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aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pangunahing pagpipilian</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Henetika" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Henetika" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Henetika" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Henetika" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Paglalarawan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paglalarawan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Paglalarawan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paglalarawan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Paglalarawan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paglalarawan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_pamanang_katangian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pamanang_katangian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mga pamanang katangian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pamanang_katangian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ang_mga_hene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ang_mga_hene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ang mga hene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ang_mga_hene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_katungkulan_ng_hene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_katungkulan_ng_hene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mga katungkulan ng hene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_katungkulan_ng_hene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan_ng_larangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan_ng_larangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kasaysayan ng larangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan_ng_larangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_natuklasan_sa_loob_ng_paglakad_ng_panahon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_natuklasan_sa_loob_ng_paglakad_ng_panahon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mga natuklasan sa loob ng paglakad ng panahon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_natuklasan_sa_loob_ng_paglakad_ng_panahon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henetika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 131 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ባህርይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ባህርይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenetica" title="Chenetica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="علم الوراثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوراثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastopa" title="Nastopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nastopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica" title="Genètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جێنەتیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنەتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnetik" title="Cênetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinn%C3%B6llisyystiede" title="Perinnöllisyystiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perinnöllisyystiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erflikheidslear" title="Erflikheidslear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erflikheidslear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ineola%C3%ADocht" title="Géineolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintinneachd" title="Gintinneachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gintinneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आनुवंशिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुवंशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetik" title="Jenetik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենետիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetix" title="Jinetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ginske" title="ginske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ginske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A9th%C4%A9_(genetics)" title="Maũthĩ (genetics) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maũthĩ (genetics)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99" title="유전학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet%C3%AEk" title="Genetîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetik" title="Geneetik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetica" title="Jenetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabuzaale" title="Essomabuzaale – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabuzaale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພັນທຸສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັນທຸສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2en%C4%93tika" title="Ģenētika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Генетике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Генетике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Генетик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetike" title="Genetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneetiik" title="Jeneetiik – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jeneetiik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Генетикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Генетикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyka" title="Genetyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جینیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنتیک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنتیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinitika" title="Hinitika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinitika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جينيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamabari" title="Ruambamabari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenetika" title="Gjenetika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tika" title="Génétika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Génétika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetikia" title="Jenetikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jenetikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Офаринишшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офаринишшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธุศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جینیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Di truyền học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di truyền học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גענעטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גענעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0b%C3%ADnim%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bi-tho%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遺傳學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henetika" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Henetika" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ibahin ang baryante o variant ng wika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1973446">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Ang artikulong ito ay <b>karamihan o buong umaasa sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">iisang sanggunian</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Usapan:Henetika##" title="Usapan:Henetika">talk page</a>. Pakitulungang <b><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit">mapabuti ito</a></b> sa pamamagitan ng <b>pagdagdag ng mga pagsipi sa <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagsisipi" title="Wikipedia:Pagsisipi">mga sangguniang mapagkakatiwalaan</a>.