Kotlin coroutines on Android | Android Developers

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href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Kotlin" > Kotlin </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin/first" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Guides </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Kotlin coroutines on Android </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>A <em>coroutine</em> is a concurrency design pattern that you can use on Android to simplify code that executes asynchronously. <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coroutines-guide.html" class="external">Coroutines</a> were added to Kotlin in version 1.3 and are based on established concepts from other languages.</p> <p>On Android, coroutines help to manage long-running tasks that might otherwise block the main thread and cause your app to become unresponsive. Over 50% of professional developers who use coroutines have reported seeing increased productivity. This topic describes how you can use Kotlin coroutines to address these problems, enabling you to write cleaner and more concise app code.</p> <h2 id="features" data-text="Features" tabindex="-1">Features</h2> <p>Coroutines is our recommended solution for asynchronous programming on Android. Noteworthy features include the following:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Lightweight</strong>: You can run many coroutines on a single thread due to support for <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/coroutines/basics.html" class="external"><em>suspension</em></a>, which doesn't block the thread where the coroutine is running. Suspending saves memory over blocking while supporting many concurrent operations.</li> <li><strong>Fewer memory leaks</strong>: Use <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/coroutines/basics.html#structured-concurrency" class="external"><em>structured concurrency</em></a> to run operations within a scope.</li> <li><strong>Built-in cancellation support</strong>: <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/coroutines/cancellation-and-timeouts.html" class="external">Cancellation</a> is propagated automatically through the running coroutine hierarchy.</li> <li><strong>Jetpack integration</strong>: Many Jetpack libraries include <a href="/kotlin/ktx">extensions</a> that provide full coroutines support. Some libraries also provide their own <a href="/topic/libraries/architecture/coroutines">coroutine scope</a> that you can use for structured concurrency.</li> </ul> <h2 id="examples-overview" data-text="Examples overview" tabindex="-1">Examples overview</h2> <p>Based on the <a href="/jetpack/docs/guide">Guide to app architecture</a>, the examples in this topic make a network request and return the result to the main thread, where the app can then display the result to the user.</p> <p>Specifically, the <a href="/topic/libraries/architecture/viewmodel"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code></a> Architecture component calls the repository layer on the main thread to trigger the network request. This guide iterates through various solutions that use coroutines to keep the main thread unblocked.</p> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> includes a set of KTX extensions that work directly with coroutines. These extension are <a href="/kotlin/ktx#viewmodel"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx</code> library</a> and are used in this guide.</p> <h2 id="dependency" data-text="Dependency info" tabindex="-1">Dependency info</h2> <p>To use coroutines in your Android project, add the following dependency to your app's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file:</p> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <pre class="prettyprint lang-groovy" translate="no" dir="ltr"> dependencies { implementation 'org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-android:1.3.9' } </pre> </section><section><h3 id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"> dependencies { implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-android:1.3.9") } </pre> </section></div> </div> <h2 id="executing-in-a-background-thread" data-text="Executing in a background thread" tabindex="-1">Executing in a background thread</h2> <p>Making a network request on the main thread causes it to wait, or <em>block</em>, until it receives a response. Since the thread is blocked, the OS isn't able to call <code translate="no" dir="ltr">onDraw()</code>, which causes your app to freeze and potentially leads to an Application Not Responding (ANR) dialog. For a better user experience, let's run this operation on a background thread.</p> <p>First, let's take a look at our <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Repository</code> class and see how it's making the network request:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">sealed class Result<out R> { data class Success<out T>(val data: T) : Result<T>() data class Error(val exception: Exception) : Result<Nothing>() } class LoginRepository(private val responseParser: LoginResponseParser) { private const val loginUrl = "https://example.com/login" // Function that makes the network request, blocking the current thread fun makeLoginRequest( jsonBody: String ): Result<LoginResponse> { val url = URL(loginUrl) (url.openConnection() as? HttpURLConnection)?.run { requestMethod = "POST" setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json; utf-8") setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json") doOutput = true outputStream.write(jsonBody.toByteArray()) return Result.Success(responseParser.parse(inputStream)) } return Result.Error(Exception("Cannot open HttpURLConnection")) } } </code></pre> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> is synchronous and blocks the calling thread. To model the response of the network request, we have our own <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Result</code> class.</p> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> triggers the network request when the user clicks, for example, on a button:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">class LoginViewModel( private val loginRepository: LoginRepository ): ViewModel() { fun login(username: String, token: String) { val jsonBody = "{ username: \"$username\", token: \"$token\"}" loginRepository.makeLoginRequest(jsonBody) } } </code></pre> <p>With the previous code, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">LoginViewModel</code> is blocking the UI thread when making the network request. The simplest solution to move the execution off the main thread is to create a new coroutine and execute the network request on an I/O thread:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">class LoginViewModel( private val loginRepository: LoginRepository ): ViewModel() { fun login(username: String, token: String) { // Create a new coroutine to move the execution off the UI thread viewModelScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) { val jsonBody = "{ username: \"$username\", token: \"$token\"}" loginRepository.makeLoginRequest(jsonBody) } } } </code></pre> <p>Let's dissect the coroutines code in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> function:</p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">viewModelScope</code> is a predefined <code translate="no" dir="ltr">CoroutineScope</code> that is included with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> KTX extensions. Note that all coroutines must run in a scope. A <code translate="no" dir="ltr">CoroutineScope</code> manages one or more related coroutines.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">launch</code> is a function that creates a coroutine and dispatches the execution of its function body to the corresponding dispatcher.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Dispatchers.IO</code> indicates that this coroutine should be executed on a thread reserved for I/O operations.</li> </ul> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> function is executed as follows:</p> <ul> <li>The app calls the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> function from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">View</code> layer on the main thread.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">launch</code> creates a new coroutine, and the network request is made independently on a thread reserved for I/O operations.