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जनसङ्ख्या - विकिपीडिया

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<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">सामग्री</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-जनगणना" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनगणना"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>जनगणना</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनगणना-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विश्वस्मिन्_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_प्रारूपं,_वितरणं_च" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विश्वस्मिन्_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_प्रारूपं,_वितरणं_च"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>विश्वस्मिन् जनसङ्ख्यायाः प्रारूपं, वितरणं च</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-विश्वस्मिन्_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_प्रारूपं,_वितरणं_च-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>विश्वस्मिन् जनसङ्ख्यायाः प्रारूपं, वितरणं च उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-विश्वस्मिन्_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_प्रारूपं,_वितरणं_च-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-विश्वस्य_सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः_देशाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विश्वस्य_सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः_देशाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.१</span> <span>विश्वस्य सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः देशाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विश्वस्य_सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः_देशाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_आकारः,_तस्याः_आधारेण_वितरणम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_आकारः,_तस्याः_आधारेण_वितरणम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.२</span> <span>भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः आकारः, तस्याः आधारेण वितरणम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_आकारः,_तस्याः_आधारेण_वितरणम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_घनत्वम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यायाः_घनत्वम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.३</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_घनत्वम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-घनत्वाधारेण_भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#घनत्वाधारेण_भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.४</span> <span>घनत्वाधारेण भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-घनत्वाधारेण_भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणे_प्रभावकाः_कारकाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणे_प्रभावकाः_कारकाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणे प्रभावकाः कारकाः</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणे_प्रभावकाः_कारकाः-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणे प्रभावकाः कारकाः उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणे_प्रभावकाः_कारकाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-भौगोलिकः_कारकः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भौगोलिकः_कारकः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१</span> <span>भौगोलिकः कारकः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भौगोलिकः_कारकः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-जलस्य_उपलब्धता" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जलस्य_उपलब्धता"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१.१</span> <span>जलस्य उपलब्धता</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जलस्य_उपलब्धता-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भू-आकृतिः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भू-आकृतिः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१.२</span> <span>भू-आकृतिः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भू-आकृतिः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जलवायुः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जलवायुः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१.३</span> <span>जलवायुः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जलवायुः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-मृत्तिकाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#मृत्तिकाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१.४</span> <span>मृत्तिकाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-मृत्तिकाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-आर्थिकः_कारकः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#आर्थिकः_कारकः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.२</span> <span>आर्थिकः कारकः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-आर्थिकः_कारकः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-खानिजः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#खानिजः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.२.१</span> <span>खानिजः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-खानिजः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-नगरीकरणम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#नगरीकरणम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.२.२</span> <span>नगरीकरणम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-नगरीकरणम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-औद्योगिकरणम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#औद्योगिकरणम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.२.३</span> <span>औद्योगिकरणम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-औद्योगिकरणम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सामाजिकः_सांस्कृतिकश्च_कारकः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सामाजिकः_सांस्कृतिकश्च_कारकः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.३</span> <span>सामाजिकः सांस्कृतिकश्च कारकः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सामाजिकः_सांस्कृतिकश्च_कारकः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_च_प्रक्रिया" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_च_प्रक्रिया"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य च प्रक्रिया</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_च_प्रक्रिया-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य च प्रक्रिया उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_च_प्रक्रिया-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.१</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_परिमाणं_च" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_परिमाणं_च"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.२</span> <span>भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, परिमाणं च</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_परिमाणं_च-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वृद्धेः_परिवर्तनस्य_वा_प्रक्रिया" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वृद्धेः_परिवर्तनस्य_वा_प्रक्रिया"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.३</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वृद्धेः परिवर्तनस्य वा प्रक्रिया</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वृद्धेः_परिवर्तनस्य_वा_प्रक्रिया-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-आयुसंरचना" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#आयुसंरचना"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.४</span> <span>आयुसंरचना</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-आयुसंरचना-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-बालकः_(१५_वर्षात्_न्यूनः)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बालकः_(१५_वर्षात्_न्यूनः)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.४.१</span> <span>बालकः (१५ वर्षात् न्यूनः)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बालकः_(१५_वर्षात्_न्यूनः)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-वयस्कः_(१५_तः_५९_वर्षपर्यन्तं)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#वयस्कः_(१५_तः_५९_वर्षपर्यन्तं)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.४.२</span> <span>वयस्कः (१५ तः ५९ वर्षपर्यन्तं)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-वयस्कः_(१५_तः_५९_वर्षपर्यन्तं)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-वृद्धः_(५९_तः_अधिकः)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#वृद्धः_(५९_तः_अधिकः)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.४.३</span> <span>वृद्धः (५९ तः अधिकः)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-वृद्धः_(५९_तः_अधिकः)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-आयु-लिङ्गयोः_सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#आयु-लिङ्गयोः_सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.५</span> <span>आयु-लिङ्गयोः सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-आयु-लिङ्गयोः_सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-विस्तारिता_जनसङ्ख्या" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विस्तारिता_जनसङ्ख्या"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.५.१</span> <span>विस्तारिता जनसङ्ख्या</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विस्तारिता_जनसङ्ख्या-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.५.२</span> <span>स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ह्रासमाना_जनसङ्ख्या" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ह्रासमाना_जनसङ्ख्या"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.५.३</span> <span>ह्रासमाना जनसङ्ख्या</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ह्रासमाना_जनसङ्ख्या-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ग्रामीण-नगरीयं_सङ्घटनम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ग्रामीण-नगरीयं_सङ्घटनम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.६</span> <span>ग्रामीण-नगरीयं सङ्घटनम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ग्रामीण-नगरीयं_सङ्घटनम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-लिङ्गानुपातः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#लिङ्गानुपातः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.७</span> <span>लिङ्गानुपातः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-लिङ्गानुपातः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-साक्षरतामानम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#साक्षरतामानम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.