</b></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Mayo 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:DNA_Overview2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_Overview2.png/170px-DNA_Overview2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_Overview2.png/255px-DNA_Overview2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_Overview2.png/340px-DNA_Overview2.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. .</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang <b>henetika</b><sup id="cite_ref-NBK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mula sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Griyego" title="Wikang Griyego">Griyegong</a> <i>genetikos</i>, o "pinagmulan") ay ang <a href="/wiki/Agham" title="Agham">agham</a> ng mga <a href="/wiki/Hene_(biyolohiya)" title="Hene (biyolohiya)">hene</a> <i>(gene, genes)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pamanang_katangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamanang katangian">pamanang katangian</a> at pagkakaiba-iba ng mga organismo. Ang katagang “henetika” ay unang iminungkahi upang ipaliwanag ang pag-aaral ng mga namamanang katangian at ng agham ng pagkakaiba-iba ng mga organismo ng bantog na Britanyong siyentipiko na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bateson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bateson (hindi pa naisusulat)">William Bateson</a> sa kanyang liham kay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Sedgwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Sedgwick (hindi pa naisusulat)">Adam Sedgwick</a> na may petsang 18 Abril 1905. Unang ginamit ni Bateson ang katagang “henetika” sa publiko noong 1906 sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International_Conference_on_Plant_Hybridization" class="extiw" title="en:Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization">Pangatlong Pandaigdigang Pagpupulong sa Haybridisasyon ng mga Halaman</a> na naganap sa (<a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingglatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingglatera">Ingglatera</a>). </p><p>Ang henetika ang pag-aaral ng mga hene, kung ano ang bumubuo sa mga ito, paano sila gumaganap, paano sila naipapasa mula sa mga magulang patungo sa mga anak, at paano sila nagbabago.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paglalarawan">Paglalarawan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Paglalarawan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Paglalarawan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang buhay sa mundo ay isang walang-katapusang tanikala, dahil bawat salinlahi ay kakawing ng nakalipas na henerasyon sa pamamagitan ng isang hibla ng buhay na sustansiya. Nagbibigay at nagiiwan ang mga magulang na organismo sa kanilang mga anak ng mga bahagi nila upang makapagsimula ang mga anak na ito ng sarili naman nilang mga anak. Nababatay at nakaayon sa mga "utos" ng mga sustansiyang namana mula sa mga magulang ang pagunlad at paglaki ng isang bagong indibidwal. Natatagpuan ang mga "kautusang" ito sa malaking <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulang</a> tinatawag na <a href="/wiki/Hene" class="mw-redirect" title="Hene">hene</a> (o <i><a href="/wiki/Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene">gene</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-NBK_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_pamanang_katangian">Mga pamanang katangian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pamanang katangian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pamanang katangian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang pamanang katangian at pagkakaiba-iba nito ang bumubuo sa henetika. Ginamit ng tao ang kaalaman nito sa henetika bago pa man ang kasaysayan sa kanyang paghahayupan at paghahalaman. Sa makabagong pananaliksik, nagbibigay ng mahalagang kasangkapan ang henetika sa pananaliksik sa gawain ng isang partikular na <a href="/wiki/Hene" class="mw-redirect" title="Hene">hene</a>, katulad ang pagsusuri ng mga pagniniig ng mga hene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ang_mga_hene">Ang mga hene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ang mga hene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ang mga hene"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Human_genome_to_genes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Human_genome_to_genes.png/350px-Human_genome_to_genes.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Human_genome_to_genes.png/525px-Human_genome_to_genes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Human_genome_to_genes.png/700px-Human_genome_to_genes.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrayon ng <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">henomo</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">tao</a>, mula sa henomo hangang <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome">kromosomo</a>, at mula kromosomo hanggang mga hene.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa loob ng mga organismo, karaniwang dala ng mga kromosoma ang mga henetikong impormasyon na ipinakikita bilang kimika ng mga partikular na molekula ng <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (<i>deoxyribonucleic acid</i>). Ang mga hene ang nagdidikta sa mga impormasyong kailangan upang maiayos ang mga aminoasidos sa pagbuo ng proteina na sa lumaon ay may malaking papel sa pagtiyak ng penotipo (<i>phenotype</i>) o itsurang pisikal na isang organismo. Sa mga diploideng organismo, ang alelong dominante (<i>dominant allele</i>) sa isang kromosoma ay nagkukubli sa pagpapahiwatig ng isang mahinang henes (<i>recessive gene</i>) sa kahati nitong henes. </p><p>Ang salitang “magtakda” sa henetika ay karaniwang ginagamit upang ipakahulugan na ang isang hene ay naglalaman ng mga instruksiyon kung paano makabubuo ng isang partikular na <a href="/wiki/Proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteina">proteina</a> tulad ng “nagtatakda ng hene para sa proteina”. Ang kaisipang “isang hene, isang proteina” ay sinasabing pinapayak na paliwanag lamang. Halimbawa, ang isang nag-iisang henes ay maaring makabuo ng iba’t-ibang produkto depende kung papaano sinupil ang transkripsiyon nito. Ang kodigo ng hene (<i>gene code</i>) sa pagkakaayos ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotide (hindi pa naisusulat)">nucleotide</a> na mRNA, tRNA at rRNA ay kinakailangan sa sintesis ng proteina. </p><p>Maraming mga <a href="/wiki/Uri" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Uri">uri</a> at bilang ng mga hene. Naglalaman ang bawat <a href="/wiki/Uri" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Uri">uri</a> o espesye ng iba't ibang mga hene. Sa bawat panahon ng paggawa ng anak o reproduksiyon, nagpapasa ang mga magulang ng ilang bungkos ng mga hene sa kanilang mga supling. Subalit may maliit na pagkakaiba ang bawat bungkos mula sa iba pang mga bungkos ng mga hene na ipinasa ng parehong pares ng magulang. Dahil dito, kapag nagkaanak ang mga magulang ng ilang bilang ng mga supling, matutuklasan ng mga magulang na ito, mahigit-kumulang, na mayroon silang pagkakatulad o pagkakahawig sa kanilang mga anak, bagaman natatangi ang bawat anak.