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<li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federally_chartered_corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federally_chartered_corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Federally chartered corporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federally_chartered_corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Award_for_Distinguished_Service_to_the_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_for_Distinguished_Service_to_the_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_for_Distinguished_Service_to_the_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American Academy of Arts and Letters</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والآداب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والآداب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="আমেরিকান অ্যাকাডেমি অব আর্টস অ্যান্ড লেটার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমেরিকান অ্যাকাডেমি অব আর্টস অ্যান্ড লেটার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Americana_de_les_Arts_i_les_Lletres" title="Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Lletres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Lletres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Kunstide_ja_Kirjanduse_Akadeemia" title="Ameerika Kunstide ja Kirjanduse Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Kunstide ja Kirjanduse Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Estadounidense_de_las_Artes_y_las_Letras" title="Academia Estadounidense de las Artes y las Letras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia Estadounidense de las Artes y las Letras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_am%C3%A9ricaine_des_arts_et_des_lettres" title="Académie américaine des arts et des lettres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie américaine des arts et des lettres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanske_Akademy_fan_Keunsten_en_Letteren" title="Amerikaanske Akademy fan Keunsten en Letteren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaanske Akademy fan Keunsten en Letteren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Seni_dan_Sastra_Amerika" title="Akademi Seni dan Sastra Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi Seni dan Sastra Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האקדמיה האמריקאית לאמנויות ולספרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האקדמיה האמריקאית לאמנויות ולספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Artium_et_Litterarum_Americana" title="Academia Artium et Litterarum Americana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Academia Artium et Litterarum Americana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الاكاديميه الامريكانيه للفنون و الاداب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه الامريكانيه للفنون و الاداب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84ska_Akademia_Sztuki_i_Literatury" title="Amerykańska Akademia Sztuki i Literatury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańska Akademia Sztuki i Literatury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Американская академия искусств и литературы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская академия искусств и литературы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Letters" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_taide-_ja_kirjallisuusakatemia" title="Yhdysvaltain taide- ja kirjallisuusakatemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain taide- ja kirjallisuusakatemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Американська академія мистецтв та літератури – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська академія мистецтв та літератури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E6%9A%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国艺术暨文学学会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国艺术暨文学学会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/WTM_NewYorkDolls_011.jpg/330px-WTM_NewYorkDolls_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/WTM_NewYorkDolls_011.jpg/440px-WTM_NewYorkDolls_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Audubon Terrace in April 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>American Academy of Arts and Letters</b> is a 300-member <a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor society</a> whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">art</a>. Its fixed number membership is elected for lifetime appointments. Its headquarters is in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. It shares <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Terrace" title="Audubon Terrace">Audubon Terrace</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="American Renaissance architecture">American Renaissance</a> complex on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> between <a href="/wiki/155th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="155th Street (Manhattan)">West 155th</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan" title="List of numbered streets in Manhattan">156th</a> Streets, with the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boricua_College" title="Boricua College">Boricua College</a>. </p><p>The academy's galleries are open to the public on a published schedule. Exhibits include an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, photographs and works on paper by contemporary artists nominated by its members, and an annual exhibition of works by newly elected members and recipients of honors and awards. A permanent exhibit of the recreated studio of composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> was opened in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The auditorium is sought out by musicians and engineers wishing to record live, as the acoustics are considered among the city's finest. Hundreds of commercial recordings have been made there.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters was formed from three parent organizations. The first, the <a href="/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association" title="American Social Science Association">American Social Science Association</a>, was founded in 1865 in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. The second was the <b>National Institute of Arts and Letters</b>, which ASSA's membership created in 1898. The qualification for membership in the NIAL was notable achievement in art, music, or literature. The NIAL's membership was at first limited to 150 (all men). The third organization was the <b>American Academy of Arts</b>, which NIAL's membership created in 1904 as a preeminent national arts institution, styling itself after the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">French Academy</a>. </p><p>The AAA's first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the NIAL membership. They were <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Samuel L. Clemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clarence_Stedman" title="Edmund Clarence Stedman">Edmund Clarence Stedman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, representing literature; <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_La_Farge" title="John La Farge">John La Farge</a>, representing art; and <a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a>, representing music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIAL membership increased in 1904, with the introduction of a two-tiered structure: 50 academicians and 200 regular members. Academicians were gradually elected over the next several years. The elite group (academicians) were called the "Academy", and the larger group (regular members) was called the "Institute". This strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years (1904–1976). </p><p>In 1908, the poet <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a> was elected to the AAA, becoming the first female academician.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, the NIAL and AAA merged, under the name <b>American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.