廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="ar" dir="rtl" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="/sites/default/files/google_analytics/gtag.js?snkq62"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-E4VEPPH1FE", {"groups":"default","link_attribution":true,"page_location":location.pathname + location.search + location.hash});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063" /> <link rel="image_src" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2024-10/web%20%2818%29_0.jpg" /> <meta name="description" content="氐丿乇毓賳賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲貙賲賳鬲氐賮兀賰鬲賵亘乇/鬲卮乇賷賳丕賱兀賵賱 2024貙賰鬲丕亘 "廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶" 賱賲丐賱賮鬲賴丕賱亘丕丨孬丞丕賱兀賵賱賶賮賷丕賱賲乇賰夭貙禺亘賷乇丞丕賱卮丐賵賳丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丞賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷. 賷購賯丿賾賽賲丕賱賰鬲丕亘賳馗乇丞卮丕賲賱丞丨賵賱鬲胤賵乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻賲賳匕亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴丕貙賲爻賱胤賸丕丕賱囟賵亍毓賱賶賲丨胤丕鬲賴丕丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞賵兀夭賲丕鬲賴丕貙賵丕賱毓賵丕賲賱丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞賵丕賱丿賵賱賷丞丕賱鬲賷兀孬乇鬲賮賷賴丕貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶鬲兀孬賷乇丕賱賲賵丕賯賮丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱賲丨賷胤丞亘丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱乇丕賴賳丞." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063" /> <meta property="og:title" content="廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶 | 賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲" /> <meta property="og:description" content="氐丿乇毓賳賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲貙賲賳鬲氐賮兀賰鬲賵亘乇/鬲卮乇賷賳丕賱兀賵賱 2024貙賰鬲丕亘 "廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶" 賱賲丐賱賮鬲賴丕賱亘丕丨孬丞丕賱兀賵賱賶賮賷丕賱賲乇賰夭貙禺亘賷乇丞丕賱卮丐賵賳丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丞賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷. 賷購賯丿賾賽賲丕賱賰鬲丕亘賳馗乇丞卮丕賲賱丞丨賵賱鬲胤賵乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻賲賳匕亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴丕貙賲爻賱胤賸丕丕賱囟賵亍毓賱賶賲丨胤丕鬲賴丕丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞賵兀夭賲丕鬲賴丕貙賵丕賱毓賵丕賲賱丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞賵丕賱丿賵賱賷丞丕賱鬲賷兀孬乇鬲賮賷賴丕貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶鬲兀孬賷乇丕賱賲賵丕賯賮丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱賲丨賷胤丞亘丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱乇丕賴賳丞." /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2024-10/web%20%2818%29_0.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AJStudies" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="氐丿乇毓賳賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲貙賲賳鬲氐賮兀賰鬲賵亘乇/鬲卮乇賷賳丕賱兀賵賱 2024貙賰鬲丕亘 "廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶" 賱賲丐賱賮鬲賴丕賱亘丕丨孬丞丕賱兀賵賱賶賮賷丕賱賲乇賰夭貙禺亘賷乇丞丕賱卮丐賵賳丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丞賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷. 賷購賯丿賾賽賲丕賱賰鬲丕亘賳馗乇丞卮丕賲賱丞丨賵賱鬲胤賵乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻賲賳匕亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴丕貙賲爻賱胤賸丕丕賱囟賵亍毓賱賶賲丨胤丕鬲賴丕丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞賵兀夭賲丕鬲賴丕貙賵丕賱毓賵丕賲賱丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞賵丕賱丿賵賱賷丞丕賱鬲賷兀孬乇鬲賮賷賴丕貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶鬲兀孬賷乇丕賱賲賵丕賯賮丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱賲丨賷胤丞亘丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱乇丕賴賳丞." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶 | 賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲" /> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="307913305" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2024-10/web%20%2818%29_0.jpg" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/partner/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063" /> <title>廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶 | 賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Hw9mSlnu9wlHnGZypmUoYgKFJS3Cxw7rabSKd6nA5eY.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha256-bZLfwXAP04zRMK2BjiO8iu9pf4FbLqX6zitd+tIvLhE=" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@unicorn-fail/drupal-bootstrap-styles@0.0.2/dist/3.4.0/8.x-3.x/drupal-bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha512-tGFFYdzcicBwsd5EPO92iUIytu9UkQR3tLMbORL9sfi/WswiHkA1O3ri9yHW+5dXk18Rd+pluMeDBrPKSwNCvw==" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_a7P9siPKtY1bNUGFTOLsNbSa2SlJOalEQeZ4CoaHTiU.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QB0Hi_vW4BnXwLLR13Y1LnnE3GdmmPgszDxUmd74E3Y.