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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaure" title="Minotaurasaure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minotaurasaure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus_ramachandrani" title="Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മിനോയിടോറാസോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനോയിടോറാസോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ミノタウラサウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミノタウラサウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurazaur" title="Minotaurazaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minotaurazaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus_ramachandrani" title="Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Мінотавразавр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінотавразавр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Minotaurasaurus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%AD%E6%80%AA%E7%94%B2%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="牛頭怪甲龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牛頭怪甲龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134146#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of dinosaurs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Minotaurasaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">75–71 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:194.61538461538px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg/220px-Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg/330px-Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg/440px-Minotaurasaurus_skull_cast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="858" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cast of the holotype skull of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Minotaurasaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Minotaurasaurus</i></a><br /><small>Miles & Miles, <a href="/wiki/2009_in_paleontology" title="2009 in paleontology">2009</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>M. ramachandrani</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Miles & Miles, 2009</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Minotaurasaurus</b></i> (meaning “<a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>'-bull reptile”) is a <a href="/wiki/Monospecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospecific">monospecific</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurid">ankylosaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> stage, ~75-71 Ma) in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Djadochta_Formation" title="Djadochta Formation">Djadochta Formation</a>. The type and only species, <i><b>Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani</b></i>, is known from two <a href="/wiki/Skulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Skulls">skulls</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebra</a> and a cervical half ring. It was named and described in <a href="/wiki/2009_in_paleontology" title="2009 in paleontology">2009</a> by Clifford Miles and Clark Miles. The first fossils of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> were illegally exported out of Mongolia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>It has been suggested to be a synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a></i> but more recent publications consider it as a distinct genus. </p><p><i>Minotaurasaurus</i> was a medium-sized ankylosaurid, with an estimated length of 4.2 metres (13.8 feet), although it may have reached larger sizes as the type specimen represents an immature individual. Although not a lot of postcranial material is known, it would have had a tail club that may have been used for protection against predators or interspecific combat and would have been covered in protective <a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">osteoderms</a>. It would have also had a barrel-like body, and short, robust limbs based on close relatives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_Naming">Discovery and Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG/250px-Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG/375px-Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG/500px-Cretaceous-aged_dinosaur_fossil_localities_of_Mongolia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Fossil localities in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> fossils have been collected at <b>Uhkaa Tolgod</b> (area B)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, a skull of an ankylosaurid was purchased for US$10,000 by the private fossil collector and neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayanur S. Ramachandran">Vilayanur S. Ramachandran</a> while accompanied by Clifford Miles at the <a href="/wiki/Tucson_Gem_%26_Mineral_Show" title="Tucson Gem & Mineral Show">Tucson Gem, Mineral and Fossil Showcase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. The skull was put on display by Robert Gaston for the fossil poacher Hollis Butts, who Ramachandran purchased it from<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The stratigraphic position was stated as being from the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> of either <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> or <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> due to the provenance being unknown at the time. In 2006, Clifford Miles and his brother Clark Miles attempted to publish the description of the skull in a Polish Journal but was promptly rejected as the specimen was seemingly obtained illegally from Mongolia. Two years later, the authors stated that the specimen had come from the <a href="/wiki/Barun_Goyot_Formation" title="Barun Goyot Formation">Barun Goyot Formation</a> but later stated that they could not confirm its origin. The skull would later be described and named in <a href="/wiki/2009_in_paleontology" title="2009 in paleontology">2009</a>. The publication was later criticised by palaeontologists such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Norell" title="Mark Norell">Mark Norell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_J._Currie" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip J. Currie">Phillip J. Currie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolortsetseg_Minjin" title="Bolortsetseg Minjin">Bolortsetseg Minjin</a> due to the questionable origins of the specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> specimen, <b>INBR21004</b>, consists of a skull with <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">lower jaws</a> and predentary. The type specimen is currently housed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Valley_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Valley Museum (page does not exist)">Victor Valley Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Valley,_California" title="Apple Valley, California">Apple Valley, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name, <i>Minotaurasaurus</i>, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word "<i>sauros</i>" (lizard), in reference to the bull-like appearance of the holotype skull. The <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">specific</a> name, <i>ramachandrani</i>, honours V. S. Ramachandran, who purchased the type specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology" title="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology">Society of Vertebrate Paleontology</a> abstract book mentioned the discovery of a second specimen of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> (MAE 98 179) from the Uhkaa Tolgod locality of the late Campanian <a href="/wiki/Djadochta_Formation" title="Djadochta Formation">Djadochta Formation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nemegt_Basin" title="Nemegt Basin">Nemegt Basin</a>. The specimen consists of a