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CuSO4</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: CuSO4"> <meta name="keywords" content="CuSO4"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="CuSO4"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 15</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: CuSO4</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Effect of Chemicals on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Cv. Eskimo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qurrat%20Ul%20Ain%20Farooq">Qurrat Ul Ain Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misha%20Arshad"> Misha Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Abid%20Mehmood"> Malik Abid Mehmood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experiment under discussion was carried out to check the effect of different concentrations of sucrose (2%, 4%, 6%), CuSO4 (200ppm, 300ppm, 400 ppm), GA3 (25ppm, 50ppm, 75 ppm), and combinations of sucrose and GA3 (2% +25 ppm), (4%+50 ppm), (6%+75 ppm) on the carnation cut flower. Visual symptoms of flower senescence, changes in weight (g) of a flower was observed and recorded by using weight balance. The experiment was laid out according to CRD (Complete Randomized Design) it was two-factor factorial, the software used for the analysis was Statistix. Maximum TSS were found in 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (8.3 %) followed by CuSO4 400 ppm, 4% sucrose + 50 ppm GA3 and 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3. Maximum vase life in term of days was recorded in treatment. CuSO4 400 ppm and 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (8 days) followed by CuSO4 200 ppm (7.7 days). CuSO4 300 ppm & 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 were at par (7 days). Maximum water uptake was also observed in 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (56.7 ml) followed by CuSO4 400 ppm (49.7 ml) and 50 ppm GA3 (45 ml). Hence, CuSO4 400 ppm found best in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carnation" title="carnation">carnation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaselife" title=" vaselife"> vaselife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GA3" title=" GA3"> GA3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CuSO4" title=" CuSO4"> CuSO4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sucrose" title=" sucrose "> sucrose </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32736/effect-of-chemicals-on-keeping-quality-and-vase-life-of-carnation-dianthus-caryophyllus-l-cv-eskimo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Copper Sulphate Effect on Cyprinus Carpio Common Fish Parasites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawdhari%20Abdulhusein">Jawdhari Abdulhusein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dan%20Mih%C4%83ilescu"> Dan Mihăilescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian-Emilian%20Pop"> Cristian-Emilian Pop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolai%20Cr%C4%83ciun"> Nicolai Crăciun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cyprinus Carpio adult specimens were captured from a single spot location from the Danube River and transported to the Laboratory of Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest. The specimens were measured, weighed and randomly divided in five groups for later Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) exposure, as well as one control group. From the control group, 3 specimens were immediately sacrificed and microscopically inspected for parasite’s presence in the gills. During the histological inspection of the control group specimens, Ichthyophthiriusmultifiliis, Gyrodactylu ssp., MyxobolusOviforis, and Trichodinacottidarumwere abundantly identified in the gills. The exposure to a single dose of CuSO4 per group took place for 7 days under controlled conditions: water alkalinity ≈ 100 mg/L, temperature 23–24 °C, oxygenation 7.40–7.80 mg/L, and pH 6.10–6.40, the parameters were monitored on an hourly basis and adjusted when needed. After the exposure, all specimens were sacrificed, and the gill tissues were inspected. It was found that concentrations of 0.10, 0.25 and 0.30 ppm of CuSO4 did not affect the presence of parasites, as for 0.40 ppm of CuSO4 it significantly affected onlyIchthyophthiriusmultifiliisandMyxobolusOviforis, while concentration 0.50 ppm of CuSO4 (≈0.20 ppm of Cu2+) eliminated all 4 parasites species previously present in the fish gills, also, there were some histopathological changes to the gills tissue. These findings suggest that low concentrations of CuSO4 treatment for fish parasites are a safe and economical option if used correctly for a brief length of time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20sulphate" title="copper sulphate">copper sulphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyprinus%20carpio" title=" cyprinus carpio"> cyprinus carpio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasites" title=" parasites"> parasites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=danube%20river" title=" danube river"> danube river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149219/copper-sulphate-effect-on-cyprinus-carpio-common-fish-parasites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> The Optimization of Copper Sulfate and Tincalconite Molar Ratios on the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper Borates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Moroydor%20Derun">E. Moroydor Derun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Tugrul"> N. Tugrul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20T.