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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internet protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_Deep_Space_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_Deep_Space_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>NASA Deep Space Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_Deep_Space_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MPEG_packetized_stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MPEG_packetized_stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>MPEG packetized stream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MPEG_packetized_stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NICAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NICAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>NICAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NICAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Network packet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رزمة بيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رزمة بيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket" title="Paket – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paket" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="নেটওয়ার্ক প্যাকেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেটওয়ার্ক প্যাকেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8)" title="Пакет (мрежи) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пакет (мрежи)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquet_de_xarxa" title="Paquet de xarxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paquet de xarxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket" title="Paket – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paket" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapakke" title="Datapakke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datapakke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenpaket" title="Datenpaket – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Datenpaket" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Πακέτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πακέτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquete_de_red" title="Paquete de red – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paquete de red" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagrama" title="Datagrama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datagrama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87" title="بسته شبکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بسته شبکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquet_(r%C3%A9seau)" title="Paquet (réseau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paquet (réseau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paic%C3%A9ad" title="Paicéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paicéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquete" title="Paquete – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paquete" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%ED%8C%A8%ED%82%B7" title="네트워크 패킷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네트워크 패킷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_jaringan" title="Paket jaringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paket jaringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacchetto_(reti)" title="Pacchetto (reti) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pacchetto (reti)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חבילת נתונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבילת נתונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Десте – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Десте" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifurushi_data" title="Kifurushi data – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifurushi data" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakete_(inform%C4%81cijas_tehnolo%C4%A3ijas)" title="Pakete (informācijas tehnoloģijas) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pakete (informācijas tehnoloģijas)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csomag_(informatika)" title="Csomag (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csomag (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пакет (информатика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пакет (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_(teknologi_maklumat)" title="Paket (teknologi maklumat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paket (teknologi maklumat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(informatica)" title="Packet (informatica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Packet (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="パケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapakke" title="Datapakke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datapakke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiet_telekomunikacyjny" title="Pakiet telekomunikacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pakiet telekomunikacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacote" title="Pacote – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pacote" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Пакет (сетевые технологии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пакет (сетевые технологии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paketa_(informatik%C3%AB)" title="Paketa (informatikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paketa (informatikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(computing)" title="Packet (computing) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Packet (computing)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_(informatika)" title="Paket (informatika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paket (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95)" title="پاکەت (تۆڕ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاکەت (تۆڕ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkopaketti" title="Verkkopaketti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkopaketti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_(n%C3%A4tverk)" title="Paket (nätverk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paket (nätverk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_paketi" title="Veri paketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri paketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Пакет даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пакет даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%81" title="رزمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رزمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%B0%81%E5%8C%85" title="網路封包 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="網路封包" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214111#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Network_packet" rel="discussion" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Network_packet" title="Special:EditPage/Network packet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Network+packet%22">"Network packet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Network+packet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Network+packet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Network+packet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Network+packet%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Network+packet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, a <b>network packet</b> is a formatted unit of <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> carried by a <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched network">packet-switched network</a>. A packet consists of control information and user data;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter is also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">payload</a></i>. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network addresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Error_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Error detection">error detection</a> codes, or sequencing information). Typically, control information is found in packet <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">headers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(computing)" title="Trailer (computing)">trailers</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a> is shared between multiple communication sessions, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a>, in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous <a href="/wiki/Bit_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit stream">bit stream</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the seven-layer <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, <i>packet</i> strictly refers to a <a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">protocol data unit</a> at layer 3, the <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A data unit at layer 2, the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>, is a <i><a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frame</a></i>. In layer 4, the <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a>, the data units are <i>segments</i> and <i>datagrams</i>. Thus, in the example of TCP/IP communication over <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/TCP_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP segment">TCP segment</a> is carried in one or more <a href="/wiki/IP_packet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IP packet (disambiguation)">IP packets</a>, which are each carried in one or more <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frames</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basis of the packet concept is the postal letter: the header is like the envelope, the payload is the entire content inside the envelope, and the footer would be your signature at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Network_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Network design">Network design</a> can achieve two major results by using packets: <i>error detection</i> and <i>multiple host addressing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framing">Framing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">Communications protocols</a> use various conventions for distinguishing the elements of a packet and for formatting the user data. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a>, the packet is formatted in 8-bit bytes, and special characters are used to delimit elements. Other protocols, like Ethernet, establish the start of the header and data elements by their location relative to the start of the packet. Some protocols format the information at a <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> level instead of a <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A packet may contain any of the following components: </p> <dl><dt>Addresses</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> of network packets requires two <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network addresses</a>, the source address of the sending host, and the destination address of the receiving host.