</b> The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living U.S. citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists, and writers as honorary members. It also established the annual <a href="/wiki/Witter_Bynner_Poetry_Prize" title="Witter Bynner Poetry Prize">Witter Bynner Poetry Prize</a> in 1980 to support young poets. The election of foreign honorary members persisted until 1993, when it was abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federally_chartered_corporation">Federally chartered corporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federally chartered corporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academy holds a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_charter" title="Congressional charter">Congressional charter</a> under <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 of the United States Code</a> (42 USC 20301 et seq.), making it one of the country's comparatively rare "Title 36" corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution among a small number of other similarly chartered patriotic and national organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor. The special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the academy, which functions independently.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> of Massachusetts and former President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process that led to the creation of this federal charter was controversial<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lodge reintroduced legislation, which passed the Senate in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg/250px-Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg/375px-Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg/500px-Audubon_Terrace_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_West_155th_Street_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Alexander_Weinman" title="Adolph Alexander Weinman">Adolph Alexander Weinman</a> and are dedicated to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Wilkins_Freeman" title="Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman">Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman</a> and to the women writers of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Terrace" title="Audubon Terrace">Audubon Terrace</a> complex created by <a href="/wiki/Archer_Milton_Huntington" title="Archer Milton Huntington">Archer M. Huntington</a>, the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> fortune and a noted philanthropist. To help convince the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute of Arts and Letters, which were separate but related organizations at the time, to move to the complex, Huntington established building funds and endowments for both.<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first building, on the complex's south side, along <a href="/wiki/155th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="155th Street (Manhattan)">West 155th Street</a>, was designed by <a href="/wiki/William_M._Kendall" title="William M. Kendall">William M. Kendall</a> of <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a>; Kendall was also a member of the academy. This <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Anglo-Italian Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-aia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administration building was designed in 1921 and opened in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the north side, another building housing an auditorium and gallery was designed by <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a>, also an academy member, and built in 1928–1930.<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These additions to the complex necessitated considerable alterations to the Audubon Terrace plaza, which were designed by McKim, Mead & White.<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Society" title="American Numismatic Society">American Numismatic Society</a>, which had occupied a <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt_Huntington" title="Charles Pratt Huntington">Charles P. Huntington</a>-designed building immediately to the east of the academy's original building, vacated that space to move to smaller quarters downtown. This building, which incorporates a 1929 addition designed by H. Brooks Price,<sup id="cite_ref-desrep_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the academy's Annex and houses additional gallery space.<sup id="cite_ref-aia_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the space between the Annex and the administration building was turned into a new entrance link, designed by Vincent Czajka with <a href="/wiki/Pei_Cobb_Freed_%26_Partners" title="Pei Cobb Freed & Partners">Pei Cobb Freed & Partners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aia_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters">Members of the academy</a> are chosen for life and have included some of the American art scene's leading figures. They are organized into committees that award annual prizes to up-and-coming artists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the names of some of the organization's members may not be well-known today, each was well known in their time. Greatness and pettiness are demonstrable among the academy members, even during the first decade, when <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> declined his nomination on the grounds that his little brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry</a> had been elected first.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the giants of the academy in his time, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Robert Underwood Johnson</a>, casts a decades-long shadow in his one-man war against encroaching modernism, blackballing such writers as <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (before his emigration to England disqualified him for full membership).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> president <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> declined election to the academy "because he was already in so many societies that he didn't want to add to the number".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although never explicitly excluded, women were not elected to membership in the early years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The admission of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a> in January 1908 (at age 88) as the first woman in the academy was only one incident in the intense debate about the consideration of female members.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, the election of four women—<a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Deland" title="Margaret Deland">Margaret Deland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Repplier" title="Agnes Repplier">Agnes Repplier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Wilkins_Freeman" title="Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman">Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman</a>—was said to have "marked the letting down of the bars to women".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1926_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1926-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first African-American woman member-elect was <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a partial list of past members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and its successor institution, the National Institute and Academy of Arts and Letters:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Brooks Adams</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Adams_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Adams (sculptor)">Herbert Adams</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mills_Alden" title="Henry Mills Alden">Henry Mills Alden</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Arvin" title="Newton Arvin">Newton Arvin</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Wystan Hugh Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wayland_Bartlett" title="Paul Wayland Bartlett">Paul Wayland Bartlett</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Beach" title="Chester Beach">Chester Beach</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t" title="Stephen Vincent Benét">Stephen Vincent Benét</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rose_Ben%C3%A9t" title="William Rose Benét">William Rose Benét</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Blashfield" title="Edwin Blashfield">Edwin Howland Blashfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crary_Brownell" title="William Crary Brownell">William Brownell</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Forest_Brush" title="George de Forest Brush">George de Forest Brush</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cable" title="George Washington Cable">George Washington Cable</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortense_Calisher" title="Hortense Calisher">Hortense Calisher</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1987_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1987-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">George