%20Senberber"> F. T. Senberber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Kipcak"> A. S. Kipcak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Piskin"> S. Piskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, copper borates are synthesized by the reaction of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) and tincalconite (Na2O4B7.10H2O). The experimental parameters are selected as 80°C reaction temperature and 60 of reaction time. The effect of mole ratio of CuSO4.5H2O to Na2O4B7.5H2O is studied. For the identification analyses X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques are used. At the end of the experiments, synthesized copper borate is matched with the powder diffraction file of “00-001-0472” [Cu(BO2)2] and characteristic vibrations between B and O atoms are seen. The proper crystals are obtained at the mole ratio of 3:1. This study showed that simplified synthesis process is suitable for the production of copper borate minerals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title="hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20borates" title=" copper borates"> copper borates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20sulfate" title=" copper sulfate"> copper sulfate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tincalconite" title=" tincalconite"> tincalconite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16418/the-optimization-of-copper-sulfate-and-tincalconite-molar-ratios-on-the-hydrothermal-synthesis-of-copper-borates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Design Considerations on Cathodic Protection for X65 Steel Tank Containing Fresh Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Al-Sabagh">A. M. Al-Sabagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Deyab"> M. A. Deyab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20N.%20Kroush"> M. N. Kroush</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study focused on critical and detailed approach for using aluminum electrode as impressed current anode for cathodic protection of X65 steel tank containing fresh water. The impressed current design calculation showed 0.6 A of current demand and voltage of 0.33 V required to adequately protect the X65 steel tank with internal surface area of 421 m². We used here one transformer rectifier with current and voltage output of 25 A and 25 V, respectively. The data showed that the potentials ranged from -0.474 to -0.509 V (vs. Cu/CuSO₄), prior to the application of cathodic protection. When the potential was measured 1 h after the application of cathodic protection, the potential values showed considerable shift within protection range (-0.950 V vs. Cu/CuSO₄). The results confirmed that aluminum anode can be used in freshwater applications with high efficiency (current capacity) and low consumption rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathodic%20protection" title="cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum" title=" aluminum"> aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel" title=" steel"> steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fresh%20water" title=" fresh water"> fresh water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91429/design-considerations-on-cathodic-protection-for-x65-steel-tank-containing-fresh-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Positive effect of Cu2+ and Ca2+ on the Thermostability of Bambara Groundnut Peroxidase A6, and its Catalytic Efficiency Toward the Oxidation of 3,3,5,5 -Tetramethyl Benzidine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yves%20Mann%20Elate%20Lea%20Mbassi">Yves Mann Elate Lea Mbassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Solange%20Evehe%20Bebandoue"> Marie Solange Evehe Bebandoue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilfred%20Fon%20Mbacham"> Wilfred Fon Mbacham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving the catalytic performance of enzymes has been a long-standing theme of analytical biochemistry research. Induction of peroxidase activity by metals is a common reaction in higher plants. We thought that this increase in peroxidase activity may be due, on the one hand, to the stimulation of the gene expression of these enzymes but also to a modification of their chemical reactivity following the binding of some metal ions on their active site. We tested the effect of some metal salts (MgCl₂, MnCl₂, ZnCl₂, CaCl₂ and CuSO₄) on the activity and thermostability of peroxidase A6, a thermostable peroxidase that we discovered and purified in a previous study. The chromogenic substrate used was 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Of all the metals tested for their effect on A6, only magnesium and copper had a significant effect on the activity of the enzyme at room temperature. The Mann-Whitney test shows a slight inhibitory effect of activity by the magnesium salt (P = 0.043), while the activity of the enzyme is 5 times higher in the presence of the copper salt (P = 0.002). Moreover, the thermostability of peroxidase A6 is increased when calcium and copper salts are present. The activity in the presence of CaCl₂ is 8 times higher than the residual activity of the enzyme alone after incubation at 80°C