version contains new features such as <a href="/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" title="Server Name Indication">SNI</a>, CPU usage caps for particular websites,<sup id="cite_ref-IIS8-1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIS8-1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centralized management of <a href="/wiki/SSL_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="SSL certificate">SSL certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a> support and improved support for NUMA, but few other substantial changes were made.<sup id="cite_ref-compweeklyIIS8-2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compweeklyIIS8-2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_Desktop_Protocol_8.0">Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">Remote Desktop Protocol</a> has new functions such as Adaptive Graphics (progressive rendering and related techniques), automatic selection of TCP or UDP as transport protocol, <a href="/wiki/Multi_touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi touch">multi touch</a> support, DirectX 11 support for vGPU, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USB_redirection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USB redirection (page does not exist)">USB redirection</a> supported independently of vGPU support, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "connection quality" button is displayed in the RDP client connection bar for RDP 8.0 connections; clicking on it provides further information about connection, including whether UDP is in use or not.<sup id="cite_ref-kb2592687_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kb2592687-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scalability">Scalability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scalability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 supports the following maximum hardware specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-winsupersite.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsupersite.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-processormax_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-processormax-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows Server 2012 improves over its predecessor Windows Server 2008 R2: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Specification </th> <th>Windows Server 2012</th> <th>Windows Server 2008 R2 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">Physical processors</a><sup id="cite_ref-CPU-2K8R2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPU-2K8R2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>64 </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Logical_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical processor">Logical processors</a><br />when <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> is disabled </td> <td>640 </td> <td>256 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Logical processors<br />when Hyper-V is enabled </td> <td>320<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">Memory</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">4 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">2 TB</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Failover cluster nodes (in any single cluster) </td> <td>64 </td> <td>16 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_requirements">System requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: System requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Minimum system requirements for Windows Server 2012<sup id="cite_ref-system_requirements_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system_requirements-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Processor</a> </th> <td>1.4 GHz, <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">Memory</a> </th> <td>512 MB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Free <a href="/wiki/Disk_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk space">disk space</a> </th> <td>32 GB (more if there is at least 16 GB of RAM) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Windows Server 2012 runs only on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> processors. Unlike older versions, Windows Server 2012 does not support <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-no_itanium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_itanium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upgrades from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are supported, although upgrades from prior releases are not.<sup id="cite_ref-system_requirements_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system_requirements-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Server 2012 has four editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard and Datacenter.<sup id="cite_ref-editionszdnet_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editionszdnet-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-editionspdf_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editionspdf-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-editionslicensingpdf_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editionslicensingpdf-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-processormax_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-processormax-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Specifications </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Foundation<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Essentials </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Standard </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Datacenter </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Distribution </th> <td>OEM only</td> <td colspan="2">Retail, volume licensing, OEM</td> <td>Volume licensing and OEM </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Licensing model </th> <td colspan="2">Per server</td> <td colspan="2">Per <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> pair<sup id="cite_ref-long_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + <a href="/wiki/Client_access_license" title="Client access license">CAL</a><sup id="cite_ref-CALs_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CALs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Processor chip limit<sup id="cite_ref-processormax_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-processormax-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td colspan="2">64<sup id="cite_ref-proclicenseneeded_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proclicenseneeded-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Memory limit </th> <td>32 GB</td> <td>64 GB</td> <td colspan="2">4 TB </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">User limit </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">25</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a> limits </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">1 standalone DFS root</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">1 standalone DFS root</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Network_Policy_Server" title="Network Policy Server">Network Policy</a> and Access Services limits </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">50 RRAS connections and 10 IAS connections</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">250 RRAS connections, 50 IAS connections, and 2 IAS Server Groups</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a> limits </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">50 Remote Desktop Services connections</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Gateway only</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Virtualization rights </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Either in 1 VM or 1 physical server, but not both at once</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2 VMs<sup id="cite_ref-long_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/AD_LDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AD LDS">Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Federation_Services" title="Active Directory Federation Services">Active Directory Federation Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active Directory Rights Management Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Application server role </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> role </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/DNS_server" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS server">DNS server</a> role </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Fax server role </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Print and document services </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Server Manager </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">UDDI services </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Web services (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a>) </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Powershell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Powershell">Windows Powershell</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Domain_Services" title="Active Directory">Active Directory Domain Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Must be root of forest and domain</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory#Certificate_Services" title="Active Directory">Active Directory Certificate Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Certificate Authorities only</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Certificate Authorities only</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">R2 onwards</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Server Core mode </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reviews of Windows Server 2012 have been generally positive.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetreview_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetreview-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theregisterreview_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theregisterreview-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-serverwatchreview_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serverwatchreview-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon Bisson of <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i> described it as "ready for the datacenter, today,"<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetreview_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetreview-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Tim Anderson of <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a> said that "The move towards greater modularity, stronger automation and improved virtualisation makes perfect sense in a world of public and private clouds" but remarked that "That said, the capability of Windows to deliver obscure and time-consuming errors is unchanged" and concluded that "Nevertheless, this is a strong upgrade overall."<sup id="cite_ref-theregisterreview_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theregisterreview-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>InfoWorld</i> noted that Server 2012's use of Windows 8's panned "Metro" user interface was countered by Microsoft's increasing emphasis on the Server Core mode, which had been "fleshed out with new depth and ease-of-use features" and increased use of the "practically mandatory" PowerShell.<sup id="cite_ref-infoworldreview_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworldreview-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Michael Otey of Windows IT Pro expressed dislike with the new Metro interface and the lack of ability to use the older desktop interface alone, saying that most users of Windows Server manage their servers using the graphical user interface rather than PowerShell.<sup id="cite_ref-winitprokillwindowsserver_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winitprokillwindowsserver-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Ferrill wrote that "Windows Server 2012 Essentials provides all the pieces necessary to provide centralized file storage, client backups, and remote access,"<sup id="cite_ref-serverwatchessentialsreview_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serverwatchessentialsreview-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Tim Anderson contended that "Many businesses that are using <a href="/wiki/Windows_Small_Business_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Small Business Server">SBS2011</a> and earlier will want to stick with what they have", citing the absence of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Exchange</a>, the lack of ability to synchronize with <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Federation_Services" title="Active Directory Federation Services">Active Directory Federation Services</a> and the 25-user limit,<sup id="cite_ref-pcproessentialsreview_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcproessentialsreview-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Paul Thurott wrote "you should choose Foundation only if you have at least some in-company IT staff and/or are comfortable outsourcing management to a Microsoft partner or solution provider" and "Essentials is, in my mind, ideal for any modern startup of just a few people."<sup id="cite_ref-winitproessentialsfoundation_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winitproessentialsfoundation-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windows_Server_2012_R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Windows Server 2012 R2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a></div> <p>A second release, <b>Windows Server 2012 R2</b>, which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> codebase, was <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Release_to_manufacturing_(RTM)" title="Software release life cycle">released to manufacturing</a> on August 27, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became generally available on October 18, 2013, by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated version, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_Update_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2_Update-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windows_Server_2012_R2_Preview_eBook_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_Server_2012_R2_Preview_eBook-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_lifecycle">Support lifecycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Support lifecycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microsoft originally planned to end mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 on January 9, 2018, with extended support ending on January 10, 2023. In order to provide customers the standard transition lifecycle timeline, Microsoft extended Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 support in March 2017 by 9 months. Windows Server 2012 reached the end of mainstream support on October 9, 2018 and entered the extended support phase, which ended on October 10, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft announced in July 2021 that they will distribute paid Extended Security Updates for volume licensed editions of Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 for up to 3 years after the end of extended support.