Whitefield Chadwick</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase" title="William Merritt Chase">William Merritt Chase</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chou_Wen-chung" title="Chou Wen-chung">Chou Wen-chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Cole" title="Timothy Cole">Timothy Cole</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Collins" title="Billy Collins">Billy Collins</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Cox" title="Kenyon Cox">Kenyon Cox</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harlan_Ellett" title="Thomas Harlan Ellett">Thomas Harlan Ellett</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkin" title="Stanley Elkin">Stanley Elkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlin_Garland" title="Hamlin Garland">Hamlin Garland</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1918_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1918-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dana_Gibson" title="Charles Dana Gibson">Charles Dana Gibson</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_Gilder" title="Richard Watson Gilder">Richard Watson Gilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Lanneau_Gildersleeve" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve">Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Gill" title="Brendan Gill">Brendan Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gillette" title="William Gillette">William Gillette</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Daniel Coit Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue" title="Bertram Goodhue">Bertram G. Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_(novelist)" title="Robert Grant (novelist)">Robert Grant</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Elliot_Griffis" title="William Elliot Griffis">William Elliot Griffis</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur Twining Hadley</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childe_Hassam" title="Childe Hassam">Childe Hassam</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hastings_(architect)" title="Thomas Hastings (architect)">Thomas Hastings</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hecht" title="Anthony Hecht">Anthony Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jayne_Hill" title="David Jayne Hill">David Jayne Hill</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_Hitchcock" title="Ripley Hitchcock">Ripley Hitchcock</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_de_Blaquiere_Howard" title="Cecil de Blaquiere Howard">Cecil de Blaquiere Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Howe" title="William Henry Howe">William Henry Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archer_Milton_Huntington" title="Archer Milton Huntington">Archer Milton Huntington</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Robert Underwood Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis I. Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Koch" title="Kenneth Koch">Kenneth Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Kumin" title="Maxine Kumin">Maxine Kumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">Abbott Lawrence Lowell</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(author)" title="Mary McCarthy (author)">Mary McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wright_Mabie" title="Hamilton Wright Mabie">Hamilton Wright Mabie</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_MacMonnies" title="Frederick William MacMonnies">Frederick William MacMonnies</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._McClatchy" title="J. D. McClatchy">J. D. McClatchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brander_Matthews" title="Brander Matthews">Brander Matthews</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell_Jr." title="William Keepers Maxwell Jr.">William Keepers Maxwell Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rutherford_Mead" title="William Rutherford Mead">William Rutherford Mead</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_Melchers" title="Gari Melchers">Gari Melchers</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Metcalf" title="Willard Metcalf">Willard Metcalf</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_St._Vincent_Millay" title="Edna St. Vincent Millay">Edna St. Vincent Millay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_and_Co." title="Charles Moore and Co.">Charles Moore</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moore" title="Douglas Moore">Douglas Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Elmer_More" title="Paul Elmer More">Paul Elmer More</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Page" title="Thomas Nelson Page">Thomas N. Page</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Parker" title="Horatio Parker">Horatio Parker</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pennell" title="Joseph Pennell">Joseph Pennell</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bliss_Perry" title="Bliss Perry">Bliss Perry</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Phelps" title="William Lyon Phelps">William Lyon Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Platt" title="Charles A. Platt">Charles Adams Platt</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley" title="James Whitcomb Riley">James Whitcomb Riley</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Rives" title="George L. Rives">George Lockhart Rives</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Schapiro" title="Meyer Schapiro">Meyer Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schoenberg_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenberg-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Rowe_Shelley" title="Harry Rowe Shelley">Harry Rowe Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_P._Sherman" title="Stuart P. Sherman">Stuart Sherman</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1926_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1926-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shorey" title="Paul Shorey">Paul Shorey</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milligan_Sloane" title="William Milligan Sloane">William Milligan Sloane</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft" title="Lorado Taft">Lorado Taft</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer" title="William Roscoe Thayer">William Roscoe Thayer</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Thomas" title="Augustus Thomas">Augustus Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_van_Dyke_Jr." title="Henry van Dyke Jr.">Henry van Dyke</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Van_Dyke" title="John Charles Van Dyke">John Charles Van Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Alden_Weir" title="J. Alden Weir">Julian Alden Weir</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Wendell" title="Barrett Wendell">Barrett Wendell</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Brand Whitlock</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1921_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Wister" title="Owen Wister">Owen Wister</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Woodberry" title="George Edward Woodberry">George Edward Woodberry</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wright_(poet)" title="James Wright (poet)">James A. Wright</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_academicians">Current academicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current academicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Department_of_Literature" title="List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Literature">List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Department_of_Art" title="List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Art">List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Department_of_Music" title="List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Music">List of members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Award_for_Distinguished_Service_to_the_Arts">Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The award, a certificate and $1,000, goes to a United States resident who has "rendered notable service to the arts". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Special:EditPage/American Academy of Arts and Letters">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <ul><li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Judith_Jamison" title="Judith Jamison">Judith Jamison</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Special:EditPage/American Academy of Arts and Letters">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The academy gives out numerous awards, with recipients chosen by committees of academy members. Candidates for awards must be nominated by Academy members, except for the Richard Rodgers awards, for which an application may be submitted. </p> <ul><li>Arts and Letters Award (formerly, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_Award_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters (page does not exist)">Academy Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>): In 1941, the academy established awards to encourage creative work in the arts. Now $10,000 each, Academy Awards are given annually: five to artists, eight to writers, four to composers, and three to architects.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Blitzstein_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Blitzstein Award (page does not exist)">Marc Blitzstein Award</a>: The $5,000 award is given periodically to a composer, lyricist, or librettist, "to encourage the creation of works of merit for musical theater and opera". The award was established in 1965 by the friends of <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a>, an academy member.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Braude_Award_for_Light_Verse" title="Michael Braude Award for Light Verse">Michael Braude Award for Light Verse</a>: The $5,000 biennial award is given "for light verse written in English regardless of the country of origin of the writer".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_W._Brunner_Memorial_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize (page does not exist)">Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize</a>: The annual prize of $5,000 goes to an architect of any nationality who has "made a contribution to architecture as an art".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_H._Danks_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin H. Danks Award (page does not exist)">Benjamin H. Danks Award</a>: The $20,000 award is given in rotation to a composer of ensemble works, a playwright, and a writer (fiction, nonfiction, poetry). Since 2002, the academy has administered the prize established by Roy Lyndon Danks in honor of his father, Benjamin Hadley Danks.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Ernst_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimmy Ernst Award (page does not exist)">Jimmy Ernst Award</a>: Established by Dallas Ernst in memory of her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ernst" title="Jimmy Ernst">Jimmy Ernst</a> Award of $5,000 is given to a painter or sculptor "whose lifetime contribution to his or her vision has been both consistent and dedicated".<sup id="cite_ref-jea_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jea-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award has been presented annually since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-jea_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jea-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster_Award" title="E. M. Forster Award">E. M. Forster Award</a>: <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, a foreign honorary member of the academy, bequeathed the U.S. royalties of his posthumous novel <i>Maurice</i> to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a>, who transferred them to the academy to establish this $15,000 award. It is given to a young English writer for an extended visit to the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals</a>: Each year the academy awards gold medals for distinguished achievement in two categories in rotation. The Gold Medal is given for the entire work of the recipient. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Belles_lettres,_criticism,_essays" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Belles Lettres, Criticism, Essays</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Painting" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Painting</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Biography" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Biography</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Music" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Music</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Fiction,_novel,_short_story" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Sculpture" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Sculpture</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#History" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Architecture" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Architecture</a>, including landscape architecture;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Poetry" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Music" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Music</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Drama" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Drama</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals#Graphic_art" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals">Graphic Art</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hinrichsen_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Hinrichsen Award (page does not exist)">Walter Hinrichsen Award</a>: The Walter Hinrichsen Award is given for the publication of "a work by a mid-career American composer".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells_Medal" title="William Dean Howells Medal">William Dean Howells Medal</a>: This award is given every five years in recognition of the most distinguished American novel published during that period. It was established in 1925.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Imbrie_Award_in_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Imbrie Award in Music (page does not exist)">Andrew Imbrie Award in Music</a>: This award of $10,000, inaugurated in 2012, was made possible through a gift from Andrew and Barbara Imbrie. It is awarded annually to a mid-career composer of demonstrated artistic merit.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives_Prize" title="Charles Ives Prize">Charles Ives Prize</a>: Six scholarships of $7,500 and two fellowships of $15,000 are now given annually to young composers. In 1998, the academy established the Charles Ives Living, an award of $75,000 a year for a period of three years given to an American composer. The award's purpose is to free "a promising talent from the need to devote his or her time to any employment other than music composition" during that period.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ives_Opera_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ives Opera Prize (page does not exist)">Charles Ives Opera Prize</a>: In 2008, the academy awarded the inaugural Charles Ives Opera Prize of $50,000, to be given from time to time to a composer and a librettist for a recently produced opera. It is America's largest vocal music award.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Kaufman_Prize_for_First_Fiction" title="Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction">Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction</a>: The $5,000 prize is given for the best published first novel or collection of short stories in the preceding year.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wladimir_and_Rhoda_Lakond_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wladimir and Rhoda Lakond Award (page does not exist)">Wladimir and Rhoda Lakond Award</a>: an annual award of $5,000 "given either to a composition student or an experienced composer".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddard_Lieberson_Fellowships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goddard Lieberson Fellowships (page does not exist)">Goddard Lieberson Fellowships</a>: Two Goddard Lieberson Fellowships of $15,000 are given annually to young composers of extraordinary gifts. The CBS Foundation endowed the fellowships in memory of Lieberson, the late president of CBS Records.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Loines_Award_for_Poetry" title="Russell Loines Award for Poetry">Russell Loines Award for Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Award_of_Merit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit (page does not exist)">American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit</a>: The Award of Merit, a medal and $10,000, is given each year, in rotation, to an outstanding person in America representing painting, the short story, sculpture, the novel, poetry, and drama.