for 10 min and 35 times higher in the presence of CuSO4 under the same conditions. In addition, manganese and zinc salts slightly reduce the thermostability of the enzyme. The activity and structural stability of peroxidase A6 can clearly be activated by Cu₂+, which therefore enhance the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, which was used in this study as a chromogenic substrate. Ca₂+ likely has a more stabilizing function for the catalytic site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peroxidase%20activity" title="peroxidase activity">peroxidase activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20ions" title=" copper ions"> copper ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20ions" title=" calcium ions"> calcium ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermostability" title=" thermostability"> thermostability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165588/positive-effect-of-cu2-and-ca2-on-the-thermostability-of-bambara-groundnut-peroxidase-a6-and-its-catalytic-efficiency-toward-the-oxidation-of-3355-tetramethyl-benzidine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide and Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Spinacia Oleracea Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yameen%20Ahmed">Yameen Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamshid%20Hussain"> Jamshid Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farman%20Ullah"> Farman Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sohaib%20Asif"> Sohaib Asif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The investigation aims at the synthesis of copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Spinacia oleracea leaf extract. These nanoparticles have many properties and applications. They possess antimicrobial catalytic properties and also they can be used in energy storage materials, gas sensors, etc. The Spinacia oleracea leaf extract behaves as a reducing agent in nanoparticle synthesis. The plant extract was first prepared and then treated with copper and cobalt salt solutions to get the precipitate. The salt solutions used for this purpose are copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄.5H₂O) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂.6H₂O). The UV-Vis, XRD, EDX, and SEM techniques are used to find the optical, structural, and morphological properties of copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The UV absorption peaks are at 326 nm and 506 nm for copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20oxide" title="cobalt oxide">cobalt oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20oxide" title=" copper oxide"> copper oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title=" green synthesis"> green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142865/green-synthesis-of-copper-oxide-and-cobalt-oxide-nanoparticles-using-spinacia-oleracea-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Role of Ionic Solutions Affect Water Treeing Propagation in XLPE Insulation for High Voltage Cable</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Boonraksa">T. Boonraksa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Marungsri"> B. Marungsri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the experimental results on role of ionic solutions affect water treeing propagation in cross-linked polyethylene insulation for high voltage cable. To study the water treeing expansion due to the ionic solutions, discs of 4mm thickness and 4cm diameter were taken from 115 kV XLPE insulation cable and were used as test specimen in this study. Ionic solutions composed of CuSO4, FeSO4, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 were used. Each specimen was immersed in 0.1 mole ionic solutions and was tested for 120 hrs. under a voltage stress at 7 kV AC rms, 1000 Hz. The results show that Na2SO4 and CuSO4solutions play an important role in the expansion of water treeing and cause degradation of the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) in the presence of the applied electric field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20solutions" title="ionic solutions">ionic solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treeing" title=" water treeing"> water treeing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treeing%20expansion" title=" water treeing expansion"> water treeing expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-linked%20polyethylene%20%28XLPE%29" title=" cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)"> cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9720/role-of-ionic-solutions-affect-water-treeing-propagation-in-xlpe-insulation-for-high-voltage-cable" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> SnSₓ, Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Nanostructured Thin Layers for Thin-Film Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20A.%20Outkina">Elena A. Outkina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20V.%20Meledina"> Marina V. Meledina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliaksandr%20A.