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, these updates will last until October 13, 2026. This will mark the final end of all security updates for the Windows NT 6.2 product line after 14 years, 2 months and 12 days and will also mark the final end of all security updates for the Windows NT 6.3 product line after 13 years, 1 month and 16 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Microsoft Windows">History of Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Microsoft Servers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CPU-2K8R2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPU-2K8R2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 and 2012 Datacenter and Windows Server 2012 Standard only. Other editions support less.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Each virtualized partition, including the host itself, can use up to 64 processors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-long_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter allows <i>up to two</i> processor chips. Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard allows up to two virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed, each additional license of Windows Server 2012 allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for its processor chip count. Because Windows Server 2012 Datacenter has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number, the number of licenses required is the same as the <i>next even number</i>. For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, the <i>same</i> as if the server were two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, the <i>same</i> as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Server 2012, which can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed (assuming, in this example, that the processor chip count does not exceed 16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CALs-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CALs_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Standard and Datacenter editions, each user or device accessing the software must have a <a href="/wiki/Client_access_license" title="Client access license">client access license</a> (CAL) assigned (either per-user or per-device), so there may be no more simultaneous users than the number of client-access licenses, except up to 2 simultaneous users purely to administer the server software, or for running virtualization or web workloads. Remote Desktop Services requires an additional CAL separate from the aforementioned CAL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proclicenseneeded-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proclicenseneeded_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the number of physical processors in a particular server is under 64, the limit is determined by the quantity of licenses assigned to that server. In that case, the number of physical processors cannot exceed twice the number of licenses assigned to the server.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/08/01/windows-server-2012-released-to-manufacturing.aspx">http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/08/01/windows-server-2012-released-to-manufacturing.aspx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prod-lifecycle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prod-lifecycle_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prod-lifecycle_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227071426/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?sort=PN&alpha=Windows+Server+2012&gadate=0&msdate=0&esdate=0&medate=0&spdate=0&Filter=FilterNO">"Microsoft Product Lifecycle"</a>. <i>Microsoft Support</i>. Microsoft. January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?sort=PN&alpha=Windows+Server+2012&gadate=0&msdate=0&esdate=0&medate=0&spdate=0&Filter=FilterNO">the original</a> on February 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Microsoft. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet#Blogs" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet blogs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121938/http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/08/01/windows-server-2012-released-to-manufacturing.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/microsoft-pulls-the-plug-on-future-itanium-support/5796">the original</a> on August 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+pulls+the+plug+on+future+Itanium+support&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Fmicrosoft%2Fmicrosoft-pulls-the-plug-on-future-itanium-support%2F5796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartprofile.io/analytics-papers/windows-server-2012-approximately-equal-windows-server-2008/">"Windows Server 2012 approximately equal to Windows Server 2008"</a>. <i>SmartProfile</i>. August 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmartProfile&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+2012+approximately+equal+to+Windows+Server+2008&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartprofile.io%2Fanalytics-papers%2Fwindows-server-2012-approximately-equal-windows-server-2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZDNet1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2012" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Mary Jo (April 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119011441/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/windows-server-8-officially-dubbed-windows-server-2012/12475">"Windows Server "8" officially dubbed Windows Server 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/windows-server-8-officially-dubbed-windows-server-2012/12475">the original</a> on November 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+%228%22+officially+dubbed+Windows+Server+2012&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Fmicrosoft%2Fwindows-server-8-officially-dubbed-windows-server-2012%2F12475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-betawinsupersite-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-betawinsupersite_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betawinsupersite_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavill2012" class="citation web cs1">Savill, John (February 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windows8/download-information-windows-server-8-beta-windows-8-consumer-preview-142434">"Q: Where can I download and get more information on Windows Server "8" Beta and Windows 8 Consumer Preview?"