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg/150px-Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg/225px-Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg/300px-Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Ang kulay ng <a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">pusa</a> ay nag-iiba dahil sa mga henes nito.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang mga hene ang nakaalam ng mga ninuno ng isang organismo lalo na sa tao. Ang mga hene ng isang patay ng tao ay pwedeng i-kumpara sa mga buhay na tao para malaman ang mga kalahi o kamaganak niya dahil ang mga hene ay mag-kaparehas lang sa mga mag-kalahi.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_katungkulan_ng_hene">Mga katungkulan ng hene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga katungkulan ng hene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mga katungkulan ng hene"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maraming tinitiyak (ngunit hindi lahat) ang henetika sa itsura ng mga organismo kasama ang tao. May papel rin ang pagkakaiba ng kapaligiran at mga bagay na walang direksiyon. Ang monosigotikong kambal (“<i>identical twins</i>”), ay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klona (hindi pa naisusulat)">klona</a> na bunga ng maagang paghahati ng isang <a href="/wiki/Embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo">bilig</a>. Mayroong parehong DNA ang mga kambal ngunit magkaiba ng ugali at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingerprint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fingerprint (hindi pa naisusulat)">markang-daliri</a>. Ang mga halamang henetikong magkapareho na pinalaki sa malamig na klima ay mayroong maikli at less-saturated (hindi gaanong tigib) na mga asidong matataba upang maiwan ng paninigas nila kumpara sa pinalaki sa normal na kondisyones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan_ng_larangan">Kasaysayan ng larangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan ng larangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan ng larangan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa kanyang sulating may pamagat na <i>"Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"</i> ("Mga Eksperimento sa Hibridisasyon ng Halaman") na inilathala noong 1865 sa <i>Brunn Natural History Society</i>, ipinakita ni <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> (isang monghe) ang mga padron ng ilang namamanang katangian ng halamang <a href="/wiki/Habitsuwelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitsuwelas">habitsuwelas</a> at kanyang ipinakita na maipaliliwanag ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a>. Kahit na hindi sumusunod sa padrong ito ang lahat ng katangian ng pamanang Mendelyano, ipinakita ng kanyang saliksik ang kainaman sa paggamit ng <a href="/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika">estadistika</a> sa pag-aaral ng namamanang katangian. Mula noon marami pang mas kumplehong porma ng namamanang katangian ang ipinakita. </p><p>Ang kahalagahan ng trabaho ni Mendel ay naunawaan lamang lubos matapos dumating ang bungad ng siglo 20 at pagkamatay niya, nang matagpuang muli ang resulta ng kanyang pananaliksik ng ibang siyentipiko na nanaliksik sa mga kamukhang suliranin. </p><p>Hindi naunawaan ni Mendel ang kalikasan ng mga namamanang katangian. Ating alam ngayon na dala ng DNA ang ilang namamanang impormasyon. (Sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrovirus (hindi pa naisusulat)">retrobirus</a> kasama ang mga <a href="/wiki/Birus" title="Birus">birus</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso">trangkaso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncovirus (hindi pa naisusulat)">onkobirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> at marami pang ibang birus ng mga halaman na nasa <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.) Ang manipulasyon ng <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> ay magkapagbabago sa namamanang katangian ng maraming organismo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_natuklasan_sa_loob_ng_paglakad_ng_panahon">Mga natuklasan sa loob ng paglakad ng panahon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga natuklasan sa loob ng paglakad ng panahon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mga natuklasan sa loob ng paglakad ng panahon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isa itong talaan ng mga mahahalagang pangyayaring may kaugnayan sa larangan ng henetika: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><center><b>Taon</b></center> </td> <td><center><b>Pangyayari</b></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1859</center> </td> <td>Nalimbag ang aklat na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Origin_of_Species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Origin of Species (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Origin of Species</a></i> ni <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1865 </center></td> <td>Inilathala ang <b>Experiments on Plant Hybridization</b> ni Gregor Mendel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1869 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ang isang mahinang asido ni Friedrich Miescher sa loob ng mga nukleyo (pula) ng mga puting selula ng dugo na tinatawag ngayong DNA (Hartl and Jones). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1880 hanggang 1890</center> </td> <td>Ipinakita nina Walther Flemming, Eduard Strasburger, at Edouard van Beneden ang distribusyon ng kromosoma habang naghahati ang selula. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1903 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ang mga kromosoma na may mga namamanang yunit ito. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1906</center> </td> <td>Unang ginamit sa publiko ang katagang “henetika” ni William Bateson, isang biyologong Britanyo sa Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization sa Londres, Inglaterra. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1910 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita ni Thomas Hunt Morgan na ang mga henes (genes) ay nananahan sa mga kromosoma at kanyang natuklasan na ang mga magkakawing na henes sa kromosoma na hindi sumusunod sa batas ni Mendel ng malayang paghihiwalay ng alelo (<i>allele</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1913 </center></td> <td>Gumawa ng unang henetikong mapa ng isang kromosoma si Alfred Sturtevant. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1913 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita ng mapa ng henes na ang mga kromosoma ay naglalaman ang tuwid na kaayusan ng mga henes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1918 </center></td> <td>Inilathala ni Ronald Fisher ang On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance – ang simula ng makabagong sintesis. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1927 </center></td> <td>Tinawag na mutasyon ang pisikal na pagbabago sa henes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1928 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ni Frederick Griffith ang isang namamanang molekula na naililipat sa ibang bakterya (tingnan ang eksperimento ni Griffiths). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1931 </center></td> <td>Ang pagtawid ang dahilan ng rekombinasyon (tingnan: Barbara McClintock at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytogenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytogenetics (hindi pa naisusulat)">sitohenetiko</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1941 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita nina Edward Lawrie Tatum at George Wells Beadle na ang mga henes ang nagtatakda sa mga proteina. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1944 </center></td> <td>Naihiwalay ang DNA nina Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod at Maclyn McCarty bilang henetikong materyal (na noon ay tinawag na prinsipyong makapagpapabago). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1950 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita ni Erwin Chargaff na ang apat na nucleotides na matatagpuan sa asido nukleiko ay walang panatag na proporsyon subalit ang ilang batas nito ay matatag (halimbawa, ang nucleotide bases ng Adenine-Thymine at Cytosine-Guanine ay laging magkatumbas sa proporsyon nila) Natuklasan ni Barbara McClintock ang transposons sa mais. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1952 </center></td> <td>Pinatunayan ng Hershey-Chase experiment na ang henetikong impormasyon ng mga phages (at lahat ng iba pang organismo) ay ang DNA. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1953 </center></td> <td>Nalutas nina James D. Watson at Francis Crick, at sa tulong ni Rosalind Franklin na ang estruktura ng DNA ay isang double helix (dalwahing helise). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1956 </center></td> <td>Itinakda nina Jo Hin Tjio at Albert Levan ang tamang bilang ng kromosoma ng tao ay 46. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1958 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita ng Meselson-Stahl experiment ang DNA ay magagawa o makokopya. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1961 </center></td> <td>Ang henetikong kodigo ay natuklasang nakaayos ng patatlo (triplet). </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1964 </center></td> <td>Ipinakita ni Howard Temin na gumagamit ng RNA viruses na hindi lubos na totoo ang sentral na dogma ni Watson. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1970 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ang ensimang restriksiyon sa pag-aaral ng isang bakterya, <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, na nagbunsad sa kaalamang upang mapagguput at mapagdikit ang DNA ng mga siyentipiko. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1972 </center></td> <td>Si Walter Fiers at kanyang grupo sa Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (<a href="/wiki/Gante" class="mw-redirect" title="Gante">Gante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika">Belhika</a>) ang unang nakatiyak sa ayos ng isang henes: ang henes ng protinang nakabalot sa Bacteriophage MS2. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1976 </center></td> <td>Nalaman ni Walter Fiers at kanyang grupo ang buong ayos ng nucleotide ng Bacteriophage MS2-RNA. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1977 </center></td> <td>Unang inalam ang ayos ng DNA nina Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, at Allan Maxam na magkakahiwalay na nanaliksik nito. Lubos ng nalaman ang ayos ng henoma ng Bacteriophage Φ-X174 ng laboratoryo ni Sanger. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1983 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ni Kary Banks Mullis ang polymerase chain reaction na nagbunsad sa pagpapadali sa amplipikasyon (pagpaparami) ng DNA sa laboratoryo. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1985 </center></td> <td>Natuklasan ni Alec Jeffreys ang genetic finger printing. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1989 </center></td> <td>Ang unang henes ng tao ay iniayos nina Francis Collins at Lap-Chee Tsui. Ito ang nagtatakda sa proteinang CFTR. Ang depekto sa henes na ito ang sanhi ng cystic fibrosis. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1995 </center></td> <td>Ang henoma ng <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> ang unang henomang naisaayos mula sa isang malayang buhay na organismo </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1996 </center></td> <td>Inilathala na ang <i>saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> ang unang eukaryotang henoma na naisaayos. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1998 </center></td> <td>Ipinalabas ang unang genomang naisaayos mula sa isang multiselulang eukaryota, <i>C. elegans</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2001 </center></td> <td>Ang unang draft ng pagkakasunodsunod ng henoma ng tao ay ipinalabas nang magkasabay ng Human Genome Project at Celera Genomics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2003 (<a href="/wiki/Abril_14" title="Abril 14">14 Abril</a>)</center> </td> <td>Matagumpay na natapos ang Human Genome Project kung saan 98% ng henoma na isinaayos ng may 99.99% katumpakan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2006 </center></td> <td>Inilathala ni Marcus Pembrey at Olov Bygren ang Sex-specific, male-line transgenerational responses in humans, isang patunay ng epihenetika </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanggunian">Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henetika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1961853">.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-content{border:2px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-style{border:2px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-move{border:2px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}</style><table class="plainlinks tmbox mbox-small tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/30px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/45px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/60px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">Ang artikulo na ito ay isinalin mula sa "<i> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">Genetics</a> </i>" ng <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/">en.wikipedia</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NBK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBK_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBK_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBK_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBK_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBK_1-4">1.