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Error detection and correction</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a> is performed at various layers in the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a>. Network packets may contain a <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity bits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy checks</a> to detect errors that occur during transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>At the transmitter, the calculation is performed before the packet is sent. When received at the destination, the checksum is recalculated, and compared with the one in the packet. If discrepancies are found, the packet may be corrected or discarded. Any <a href="/wiki/Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">packet loss</a> due to these discards is dealt with by the network protocol.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>In some cases, modifications of the network packet may be necessary while routing, in which cases checksums are recalculated.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Hop limit</dt> <dd>Under fault conditions, packets can end up traversing a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)" title="Cycle (graph theory)">closed circuit</a>. If nothing was done, eventually the number of packets circulating would build up until the network was congested to the point of failure. <a href="/wiki/Time_to_live" title="Time to live">Time to live</a> is a field that is decreased by one each time a packet goes through a <a href="/wiki/Network_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Network hop">network hop</a>. If the field reaches zero, routing has failed, and the packet is discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ethernet packets have no time-to-live field and so are subject to <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_storm" title="Broadcast storm">broadcast storms</a> in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Switching_loop" title="Switching loop">switching loop</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Length</dt> <dd>There may be a field to identify the overall packet length. However, in some types of networks, the length is implied by the duration of the transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Protocol identifier</dt> <dd>It is often desirable to carry multiple communication protocols on a network. A protocol identifier field specifies a packet's protocol and allows the protocol stack to process many types of packets.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Priority</dt> <dd>Some networks implement <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> which can prioritize some types of packets above others. This field indicates which packet queue should be used; a high-priority queue is emptied more quickly than lower-priority queues at points in the network where congestion is occurring. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Payload</dt> <dd>In general, the payload is the data that is carried on behalf of an application. It is usually of variable length, up to a maximum that is set by the network protocol and sometimes the equipment on the route. When necessary, some networks can break a larger packet into smaller packets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_protocol">Internet protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internet protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP packets are composed of a header and payload. The header consists of fixed and optional fields. The payload appears immediately after the header. An IP packet has no trailer. However, an IP packet is often carried as the payload inside an Ethernet frame, which has its own header and trailer. </p><p>Per the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>, IP networks do not provide guarantees of delivery, non-duplication, or in-order delivery of packets. However, it is common practice to layer a <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)" title="Reliability (computer networking)">reliable</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport protocol">transport protocol</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> on top of the packet service to provide such protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_Deep_Space_Network">NASA Deep Space Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: NASA Deep Space Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (<a href="/wiki/CCSDS" class="mw-redirect" title="CCSDS">CCSDS</a>) packet telemetry standard defines the protocol used for the transmission of spacecraft instrument data over the deep-space channel. Under this standard, an image or other data sent from a spacecraft instrument is transmitted using one or more packets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MPEG_packetized_stream">MPEG packetized stream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MPEG packetized stream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">Packetized elementary stream</a> (PES) is a specification associated with the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> standard that allows an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary stream">elementary stream</a> to be divided into packets. The elementary stream is packetized by encapsulating sequential data bytes from the elementary stream between PES packet headers. </p><p>A typical method of transmitting elementary stream data from a video or audio encoder is to first create PES packets from the elementary stream data and then to encapsulate these PES packets inside an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> (TS) packets or an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a> (PS). The TS packets can then be transmitted using broadcasting techniques, such as those used in an <a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NICAM">NICAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: NICAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to provide <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">mono</a> <i>compatibility</i>, the <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a> signal is transmitted on a <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> alongside the sound carrier. This means that the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> regular mono sound carrier is left alone for reception by monaural receivers. The NICAM packet (except for the header) is scrambled with a nine-bit pseudo-random bit-generator before transmission. Making the NICAM bitstream look more like <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> is important because this reduces signal patterning on adjacent TV channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-replay" title="Anti-replay">Anti-replay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_packet_switching" title="Fast packet switching">Fast packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangled_packet" title="Mangled packet">Mangled packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_analyzer" title="Packet analyzer">Packet analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_generation_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet generation model">Packet generation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_time-division_multiplexing" title="Statistical time-division multiplexing">Statistical time-division multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_drop" title="Tail drop">Tail drop</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStallings2001" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, William (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessdatacomm00stal/page/632">"Glossary"</a></span>. <i>Business Data Communication</i> (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessdatacomm00stal/page/632">632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-088263-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-088263-1"><bdi>0-13-088263-1</bdi></a>. <q>Packet: A group of bits that includes data plus control information. Generally refers to a network layer (OSI layer 3) protocol data unit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Business+Data+Communication&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=632&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-13-088263-1&rft.aulast=Stallings&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbusinessdatacomm00stal%2Fpage%2F632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+packet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-in/learning/ddos/glossary/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/">"OSI Model"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSI+Model&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudflare.com%2Fen-in%2Flearning%2Fddos%2Fglossary%2Fopen-systems-interconnection-model-osi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+packet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_UnderstandingTheOSIReferenceModelAnAnalogy.htm">"Understanding The OSI Reference Model: An Analogy"</a>, <i>The TCP/IP Guide</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809215056/http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_UnderstandingTheOSIReferenceModelAnAnalogy.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+TCP%2FIP+Guide&rft.atitle=Understanding+The+OSI+Reference+Model%3A+An+Analogy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpipguide.com%2Ffree%2Ft_UnderstandingTheOSIReferenceModelAnAnalogy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+packet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.uky.edu/ken/cs471/notes/chap5.htm">"Chapter 5 Link Layer"</a>. <i>www.msc.uky.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computer-networking.info&rft.atitle=Computer+Networking+%3A+Principles%2CProtocols+and+Practice+%E2%80%94+CNP3www+2014+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer-networking.info%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+packet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networkencyclopedia.com/network-packet/">"Network Packet (fundamental unit of information)"</a>. <i>NETWORK ENCYCLOPEDIA</i>. 2019-09-22. Network Packet Content<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NETWORK+ENCYCLOPEDIA&rft.atitle=Network+Packet+%28fundamental+unit+of+information%29&rft.pages=Network+Packet+Content&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworkencyclopedia.com%2Fnetwork-packet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+packet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&oldid=1256344906">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_packet&oldid=1256344906</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_information" title="Category:Units of information">Units of information</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Packets_(information_technology)" title="Category:Packets (information technology)">Packets (information technology)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2014">Articles needing additional references from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 13:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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