%20Khodin"> Aliaksandr A. Khodin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanostructured thin films of SnSₓ, Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) semiconductors were fabricated by chemical processing to produce thin-film photoactive layers for photocells as a prospective lowest-cost and environment-friendly alternative to Si, Cu(In, Ga)Se₂, and other traditional solar cells materials. To produce SnSₓ layers, the modified successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique were investigated, including successive cyclic dipping into Na₂S solution and SnCl₂, NaCl, triethanolamine solution. To fabricate CZTS layers, the cyclic dipping into CuSO₄ with ZnSO₄, SnCl₂, and Na₂S solutions was used with intermediate rinsing in distilled water. The nano-template aluminum/alumina substrate was used to control deposition processes. Micromorphology and optical characteristics of the fabricated layers have been investigated. Analysis of 2D-like layers deposition features using nano-template substrate is presented, including the effect of nanotips in a template on surface charge redistribution and transport. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kesterite" title="kesterite">kesterite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotemplate" title=" nanotemplate"> nanotemplate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SILAR" title=" SILAR"> SILAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tin%20sulphide" title=" tin sulphide"> tin sulphide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117750/sns-cu2znsns4-nanostructured-thin-layers-for-thin-film-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117750.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Hemp Defoliation Technology and Management before Harvesting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rataya%20Yanaphan">Rataya Yanaphan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saksiri%20Kuppatarat"> Saksiri Kuppatarat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarita%20Pinmanee"> Sarita Pinmanee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. Sativa) cultivation for fiber is limited by extremely high labor cost, especially for the removal of the leaves before harvest. This study evaluated chemical defoliants as a means to remove the leaves of hemp before harvest, in an effort to reduce labor expenditures in the production on hemp fiber. This study was conducted by spraying the leaves of hemp with five different treatments: saline solution, Urea (CH4N2O), Ethephon, copper Sulphate (CuSO4) and water (control) before harvesting. The largest percentage of leaf loss 6 days after spraying was with saline solution (43%), followed by Ethephon (32%). However, saline solution also caused drying of the stems but Ethephon did not. Thus, Ethephon was evaluated in the second experiment by spraying with Ethephon concentrations of 0, 10, 15 and 20 ml per 1 liter of water at 7 days before harvest. Spraying with 0.5% Ethephon resulted in 13.6% leaf fall. Spraying with 1.5% and 2% Ethephon resulted in 82.2% and 82.3 % leaf fall, respectively. In addition, using Ethephon to defoliate hemp had no detrimental effect the yield. Therefore, Ethephon concentration at 15 ml per 1 liter of water will be recommended for use in removing hemp leaves by spraying at 7 days before harvest to lower labor cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defoliation%20technology" title="defoliation technology">defoliation technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethephon" title=" ethephon"> ethephon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp%20cultivation" title=" hemp cultivation"> hemp cultivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saline%20solution" title=" saline solution"> saline solution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52525/hemp-defoliation-technology-and-management-before-harvesting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Investigation of Corrosion of Steel Buried in Unsaturated Soil in the Presence of Cathodic Protection: The Modified Voltammetry Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mandlenkosi%20G.%20R.%20Mahlobo">Mandlenkosi G. R. Mahlobo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20A.%20Olubambi"> Peter A. Olubambi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Refait"> Philippe Refait</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to use voltammetry as a method to understand the behaviour of steel in unsaturated soil in the presence of cathodic protection (CP). Three carbon steel coupons were buried in artificial soil wetted at 65-70% of saturation for 37 days. All three coupons were left at open circuit potential (OCP) for the first seven days in the unsaturated soil before CP, which was only applied on two of the three coupons at the protection potential -0.8 V vs Cu/CuSO₄ for the remaining 30 days of the experiment. Voltammetry was performed weekly on the coupon without CP, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed daily to monitor and correct the applied CP potential from the ohmic drop. Voltammetry was finally performed on the last day on the coupons under CP. All the voltammograms were modeled with mathematical equations in order to compute the electrochemical parameters and subsequently deduced the corrosion rate of the steel coupons. For the coupon without CP, the corrosion rate was determined at 300 µm/y. For the coupons under CP, the residual corrosion rate under CP was estimated at 12 µm/y while the corrosion rate of the coupons, after interruption of CP, was estimated at 25 µm/y. This showed that CP was efficient due to two effects: a direct effect from the decreased potential and an induced effect associated with the increased interfacial pH that promoted the formation