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metcalf_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metcalf Awards (page does not exist)">Metcalf Awards</a>: In 1986, the academy received a bequest from Addison M. Metcalf, son of the late member Willard L. Metcalf, for two awards to honor young writers and artists of great promise. The Willard L. Metcalf Award in Art and the Addison M. Metcalf Award in Literature are biennial awards of $10,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Anne Porter Award">Katherine Anne Porter Award</a>: This biennial award of $20,000 goes to a prose writer who has demonstrated achievements and dedication to the literary profession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rense_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Rense Prize">Arthur Rense Prize</a>: In 1998, this $20,000 award was established to honor "an exceptional poet" every third year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_Awards_for_Musical_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers Awards for Musical Theater">Richard Rodgers Awards for Musical Theater</a>: These awards subsidize full productions, studio productions, and staged readings of musicals put on by nonprofit theaters in New York City. The plays are by composers and writers who are not already established. These are the only awards for which the academy accepts applications.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Prize" title="Rome Prize">Rome Prize</a> in Literature: Every year the academy selects and partly subsidizes two young writers for a one-year residence at the American Academy in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_and_Hinda_Rosenthal_Foundation_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Awards (page does not exist)">Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Awards</a>: Each of these two awards are for $5,000. The first, established in 1956, is for a fiction work of "considerable literary achievement" published in the previous year. The second, created in 1959, is for a young painter "who has not yet been accorded due recognition".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medal_for_Spoken_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medal for Spoken Language (page does not exist)">Medal for Spoken Language</a>: This medal, awarded from time to time, recognizes individuals who set a standard of excellence in the use of spoken language.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mildred_and_Harold_Strauss_Livings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings (page does not exist)">The Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings</a>: These Livings provide an annual stipend of $50,000 a year for five years, awarded to two writers of English prose literature to enable them to devote their time exclusively to writing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_D._Vursell_Memorial_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold D. Vursell Memorial Award">Harold D. Vursell Memorial Award</a>: This $10,000 award is given each year to honor a writer of "recent prose that merits recognition for the quality of its style".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Dauwen_Zabel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton Dauwen Zabel Award">Morton Dauwen Zabel Award</a>: This $10,000 biennial award is given in rotation to a poet, writer of fiction, or critic, "of progressive, original, and experimental tendencies".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131013/http://artsandletters.org/press_releases/2014studio.php">"The American Academy Of Arts And Letters Announces The Opening Of The Charles Ives Studio"</a>. American Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsandletters.org/press_releases/2014studio.php">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Academy+Of+Arts+And+Letters+Announces+The+Opening+Of+The+Charles+Ives+Studio&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsandletters.org%2Fpress_releases%2F2014studio.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, ed. <i>A Century of Arts & Letters</i>, Columbia University Press (1998), p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara S. Christen and Steven Flanders, eds. <i>Cass Gilbert, Life and Work: Architect of the Public Domain</i>, W. W. Norton and Company (2001), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/01/23/101862571.pdf">"Aims of National Academy; Organization Formed to Promote Art, Music, and Literature"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 23, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/first-woman-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-letters-jan-28-1908-102659.html">First woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Letters, Jan. 28, 1908.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moe, Ronald C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llsdc.net/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RL30340.pdf">"Congressionally Chartered Nonprofit Organizations ("Title 36 Corporations"): What They Are and How Congress Treats Them,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030063024/http://www.llsdc.net/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RL30340.pdf">Archived</a> October 30, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Congressional Research Service, <i>CRS Report to Congress</i>. Order Code RL30340 (April 8, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/reports/veterans/story/13136.html">"What is a congressional charter?"</a>, Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosar, Kevin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22230_20070123.pdf">"Congressional or Federal Charters: Overview and Current Issues."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627062531/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22230_20070123.pdf">Archived</a> June 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Congressional Research Service, <i>CRS Report to Congress</i>. Order Code RS22230 (January 23, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/01/19/101861799.pdf">"Slur on the 'Immortals'; Lodge's Proposed Institutions Shorn of Glory"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 19, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/01/24/106116087.pdf">"Official Action Just Taken Contemplates American Federation.; The Movement to Advance Arts and Letters in America"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 24, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1910/02/28/archives/a-charterless-academy.html?sq=american+academy+of+arts+and+letters&scp=420&st=p">"A Charterless Academy"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. February 28, 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/01/19/100249485.pdf">"Two New Art Societies; Senator Lodge Introduces Bills Providing for Their Incorporation"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 19, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/11/100319568.pdf">"Arts Academy Chartered; Membership Never to Exceed 50 — William Dean Howells President"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. June 11, 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walnerth, Charles <i>et al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/08/25/104688482.pdf">"Greetings to the American Academy of Arts and Letters"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. August 25, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desrep-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desrep_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/AUDUBON_TERRACE_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.pdf">"Audubon Terrace Historic District Designation Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228200939/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/AUDUBON_TERRACE_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (January 9, 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aia_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWillenskyLeadon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norval_White" title="Norval White">White, Norval</a>; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/AIA_Guide_to_New_York_City" title="AIA Guide to New York City">AIA Guide to New York City</a></i> (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 558–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-386-7"><bdi>978-0-19538-386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIA+Guide+to+New+York+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=558-561&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19538-386-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Norval&rft.au=Willensky%2C+Elliot&rft.au=Leadon%2C+Fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/01/26/100250826.pdf">"Rival to the Great French Academy Limited to 50 Members, Receives Official Recognition From the U.S. Senate; Something About Those on the Original List"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 26, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Editorial Review" of Updike's <i>A Century of Arts and Letters:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231102488">"Editorial Reviews": Amazon.com.