</li> <li>While the coroutine is running, the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> function continues execution and returns, possibly before the network request is finished. Note that for simplicity, the network response is ignored for now.</li> </ul> <p>Since this coroutine is started with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">viewModelScope</code>, it is executed in the scope of the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code>. If the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> is destroyed because the user is navigating away from the screen, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">viewModelScope</code> is automatically cancelled, and all running coroutines are canceled as well.</p> <p>One issue with the previous example is that anything calling <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> needs to remember to explicitly move the execution off the main thread. Let's see how we can modify the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Repository</code> to solve this problem for us.</p> <h2 id="use-coroutines-for-main-safety" data-text="Use coroutines for main-safety" tabindex="-1">Use coroutines for main-safety</h2> <p>We consider a function <em>main-safe</em> when it doesn't block UI updates on the main thread. The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> function is not main-safe, as calling <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> from the main thread does block the UI. Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">withContext()</code> function from the coroutines library to move the execution of a coroutine to a different thread:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">class LoginRepository(...) { ... suspend fun makeLoginRequest( jsonBody: String ): Result<LoginResponse> { // Move the execution of the coroutine to the I/O dispatcher return withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { // Blocking network request code } } } </code></pre> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">withContext(Dispatchers.IO)</code> moves the execution of the coroutine to an I/O thread, making our calling function main-safe and enabling the UI to update as needed.</p> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> is also marked with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">suspend</code> keyword. This keyword is Kotlin's way to enforce a function to be called from within a coroutine.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> For easier testing, we recommend injecting <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Dispatchers</code> into a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Repository</code> layer. To learn more, see <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMb0Fs8rCRs" class="external">Testing coroutines on Android</a>.</span></aside> <p>In the following example, the coroutine is created in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">LoginViewModel</code>. As <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> moves the execution off the main thread, the coroutine in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> function can be now executed in the main thread:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">class LoginViewModel( private val loginRepository: LoginRepository ): ViewModel() { fun login(username: String, token: String) { // Create a new coroutine on the UI thread viewModelScope.launch { val jsonBody = "{ username: \"$username\", token: \"$token\"}" // Make the network call and suspend execution until it finishes val result = loginRepository.makeLoginRequest(jsonBody) // Display result of the network request to the user when (result) { is Result.Success<LoginResponse> -> // Happy path else -> // Show error in UI } } } } </code></pre> <p>Note that the coroutine is still needed here, since <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest</code> is a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">suspend</code> function, and all <code translate="no" dir="ltr">suspend</code> functions must be executed in a coroutine.</p> <p>This code differs from the previous <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login</code> example in a couple of ways:</p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">launch</code> doesn't take a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Dispatchers.IO</code> parameter. When you don't pass a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Dispatcher</code> to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">launch</code>, any coroutines launched from <code translate="no" dir="ltr">viewModelScope</code> run in the main thread.</li> <li>The result of the network request is now handled to display the success or failure UI.</li> </ul> <p>The login function now executes as follows:</p> <ul> <li>The app calls the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login()</code> function from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">View</code> layer on the main thread.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">launch</code> creates a new coroutine on the main thread, and the coroutine begins execution.</li> <li>Within the coroutine, the call to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">loginRepository.makeLoginRequest()</code> now <em>suspends</em> further execution of the coroutine until the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">withContext</code> block in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest()</code> finishes running.</li> <li>Once the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">withContext</code> block finishes, the coroutine in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">login()</code> resumes execution <em>on the main thread</em> with the result of the network request.</li> </ul> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> To communicate with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">View</code> from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> layer, use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">LiveData</code> as recommended in the <a href="/jetpack/docs/guide">Guide to app architecture</a>. When following this pattern, the code in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ViewModel</code> is executed on the main thread, so you can call <code translate="no" dir="ltr">MutableLiveData</code>'s <code translate="no" dir="ltr">setValue()</code> function directly.</span></aside> <h2 id="handling-exceptions" data-text="Handling exceptions" tabindex="-1">Handling exceptions</h2> <p>To handle exceptions that the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Repository</code> layer can throw, use Kotlin's <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/exceptions.html" class="external">built-in support for exceptions</a>. In the following example, we use a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">try-catch</code> block:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-kotlin" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">class LoginViewModel( private val loginRepository: LoginRepository ): ViewModel() { fun login(username: String, token: String) { viewModelScope.launch { val jsonBody = "{ username: \"$username\", token: \"$token\"}" val result = try { loginRepository.makeLoginRequest(jsonBody) } catch(e: Exception) { Result.Error(Exception("Network request failed")) } when (result) { is Result.Success<LoginResponse> -> // Happy path else -> // Show error in UI } } } } </code></pre> <p>In this example, any unexpected exception thrown by the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">makeLoginRequest()</code> call is handled as an error in the UI.</p> <h2 id="more" data-text="Additional coroutines resources" tabindex="-1">Additional coroutines resources</h2> <p>For a more detailed look at coroutines on Android, see <a href="/kotlin/coroutines/coroutines-adv">Improve app performance with Kotlin coroutines</a>.</p> <p>For more coroutines resources, see the following links:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coroutines-overview.html" class="external">Coroutines overview (JetBrains)</a> </li> <li><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coroutines-guide.html" class="external">Coroutines guide (JetBrains)</a> </li> <li><a href="/kotlin/coroutines/additional-resources">Additional resources for Kotlin coroutines and flow</a></li> </ul> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the <a href="/license">Content License</a>. 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