of a protective layer on the steel surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20steel" title="carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathodic%20protection" title=" cathodic protection"> cathodic protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltammetry" title=" voltammetry"> voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsaturated%20soil" title=" unsaturated soil"> unsaturated soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20spectroscopy" title=" Raman spectroscopy"> Raman spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171319/investigation-of-corrosion-of-steel-buried-in-unsaturated-soil-in-the-presence-of-cathodic-protection-the-modified-voltammetry-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Improved Production, Purification and Characterization of Invertase from Penicillium lilacinum by Shaken Flask Technique of Submerged Fermentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kashif%20Ahmed">Kashif Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent years researchers have been motivated towards extensive exploring of living organism, which could be utilized effectively in intense industrial conditions. The present study shows enhanced production, purification and characterization of industrial enzyme, invertase (Beta-D-fructofuranosidase) from Penicillium lilacinum. Various agricultural based by-products (cotton stalk, sunflower waste, rice husk, molasses and date syrup) were used as energy source. The highest amount of enzyme (13.05 Units/mL) was produced when the strain was cultured on growth medium containing date syrup as energy source. Yeast extract was used as nitrogen source after 96 h of incubation at incubation temperature of 40º C. Initial pH of medium was 8.0, inoculum size 6x10⁶ conidia and 200 rev/min agitation rate. The enzyme was also purified (7 folds than crude) and characterized. Molecular mass of purified enzyme (65 kDa) was determined by 10 % SDS-PAGE. Lineweaver-Burk Plot was used to determine Kinetic constants (Vmax 178.6 U/mL/min and Km 2.76 mM). Temperature and pH optima were 55º C and 5.5 respectively. MnCl₂ (52.9 %), MgSO₄ (48.9 %), BaCl₂ (24.6 %), MgCl₂ (9.6 %), CoCl₂ (5.7 %) and NaCl (4.2 %) enhanced the relative activity of enzyme and HgCl₂ (-92.8 %), CuSO₄ (-80.2 %) and CuCl₂ (-76.6 %) were proved inhibitors. The strain was showing enzyme activity even at extreme conditions of temperature (up to 60º C) and pH (up to 9), so it can be used in industries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invertase" title="invertase">invertase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Penicillium%20lilacinum" title=" Penicillium lilacinum"> Penicillium lilacinum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=submerged%20fermentation" title=" submerged fermentation"> submerged fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20enzyme" title=" industrial enzyme"> industrial enzyme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92719/improved-production-purification-and-characterization-of-invertase-from-penicillium-lilacinum-by-shaken-flask-technique-of-submerged-fermentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Hybrid Recovery of Copper and Silver from Photovoltaic Ribbon and Ag finger of End-Of-Life Solar Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Patcharawit">T. Patcharawit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Kansomket"> C. Kansomket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Wongnaree"> N. Wongnaree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Kritsrikan"> W. Kritsrikan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Yingnakorn"> T. Yingnakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Khumkoa"> S. Khumkoa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recovery of pure copper and silver from end-of-life photovoltaic panels was investigated in this paper using an effective hybrid pyro-hydrometallurgical process. In the first step of waste treatment, solar panel waste was first dismantled to obtain a PV sheet to be cut and calcined at 500°C, to separate out PV ribbon from glass cullet, ash, and volatile while the silicon wafer containing silver finger was collected for recovery. In the second step of metal recovery, copper recovery from photovoltaic ribbon was via 1-3 M HCl leaching with SnCl₂ and H₂O₂ additions in order to remove the tin-lead coating on the ribbon. The leached copper band was cleaned and subsequently melted as an anode for the next step of electrorefining. Stainless steel was set as the cathode with CuSO₄ as an electrolyte, and at a potential of 0.2 V, high purity copper of 99.93% was obtained at 96.11% recovery after 24 hours. For silver recovery, the silicon wafer containing silver finger was leached using HNO₃ at 1-4 M in an ultrasonic bath. In the next step of precipitation, silver chloride was then obtained and subsequently reduced by sucrose and NaOH to give silver powder prior to oxy-acetylene melting to finally obtain pure silver metal. The integrated recycling process is considered to be economical, providing effective recovery of high purity metals such as copper and silver while other materials such as aluminum, copper wire, glass cullet can also be recovered to be reused commercially. Compounds such as PbCl₂ and SnO₂ obtained can also be recovered to enter the