८</span> <span>साक्षरतामानम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-साक्षरतामानम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-व्यावसायिकी_संरचना" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#व्यावसायिकी_संरचना"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.९</span> <span>व्यावसायिकी संरचना</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-व्यावसायिकी_संरचना-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-प्राथमिकः_व्यवसायः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#प्राथमिकः_व्यवसायः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.९.१</span> <span>प्राथमिकः व्यवसायः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-प्राथमिकः_व्यवसायः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-द्वैतियिकः_व्यवसायः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#द्वैतियिकः_व्यवसायः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.९.२</span> <span>द्वैतियिकः व्यवसायः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-द्वैतियिकः_व्यवसायः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-तार्तियिकः_व्यवसायः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#तार्तियिकः_व्यवसायः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.९.३</span> <span>तार्तियिकः व्यवसायः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-तार्तियिकः_व्यवसायः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-स्वास्थ्यम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#स्वास्थ्यम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.१०</span> <span>स्वास्थ्यम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-स्वास्थ्यम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-किशोराणां_जनसङ्ख्या" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#किशोराणां_जनसङ्ख्या"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.११</span> <span>किशोराणां जनसङ्ख्या</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-किशोराणां_जनसङ्ख्या-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_प्रभावाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_प्रभावाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य प्रभावाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_प्रभावाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनाङ्किकीयं_सङ्क्रमणम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनाङ्किकीयं_सङ्क्रमणम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६</span> <span>जनाङ्किकीयं सङ्क्रमणम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनाङ्किकीयं_सङ्क्रमणम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य_उपायाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य_उपायाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">७</span> <span>जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य उपायाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य_उपायाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">८</span> <span>राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः_२०००_किशोरश्च" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः_२०००_किशोरश्च"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">८.१</span> <span>राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः २००० किशोरश्च</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः_२०००_किशोरश्च-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">९</span> <span>सम्बद्धाः लेखाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाह्यनुबन्धाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाह्यनुबन्धाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१०</span> <span>बाह्यनुबन्धाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाह्यनुबन्धाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">११</span> <span>सन्दर्भः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="विषयसूची" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">जनसङ्ख्या</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। १२९ भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">१२९ भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolking" title="Bevolking – अफ्रिक्कान्स्" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bevolking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ्रिक्कान्स्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%B6lkerung" title="Bevölkerung – स्विस जर्मन" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bevölkerung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="स्विस जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblaci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Población humana – अरागोनी" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Población humana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="अरागोनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85)" title="تجمع سكاني (علوم) – अऱबिक्" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجمع سكاني (علوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अऱबिक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblaci%C3%B3n" title="Población – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Población" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Халкъалъул къадар – अवेरिक" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халкъалъул къадар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="अवेरिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसंख्या – अवधी" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जनसंख्या" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="अवधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhali" title="Əhali – अज़रबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhali" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अज़रबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Насельніцтва – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насельніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Насельніцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Насельніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Население – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Население" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसंख्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जनसंख्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobla%C3%B1s" title="Poblañs – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poblañs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanovni%C5%A1tvo_(biologija)" title="Stanovništvo (biologija) – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stanovništvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblaci%C3%B3_humana" title="Població humana – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Població humana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Бахархой – चेचन" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бахархой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="चेचन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamulupyohan" title="Kamulupyohan – सिबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kamulupyohan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सिबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obyvatelstvo" title="Obyvatelstvo – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obyvatelstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%A5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Въсєлѥниѥ – चर्च साल्विक" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Въсєлѥниѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="चर्च साल्विक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%C4%95" title="Халăх йышĕ – चूवाश" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халăх йышĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चूवाश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblogaeth" title="Poblogaeth – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poblogaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Befolkning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%B6lkerung" title="Bevölkerung – जर्मनभाषा:" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bevölkerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मनभाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%B1fus" title="Nıfus – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nıfus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πληθυσμός – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληθυσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population" title="Human population – आङ्ग्लभाषा" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human population" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="आङ्ग्लभाषा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%9Dantaro" title="Loĝantaro – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Loĝantaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblaci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Población humana – स्पेनीय भाषा:" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Población humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvastik" title="Rahvastik – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvastik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biztanleria" title="Biztanleria – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biztanleria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebraci%C3%B3n" title="Puebración – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Puebración" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جمعیت – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمعیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4kiluku" title="Väkiluku – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väkiluku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_humaine" title="Population humaine – फ़्रांसदेशीय भाषा:" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Population humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रांसदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolazion" title="Popolazion – फ्रीयुलीयान" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Popolazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="फ्रीयुलीयान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befolking" title="Befolking – पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Befolking" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonra" title="Daonra – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ireamh-shluaigh" title="Àireamh-shluaigh – स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àireamh-shluaigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poboaci%C3%B3n" title="Poboación – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poboación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80" title="વસ્તી – गुजराती" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વસ્તી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="गुजराती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earroo_yn_phobble" title="Earroo yn phobble – मैंक्स" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Earroo yn phobble" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="मैंक्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn-khi%C3%A9u" title="Ngìn-khiéu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn-khiéu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसंख्या – हिन्दी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनसंख्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanovni%C5%A1tvo" title="Stanovništvo – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanovništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popilasyon" title="Popilasyon – हैतियाई" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Popilasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g" title="Népesség – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բնակչություն – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնակչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population – इंटरलिंगुआ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Population" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इंटरलिंगुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penduduk" title="Penduduk – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penduduk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasion" title="Populasion – इलोको" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Populasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="इलोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannfj%C3%B6ldi" title="Mannfjöldi – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannfjöldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolazione" title="Popolazione – इटलीदेशीय भाषा:" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popolazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इटलीदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口 – सूर्यमूलीय भाषा:" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人口" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="सूर्यमूलीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padunung" title="Padunung – जावानीज़" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Padunung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावानीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მოსახლეობა – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსახლეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xal%C4%B1q_(demografiya)" title="Xalıq (demografiya) – कारा-कल्पक" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Xalıq (demografiya)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="कारा-कल्पक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ – कन्नड़" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नड़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="인구 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelhe" title="Gelhe – कुर्दिश" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelhe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosedh_poblans" title="Dosedh poblans – कोर्निश" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dosedh poblans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="कोर्निश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Калк – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_incolarum" title="Numerus incolarum – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Numerus incolarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%ABlkerung" title="Bevëlkerung – लग्ज़मबर्गी" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bevëlkerung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लग्ज़मबर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%B6lking" title="Bevölking – लिंबर्गिश" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bevölking" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिंबर्गिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popola%C3%A7ion" title="Popolaçion – लिगुरियन" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Popolaçion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="लिगुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato" title="Bato – लिंगाला" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bato" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="लिंगाला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populiacija" title="Populiacija – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Populiacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C4%81cija" title="Populācija – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Populācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसङ्ख्या – मैथिली" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जनसङ्ख्या" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="मैथिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mponina" title="Mponina – मालागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mponina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मालागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Население – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Население" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хүн ам – मंगोलियाई" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн ам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लोकसंख्या – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोकसंख्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penduduk" title="Penduduk – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penduduk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolazzjoni" title="Popolazzjoni – माल्टीज़" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Popolazzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="माल्टीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1" title="လူဦးရေ – बर्मीज़" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဦးရေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolking" title="Bevolking – निचली सैक्सन" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bevolking" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="निचली सैक्सन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसङ्ख्या – नेपाली" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनसङ्ख्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolking" title="Bevolking – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bevolking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketal" title="Folketal – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folketal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning – नोर्वीजियन् बॊकामल्" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Befolkning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नोर्वीजियन् बॊकामल्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populacion" title="Populacion – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Populacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82" title="ਵੱਸੋਂ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੱਸੋਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popyulayshun" title="Popyulayshun – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Popyulayshun" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liczba_ludno%C5%9Bci" title="Liczba ludności – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liczba ludności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%AF%DD%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="لوک گݨتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک گݨتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نفوس – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نفوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="População – पुर्तगालदेशीय भाषा:" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="População" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगालदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popula%C8%9Bie" title="Populație – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Populație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Население – रष्यदेशीय भाषा:" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Население" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रष्यदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обывательство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Обывательство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupulazzioni" title="Pupulazzioni – सिसिलियन" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pupulazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Population" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="آبادي – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبادي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanovni%C5%A1tvo" title="Stanovništvo – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stanovništvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Population" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obyvate%C4%BEstvo" title="Obyvateľstvo – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obyvateľstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebivalstvo" title="Prebivalstvo – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prebivalstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugari_hwevanhu" title="Hugari hwevanhu – शोणा" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hugari hwevanhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोणा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popullsia" title="Popullsia – अल्बेनियन्" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Popullsia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बेनियन्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Становништво – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Становништво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasi" title="Populasi – सुंडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Populasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुंडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Befolkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மக்கள் தொகை – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் தொகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasaun" title="Populasaun – तेतुम" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Populasaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="तेतुम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Аҳолӣ – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ประชากร – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชากร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasyon" title="Populasyon – टैगलॉग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Populasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="टैगलॉग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_n%C3%BCfusu" title="İnsan nüfusu – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan nüfusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Халык (демография) – तातार" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Халык (демография)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="तातार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D3%A5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%81" title="Улӥсьёс – उदमुर्त" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Улӥсьёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="उदमुर्त" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Населення – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Населення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="آبادی – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aholi" title="Aholi – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aholi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popo%C5%82asion" title="Popołasion – वनीशन" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Popołasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="वनीशन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristiti%C5%A1t" title="Ristitišt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristitišt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%91" title="Dân số – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolkienge" title="Bevolkienge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bevolkienge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasyon" title="Populasyon – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Populasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way-d%C3%ABkk" title="Way-dëkk – वोलोफ़" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Way-dëkk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="वोलोफ़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人口" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipopulation" title="Ipopulation – ख़ोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ipopulation" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ख़ोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მახორობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მახორობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="באפעלקערונג – यहूदी" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באפעלקערונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यहूदी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolkienge" title="Bevolkienge – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bevolkienge" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人口" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人口" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-kh%C3%A1u" title="Jîn-kháu – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-kháu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人口" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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&#39;no&#39;">n</span><span title="/ə/ &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;">s</span><span title="/ə/ &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="/ŋ/ &#39;ng&#39; in &#39;sing&#39;">ŋ</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="&#39;h&#39; in &#39;hi&#39;">h</span><span title="/j/ &#39;y&#39; in &#39;yes&#39;">j</span><span title="/ɑː/ &#39;a&#39; in &#39;father&#39;">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_language" class="mw-redirect" title="हिन्दी language">हिन्दी</a>&#58; <span lang="hi">जनसंख्या</span>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आङ्ग्लभाषा">आङ्ग्ल</a>&#58; <span lang="en">Population</span>) अर्थात् निवसतां जनानां सङ्ख्या इति । मानवरहितस्य विश्वस्य कल्पना अपि अकल्पनीया अस्ति । संसाधनानाम् उपयोगः, सामाजिकस्य, सांस्कृतिकस्य च वातावरणस्य निर्माणं मानवैः भवति । समाजस्य, अर्थव्यवस्थायाः च विकासे मानवस्य महत्वपूर्णं योगदानं वर्तते । मानवैः संसाधनानाम् उपयोगः प्रयोगश्च क्रियते<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE:Population_density.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_density.png/350px-Population_density.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_density.png/525px-Population_density.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_density.png/700px-Population_density.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption> वैश्विकजनसंख्यास्थितिः</figcaption></figure> <p>कस्मिन् देशे कति स्त्रियः? कति पुरुषाः? कति बालकाः सन्ति&#160;? इति ज्ञानम् आवश्यकं वर्तते । प्रतिवर्षे कति जनाः मृताः&#160;? ये जायमानाः सन्ति ते कुत्र निवसन्ति&#160;? ते किं कुर्वन्ति&#160;? ते साक्षराः वा अशिक्षिताः सन्ति&#160;? इति सर्वेषां प्रश्नानां निवारणाय सर्वकारः प्रतिदशवर्षं जनगणनां करोति <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । २१ तमायाः शताब्द्याः प्रारम्भे विश्वस्य जनसङ्ख्या ६०० कोटिः इत्यस्मात् अपि अधिकः आसीत् इति सर्वकारैः सर्वेक्षणं कृतम् आसीत् । </p><p>विश्वस्य जनसङ्ख्या असमानरूपेण विस्तृता अस्ति । जॉर्ज् बी. क्रेसी इत्यनेन उक्तं यत् – एशियामहाद्वीपे बृहद्स्थाने अल्पजनसङ्ख्या, अल्पस्थाने बहुजनसङ्ख्या च भवति<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p><p>मनुष्यः पृथ्व्याः संसाधनानाम् उत्पादनम्, उपयोगं च करोति । अतः एकस्मिन् देशे कति जनाः निवसन्ति&#160;? इति ज्ञानम् आवश्यकम् अस्ति । ते जनाः कुत्र निवसन्ति&#160;? कथं निवसन्ति&#160;? तेषां जनसङ्ख्यायां किमर्थं वृद्धिः&#160;? तेषां काः काः विशेषताः सन्ति&#160;? एतादृशः प्रश्नाः जायन्ते । अतः तेषां प्रश्नानां निवारणाय सर्वत्र जनगणना भवति । जनगणनया अस्माकं देशस्य जनसङ्ख्या ज्ञायते<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनगणना"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE"></span>जनगणना</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनगणना"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कस्मिंश्चित् निश्चिते समयान्तराले जनसङ्ख्यायाः आधिकारिकी गणना जनगणना इति कथ्यते । भारत-देशे सर्वप्रथमं १८७२ तमे वर्षे जनगणना कृता । यद्यपि १८८१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनगणना अपि कृता । तस्मादेव कालात् प्रतिदशवर्षे जनगणना भवति । भारतीया जनगणना जनसाङ्ख्यिक्याः, सामाजिक्याः, आर्थिक्याः अङ्कानां बृहत्तमं स्रोतः वर्तते<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विश्वस्मिन्_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_प्रारूपं,_वितरणं_च"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.82.2C_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.9A"></span>विश्वस्मिन् जनसङ्ख्यायाः प्रारूपं, वितरणं च</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="सम्पादनविभागः: विश्वस्मिन् जनसङ्ख्यायाः प्रारूपं, वितरणं च"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणम् अर्थात् पृथिव्यां जनानां वितरणं वा निवासः । सामान्यतः विश्वस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः ९०% जनाः पृथिव्याः १०% स्थले एव निवसन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>विश्वस्य सर्वाधिकजनसङ्ख्यायुतेषु दशदेशेषु एव विश्वस्य ६०% जनाः निवसन्ति । तेषु देशेषु षड्देशाः एशिया-महाद्वीपे एव सन्ति<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="विश्वस्य_सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः_देशाः"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>विश्वस्य सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः देशाः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="सम्पादनविभागः: विश्वस्य सघनजनसङ्ख्यायुताः देशाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>चीन-देशे १२७.७६ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>भारत-देशे १०२.७ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका-देशे २८.१४ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>इण्डोनेशिया-देशे २१.२१ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>ब्राजील्-देशे १७.०१ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>पाकिस्तान्-देशे १५.६५ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>सी. आई. एस्.-देशे १४.६९ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>बाङ्ग्लादेश-देशे १२.९२ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>जापान्-देशे १२.६९ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति ।</li> <li>नाइजीरिया-देशे ११.१५ कोटिः जनसङ्ख्या अस्ति<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ।</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_आकारः,_तस्याः_आधारेण_वितरणम्"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.83.2C_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः आकारः, तस्याः आधारेण वितरणम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः आकारः, तस्याः आधारेण वितरणम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>२००१ तमे वर्षस्य मार्च-मासाभ्यान्तरं भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्या १०.२ कोटिः आसीत् । इयं जनसङ्ख्या सम्पूर्णविश्वस्य १६.७% आसीत् । १०.२ कोटिः जनाः भारतस्य ३२.