</a>. <i>Windows IT Pro</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penton_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Penton Media">Penton Media</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+goes+public+with+plans+for+its+new+Windows+8+file+system&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Fmicrosoft%2Fmicrosoft-goes-public-with-plans-for-its-new-windows-8-file-system%2F11666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B8_ReFS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B8_ReFS_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2012" class="citation web cs1">Verma, Surendra (January 16, 2012). <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sinofsky" title="Steven Sinofsky">Sinofsky, Steven</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx">"Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS"</a>. <i>Building Windows 8</i>. Microsoft. <a href="/wiki/MSDN#Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN blogs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526085329/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Windows+8&rft.atitle=Building+the+next+generation+file+system+for+Windows%3A+ReFS&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fb8%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2F16%2Fbuilding-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zdnetrefs-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zdnetrefs_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2012" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, David (January 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-takes-wraps-off-new-windows-file-system/">"Microsoft takes wraps off new Windows file system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521211831/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-takes-wraps-off-new-windows-file-system-3040094832/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+takes+wraps+off+new+Windows+file+system&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-takes-wraps-off-new-windows-file-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365465(v=vs.85).aspx">"ReadDirectoryChangesW function"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSDN#Library" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN Library</a></i>. Microsoft. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSDN+Library&rft.atitle=ReadDirectoryChangesW+function&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fdesktop%2Faa365465%28v%3Dvs.85%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B8_storage_spaces-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B8_storage_spaces_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagar2012" class="citation web cs1">Nagar, Rajeev (January 5, 2012). <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sinofsky" title="Steven Sinofsky">Sinofsky, Steven</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/05/virtualizing-storage-for-scale-resiliency-and-efficiency.aspx">"Virtualizing storage for scale, resiliency, and efficiency"</a>. <i>Building Windows 8</i>. Microsoft. <a href="/wiki/MSDN#Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN blogs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509100721/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/05/virtualizing-storage-for-scale-resiliency-and-efficiency.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Windows+8&rft.atitle=Virtualizing+storage+for+scale%2C+resiliency%2C+and+efficiency&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Nagar&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fb8%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2F05%2Fvirtualizing-storage-for-scale-resiliency-and-efficiency.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx">"Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?"</a>. January 2, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212025/http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012%3A+Does+ReFS+replace+NTFS%3F+When+should+I+use+it%3F&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Faskpfeplat%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2F02%2Fwindows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/winserver8gen/thread/54f061b9-da35-4c82-b0b0-8cb3dbfc34a4">"ReFS (Resilient File System) supports sparse files"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315214500/http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/winserver8gen/thread/54f061b9-da35-4c82-b0b0-8cb3dbfc34a4">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReFS+%28Resilient+File+System%29+supports+sparse+files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocial.technet.microsoft.com%2FForums%2Fen-US%2Fwinserver8gen%2Fthread%2F54f061b9-da35-4c82-b0b0-8cb3dbfc34a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TechNet_REFS-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TechNet_REFS_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TechNet_REFS_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx">"Resilient File System Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet#Library" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet Library</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. February 29, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901025158/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechNet+Library&rft.atitle=Resilient+File+System+Overview&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fhh831724.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS8-1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIS8-1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie" class="citation web cs1">Mackie, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redmondmag.com/Articles/2012/08/15/Microsoft-Touts-IIS-8-Improvements.aspx?Page=1">"Microsoft Touts IIS 8 Improvements"</a>. <i>Redmond magazine</i>. 1105 Redmond Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515130142/http://redmondmag.com/Articles/2012/08/15/Microsoft-Touts-IIS-8-Improvements.aspx?Page=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redmond+magazine&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Touts+IIS+8+Improvements&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredmondmag.com%2FArticles%2F2012%2F08%2F15%2FMicrosoft-Touts-IIS-8-Improvements.aspx%3FPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compweeklyIIS8-2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-compweeklyIIS8-2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Tim (September 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/photostory/2240162614/Windows-Server-2012-inside-Microsofts-Enterprise-Server-OS/4/Windows-Server-2-12">"Windows Server 2012: inside Microsoft's Enterprise Server OS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/TechTarget" class="mw-redirect" title="TechTarget">TechTarget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122002250/http://www.computerweekly.com/photostory/2240162614/Windows-Server-2012-inside-Microsofts-Enterprise-Server-OS/4/Windows-Server-2-12">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+2012%3A+inside+Microsoft%27s+Enterprise+Server+OS&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fphotostory%2F2240162614%2FWindows-Server-2012-inside-Microsofts-Enterprise-Server-OS%2F4%2FWindows-Server-2-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022811/http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/05/09/windows-server-2012-remote-desktop-services-rds.aspx">"Windows Server 2012 Remote Desktop Services (RDS) – Windows Server Blog – Site Home – TechNet Blogs"</a>. Blogs.technet.com. May 8, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/05/09/windows-server-2012-remote-desktop-services-rds.aspx">the original</a> on October 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+Remote+Desktop+Services+%28RDS%29+%E2%80%93+Windows+Server+Blog+%E2%80%93+Site+Home+%E2%80%93+TechNet+Blogs&rft.pub=Blogs.technet.com&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Fwindowsserver%2Farchive%2F2012%2F05%2F09%2Fwindows-server-2012-remote-desktop-services-rds.