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Genetics". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Book_of_Knowledge" title="The New Book of Knowledge">The New Book of Knowledge (Ang Bagong Aklat ng Kaalaman), Grolier Incorporated</a></i>. 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics&rft.btitle=The+New+Book+of+Knowledge+%28Ang+Bagong+Aklat+ng+Kaalaman%29%2C+Grolier+Incorporated&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AHenetika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Biology_nav" title="Padron:Biology nav"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Biology_nav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Biology nav (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Biology_nav&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biyolohiya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya">Biyolohiya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Mga subdisiplina ng biyolohiya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomiya" title="Anatomiya">Anatomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiyolohiya" title="Astrobiyolohiya">Astrobiyolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyokimika" title="Biyokimika">Biyokimika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyoheograpiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyoheograpiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyoheograpiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyomekanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyomekanika">Biyomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyopisika" title="Biyopisika">Biyopisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyoimpormatika" title="Biyoimpormatika">Biyoimpormatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyoestadistika" title="Biyoestadistika">Biyoestadistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Botaniya">Botaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiya_ng_selula" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyolohiya ng selula">Biyolohiya ng selula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiyolohiyang_pang-selula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiyolohiyang pang-selula (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mikrobiyolohiyang pang-selula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_kimikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang kimikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang kimikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiyolohiya" title="Kronobiyolohiya">Kronobiyolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_komputasyonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang komputasyonal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang komputasyonal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_konserbasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang konserbasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang konserbasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_pang-pag-unlad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang pang-pag-unlad (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang pang-pag-unlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya">Ekolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiolohiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiolohiya">Epidemiolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epihenetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epihenetika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Epihenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon">Biyolohiyang ebolusyonaryo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henomika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henomika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Henomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histolohiya" title="Histolohiya">Histolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiyang_pantao" title="Biyolohiyang pantao">Biyolohiyang pantao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immunolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Immunolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipidolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipidolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lipidolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang marino (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang matematikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya">Mikrobiyolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiyang_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyolohiyang molekular">Biyolohiyang molekular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mycolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanobioteknolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanobioteknolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nanobioteknolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosiyensiya" title="Neurosiyensiya">Neurosiyensiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrisyon" title="Nutrisyon">Nutrisyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiogenesis">Pinagmulan ng buhay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pag-uuring_pambiyolohiya" title="Pag-uuring pambiyolohiya">Pag-uuring pambiyolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontolohiya" title="Paleontolohiya">Paleontolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parasitolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Parasitolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya">Patolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmakolohiya" title="Parmakolohiya">Parmakolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiolohiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiolohiya">Pisiolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_kwantum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang kwantum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang kwantum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistematika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistematika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_sistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang sistema (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksikolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksikolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Toksikolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoolohiya" title="Zoolohiya">Zoolohiya</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological organisation (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hierarka ng buhay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biospero" class="mw-redirect" title="Biospero">Biospero</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema">Ekosistema</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocoenosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biocoenosis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Community (Biocoenosis)</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populasyon" title="Populasyon">Populasyon</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">Organismo</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological system (hindi pa naisusulat)">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organo_(anatomiya)" title="Organo (anatomiya)">Organo</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tisyu" title="Tisyu">Tisyu</a> > <a href="/wiki/Selula" title="Selula">Selula</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organulo" title="Organulo">Organulo</a> <span class="nowrap">> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">Molekula</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Macromolecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macromolecule (hindi pa naisusulat)">Macromolecule</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomolecule (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biomolecule</a>)</span> > <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya">Mga pundasyon ng Biyolohiya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoriya_ng_selula" title="Teoriya ng selula">Teoriya ng selula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya">Ekolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enerhiya" title="Enerhiya">Pagbabago ng enerhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon">Ebolusyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_sintetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang sintetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyolohiyang sintetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya">Taksonomiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon">Mga prinsipyo ng ebolusyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pag-aangkop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pag-aangkop">Pag-aangkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagdaloy_ng_Gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagdaloy ng Gene (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagdaloy ng Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makroebolusyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makroebolusyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Makroebolusyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroebolusyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroebolusyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mikroebolusyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasyon" title="Mutasyon">Mutasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_na_seleksiyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural na seleksiyon">Natural na seleksiyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espesyasyon" title="Espesyasyon">Espesyasyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya">Mga prinsipyo ng ekolohiya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biyodibersidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyodibersidad">Biyodibersidad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksiyong_biyolohikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksiyong biyolohikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Interaksiyong biyolohikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekolohiyang_pamayanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekolohiyang pamayanan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pamayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekolohiyang_ekosistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekolohiyang ekosistema (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ekosistema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habitat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_niche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological niche (hindi pa naisusulat)">Niche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population Ecology (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dinamika ng populasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resource (biology) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga mapagkukunan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biyolohiyang_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyolohiyang molekular">Mga prinsipyo ng Biyolohiyang Molekular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsisignal_ng_selula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsisignal ng selula (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagsisignal ng selula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyolohiyang_pang-pag-unlad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyolohiyang pang-pag-unlad (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pag-unlad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epihenetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epihenetika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Epihenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulasyon_ng_ekspresyon_ng_gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulasyon ng ekspresyon ng gene (hindi pa naisusulat)">Regulasyon ng gene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meiosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meiosis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitosis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-transkripsiyonal_na_modipikasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-transkripsiyonal na modipikasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Post-transkripsiyonal na modipikasyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biyokimika" title="Biyokimika">Mga prinsipyo ng biyokimika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mga <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrata" title="Karbohidrata">karbohidrata</a></li> <li>Mga <a href="/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido">lipido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">Metabolismo</a></li> <li>Mga <a href="/wiki/Asidong_nukleyiko" title="Asidong nukleyiko">asidong nukleyiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis">Potosintesis</a></li> <li>Mga <a href="/wiki/Protina" title="Protina">protina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Glosaryo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_botanical_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of botanical terms (hindi pa naisusulat)">Terminong botanikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of ecology (hindi pa naisusulat)">Terminong ekolohikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_plant_morphology_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of plant morphology terms (hindi pa naisusulat)">Terminong morpolohikal na panghalaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategorya"><img alt="Kategorya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Biyolohiya" title="Kategorya:Biyolohiya">Kategorya</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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