skull, <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">axis</a> and first cervical half-ring, and it is part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mongolian Academy of Sciences">Mongolian Academy of Sciences</a>. MAE 98 179 was reported as having insect burrows that continues into a pattern which is only seen in <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> Gobi deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Alicea2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alicea2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penkalski & Tumanova (2016) would later describe the specimen, which was used to establish the <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic position</a> of the type specimen and the validity of the taxon, as before it was suggested by Arbour et al. (2014) and Arbour & Currie (2015) to be from the Barun Goyot Formation and a junior synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia kielanae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arbour2014II_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbour2014II-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arbour2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbour2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its validity was also tested by Arbour & Currie (2012) by using a retrodeformation and finite element analysis, which found that many of its diagnostic features were likely not caused by deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_distinguishing_traits">Size and distinguishing traits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size and distinguishing traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png/220px-Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png/330px-Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png/440px-Minotaurasaurus_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="3884" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the holotype skull</figcaption></figure> <p>Miles & Miles (2009) gave <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> an estimated length of at least 4.2 metres (13.8 feet), although it may have attained larger sizes as the type specimen, and only known specimen at the time, represents an immature individual based on the unfused osteoderms.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penkalski & Tumanova (2016) established numerous distinguishing traits of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i>. The paroccipital processes are not present laterally to the squamosal horns due to presence of a small and dorsoventrally shallow <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occiput</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a> possessing an unfused occiput. Basioccipital foramen that are either small or absent. Highly sculptured squamosal horns that are dorsoventrally narrow and cylindrical in shape. Non prominent nuchal caputegulae that angle caudolaterally. The presence of two distinct supraorbital apices. Frontal caputegulae that aren't arranged at right angles but with nasofrontal caputegulae that are elongated transversely and are ridge-like. The presence of a deep notch in the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal</a>. The presence of two pairs of internarial osteoderms, unlike the presence of a single osteoderm as in <i>Tarchia</i> and <i>Saichania</i>. An overall small skull that is broad. A more horizontal <a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_bone" title="Pterygoid bone">pterygoid</a> body. A mandibular osteoderm that extends towards the front end of the tooth row. Other distinguishing traits include the occiput being more visible in dorsal view, an <a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">occipital condyle</a> that is protrudes less towards the underside in caudal view and a skull that is proportionally lower and wider than that of <i>Tarchia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg/220px-Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg/330px-Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg/440px-Ankylosaurin_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3781" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> (far right) compared to other ankylosaurids</figcaption></figure> <p>The holotype skull measures 30 centimetres (11.8 inches) long and has a width of 43 centimetres (17 inches). Excluding the squamosal horns, the skull is longer than wide. The <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a> has its widest point formed by the squamosal horns. Unlike other ankylosaurids, the squamosal horns are more gracile and tapering. Pyramid-shaped caputegulae cover most of the surface of the skull, with the exception of an area of the skull roof that is near the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbits</a>. The caputegulae are arranged roughly bi-symmetrically on the skull, with two sharp-keeled caputegulae projecting laterally above the orbits and similar caputegulae being present near the prefrontal. Partially fused to unfused caputegulae are present on parts of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present near the squamosal horn is a furrow, or unfused caputegulum, that is also seen in <i>Tarchia kielanae</i>. The furrow is an artefact of the postorbital osteoderm being within the postorbital fossa. However, unlike <i>Tarchia</i>, the supraoccipital is co-ossified to the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull's orbit is tear drop-shaped with a tapered end that points towards the front. The osteoderms of the narial region create a flared look due to how large and ornamented they are, and project towards the front and sides. Present in the narial region are three apertures and the external nasal cavity, which is bound by a single osteoderm. The surface of the premaxillary beak is covered partially by secondary dermal ossifications. An inverted, triangular osteoderm is coossified to the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a> along the ventral margin of the narial opening. A sharp premaxillary beak is present as a result of the palatal portions of the premaxillae changing shape from the front end to the back end. Unlike most ankylosaurids, the vomer extends below the maxillary tooth crowns. All teeth are leaf-shaped. There are a total of 17 teeth and alveoli in the left maxilla and 16 in the right maxilla. The maxillary teeth are up to 25% larger than the dentary teeth and have crowns that are variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epipterygoid" title="Epipterygoid">epipterygoid</a>, a small, triangular structure, separates the pterygoid from the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>. Instead of being vertical or even slightly overturned as seen in most ankylosaurids, the main body of the pterygoids is near horizontal which, as a result, makes the interpterygoid vacuity in palatal view. The occipital condyle lacks a neck and is heart-shaped. The occiput is low and rectangular in shape. The paroccipital processes fall well short of the medial edge of the squamosal horn. Both the basisphenoid and basioccipital are fused together, with the sutural area being expanded as a ridge. This ridge marks the insertion for the rectus capitis and longus capitis muscles. Both the left and right <a href="/wiki/Jugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugal">jugal</a> horns thrust more towards the sides than towards the underside. Towards the sides of the tooth row is a broad maxillary shelf that extends beneath the middle of the orbit. A long, narrow <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderm</a> is partially fused along each side of the mandible but does not extend dorsally onto the lateral surface. The tooth row is positioned along the margins of the <a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">dentary</a>. The ventral half of the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> has a rough texture on the lateral surface, while the dorsal half of the mandible has a smooth texture. The position of the cheeks on the lower jaws is marked by the boundary between the smooth and the textured surfaces during occlusion as it is opposite to the lateral edge of the maxillary shelf. The coronoid process is small and low, and is present towards the front of the base of the process. The <a href="/wiki/Predentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Predentary">predentary</a> is subtriangular in cross-section and bears numerous nutrient foramina to serve the <a href="/wiki/Beak#Rhamphotheca" title="Beak">rhamphotheca</a> on the dorsal surface. The left dentary preserves 15 teeth and alveoli in the left dentary and 16 in the right dentary.