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Editorial Review" of John Updike's <i>A Century of Arts and Letters:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231102488">Alan Weakland</a>, writing in <i>Booklist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/01/21/100606729.pdf">"Eliot not in Academy; Harvard's President Emeritus Said He Was in Too Many Societies"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 21, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/11/16/100661388.pdf">"Immortals' Plan Hall of Fame Here; Women Would Be Eligible- But "Better Form a Hall of Their Own"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. November 16, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Google Books summary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqdKGvah7OIC&q=A+Century+of+Arts+%26+Letters">John Updike's <i>A Century of Arts and Letters</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1926-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1926_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1926_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40911FB3D591B7A93C0A8178AD95F428285F9">"First Women Elected to Institute of Arts; Edith Wharton Among the Four Chosen — American Academy Makes Two Men Members"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. November 12, 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busby-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Busby_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Busby, Margaret</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/dec/07/guardianobituaries">"Gwendolyn Brooks — Poet who called out to black people everywhere"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801100334/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/dec/07/guardianobituaries">Archived</a> August 1, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, December 7, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The history of the National Institute of Arts & Letters and the American Academy of Arts & Letters as Told, Decade by Decade, by Eleven Members: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auchincloss" title="Louis Auchincloss">Louis Auchincloss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Beeson" title="Jack Beeson">Jack Beeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hortense_Calisher" title="Hortense Calisher">Hortense Calisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Louise_Huxtable" title="Ada Louise Huxtable">Ada Louise Huxtable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Kahn" title="Wolf Kahn">Wolf Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._W._B._Lewis" title="R. W. B. Lewis">R. W. B. Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lippold" title="Richard Lippold">Richard Lippold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Ozick" title="Cynthia Ozick">Cynthia Ozick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.</a>- <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, Editor, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1916a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916a_26-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/11/12/100340701.pdf">"Academicians Meet Here This Week; Members of Institute Will Join Them in Sessions at the Ritz-Carlton. France to send Greeting; Concert Wherein All Works Are by American Composers Will Be Heard"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. November 12, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1916b-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1916b_27-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/11/16/301934192.pdf">"Two New Members for the Academy; Dr. Barrett Wendell and Garl Melchers, the Painter, Honored at Meeting"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. November 16, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Academy of Arts and Letters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php">Deceased Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726004624/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php">Archived</a> July 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1918/12/15/archives/w-r-thayer-wins-medal-jg-huneker-and-others-elected-to-arts-and.html">"W. R. Thayer Wins Medal; J.G. Huneker and Others Elected to Arts and Letters Institute.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1921-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1921_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/19/100987174.pdf">"Academy Honors John Burroughs; Naturalist Praised by Bliss Perry and Hamlin Garland at Memorial Meeting"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, November 19, 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/calisher-hortense">"Hortense Calisher | Jewish Women's Archive"</a>. Jwa.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hortense+Calisher+%26%23124%3B+Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.pub=Jwa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fcalisher-hortense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1987-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1987_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated1987" class="citation web cs1">Associated, The (December 10, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/10/arts/arts-academy-elects-dickey-and-styron.html">"Arts Academy Elects Dickey and Styron"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arts+Academy+Elects+Dickey+and+Styron&rft.date=1987-12-10&rft.aulast=Associated&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F12%2F10%2Farts%2Farts-academy-elects-dickey-and-styron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandletters.org/academy-members/">"Academy Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academy+Members+%E2%80%93+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandletters.org%2Facademy-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/11/bob_dylan_not_coming_to_stockh.html#incart_river_home">"Bob Dylan not coming to Stockholm to accept Nobel Prize for literature"</a>. <i>The Plain Dealer</i>. November 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan+not+coming+to+Stockholm+to+accept+Nobel+Prize+for+literature&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fentertainment%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F11%2Fbob_dylan_not_coming_to_stockh.html%23incart_river_home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Los Angeles Times</i>, May 30, 1943, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/gaddis.html">"William Gaddis"</a>. Albany.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis&rft.pub=Albany.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Fwriters-inst%2Fgaddis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1918-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1918_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/01/12/102656319.pdf">"Elected to Academy; Brand Whitlock and Hamlin Garland in Arts and Letters"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 12, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1928/02/06/archives/dr-griffis-friend-of-japan-dies-educator-who-helped-japanese-adapt.html?sq=order+of+meiji&scp=15&st=p">"Dr. Griffis, Friend of Japan, Dies; Educator Who Helped Japanese Adapt Themselves to Western Civilization"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. February 6, 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uzry987mP4C&dq=%22ripley+hitchcock%22&pg=PA155">"Hitchcock, Ripley"</a>, in Stanley Wertheim, <i>A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia</i>, Greenwood Press, 1997, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/01/25/100134592.pdf">"Huntington Gives Site for Academy; Men of Arts and Letters to Erect Building Near Riverside Drive and 155th St. Next to Hispanic Museum; National Institute and American Academy Accept Offer of Eight City Lots for Site"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. January 25, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enivation.com/SigmaPi/archive/Emerald/1969/SP_EMERALD_VOL_56_NO_1_SPRING_1969.pdf,">Pg. 19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726004624/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php">"American Academy of Arts and Letters - Deceased Members"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php">the original</a> on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters+-+Deceased+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsandletters.org%2Facademicians2_deceased.