market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrorefining" title="electrorefining">electrorefining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcination" title=" calcination"> calcination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PV%20ribbon" title=" PV ribbon"> PV ribbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20finger" title=" silver finger"> silver finger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20panel" title=" solar panel"> solar panel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144135/hybrid-recovery-of-copper-and-silver-from-photovoltaic-ribbon-and-ag-finger-of-end-of-life-solar-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Protection of Steel Bars in Reinforce Concrete with Zinc Based Coverings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Rajabzadeh%20Gatabi">Hamed Rajabzadeh Gatabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soroush%20Dastgheibifard"> Soroush Dastgheibifard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Asnafi"> Mahsa Asnafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is no doubt that reinforced concrete is known as one of the most significant materials which is used in construction industry for many years. Although, some natural elements in dealing with environment can contribute to its corrosion or failure. One of which is bar or so-called reinforcement failure. So as to combat this problem, one of the oxidization prevention methods investigated was the barrier protection method implemented over the application of an organic coating, specifically fusion-bonded epoxy. In this study comparative method is prepared on two different kinds of covered bars (zinc-riches epoxy and polyamide epoxy coated bars) and also uncoated bar. With the aim of evaluate these reinforced concretes, the stickiness, toughness, thickness and corrosion performance of coatings were compared by some tools like Cu/CuSo4 electrodes, EIS and etc. Different types of concretes were exposed to the salty environment (NaCl 3.5%) and their durability was measured. As stated by the experiments in research and investigations, thick coatings (named epoxies) have acceptable stickiness and strength. Polyamide epoxy coatings stickiness to the bars was a bit better than that of zinc-rich epoxy coatings; nonetheless it was stiffer than the zinc rich epoxy coatings. Conversely, coated bars with zinc-rich epoxy showed more negative oxidization potentials, which take revenge protection of bars by zinc particles. On the whole, zinc-rich epoxy coverings is more corrosion-proof than polyamide epoxy coatings due to consuming zinc elements and some other parameters, additionally if the epoxy coatings without surface defects are applied on the rebar surface carefully, it can be said that the life of steel structures is subjected to increase dramatically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20coating" title="surface coating">surface coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy%20polyamide" title=" epoxy polyamide"> epoxy polyamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforce%20concrete%20bars" title=" reinforce concrete bars"> reinforce concrete bars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salty%20environment" title=" salty environment"> salty environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40405/protection-of-steel-bars-in-reinforce-concrete-with-zinc-based-coverings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Synthesis and Properties of Oxidized Corn Starch Based Wood Adhesive</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salise%20Oktay">Salise Oktay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nilgun%20Kizilcan"> Nilgun Kizilcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basak%20Bengu"> Basak Bengu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At present, formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), melamine – urea-formaldehyde (MUF), etc. are mostly used in wood-based panel industry because of their high reactivity, chemical versatility, and economic competitiveness. However, formaldehyde-based wood adhesives are produced from non- renewable resources and also formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group B1) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of environment-friendly, economically competitive, bio-based wood adhesives to meet wood-based panel industry requirements. In this study, like a formaldehyde-free adhesive, oxidized starch – urea wood adhesives was synthesized. In this scope, firstly, acid hydrolysis of corn starch was conducted and then acid thinned corn starch was oxidized by using hydrogen peroxide and CuSO₄ as an oxidizer and catalyst, respectively. Secondly, the polycondensation reaction between oxidized starch and urea conducted. Finally, nano – TiO₂ was added to the reaction system to strengthen the adhesive network. Solid content, viscosity, and gel time analyses of the prepared adhesive were performed to evaluate the adhesive processability. FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM characterization techniques were used to investigate chemical structures, thermal, and morphological properties of the adhesive, respectively. Rheological analysis of the adhesive was also performed. In order to evaluate the quality of oxidized corn starch – urea adhesives, particleboards were produced in laboratory scale and mechanical and physical properties of the boards were investigated such as an internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, formaldehyde