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Type specimen of <i>Tarchia teresae</i>, a taxon closely related to <i>Minotaurasaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Miles & Miles (2009) interpreted <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> as an ankylosaurid, but did not conduct a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A phylogenetic analysis performed by Thomas <i>et al.</i> (2012) recovered it as <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister taxon</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus grangeri</a></i>, a position also recovered by Han <i>et al.</i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Han2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbour <i>et al.</i> (2014) considered <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> as a junior synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia kielanae</a></i> due to the shared presence of a furrow near the squamosal horn, a conclusion also met by Arbour & Currie (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-Arbour2014II_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbour2014II-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arbour2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbour2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Penkalski & Tumanova (2016) noted that it differs from <i>Tarchia</i> by a number of characteristics, such as differences in the squamosal horns and caputegulae, and stated that it should therefore be considered as a valid taxon. Penkalski & Tumanova (2016) also conducted a phylogenetic analysis which found <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> as being at the base of a clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i> and <i>Tarchia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park <i>et al.</i> (2021) also had similar results to Penkalski & Tumanova (2016), while Wiersma & Irmis (2018) recovered it within a <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> with <i>Tarchia kielanae</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shanxia" title="Shanxia">Shanxia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiersma2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiersma2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A limited phylogenetic analysis conducted Penkalski & Tumanova (2016) is reproduced below.<sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Minotaurasaurus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">T. kielanae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">T. teresae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The results of an earlier analysis by Thompson <i>et al.</i> (2012) are reproduced below.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huayangosaurus_taibaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayangosaurus taibaii">Huayangosaurus taibaii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus_armatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurus armatus">Stegosaurus armatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae">Nodosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Minmi_paravertebra" title="Minmi paravertebra">Minmi paravertebra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningosaurus_paradoxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoningosaurus paradoxus">Liaoningosaurus paradoxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta_bilbeyhallorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum">Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gobisaurus_domoculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobisaurus domoculus">Gobisaurus domoculus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurus_scutatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamosaurus scutatus">Shamosaurus scutatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuansaurus" title="Zhongyuansaurus">Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagantegia_longicranialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsagantegia longicranialis">Tsagantegia longicranialis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shanxia_tianzhensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxia tianzhensis">Shanxia tianzhensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">"Crichtonsaurus" benxiensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus_acutosquameus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus">Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus_mephistocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus">Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus_magniventris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurus magniventris">Ankylosaurus magniventris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus_tutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Euoplocephalus tutus">Euoplocephalus tutus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus_grangeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacosaurus grangeri">Pinacosaurus grangeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus_kirtlandensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis">Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus_plicatospineus" class="mw-redirect" title="Talarurus plicatospineus">Talarurus plicatospineus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tianzhenosaurus_youngi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianzhenosaurus youngi">Tianzhenosaurus youngi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania_chulsanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saichania chulsanensis">Saichania chulsanensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia_gigantea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarchia gigantea">Tarchia gigantea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png/170px-Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png/255px-Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png/340px-Mongolian_ankylosaurines_diet.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Snout morphology and diet of Mongolian ankylosaurids; <i>M. ramachandrani</i> in left</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Minotaurasaurus</i> was, like other Mongolian ankylosaurines, <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> and a low-level bulk feeder based on its sub-rectangular broad muzzle.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of oral processing, ankylosaurids living in dry environments such as <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> may have relied more on <a href="/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation" title="Hindgut fermentation">hindgut fermentation</a> for digestion or, alternatively, consumed succulent plants that did not require complex chewing. These ankylosaurids may have also been restricted to simple orthal pulping and might have had to deal with more grit during feeding compared to ankylosaurs that lived in tropical to subtropical climates, as indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Dental_microwear" title="Dental microwear">microwear pits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ősi2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ősi2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park <i>et al.