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caemmerer, H. Paul. "Charles Moore and the Plan of Washington." <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society.</i> Vol. 46/47 (1944/1945): 237–258, 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0C1EFE355B12738DDDAD0A94DC405B868EF1D3">Joseph Pennell, Noted Artist, Dead; Won High Honors as Etcher and Illustrator — Later Taught Art and Wrote Books"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. April 24, 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0E10FE385B107A93CBA9178AD95F408385F9">"Academy Elects Gay and Lippman; Artist and Journalist Named to Vacancies Left by Deaths of Platt and Shorey"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. November 9, 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenberg-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenberg_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg, Arnold</a> (1987). Stern, Erwin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLf0u5GXo84C&pg=PA244"><i>Arnold Schoenberg Letters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520060098" title="Special:BookSources/9780520060098"><bdi>9780520060098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnold+Schoenberg+Letters&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780520060098&rft.aulast=Schoenberg&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLf0u5GXo84C%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/16/97052828.pdf">"Would Encourage Study of Classics; Academy of Arts and Letters Suggests Courses for Schools and Colleges; Sees Aid to Civilization; Resolution Says Opposite Policy Would Lower the Culture of the American People"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. December 16, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_ARTS_ACADEMY?SITE=IADES&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">"Streep would like to thank the (arts) academy"</a> "DesMoines Register." April 12, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0814F73D5A1B7B93C3AA178BD95F428385F9">"Mr. Lorado Taft Dies; Leading Sculptor; Creator of Some of Country's Outstanding Monuments is Stricken at 76; Was Teacher in Chicago; <i>Fountain of Time</i> and <i>Columbus Memorial</i> in Washington Among Chief Works"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. October 31, 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726004624/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php">"American Academy of Arts and Letters — Deceased Members"</a>. Artsandletters.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php#t">the original</a> on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 19, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Gelder, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EFD6133EF934A25757C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=american+academy+of+arts+and+letters&st=nyt">"Arts, Briefly: American Academy Picks Caro and Trillin"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. April 17, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandletters.org/awards/?awdpage=all">"Awards – American Academy of Arts and Letters"</a>. <i>artsandletters.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artsandletters.org&rft.atitle=Awards+%E2%80%93+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandletters.org%2Fawards%2F%3Fawdpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jea-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jea_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jea_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914011929/http://www.artsandletters.org/awards2_popup.php?abbrev=Ernst">"Jimmy Ernst Award"</a>. American Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandletters.org/awards2_popup.php?abbrev=Ernst">the original</a> on September 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Ernst+Award&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsandletters.org%2Fawards2_popup.php%3Fabbrev%3DErnst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetrick2009" class="citation web cs1">Hetrick, Adam (March 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/article/richard-rodgers-awards-honor-cheer-wars-and-rosa-parks-musicals-com-158937">"Richard Rodgers Awards Honor <i>Cheer Wars</i> and <i>Rosa Parks</i> Musicals"</a>. <i>Playbill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Richard+Rodgers+Awards+Honor+Cheer+Wars+and+Rosa+Parks+Musicals&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Hetrick&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Frichard-rodgers-awards-honor-cheer-wars-and-rosa-parks-musicals-com-158937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._W._B._Lewis" title="R. W. B. Lewis">Lewis, Richard W. B.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/u/updike-arts.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=national%20institute%20of%20arts%20and%20letters&st=cse&oref=slogin">"1898–1907: The Founder's Story"</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqdKGvah7OIC&q=A+Century+of+Arts+%26+Letters"><i>A Century of Arts & Letters</i></a> (John Updike, ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10248-3">978-0-231-10248-3</a> (cloth)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Museums_in_Manhattan" title="Template:Museums in Manhattan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_in_Manhattan" title="Template talk:Museums in Manhattan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_in_Manhattan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums in Manhattan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_in_Manhattan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Museums in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial District and Battery Park<br />(Below Chambers St)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Institute" title="China Institute">China Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Hall National Memorial">Federal Hall National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Fraunces Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gustav_Heye_Center" title="George Gustav Heye Center">George Gustav Heye Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Labs_Museum_of_Art_and_Technology" title="Mercer Labs Museum of Art and Technology">Mercer Labs Museum of Art and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmuseumm" title="Mmuseumm">Mmuseumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_American_Finance" title="Museum of American Finance">Museum of American Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">National September 11 Memorial & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Museum" title="New York City Police Museum">New York City Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper_Museum" title="Skyscraper Museum">Skyscraper Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Street_Seaport" title="South Street Seaport">South Street Seaport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Manhattan<br />(Chambers-14th Sts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_Arts_Centre" title="Asian American Arts Centre">Asian American Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Center" title="Drawing Center">Drawing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue" title="Eldridge Street Synagogue">Eldridge Street Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FusionArts_Museums" title="FusionArts Museums">FusionArts Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_des_Lumieres" title="Hall des Lumieres">Hall des Lumieres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography" title="International Center of Photography">International Center of Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie-Lohman_Museum_of_Gay_and_Lesbian_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie-Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art">Leslie-Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side_Tenement_Museum" title="Lower East Side Tenement Museum">Lower East Side Tenement Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_House_Museum" title="Merchant's House Museum">Merchant's