८ लक्षं च. कि. मी. स्थले निवसन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>२००१ तमस्य वर्षस्य जनगणनायाः अनुसारम् उत्तरप्रदेशराज्यस्य जनसङ्ख्या अधिकतमा अस्ति । तत्र १,६६० लक्षं जनाः निवसन्ति । किन्तु हिमालयक्षेत्रस्य सिक्किम-राज्ये ५ लक्षं, लक्षद्वीपे ६० सहस्रः जनाः निवसन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>भारत-देशस्य सार्धजनसङ्ख्या पञ्चराज्येषु एव अस्ति । उत्तरप्रदेशराज्यं, महाराष्ट्रराज्यं, बिहारराज्यं, पश्चिमबङ्गालराज्यम्, आन्ध्रप्रदेशराज्यम् च । क्षेत्रफलदृष्ट्या राजस्थानराज्यं सर्वराज्येषु बृहत्तमं वर्तते । तस्य राज्यस्य जनसङ्ख्या भारतस्य सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्यायाः ५.५ प्रतिशतं वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>११<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="जनसङ्ख्यायाः_घनत्वम्"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>पृथिव्यां निवसतां जनानां मर्यादिता क्षमता भवति । अतः जनानां सङ्ख्यायाः, भूमेः प्रारूपस्य ज्ञानम् आवश्यकं भवति । तयोः अनुपातः अपि ज्ञातव्यः अस्ति । सः अनुपातः एव जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वम् इति कथ्यते <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका राष्ट्रस्य उत्तर-पूर्वभागः, यूरोप्-खण्डस्य उत्तर-पश्चिमभागः दक्षिणभागश्च, एशिया-खण्डस्य दक्षिण-पूर्व भागः, पूर्वभागश्च इत्येतेषु जनसङ्ख्यासान्द्रता २०० जनाः अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>उत्तरदक्षिणध्रुवयोः समीपे, उष्णमरुस्थले, शीतमरुस्थले, विषुवत्-रेखायाः समीपे, उच्चवर्षीयेषु, क्षेत्रेषु च जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वम् अत्यन्तं न्यूनम् अस्ति । तत्र विरलप्रदेशाः सन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। तेषां जनसङ्ख्यासान्द्रता १ जनः एव अस्ति । </p><p>विश्वस्मिन् जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वस्य मध्यमप्रकारकाणि क्षेत्राणि अपि सन्ति । तेषु जनसङ्ख्यासान्द्रता ११ तः ५० जनाः अस्ति । यथा – एशियामहाद्वीपे चीन-देशस्य पश्चिमभागः, भारतस्य दक्षिणभागः, यूरोप्-महाद्वीपे नार्वे, स्वीडन् इति <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="घनत्वाधारेण_भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणम्"><span id=".E0.A4.98.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>घनत्वाधारेण भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="सम्पादनविभागः: घनत्वाधारेण भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वेन असमानवितरणस्य प्रतिरूपं दृश्यते । प्रति एकके क्षेत्रफले निवासिनः जनाः जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वम् इति उच्यते । विश्वस्य अधिकजनसङ्ख्यायुतेषु देशेषु भारतम् अन्यतमं वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>२००१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यासान्द्रता ३२५ जनाः आसीत् । तदा पश्चिमबङ्गालराज्यस्य जनसङ्ख्यासान्द्रता ९०४ जनाः प्रतिचतुरस्रकिलोमीटर्मितम् आसीत् । किन्तु अरुणाचलप्रदेश-राज्यस्य जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वं १३ जनाः प्रतिचतुरस्रकिलोमीटर्मितम् एव आसीत् <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>असम-राज्यस्य, प्रायद्वीपीयराज्यानां च जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वं मध्यमं वर्तते । पर्वतीयक्षेत्रैः, मध्यमवर्षया, अल्पोर्वरामृत्तिकया तेषां राज्यानां जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वं प्रभावितं भवति । </p><p>औत्तराहक्षेत्रभागस्य, दक्षिणदिशि केरलस्य च जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वम् अत्यधिकं वर्तते । यतः तत्र समतलानि क्षेत्राणि, उर्वरामृत्तिका च प्राप्यते । तत्र पर्याप्तमात्रायां वर्षा भवति <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वितरणे_प्रभावकाः_कारकाः"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणे प्रभावकाः कारकाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणे प्रभावकाः कारकाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्या वितरणे त्रीणि प्रभावोत्पादकानि कारकाणि सन्ति । तानि - भौगोलिककारकम्, आर्थिककारकम्, सामाजिककारकं, सांस्कृतिककारकम् च इति <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="भौगोलिकः_कारकः"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83"></span>भौगोलिकः कारकः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भौगोलिकः कारकः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>भौगोलिककारकस्य अपि चत्वारः उपकारकाः सन्ति । ते – जलस्य उपलब्धता, भू-आकृतिः, जलवायुः, मृत्तिकाः च इति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="जलस्य_उपलब्धता"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.AC.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE"></span>जलस्य उपलब्धता</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जलस्य उपलब्धता"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जलं जीवनस्य सर्वाधिकं महत्वपूर्णं कारकं वर्तते । अतः यत्र जलस्य अभावः न भवेत् तत्र एव जनाः निवासं कर्तुं वाञ्च्छन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । पानार्थं, स्नानार्थं, भोजनार्थं, पशुभ्यः, सस्यानाम् उत्पादनार्थं, उद्योगार्थं, नौकासञ्चालनार्थं च जलस्योपयोगः क्रियते । अतः नदीनां तटीयक्षेत्रेषु अधिकाः जनाः निवसन्ति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="भू-आकृतिः"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.82-.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83"></span>भू-आकृतिः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भू-आकृतिः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनाः समतलक्षेत्रेषु निवासं कर्तुम् इच्छन्ति । यतो हि समतलक्षेत्रेषु सस्योत्पादने, मार्गनिर्मार्णे, उद्योगेषु च सानुकूल्यं भवति । परिवहनतन्त्रस्य विकासे पर्वतीयक्षेत्राणि अवरोधकानि भवन्ति । अतः तानि क्षेत्राणि प्रारम्भे कृषेः औद्योगिकविकासाय अनुकूलानि न भवन्ति । तेन कारणेन तत्र जनसङ्ख्यायाः घनत्वं न्यूनं भवति <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। गङ्गा-नद्याः क्षेत्रं विश्वस्य सर्वाधिकजनसङ्ख्याप्रदेशेषु अन्यतमं वर्तते । किन्तु हिमालयस्य पर्वतीयक्षेत्रेषु जनसङ्ख्याघनत्वं न्यूनं भवति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="जलवायुः"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.83"></span>जलवायुः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जलवायुः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अत्युष्णमरुस्थलानां विषमजलवायुः मानवीयनिवासाय प्रतिकूलो भवति । यत्र अनुकूलः वायुः भवति तत्र जनाः निवसितुम् आकर्षयन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । यत्र अधिकवर्षा, विषमजलवायुः, शुष्कजलवायुः भवति तत्र अल्पजनसङ्ख्या प्राप्यते । भूमध्यसागरीयप्रदेशे सरलजलवायोः कारणात् आरम्भिककालादेव अधिकजनसङ्ख्या वर्तते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="मृत्तिकाः"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>मृत्तिकाः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="सम्पादनविभागः: मृत्तिकाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>उर्वराः मृत्तिकाः कृषिनिमित्तं महत्वपूर्णाः सन्ति । अतः उर्वरामृत्तिकभूमिष्ठ प्रदेशेषु बहवः जनाः निवसन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । यतः ताः मृत्तिकाः गहनकृषेः स्तम्भायमानाः भवितुं शक्नुवन्ति । किन्तु यत्र अल्प-उर्वरामृत्तिकाः भवन्ति तत्र अल्पजनसङ्ख्या भवति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="आर्थिकः_कारकः"><span id=".E0.A4.86.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83"></span>आर्थिकः कारकः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="सम्पादनविभागः: आर्थिकः कारकः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>आर्थिककारकस्य त्रयः उपकारकाः सन्ति । खानिजम्, नगरीकरणम्, औद्योगिकीकरणं च । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="खानिजः"><span id=".E0.A4.96.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.83"></span>खानिजः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="सम्पादनविभागः: खानिजः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>येषु क्षेत्रेषु खानिजनिक्षेपाः सन्ति । तत्र जनाः उद्योगार्थम् आकृष्टाः भवन्ति । खननेन, औद्योगिकगतिविधिभिः वृत्तिः उत्पद्यते <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । अतः कुशलकार्यकर्तारः अर्धकुशलकार्यकर्तारः वा तत्र निवसितुं गच्छन्ति । तेन तस्य स्थानस्य जनसङ्ख्या वर्धते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="नगरीकरणम्"><span id=".E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>नगरीकरणम्</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="सम्पादनविभागः: नगरीकरणम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>नगरेषु वृत्तये बहवः अवसराः, शैक्षणिकव्यवस्थाः, चिकित्साव्यवस्थाः, परिवहनानि, सञ्चाराय महत्वपूर्णानि साधनानि च प्राप्यन्ते । अतः जनाः नगरं प्रति आकृष्टाः भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। तस्मात् जनाः ग्रामात् नगरं प्रत्यागच्छन्ति । तेन कारणेन नगरस्य प्रारूपं, जनसङ्ख्या च वर्धते । विश्वस्य बृहत्तमानि नगराणि प्रतिवर्षम् अधिकमात्रायां जनान् आकर्षयन्ति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="औद्योगिकरणम्"><span id=".E0.A4.94.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>औद्योगिकरणम्</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="सम्पादनविभागः: औद्योगिकरणम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>औद्योगिकसंस्थाः जनेभ्यः वृत्तिं प्रददति । तेन जनाः वृत्त्यर्थम् आकृष्टाः भवन्ति । तासु संस्थासु श्रमिकाः, परिवहनचालकाः, विक्रयकर्तारः, चिकित्सकाः, अध्यापकाः इत्यादयः भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । जापान्-देशे कोबे-ओसाकाप्रदेशे अनेके उद्योगाः सन्ति । तेन कारणेन जनानां सङ्ख्या अधिका वर्तते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="सामाजिकः_सांस्कृतिकश्च_कारकः"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83"></span>सामाजिकः सांस्कृतिकश्च कारकः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="सम्पादनविभागः: सामाजिकः सांस्कृतिकश्च कारकः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>केषाञ्चित् स्थानानां धार्मिकं, सांस्कृतिकं च महत्वं भवति । अतः जनाः तत्स्थानं प्रति आकृष्टाः भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । येषु क्षेत्रेषु सामाजिकीसमस्या राजनैतिकीसमस्या च वर्तते, ततः जनाः निर्गच्छन्ति । विरलक्षेत्रेषु निवासाय सर्वकारः अपि जनान् प्रेरयति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_च_प्रक्रिया"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83.2C_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.9A_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य च प्रक्रिया</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य च प्रक्रिया"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्या एका परिवर्तनशीलप्रक्रिया वर्तते । जनानां सङ्ख्यायां, वितरणे, सङ्घटने च निरन्तरं परिवर्तनं भवति । इदं परिवर्तनं तिसृणां प्रक्रियानां परस्परसंयोगस्य प्रभावैः भवति । जन्म, मृत्युः, प्रवासश्च <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83"></span>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः अर्थात् कस्मिंश्चित् समयान्तरे कस्यचित् देशस्य, राज्यस्य च निवासिनां जनानां सङ्खायां परिवर्तनम् इति । अस्य परिवर्तनस्य प्रकारद्वयं वर्तते । सापेक्षवृद्धिः, प्रतिवर्षस्य परिवर्तनेषु प्रतिशतम् च<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>प्रतिवर्षं प्रतिशतकं वा जनसङ्ख्यायां वृद्धिः सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्यायाः परिमाणं भवति । उदाहरणत्वेन यथा – २००१ तमस्य वर्षस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः १९९१ तमस्य वर्षस्य जनसङ्ख्यायां न्यूनीकृतायां सतयां काचित् सङ्ख्या प्राप्यते । सा निरपेक्षवृद्धिः कथ्यते <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्ध्याः परिमाणं महत्वपूर्णं कार्यं वर्तते । अस्य गणना प्रतिशते भवति । इयं वार्षिकवृद्धिः कथ्यते । १९५१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्या ३.