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kb2592687-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kb2592687_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2592687">"Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 8.0 update for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2"</a>. Support.microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025162157/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2592687">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Desktop+Protocol+%28RDP%29+8.0+update+for+Windows+7+and+Windows+Server+2008+R2&rft.pub=Support.microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F2592687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-processormax-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-processormax_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-processormax_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-processormax_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldam2012" class="citation web cs1">Seldam, Matthijs ten (October 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/matthts/archive/2012/10/14/windows-server-sockets-logical-processors-symmetric-multi-threading.aspx">"Windows Server - Sockets, Logical Processors, Symmetric Multi Threading"</a>. <i>Matthijs's blog</i>. Microsoft. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet#Blogs" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet blogs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000222/http://blogs.technet.com/b/matthts/archive/2012/10/14/windows-server-sockets-logical-processors-symmetric-multi-threading.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matthijs%27s+blog&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+-+Sockets%2C+Logical+Processors%2C+Symmetric+Multi+Threading&rft.date=2012-10-13&rft.aulast=Seldam&rft.aufirst=Matthijs+ten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Fmatthts%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2F14%2Fwindows-server-sockets-logical-processors-symmetric-multi-threading.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/askcore/archive/2013/03/28/logical-processor-count-changes-after-enabling-hyper-v-role-on-windows-server-2012.aspx">"Logical Processor count changes after enabling Hyper-V role on Windows Server 2012"</a>. March 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515064515/http://blogs.technet.com/b/askcore/archive/2013/03/28/logical-processor-count-changes-after-enabling-hyper-v-role-on-windows-server-2012.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Logical+Processor+count+changes+after+enabling+Hyper-V+role+on+Windows+Server+2012&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Faskcore%2Farchive%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Flogical-processor-count-changes-after-enabling-hyper-v-role-on-windows-server-2012.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-system_requirements-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-system_requirements_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-system_requirements_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj134246#BKMK_sysreq">"Installing Windows Server 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet#Library" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet Library</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechNet+Library&rft.atitle=Installing+Windows+Server+2012&rft.pages=System+requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Flibrary%2Fjj134246%23BKMK_sysreq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editionszdnet-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-editionszdnet_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2012" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Mary Jo (July 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-goes-public-with-windows-server-2012-versions-licensing/">"Microsoft goes public with Windows Server 2012 versions, licensing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109085923/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-goes-public-with-windows-server-2012-versions-licensing-7000000341/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchasing+Windows+Server+2012&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fserver-cloud%2Fproducts%2Fwindows-server-2012-r2%2FPurchasing.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editionspdf-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-editionspdf_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/4/D/B/4DB352D1-C610-466A-9AAF-EEF4F4CFFF27/WS2012_Licensing-Pricing_FAQ.pdf">"Windows Server 2012 Licensing and Pricing FAQ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202030858/http://download.microsoft.com/download/4/d/b/4db352d1-c610-466a-9aaf-eef4f4cfff27/ws2012_licensing-pricing_faq.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Microsoft. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+IT+Pro&rft.atitle=Is+Microsoft+Trying+to+Kill+Windows+Server%3F&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft.aulast=Otey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowsitpro.com%2Farticle%2Fwindowsserver2012%2Fmicrosoft-kill-windows-server-143747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serverwatchessentialsreview-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-serverwatchessentialsreview_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrill2012" class="citation web cs1">Ferrill, Paul (December 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serverwatch.com/server-reviews/windows-server-2012-essentials-hands-on-look.html">"A Hands-on Look at Windows Server 2012 Essentials"</a>. <i>ServerWatch</i>. <a href="/wiki/QuinStreet" title="QuinStreet">QuinStreet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115094558/http://www.serverwatch.com/server-reviews/windows-server-2012-essentials-hands-on-look.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ServerWatch&rft.atitle=A+Hands-on+Look+at+Windows+Server+2012+Essentials&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft.aulast=Ferrill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serverwatch.com%2Fserver-reviews%2Fwindows-server-2012-essentials-hands-on-look.