</i> (2021) suggested that there was a shift from bulk feeding to selective feeding in Mongolian ankylosaurines during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages which may have either been caused by the change in habitat, as the climate changed from semi-arid and arid to humid, or interspecific competition with <a href="/wiki/Saurolophine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurolophine">saurolophine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurids">hadrosaurids</a> that immigrated from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the Campanian stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type specimen of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> may have had a pair of small <a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">osteoderms</a> below the orbits that were <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to the posterior cheek plates of <a href="/wiki/Nodosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurids">nodosaurids</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i>. The presence of these osteoderms at the level of the last three maxillary teeth suggests that either the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">bucca</a> did not extend as anteriorly as in <i>Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia</i> or an anteriorly extended bucca was present but did not embed extensive cheek plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ősi2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ősi2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoenvironment">Paleoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg/220px-Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg/330px-Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg/440px-Minotaurasaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> in paleoenvironment</figcaption></figure> <p>The remains of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> were likely recovered from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality at the <a href="/wiki/Djadochta_Formation" title="Djadochta Formation">Djadochta Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alicea2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alicea2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penkalski2016_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penkalski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation is divided into two members, the lower Bayn Dzak Member and the upper Turgrugyin Member. The Bayn Dzak Member consists of moderate reddish orange, crossbedded, and structureless <a href="/wiki/Sandstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstones">sandstones</a>, with subordinate deposits of brown <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a>. The mudstone and siltstone represents an interdune facies deposited by <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">fluvial action</a>, while the crossbedded and structureless sandstones represent eolian dunes and fluvial deposits or sandslides that occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a> faces. The Turgrugyin Member consists of very pale orange to light gray sands, which also represents a crossbedded dune facies and a structureless sandslide facies. <a href="/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy" title="Magnetostratigraphy">Magnetostratigraphic</a> datings from the Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh localities suggest that the formation dates to the late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, ca. ~75-71 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Dashzeveg2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dashzeveg2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the strata, rock facies, sedimentation and coeval units, the Djadochta Formation represents an arid environment consisting of sand dunes and short-lived water bodies with a warm, semiarid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specimens of <i>Minotaurasaurus</i> likely originated from the lower Bayn Dzak Member of the Djadochta Formation, which have also yielded specimens of the <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromaeosaurids">dromaeosaurids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Velociraptor_mongoliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Velociraptor mongoliensis">Velociraptor mongoliensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tsaagan" title="Tsaagan">Tsaagan</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Norel1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norel1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Halszkaraptorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Halszkaraptorine">halszkaraptorine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Halszkaraptor" title="Halszkaraptor">Halszkaraptor</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Troodontids" class="mw-redirect" title="Troodontids">troodontids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Byronosaurus" title="Byronosaurus">Byronosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saurornithoides" title="Saurornithoides">Saurornithoides</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Norell2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norell2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorids" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviraptorids">oviraptorids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Citipati" title="Citipati">Citipati</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oviraptor" title="Oviraptor">Oviraptor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Khaan" title="Khaan">Khaan</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osborn1924_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborn1924-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Alvarezsaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvarezsaurid">alvarezsaurid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shuvuuia" title="Shuvuuia">Shuvuuia</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe98-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurid">ankylosaurid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus grangeri</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratopsian">ceratopsian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Protoceratops" title="Protoceratops">Protoceratops</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosauroid">hadrosauroid</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Azhdarchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Azhdarchid">azhdarchid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper Turgrugyin Member has yielded the dromaeosaurid <i>Velociraptor mongoliensis</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Norel1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norel1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the halszkaraptorine <i><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithomimosaurs">ornithomimosaurs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i> and an indeterminate ornithomimosaur;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviraptorosaur">oviraptorosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Avimimus" title="Avimimus">Avimimus</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ceratopsians <i>Protoceratops</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Udanoceratops" title="Udanoceratops">Udanoceratops</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurid">tyrannosaurid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Longrichetal10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longrichetal10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dalton2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalton2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=A+new+oviraptorid+%28Dinosauria%3A+Theropoda%29+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+of+Bayan+Mandahu%2C+Inner+Mongolia&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=945%E2%88%92960&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2010.00968.