६ कोटिः आसीत् । तदनन्तरं २००१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्या १०.२ कोटिः अभवत् <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="भारतस्य_जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः,_परिमाणं_च"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83.2C_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.9A"></span>भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, परिमाणं च</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, परिमाणं च"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>१९५१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या ३६१.० लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके ४२.४३ लक्ष सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । १.२५ प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ।</li> <li>१९६१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या ४३९.२ लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके ७८.४३ लक्षं सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । १.९६ प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता ।</li> <li>१९७१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या ५४८.२ लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके १०८.९२ लक्षं सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । २.२० प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>।</li> <li>१९८१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या ६८३.३ लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके १३५.१७ लक्षं सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । २.२२ प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता ।</li> <li>१९९१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या ८४६.४ लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके १६३.०९ लक्षं सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । २.१४ प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>।</li> <li>२००१ तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्या १०२८.७ लक्षम् आसीत् । एकस्मिन् दशके १८२.३२ लक्षं सापेक्षवृद्धिः अभवत् । १.९३ प्रतिशतं वार्षिकवृद्धिः जाता <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>।</li></ul> <p>१९५१ वर्षतः १९८१ वर्षं यावत् जनसङ्ख्यायाः वार्षिकवृद्धिमानं नियमितरूपेण वर्धते स्म । अनेन ज्ञायते यत् जनसङ्ख्यायां तीव्रवृद्धिः जाता । अतः १९५१ तमे वर्षे ३६.१० कोटिः इत्यस्मात् १९८१ तमे वर्षे ६८.३० कोटिः जाता <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । किन्तु १९८१ तमात् वर्षात् वृद्धिमानं न्यूनम् अभवत् । तदानीन्तने काले जन्ममानस्य तीव्रतया क्षयः जातः । तथापि १९९० तमे वर्षे सम्पूर्णजनसङ्ख्यायां १८.२० कोटिः जनानां वृद्धिः अभवत् । </p><p>भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्या अत्यधिका वर्तते । अयं चिन्ताजनकः विषयः अस्ति । भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायां वार्षिकवृद्धिः १५५ लक्षं वर्तते । संसाधनानां, पर्यावरणस्य संरक्षणस्य च निष्क्रियकरणे सा पर्याप्ता वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>वृद्धिमाने न्यूनता जन्ममानस्य नियन्त्रणाय प्रयासानां सफलतां प्रदर्शयति । तथापि जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः भवति । अतः २०४५ तमे वर्षे भारतदेशे चीन-देशात् अपि अधिका जनसङ्ख्या भवितुं शक्यते <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="जनसङ्ख्यायाः_वृद्धेः_परिवर्तनस्य_वा_प्रक्रिया"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>जनसङ्ख्यायाः वृद्धेः परिवर्तनस्य वा प्रक्रिया</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यायाः वृद्धेः परिवर्तनस्य वा प्रक्रिया"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य मुख्याः तिस्रः प्रक्रियाः वर्तन्ते | जन्ममानं, मृत्युमानं, प्रवासश्च । जन्ममानमृत्युमानयोः अन्तरं जनसङ्ख्यायाः प्राकृतिकवृद्धिः वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>एकस्मिन् वर्षे प्रतिसहस्रव्यक्तिः ये जीवितबालकाः भवन्ति तेषां बालकानां मानं जन्ममानं कथ्यते । इदं मानं वृद्धेः एकं प्रमुखं घटकं वर्तते । यतः भारतेऽस्मिन् सर्वदा जन्ममानं मृत्युमानात् अधिकं भवति <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>एकस्मिन् वर्षे प्रतिसहस्रव्यक्तिः मृतव्यक्तीनां सङ्ख्या मृत्युमानं कथ्यते । मृत्युमानस्य तीव्रतया ह्रासः अभवत् । अतः भारत-देशे जनसङ्ख्यायाः वृद्धिमानस्य मुख्यं कारणम् अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>१९८० तमवर्षपर्यन्तम् उच्चजन्ममानेन, मृत्युमानस्य ह्रासेन च जन्ममानमृत्युमानयोः अन्तरम् अधिकम् अभवत् । तेन कारणेन जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिमानम् अधिकं जातम् <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । १९८१ तमात् वर्षात् जन्ममाने अपि अल्पह्रासः जातः । अतः जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिमाने अपि ह्रासः अभवत् । </p><p>जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धेः तृतीयघटकः अस्ति प्रवासः <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । जनानाम् एकस्मात् क्षेत्रात् अन्यत्र गमनं प्रवासः इति कथ्यते । प्रवासस्य प्रकारद्वयं वर्तते । आन्तरिकः (स्वदेशे) प्रवासः, अन्ताराष्ट्रियः (देशात् बहिः अपि) प्रवासश्च । </p><p>आन्तरिकप्रवासेन जनसङ्ख्यायाः माने किमपि परिवर्तनं न भवति । किन्तु अनेन प्रवासेन एकस्य देशस्य आन्तरिकजनसङ्ख्यावितरणं प्रभावितं भवति <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणे, जनसङ्ख्यायाः घटकेषु परिवर्तने प्रवासः महत्वपूर्णः विद्यते । </p><p>भारत-देशे जनाः ग्रामीणक्षेत्रात् नगरं प्रति प्रवासं बहुधा कुर्वन्ति । यतः अपकर्षणेन इयं स्थितिः जन्यते <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । ग्राम्यविस्तारे निर्धनतायाः प्रभावेण, वृत्तेः अभावेन च जनाः नगरं प्रति वृत्त्यर्थं, धनोपार्जनार्थं च गच्छन्ति । </p><p>जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य महत्वपूर्णघटकः अस्ति प्रवासः । अयं प्रवासः केवलं जनसङ्ख्यायाः संरचनाम् एव न परिवर्तयति, अपि तु आयुषः, लिङ्गस्य च आधारितानि परिवर्तनानि भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । भारत-देशे ग्रामीणप्रवासैः नगरेषु जनसङ्ख्यायां नियमितत्वेन वृद्धिः अभवत । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="आयुसंरचना"><span id=".E0.A4.86.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE"></span>आयुसंरचना</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="सम्पादनविभागः: आयुसंरचना"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कस्मिंश्चित् देशे जनसङ्ख्यायाः आयुस्संरचना तत्रस्थानाम् आयुस्समूहानां जनानां सङ्ख्यां प्रदर्शयति । इयं जनसङ्ख्यायाः मूख्यविशेषतासु अन्यतमा वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । कस्याः व्यक्तेः आयुः तस्य इच्छायाः, क्रयणस्य, कार्यस्य च क्षमतां प्रभावयति । तेन कारणेन बालकानां, वयस्कानां, वृद्धानां च सङ्ख्या कस्यचित् क्षेत्रस्य आर्थिकसामाजिकस्वरूपस्य निर्धारणं करोति <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p><p>कस्यचित् राष्ट्रस्य जनसङ्ख्या त्रिषु वर्गेषु विभज्यते । बालकः, वयस्कः, वृद्धश्च । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="बालकः_(१५_वर्षात्_न्यूनः)"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.28.E0.A5.A7.E0.A5.AB_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.83.29"></span>बालकः (१५ वर्षात् न्यूनः)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="सम्पादनविभागः: बालकः (१५ वर्षात् न्यूनः)"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>बालकाः आर्थिकरूपेण उत्पादनशीलाः न भवन्ति । बालकेभ्यः भोजनं, वस्त्राणि, स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धिन्यः सुविधाः च प्रदातव्याः भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="वयस्कः_(१५_तः_५९_वर्षपर्यन्तं)"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.28.E0.A5.A7.E0.A5.AB_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.83_.E0.A5.AB.E0.A5.AF_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.82.29"></span>वयस्कः (१५ तः ५९ वर्षपर्यन्तं)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="सम्पादनविभागः: वयस्कः (१५ तः ५९ वर्षपर्यन्तं)"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>वयस्काः आर्थिकरूपेण उत्पादनशीलाः, जैविकरूपेण प्रजननशीलाः च भवन्ति । अयं जनसङ्ख्यायाः कार्यशीलः वर्गः अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="वृद्धः_(५९_तः_अधिकः)"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.83_.28.E0.A5.AB.E0.A5.AF_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83.29"></span>वृद्धः (५९ तः अधिकः)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="सम्पादनविभागः: वृद्धः (५९ तः अधिकः)"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>वृद्धाः आर्थिकरूपेण उत्पादनशीलाः भवितुं शक्नुवन्ति । एते स्वैच्छिकतया कार्यं कर्तुं शक्नुवन्ति । किन्तु प्रवेशप्रक्रियया एतेषां नियुक्तिः न भवति <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>भारतदेशे ३४.४&#160;% बालकाः, ५८.७&#160;% वयस्काः, ६.९&#160;% वृद्धाः च सन्ति । बालकानां, वृद्धानां च प्रतिशतं जनसङ्ख्यायाः आश्रितानुपातं प्रभावयति <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । यतः एते समूहाः उत्पादकाः न भवन्ति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="आयु-लिङ्गयोः_सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः"><span id=".E0.A4.86.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81-.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.9A.