House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Chinese_in_America" title="Museum of Chinese in America">Museum of Chinese in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Museum" title="New Museum">New Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Museum" title="New York City Fire Museum">New York City Fire Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_Museum" title="The Theatre Museum">The Theatre Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum" title="Ukrainian Museum">Ukrainian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chelsea, Flatiron, Gramercy<br />(14th-34th Sts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_Chelsea" title="Dia Chelsea">Dia Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotografiska_New_York" title="Fotografiska New York">Fotografiska New York</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_J._Harvey" title="John J. Harvey">John J. Harvey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_at_FIT" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum at FIT">The Museum at FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Sex" title="Museum of Sex">Museum of Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Center_New_York" title="Print Center New York">Print Center New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_House" title="Poster House">Poster House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shed_(arts_center)" title="The Shed (arts center)">The Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_House" title="Tibet House">Tibet House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midtown<br />(34th-59th Sts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houdini_Museum_of_New_York" title="Houdini Museum of New York">Houdini Museum of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Museum" title="Intrepid Museum">Intrepid Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_(Manhattan)" title="Japan Society (Manhattan)">Japan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Mossman_Lock_Museum" title="John M. Mossman Lock Museum">John M. Mossman Lock Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_New_York" title="Madame Tussauds New York">Madame Tussauds New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Museum of Arts and Design">Museum of Arts and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadway" title="Museum of Broadway">Museum of Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch" title="New York Public Library Main Branch">New York Public Library Main Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media" title="Paley Center for Media">Paley Center for Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia_House_%E2%80%93_The_Nordic_Center_in_America" title="Scandinavia House – The Nordic Center in America">Scandinavia House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">United Nations Art Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper West Side<br />(59th-125th Sts west of 5th Av)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum" title="American Folk Art Museum">American Folk Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Center_for_Earth_and_Space" title="Rose Center for Earth and Space">Rose Center for Earth and Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Museum" title="Rose Museum">Carnegie Hall (Rose Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Manhattan" title="Children's Museum of Manhattan">Children's Museum of Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical" title="New York Historical">New York Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich_Museum" title="Nicholas Roerich Museum">Nicholas Roerich Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper East Side and East Harlem<br />(59th-125th Sts on or near 5th Av)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Africa_Center" title="The Africa Center">The Africa Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Society" title="Asia Society">Asia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Museo_del_Barrio" title="El Museo del Barrio">El Museo del Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frick_Collection" title="Frick Collection">Frick Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frick_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Frick Madison">Frick Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracie_Mansion" title="Gracie Mansion">Gracie Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grolier_Club" title="Grolier Club">Grolier Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Hotel_Museum" title="Mount Vernon Hotel Museum">Mount Vernon Hotel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Museum of the City of New York">Museum of the City of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy Museum and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Galerie_New_York" title="Neue Galerie New York">Neue Galerie New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Manhattan<br />(Above 125th St)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloisters" title="The Cloisters">The Cloisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyckman_House" title="Dyckman House">Dyckman House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial" title="Hamilton Grange National Memorial">Hamilton Grange National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_and_Dr._Betty_Shabazz_Memorial_and_Educational_Center" title="Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center">Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris%E2%80%93Jumel_Mansion" title="Morris–Jumel Mansion">Morris–Jumel Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jazz_Museum_in_Harlem" title="National Jazz Museum in Harlem">National Jazz Museum in Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Track_and_Field_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Track and Field Hall of Fame">National Track and Field Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_Museum_in_Harlem" title="Studio Museum in Harlem">Studio Museum in Harlem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_Museum" title="Statue of Liberty Museum">Statue of Liberty Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Art_Museum" title="Chelsea Art Museum">Chelsea Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahesh_Museum_of_Art" title="Dahesh Museum of Art">Dahesh Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Galleries" title="Forbes Galleries">Forbes Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Museum_and_Archives" title="Girl Scout Museum and Archives">Girl Scout Museum and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB_Espionage_Museum" title="KGB Espionage Museum">KGB Espionage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Breuer" title="Met Breuer">Met Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Biblical_Art_(New_York_City)" title="Museum of Biblical Art (New York City)">Museum of Biblical Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Primitive_Art" title="Museum of Primitive Art">Museum of Primitive Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame#New_York_City_Annex" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock&Roll Hall of Fame: NYC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue#Museum_Mile" title="Fifth Avenue">Museum Mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463281#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463281#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463281#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121141644">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158560852">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023075-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78093823">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145113105">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145113105">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35004258">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/403901">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99022217">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620820105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/5243">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007370215705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/0717a1d8-3d6b-457f-8443-04316b3d56ef">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06017516?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500303688">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/786152">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086020072">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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