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Palgy..53..945L&rft.aulast=Longrich&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Currie%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Dong%2C+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4983.2010.00968.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinotaurasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minotaurasaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Ankylosauria" title="Template:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ankylosauria" title="Template talk:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ankylosauria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ankylosauria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ankylosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Ornithischia_*_Clade:_Thyreophora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ankylosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosaurus" title="Cryptosaurus">Cryptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracopelta" title="Dracopelta">Dracopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minmi_paravertebra" title="Minmi paravertebra">Minmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priodontognathus" title="Priodontognathus">Priodontognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" title="Sarcolestes">Sarcolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serendipaceratops" title="Serendipaceratops">Serendipaceratops</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinankylosaurus" title="Sinankylosaurus">Sinankylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spicomellus" title="Spicomellus">Spicomellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurides" title="Stegosaurides">Stegosaurides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianchisaurus" title="Tianchisaurus">Tianchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectipelta" title="Vectipelta">Vectipelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parankylosauria" title="Parankylosauria">Parankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunbarrasaurus" title="Kunbarrasaurus">Kunbarrasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegouros" title="Stegouros">Stegouros</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euankylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Euankylosauria">Euankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae">Nodosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopholis" title="Acanthopholis">Acanthopholis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" title="Anoplosaurus">Anoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodontopelta" title="Glyptodontopelta">Glyptodontopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horshamosaurus" title="Horshamosaurus">Horshamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invictarx" title="Invictarx">Invictarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthoides" title="Polacanthoides">Polacanthoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priconodon" title="Priconodon">Priconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Propanoplosaurus" title="Propanoplosaurus">Propanoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadinosaurus" title="Rhadinosaurus">Rhadinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroplites" title="Sauroplites">Sauroplites</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae">Polacanthinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" title="Hoplitosaurus">Hoplitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acantholipan" title="Acantholipan">Acantholipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurini">Panoplosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurini">Struthiosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus" title="Struthiosaurus">Struthiosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aletopelta" title="Aletopelta">Aletopelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta" title="Cedarpelta">Cedarpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqilong" title="Chuanqilong">Chuanqilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiazhoulong" title="Huaxiazhoulong">Huaxiazhoulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningosaurus" title="Liaoningosaurus">Liaoningosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" title="Zhejiangosaurus">Zhejiangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamosaurinae">Shamosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobisaurus" title="Gobisaurus">Gobisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurus" title="Shamosaurus">Shamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuansaurus" title="Zhongyuansaurus">Zhongyuansaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bissektipelta" title="Bissektipelta">Bissektipelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">Crichtonpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonsaurus" title="Crichtonsaurus">Crichtonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datai" title="Datai">Datai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyunpelta" title="Jinyunpelta">Jinyunpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minotaurasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanxia" title="Shanxia">Shanxia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianzhenosaurus" title="Tianzhenosaurus">Tianzhenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagantegia" title="Tsagantegia">Tsagantegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akainacephalus" title="Akainacephalus">Akainacephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anodontosaurus" title="Anodontosaurus">Anodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oohkotokia" title="Oohkotokia">Oohkotokia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypelta" title="Platypelta">Platypelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus" title="Talarurus">Talarurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziapelta" title="Ziapelta">Ziapelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuul" title="Zuul">Zuul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauropelta edwardsorum"><img alt="Sauropelta edwardsorum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/140px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/210px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/280px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankylosaurus magniventris"><img alt="Ankylosaurus magniventris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/140px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/210px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/280px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research" title="Timeline of ankylosaur research">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ankylosaurs" title="Category:Ankylosaurs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Minotaurasaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134146" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q134146">Q134146</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Minotaurasaurus">Minotaurasaurus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4965730">4965730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1475206">1475206</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4946532">4946532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=148132">148132</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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