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.83"></span>आयु-लिङ्गयोः सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="सम्पादनविभागः: आयु-लिङ्गयोः सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यायाः आयुर्लिङ्गयोः संरचना क्रियते । तस्याभिप्रायः अस्ति यत् देशे विश्वस्मिन् वा स्त्रीपुरुषयोः सङ्ख्या इति । जनसङ्ख्यायाः आयुलिङ्गयोः संरचनां दर्शयितुं जनसङ्ख्या-सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः उपयुज्यते <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>जनसङ्ख्यासूच्यग्रस्तम्भस्य आकृत्या जनसङ्ख्यायाः वैशिष्ट्यं परिलक्षितं भवति <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। पिरामिड्-इत्यस्मिन् आयुर्वर्गे वामभागः पुरुषाणां प्रतिशतं, दक्षिणभागः स्त्रीणां प्रतिशतं च प्रदर्शयति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="विस्तारिता_जनसङ्ख्या"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>विस्तारिता जनसङ्ख्या</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="सम्पादनविभागः: विस्तारिता जनसङ्ख्या"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>नाइजीरिया इत्यस्य देशस्य आयुर्लिङ्गयोः सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः त्रिभुजाकारः वर्तते । सः अल्पविकसितदेशानां प्रतिरूपम् अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। पिरामिड्-इत्यस्मिन् उच्चजन्ममानेन निम्नायुवर्गेषु विशालजनसङ्ख्या प्राप्यते । बाङ्लादेश, मैक्सको इत्येतयोः पिरामिड्-इत्यस्य संरचना अपि समाना एव अस्ति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="सम्पादनविभागः: स्थिरजनसङ्ख्या"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ऑस्ट्रेलिया-देशस्य आयर्लिङ्गयोः सूच्यग्रस्तम्भः घण्टाकारः वर्तते । पिरामिड्-इत्यस्य शीर्षभागः शुण्डाकारः भवति <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। तेन दृश्यते यत् जन्ममानं मृत्युमानं च प्रायः समानम् एव । तेन कारणेन जनसङ्ख्या स्थिरा भवति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ह्रासमाना_जनसङ्ख्या"><span id=".E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>ह्रासमाना जनसङ्ख्या</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="सम्पादनविभागः: ह्रासमाना जनसङ्ख्या"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जापान-देशस्य पिरामिड्-इत्यस्य आधारः संकीर्णः, शीर्षः शुण्डाकारः च अस्ति । तेन निम्नजन्ममानं, निम्नमृत्युमानं च ज्ञायते । तेषु देशेषु जनसङ्ख्यायाः वृद्धिः ऋणात्मिका भवति <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ग्रामीण-नगरीयं_सङ्घटनम्"><span id=".E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.A3-.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>ग्रामीण-नगरीयं सङ्घटनम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="सम्पादनविभागः: ग्रामीण-नगरीयं सङ्घटनम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>निवासस्य आधारेण एव जनसङ्ख्यायाः ग्रामीणं, नगरीयं च विभाजनं भवति । सामाजिकदृष्ट्या, आजीविकायाः दृष्ट्या च ग्रामीणं, नगरीयं च जीवनं परस्परं भिन्नम् अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। ग्रामीणक्षेत्रेषु, नगरीयक्षेत्रेषु च आयु-लिङ्गयोः सङ्घटनस्य, व्यावसायिकीसंरचनायाः, घनत्वस्य, विकासस्य च स्तरः भिन्नः भवति । </p><p>यतो हि ग्रामीण-नगरीयजनसङ्ख्यायाः मापदण्डः देशेषु अपि परस्परं भिन्नः भवति । सामान्यत्वेन यत्र जनाः प्राथमिकक्रियासु संलग्नाः भवन्ति तत् ग्रामीणक्षेत्रम् उच्यते <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । यत्र जनाः अधिकजनसङ्ख्यायाम् अवैध-प्राथमिकक्रियासु संलग्नाः भवन्ति तत् नगरीयक्षेत्रम् इति कथ्यते । </p><p>पाश्चात्ययूरोपीयेषु देशेषु ग्रामीणनगरीययोः लिङ्गानुपाते अन्तरं भवति । पाश्चात्यदेशानां ग्रामीणक्षेत्रेषु स्त्रीणां तुलनायां पुरुषाणां संङ्ख्या अधिका वर्तते । किन्तु नगरीयक्षेत्रेषु स्त्रीणां तुलनायां पुरुषाणां सङ्ख्या न्यूना वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। यद्यपि नेपाल्-देशस्य, पाकिस्ता-देशस्य, भारत-देशस्य च स्थितिः विपरीता अस्ति । नगरीयक्षेत्रेषु वृत्तीनाम् अवसराः प्राप्यन्ते । अतः यूरोप्, कनाडा, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका इत्येतेषां देशानां नगरीयक्षेत्रेषु स्त्रीणां सङ्ख्या अधिका वर्तते । कृषिः अपि विकसितदेशेषु यन्त्राधारिता अस्ति । अयं व्यवसायः प्रायः पुरुषप्रधानः अस्ति<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । किन्तु एशिया-महाद्वीपस्य नगरीयक्षेत्रेषु पुरुषप्रधानेन प्रवासेन लिङ्गानुपातः अपि पुरुषाणां सानुकूलः वर्तते । उल्लेखनीयम् अस्ति यत् भारतसदृशेषु देशेषु ग्रामीणक्षेत्राणां कृषिकार्येषु स्त्रीणाम् अपि साहाय्यम् अधिकं भवति<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । नगरेषु आवासस्य अभावः, निवासस्य बहुमूल्यं, वृत्त्यर्थम् अवसराणाम् अभावः, सुरक्षायाः अभावः च भवति । तेन कारणेन स्त्रियः ग्रामात् नगरं प्रति प्रवासं न कुर्वन्ति । </p><p>केषाञ्चित् देशानां ग्रामीण-नगरीयसङ्घट्नम् अधः प्रदत्तम् अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <ul><li>फिनलैण्ड्-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां ९८६ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, १०८३ नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li> <li>कनाडा-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां ९४१ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, १०४० नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li> <li>न्यूजीलैण्ड्-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां ९३५ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, १०५१ नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li> <li>ब्राजील्-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां ९०८ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, १०६३ नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li> <li>जिम्बाब्वे-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां ११२९ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, १००७ नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li> <li>नेपाल-देशे प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणां (१००० पुरुषाणां) तुलनायां १०१२ ग्रामीणाः स्त्रियः, ९३९ नगरीयाः स्त्रियः च सन्ति ।</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="लिङ्गानुपातः"><span id=".E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.83"></span>लिङ्गानुपातः</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="सम्पादनविभागः: लिङ्गानुपातः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रीणां सङ्ख्या लिङ्गानुपातः कथ्यते । अयम् अनुपातः स्त्रीपुरुषयोः समानतायाः एकः महत्वपूर्णः सूचकः वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । देशे लिङ्गानुपातः प्रायः स्त्रीणां पक्षे न भवति । १९५१ तः २००१ वर्षपर्यन्तं भारतस्य लिङ्गानुपातः अधः प्रदत्तः अस्ति । </p> <ul><li>१९५१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९४६ (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li> <li>१९६१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९४१ (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li> <li>१९७१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९३० (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li> <li>१९८१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९३४ (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li> <li>१९९१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९२९ (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li> <li>२००१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य ९३३ (प्रतिसहस्रपुरुषाणाम् अनुपाते स्त्रियः) लिङ्गानुपातः आसीत् ।</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="साक्षरतामानम्"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>साक्षरतामानम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="सम्पादनविभागः: साक्षरतामानम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>साक्षरता कस्यचिद् देशस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः महत्वपूर्णम् अस्ति । स्पष्टमस्ति यत् ये जनाः शिक्षिताः सन्ति ते एव बुद्धिपूर्वकं निर्णयं कर्तुं शक्नुवन्ति<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । ते शोधविकासयोः कार्याणि अपि कर्तुं शक्नुवन्ति । साक्षरतास्तरे न्यूनताया कारणेन आर्थिकप्रगतौ बाधा भवति । आर्थिकविकासस्य स्तरः एव साक्षरतायाः कारणं, परिणामः च अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>२००१ तमवर्षस्य जनगणनानुसारं कस्याश्चिद् व्यक्तेः आयुः सप्तवर्षाणि वा तस्मादधिकं भवेत् । यदि सः काञ्चिद् भाषां ज्ञातुं शक्नोति तर्हि सः साक्षरश्रेण्याम् अन्तर्भवति<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>२००१ तमस्य वर्षस्य जनगणनानुसारं देशस्य साक्षरतामानं ६४.८४&#160;% आसीत् <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । तस्मिन् पुरुषाः ७५.२६% प्रतिशतं, स्त्रीणां ५३.६७% प्रतिशतं च आसीत् । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="व्यावसायिकी_संरचना"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE"></span>व्यावसायिकी संरचना</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="सम्पादनविभागः: व्यावसायिकी संरचना"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>आर्थिकरूपेण क्रियाशीलजनसङ्ख्यायाः प्रतिशतं विकासस्य एकं महत्वपूर्णं लिङ्गं वर्तते । विभिन्नप्रकारकव्यवसायानुसारं कृतं जनसङ्ख्यायाः वितरणं "व्यावसायिकी संरचना" कथ्यते । प्रत्येकेषु देशेषु भिन्नव्यवसायार्थं भिन्नव्यावसायिकाः भवन्ति । व्यवसायाः तिसृषु श्रेणिषु विभक्ताः सन्ति । प्राथमिकः, द्वैतियिकः, तार्तियिकः च <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="प्राथमिकः_व्यवसायः"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.83"></span>प्राथमिकः व्यवसायः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="सम्पादनविभागः: प्राथमिकः व्यवसायः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अस्मिन् व्यवसाये कृषिः, पशुपालनं, वृक्षारोपणं, मत्स्यपालनं, खननम् इत्यादयः क्रियाः सम्मिलिताः सन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="द्वैतियिकः_व्यवसायः"><span id=".E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.83"></span>द्वैतियिकः व्यवसायः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="सम्पादनविभागः: द्वैतियिकः व्यवसायः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>उत्पादकः उद्योगाः, भवनं, निर्माणकार्यं च अस्मिन् व्यवसाये सम्मिलिताः भवन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="तार्तियिकः_व्यवसायः"><span id=".E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.83"></span>तार्तियिकः व्यवसायः</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="सम्पादनविभागः: तार्तियिकः व्यवसायः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अस्मिन् व्यवसाये परिवहनानि, सञ्चारः, वाणिज्यं, प्रशासनं, सेवाः इत्यादयः सम्मिलिताः सन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>विकसितेषु, विकासशीलेषु च देशेषु विभिन्नकार्यकर्तृणाम् अनुपातः अपि भिन्नः एव भवति । विकसितेषु देशेषु द्वैतियिकेषु, तार्तियिकेषु च कार्येषु कार्यकर्तॄ णां जनानां सङ्ख्यायाः अनुपातः अधिकः भवति । विकासशीलदेशेषु प्राथमिककार्येषु जनानाम् अनुपातः अधिकः भवति । भारत-देशस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः ६४% जनाः कृषिकार्यं कुर्वन्ति । द्वैतियिके, तार्तियिके च क्षेत्रे कार्यरतानां जनानां सङ्ख्यायाः अनुपातः १३ तः २० प्रतिशतम् अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="स्वास्थ्यम्"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>स्वास्थ्यम्</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="सम्पादनविभागः: स्वास्थ्यम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनसङ्ख्यायाः संरचनायाः एकः महत्वपूर्णः घटकः स्वास्थ्यम् अपि अस्ति । स्वास्थ्येन विकासप्रक्रिया प्रभाविता भवति । सर्वकारेण प्रचाल्यमानानां कार्यक्रमाणां निरन्तरप्रयासेन भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः स्वास्थ्यस्तरः समीचीनः जातः <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । १९५१ तमे वर्षे भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः मृत्युमानं २५ जनाः प्रतिसहस्रजनेषु आसीत् । किन्तु २००१ तमे वर्षे तन्मानं न्यूनं जातम् । तदा ८.