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcproessentialsreview-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcproessentialsreview_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Tim (December 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcpro.co.uk/reviews/software/378850/windows-server-2012-essentials">"Windows Server 2012 Essentials review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Pro" title="PC Pro">PC Pro</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Publishing" title="Dennis Publishing">Dennis Publishing</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106020522/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/reviews/software/378850/windows-server-2012-essentials">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Pro&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+2012+Essentials+review&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcpro.co.uk%2Freviews%2Fsoftware%2F378850%2Fwindows-server-2012-essentials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winitproessentialsfoundation-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winitproessentialsfoundation_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurott2012" class="citation web cs1">Thurott, Paul (October 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windowsserver2012/windows-server-2012-foundation-essentials-144405">"Windows Server 2012: Foundation vs. Essentials"</a>. <i>Windows IT Pro</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penton_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Penton Media">Penton Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008164118/http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windowsserver2012/windows-server-2012-foundation-essentials-144405">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+IT+Pro&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+2012%3A+Foundation+vs.+Essentials&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.aulast=Thurott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowsitpro.com%2Farticle%2Fwindowsserver2012%2Fwindows-server-2012-foundation-essentials-144405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/serverandtools/windows-server-2012-r2-reaches-the-release-to-manufacturing-rtm-milestone">"Windows Server 2012 R2 Reaches the Release to Manufacturing (RTM) Milestone"</a>. Microsoft Docs. August 27, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114102252/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/serverandtools/windows-server-2012-r2-reaches-the-release-to-manufacturing-rtm-milestone">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+R2+Reaches+the+Release+to+Manufacturing+%28RTM%29+Milestone&rft.pub=Microsoft+Docs&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Farchive%2Fblogs%2Fserverandtools%2Fwindows-server-2012-r2-reaches-the-release-to-manufacturing-rtm-milestone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2013/08/14/ve-the-date-windows-server-2012-r2-windows-system-center-2012-r2-and-windows-intune-update-coming-oct-18.aspx">"Save the date: Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows System Center 2012 R2 and Windows Intune update coming Oct. 18 - The Official Microsoft Blog - Site Home - TechNet Blogs"</a>. <i>Microsoft Docs</i>. August 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401000431/http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2013/08/14/ve-the-date-windows-server-2012-r2-windows-system-center-2012-r2-and-windows-intune-update-coming-oct-18.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Save+the+date%3A+Windows+Server+2012+R2%2C+Windows+System+Center+2012+R2+and+Windows+Intune+update+coming+Oct.+18+-+The+Official+Microsoft+Blog+-+Site+Home+-+TechNet+Blogs&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Fmicrosoft_blog%2Farchive%2F2013%2F08%2F14%2Fve-the-date-windows-server-2012-r2-windows-system-center-2012-r2-and-windows-intune-update-coming-oct-18.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R2_Update-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R2_Update_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.windows.com/bloggingwindows/2014/08/05/august-updates-for-windows-8-1-and-windows-server-2012-r2/">"August updates for Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 | Blogging Windows"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906124931/http://blogs.windows.com/bloggingwindows/2014/08/05/august-updates-for-windows-8-1-and-windows-server-2012-r2/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+updates+for+Windows+8.1+and+Windows+Server+2012+R2+%26%23124%3B+Blogging+Windows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.windows.com%2Fbloggingwindows%2F2014%2F08%2F05%2Faugust-updates-for-windows-8-1-and-windows-server-2012-r2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windows_Server_2012_R2_Preview_eBook-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Windows_Server_2012_R2_Preview_eBook_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResseler2013" class="citation web cs1">Resseler, Mike (August 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperv.veeam.com/backup-resseler-whats-new-windows-server-2012-3071/">"eBook - What's new in Windows Server 2012 R2 Preview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Veeam_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Veeam Software">Veeam Software</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405181129/http://hyperv.veeam.com/backup-resseler-whats-new-windows-server-2012-3071/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eBook+-+What%27s+new+in+Windows+Server+2012+R2+Preview&rft.pub=Veeam+Software&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.aulast=Resseler&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperv.veeam.com%2Fbackup-resseler-whats-new-windows-server-2012-3071%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-server-2012">"Windows Server 2012"</a>. <i>Microsoft Docs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002409/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-server-2012">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Windows+Server+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flifecycle%2Fproducts%2Fwindows-server-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redmondmag.com/articles/2017/03/16/windows-server-2012-support-extended.aspx">"Microsoft Extends Windows Server 2012 Support -- Redmondmag.com"</a>. <i>Redmondmag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002410/https://redmondmag.com/articles/2017/03/16/windows-server-2012-support-extended.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redmondmag&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Extends+Windows+Server+2012+Support+--+Redmondmag.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredmondmag.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fwindows-server-2012-support-extended.