emission, etc. The obtained results revealed that oxidized starch – urea adhesives were synthesized successfully and it can be a good potential candidate to use the wood-based panel industry with some developments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-TiO%E2%82%82" title="nano-TiO₂">nano-TiO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20starch" title=" corn starch"> corn starch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formaldehyde%20emission" title=" formaldehyde emission"> formaldehyde emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20adhesives" title=" wood adhesives"> wood adhesives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115506/synthesis-and-properties-of-oxidized-corn-starch-based-wood-adhesive" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115506.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Compositions Doped with Transitional Metals for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ficai">D. Ficai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ficai"> A. Ficai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Gudovan"> D. Gudovan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20A.%20Gudovan"> I. A. Gudovan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Ardelean"> I. Ardelean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Trusca"> R. Trusca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Andronescu"> E. Andronescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Mitran"> V. Mitran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cimpean"> A. Cimpean</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last years, scientists struggled hardly to mimic bone structures to develop implants and biostructures which present higher biocompatibility and reduced rejection rate. One way to obtain this goal is to use similar materials as that of bone, namely collagen/hydroxyapatite composite materials. However, it is very important to tailor both compositions but also the microstructure of the bone that would ensure both the optimal osteointegartion and the mechanical properties required by the application. In this study, new collagen/hydroxyapatites composite materials doped with Cu, Li, Mn, Zn were successfully prepared. The synthesis method is described below: weight the Ca(OH)₂ mass, i.e., 7,3067g, and ZnCl₂ (0.134g), CuSO₄ (0.159g), LiCO₃ (0.133g), MnCl₂.4H₂O (0.1971g), and suspend in 100ml distilled water under magnetic stirring. The solution thus obtained is added a solution of NaH₂PO₄*H2O (8.247g dissolved in 50ml distilled water) under slow dropping of 1 ml/min followed by adjusting the pH to 9.5 with HCl and finally filter and wash until neutral pH. The as-obtained slurry was dried in the oven at 80°C and then calcined at 600°C in order to ensure a proper purification of the final product of organic phases, also inducing a proper sterilization of the mixture before insertion into the collagen matrix. The collagen/hydroxyapatite composite materials are tailored from morphological point of view to optimize their biocompatibility and bio-integration against mechanical properties whereas the addition of the dopants is aimed to improve the biological activity of the samples. The addition of transitional metals can improve the biocompatibility and especially the osteoblasts adhesion (Mn²⁺) or to induce slightly better osteoblast differentiation of the osteoblast, Zn²⁺ being a cofactor for many enzymes including those responsible for cell differentiation. If the amount is too high, the final material can become toxic and lose all of its biocompatibility. In order to achieve a good biocompatibility and not reach the cytotoxic effect, the amount of transitional metals added has to be maintained at low levels (0.5% molar). The amount of transitional metals entering into the elemental cell of HA will be verified using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometric system. This highly sensitive technique is necessary, because, at such low levels of transitional metals, the difference between biocompatible and cytotoxic is a very thin line, thus requiring proper and thorough investigation using a precise technique. In order to determine the structure and morphology of the obtained composite materials, IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) were used. Acknowledgment: The present work was possible due to the EU-funding grant POSCCE-A2O2.2.1-2013-1, Project No. 638/12.03.2014, code SMIS-CSNR 48652. The financial contribution received from the national project “Biomimetic porous structures obtained by 3D printing developed for bone tissue engineering (BIOGRAFTPRINT), No. 127PED/2017 is also highly acknowledged. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collagen" title="collagen">collagen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20materials" title=" composite materials"> composite materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroxyapatite" title=" hydroxyapatite"> hydroxyapatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone%20tissue%20engineering" title=" bone tissue engineering "> bone tissue engineering </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81413/collagenhydroxyapatite-compositions-doped-with-transitional-metals-for-bone-tissue-engineering-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">206</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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