१ जनाः प्रतिसहस्रजनेषु अभवन् । १९५१ तमे वर्षे सामान्यतः आयुः ३६.७ वर्षाणि आसीत् । २००१ तमे वर्षे तस्यां वृद्धिर्जाता । तदा ६४.६ वर्षाणि अभवन् <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p><p>सङ्क्रामकरोगाणां निवारणेन, रोगाणां निवारणाय आधुनिकोपकरणानां प्रयोगेण भारतस्य स्थितिः समीचिना जाता । भारते स्वास्थ्यस्य स्तरः इत्येकः चिन्ताजनकः विषयः अस्ति । भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः बृहत्तमः भागः कुपोषणेन प्रभावितः अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । ग्रामेषु केषुचित् क्षेत्रेषु एव शुद्धपेयजलं, स्वास्थ्यरक्षायै सुविधाः च उपलब्धाः सन्ति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="किशोराणां_जनसङ्ख्या"><span id=".E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>किशोराणां जनसङ्ख्या</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="सम्पादनविभागः: किशोराणां जनसङ्ख्या"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>किशोराणां जनसङ्ख्या भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः महत्वपूर्णं लक्षणं वर्तते । अयं भारतस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः पञ्चमो भागः अस्ति । किशोरावस्थायां व्यक्तेः आयुः १० तः १९ वर्षपर्यन्तं भवति । एते भविष्यत्कालस्य महत्वपूर्णानि मानवसंसाधनानि सन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । किशोरेभ्यः अधिकानां पोषकतत्त्वानाम् आवश्यकता वर्तते । कुपोषणेन तेषां स्वास्थ्यहानिः, विकासे अवरोधः च भवितुं शक्यते । किन्तु भारते किशोरेभ्यः भोजने पोषकतत्त्वानाम् अभावः वर्तते । बह्व्यः किशोरबालिकाः रक्तहीनतायाः पीडिताः सन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य_प्रभावाः"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य प्रभावाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यापरिवर्तनस्य प्रभावाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कस्याञ्चित् विकासशीलार्थव्यवस्थायां जनसङ्ख्यायाः अल्पवृद्धिः अपेक्षिता वर्तते । तथापि समयान्तरे जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धेः समस्याः उत्पद्यन्ते । संसाधनेभ्यः अपि अधिकाः समस्याः उत्पद्यन्ते <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । अतः ये संसाधनानि जनसङ्ख्यानां पोषणं कुर्वन्ति तेऽपि अक्षमाः भविष्यन्ति । एड्स्/एच्. आई. वी. (एक्वायर्ड् इम्यून् डेफिसिएन्सी सिन्ड्रोम्) इत्यादिनां रोगाणां प्रभावेण मृत्युमाने वृद्धिर्जाता । तेन जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धौ न्यूनता आगता । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनाङ्किकीयं_सङ्क्रमणम्"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>जनाङ्किकीयं सङ्क्रमणम्</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनाङ्किकीयं सङ्क्रमणम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जनाङ्किकीयं सङ्क्रमणम् एकः सिद्धान्तः वर्तते । कस्यचित् क्षेत्रस्य जनसङ्ख्यायाः वर्णने अस्य सिद्धान्तस्य उपयोगः कर्तुं शक्यते <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । यदा समाजः उन्नतिं करोति तदा सः औद्योगिकः साक्षरश्च भवति । तेन कारणेन मृत्युमानं, जन्ममानं च न्यूनं भवति । इदं परिवर्तनावस्थायां भवति । अतः सामूहिकरूपेण इदं जनांकिकीयं चक्रम् कथ्यते <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य_उपायाः"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य उपायाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="सम्पादनविभागः: जनसङ्ख्यानियन्त्रणस्य उपायाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>बालकानां जनने अन्तरालं भवेत् इति सुखिपरिवारस्य आयोजनपद्धतिः वर्तते । तेन कारणेन मर्यादितजनसङ्ख्यावृद्धिः, स्त्रीणां समीचीनं स्वास्थ्यं च भवति । गर्भ-निरोधकस्य व्यवस्था अपि बृहत्परिवाराय उपकारिणी अस्ति । तेन जनसङ्ख्यायाः नियन्त्रणेन साहाय्यं भवति <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p><p>थॉमस् माल्थस् इत्यनेन स्वस्य सिद्धान्ते उक्तं यत् खाद्यापूर्तेः अपेक्षया जनानां सङ्ख्यायां तीव्रतया वृद्धिर्भविष्यति । अतः तस्य परिणामेन दुष्कालः, रोगाः, विवादाः च भविष्यन्ति <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । तदा जनसङ्ख्यावृद्धौ न्यूनता भविष्यति । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः"><span id=".E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83"></span>राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="सम्पादनविभागः: राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>यदि परिवारेषु सीमितमात्रायां सदस्याः भवन्ति, तर्हि व्यक्तीनां स्वास्थ्याय कल्याणाय च ध्यानं दातुं शक्यम् अस्ति । अतः भारतसर्वकारेण १९५२ तमे वर्षे "व्यापक परिवार नियोजन" नामकस्य कार्यक्रमस्य प्रारम्भः कृतः । इयं योजना इदानीमपि कार्यरता अस्ति । “जनसङ्ख्या नीति २०००” बहुवर्षाणां प्रयासानां परिणामः अस्ति <sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । </p><p>“राष्ट्रिय जनसङ्ख्या नीति २०००” इतीयं १४ वर्षपर्यन्तं बालकेभ्यः शुल्कहीनं शिक्षणं प्रदातुं, शिशुमृत्युमानं न्यूनीकर्तुं, बालिकानां विवाहाय आयुर्वृद्ध्यर्थं च प्रोत्साहनं करोति <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः_नीतिः_२०००_किशोरश्च"><span id=".E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83_.E0.A5.A8.E0.A5.A6.E0.A5.A6.E0.A5.A6_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A"></span>राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः २००० किशोरश्च</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="सम्पादनविभागः: राष्ट्रियजनसङ्ख्यायाः नीतिः २००० किशोरश्च"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अस्यां योजनायां भारतसर्वकारेण किशोराणां सम्पूर्णसंरक्षणाय कार्याणि कृतानि सन्ति । किशोराणां यौवनसम्बन्धिनीः समस्याः, गर्भधारणसमस्याः च महत्वपूर्णाः सन्ति । अतः अवाञ्छितगर्भधारणे एषा योजना कार्यरता अस्ति । किशोरबालकानां, किशोरबालिकानां च रक्षणं महत्वपूर्णम् आवश्यकं घटकं वर्तते <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> । अस्यां योजनायां बहवः कार्यक्रमाः प्रचालिताः सन्ति । तेषु कार्यक्रमेषु कार्यकर्तारः किशोरबालकान् किशोरबालिकाः च प्रति विलम्बेन विवाहाय, सन्तानस्य उत्पत्तये च प्रोत्साहनं कुर्वन्ति </p><p>कस्मैचित् अपि राष्ट्राय तत्रत्याः जनाः ’बहुमूल्यानि संसाधनानि’ सन्ति । शिक्षितैः स्वस्थैः जनैः एव कार्यशक्तिः प्राप्ता भवति <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83_.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>सम्बद्धाः लेखाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="सम्पादनविभागः: सम्बद्धाः लेखाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="परिवहनम्">परिवहनम्</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="खानिजः">खानिजः</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मृत्तिका">मृत्तिका</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="प्राकृतिकी आपद्">प्राकृतिकी आपद्</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी">पृथ्वी</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="वायुः">वायुः</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="कृषिः">कृषिः</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जलम्">जलम्</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="बाह्यनुबन्धाः"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>बाह्यनुबन्धाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="सम्पादनविभागः: बाह्यनुबन्धाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स् मध्ये <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Population">जनसङ्ख्या</a></b></i> सम्बन्धिताः सञ्चिकाः सन्ति।</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook_hindi.html">http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook_hindi.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet.aspx">http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet.aspx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180400/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet.aspx">Archived</a> २०१८-०१-०५ at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (पृष्ठं न विद्यते)">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/">http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.popcouncil.org/">http://www.popcouncil.org/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.teachoo.com/ncert-books/">https://www.teachoo.com/ncert-books/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भः"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.83"></span>सन्दर्भः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="सम्पादनविभागः: सन्दर्भः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r466307">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2007). <i>मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त</i>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174506748" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174506748">8174506748</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174506748&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT) (2014). <i>समकालीन भारत</i> <b>1</b>. राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद् (NCERT). p.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF/8174505253" title="विशेषः:पुस्तकस्रोतांसि/8174505253">8174505253</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&amp;rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8174505253&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%28NCERT%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="position: absolute; bottom; right: 1.0em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background: #fff;" class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks"><small><a href="#top">&#160;साक्षात् उपरि गच्छतु&#160;</a></small></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6dbfd89bd7‐54hx7 Cached time: 20250128045551 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.681 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3790/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 385178/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1421/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 239921/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.114/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2621499/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 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