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catstechnology.com/windows-server-2012-end-of-life-nearing">"Windows Server 2012 Nears End of life"</a>. February 3, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126115829/https://catstechnology.com/windows-server-2012-end-of-life-nearing/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+Nears+End+of+life&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatstechnology.com%2Fwindows-server-2012-end-of-life-nearing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/faq/extended-security-updates">"Product Lifecycle FAQ - Extended Security Updates"</a>. <i>docs.microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729055658/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/lifecycle/faq/extended-security-updates">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Product+Lifecycle+FAQ+-+Extended+Security+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flifecycle%2Ffaq%2Fextended-security-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanek2013" class="citation book cs1">Stanek, William (2013). <i>Windows Server 2012 Inside Out</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6631-3"><bdi>978-0-7356-6631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+Inside+Out&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-6631-3&rft.aulast=Stanek&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanek2014" class="citation book cs1">Stanek, William (2014). <i>Windows Server 2012 R2 Inside Out Volume 1: Configuration, Storage, & Essentials</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-8267-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-8267-2"><bdi>978-0-7356-8267-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+R2+Inside+Out+Volume+1%3A+Configuration%2C+Storage%2C+%26+Essentials&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-8267-2&rft.aulast=Stanek&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanek2014" class="citation book cs1">Stanek, William (2014). <i>Windows Server 2012 R2 Inside Out Volume 2: Services, Security, & Infrastructure</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-8255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-8255-9"><bdi>978-0-7356-8255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+Server+2012+R2+Inside+Out+Volume+2%3A+Services%2C+Security%2C+%26+Infrastructure&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-8255-9&rft.aulast=Stanek&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Server+2012" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_2012&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Windows_Server" class="extiw" title="v:Windows Server">Windows Server</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/default.aspx">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh801901.aspx">Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2012</a> on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn609939%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> on <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Template:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">Versions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base <br /> releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">NT 3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">NT 3.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">NT 3.51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">NT 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Pro x64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Media Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows <br /> Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Home Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Essential_Business_Server_2008" title="Windows Essential Business Server 2008">EBS 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_HPC_Server_2008" title="Windows HPC Server 2008">HPC Server 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Home Server 2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Server 2012 R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Server 2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br /> releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Preinstallation Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_MultiPoint_Server" title="Windows MultiPoint Server">MultiPoint Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows <br /> Embedded / <br /> Windows IoT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Embedded <br /> Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE_5.0" title="Windows CE 5.0">CE 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Embedded CE 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Embedded Compact 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Embedded Industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2002" title="Pocket PC 2002">Pocket PC 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Mobile 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_5.0" title="Windows Mobile 5.0">Mobile 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Phone 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10X" title="Windows 10X">10X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_95" title="Development of Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_XP" title="Development of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li></ul></li> <li>Editions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions" title="Windows XP editions">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7_editions" title="Windows 7 editions">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_editions" title="Windows 10 editions">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 editions">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>New features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP" title="Features new to Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7" title="Features new to Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10" title="Features new to Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11" title="Features new to Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removed features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" title="List of features removed in Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7" title="List of features removed in Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10" title="List of features removed in Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11" title="List of features removed in Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Version history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_version_history" title="Windows Phone version history">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_history" title="Windows 10 version history">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile_version_history" title="Windows 10 Mobile version history">10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_version_history" title="Windows 11 version history">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Version comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista and XP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing" title="Windows for Pen Computing">Windows for Pen Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!" title="Microsoft Plus!">Microsoft Plus!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Essentials" title="Windows Server Essentials">Windows Server Essentials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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