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_bFUH2ynrC5Xl6xetu64_IxXfeVTe9DyQkW7q52sbiK4.css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/67f59ff0-a0e6-4e00-a26e-04072299b984/OtAutoBlock.js" ></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="67f59ff0-a0e6-4e00-a26e-04072299b984" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  </head> <body class="not-logged-in not-front path-node page-node-type-article navbar-is-fixed-top has-glyphicons"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> 鬲噩丕賵夭廿賱賶丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶丕賱乇卅賷爻賷 </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top" id="navbar" role="banner"> <div class="top-navbar"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="region region-navigation-top"> <section id="block-searchiconen-2" class="visible-xs visible-sm block block-block-content block-block-content8a01a139-8b92-47e8-b2f2-2886ff1a21ab clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="block-search" role="search"> <button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only" name=""><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> </div> <div class="search-popup-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <form action="/ar/search" method="get" class="col-md-12" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-drupal-form-fields=""> <input class="form-control" required="true" maxlength="128" name="keys" placeholder="亘丨孬 ..." size="60" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="search" /></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" id="block-languageswitcher" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6063" class="en"><a href="/en/node/6063" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6063">English</a></li><li hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6063" class="ar is-active"><a href="/ar/article/6063" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6063">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</a></li></ul> </section> <section id="block-socialnavbar" class="block block-block-content block-block-content1b7b5d62-1b05-4cae-b015-48a06d3b0442 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><ul class="menu nav navbar-nav"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-instagram">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://soundcloud.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-soundcloud">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/aljazeerasc?sub_confirmation=1"><i class="fa fa-youtube">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://wa.me/97455809461"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://t.me/AlJCS"><i class="fa fa-telegram" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/ar/rss.xml"><i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> </ul></div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="region region-navigation"> <a class="logo navbar-btn pull-left" href="/ar" title="丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" rel="home"> <img src="/themes/custom/partner/logo.svg" alt="丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" /> </a> <a class="name navbar-brand hidden" href="/ar" title="丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" rel="home">賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲</a> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div id="navbar-collapse" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="region region-navigation-collapsible"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-partner-main-menu-menu" id="block-partner-main-menu"> <h2 class="sr-only" id="block-partner-main-menu-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul class="menu menu--main nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/ar/about-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1">毓賳丕賱賲乇賰夭</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/reports" data-drupal-link-system-path="reports">賵乇賯丕鬲鬲丨賱賷賱賷丞</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/policy-briefs" data-drupal-link-system-path="policy-briefs">鬲賯丿賷乇賲賵賯賮</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/mediastudies" data-drupal-link-system-path="mediastudies">丿乇丕爻丕鬲廿毓賱丕賲賷丞</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/files" data-drupal-link-system-path="files">賲賱賮丕鬲亘丨孬賷丞</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/ar/publications" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="publications">廿氐丿丕乇丕鬲丕賱賲乇賰夭 <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/ar/publications#more" data-drupal-link-system-path="publications">丕賱賰鬲亘</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://lubab.aljazeera.net">賲噩賱丞賱亘丕亘</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/journal/aljazeera/communication-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="journal/aljazeera/communication-media">賲噩賱丞丕賱噩夭賷乇丞</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/annual-reports" data-drupal-link-system-path="annual-reports">鬲賯乇賷乇爻賳賵賷</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/ar/theses" data-drupal-link-system-path="theses">兀胤乇賵丨丕鬲噩丕賲毓賷丞</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/ebooks" data-drupal-link-system-path="ebooks">丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕賱廿賱賰鬲乇賵賳賷</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ar/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="events">賮毓丕賱賷丕鬲</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/ar/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">兀禺亘丕乇丕賱賲乇賰夭</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <section id="block-searchiconen" class="visible-lg visible-md block block-block-content block-block-content8a01a139-8b92-47e8-b2f2-2886ff1a21ab clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="block-search" role="search"> <button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only" name=""><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> </div> <div class="search-popup-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <form action="/ar/search" method="get" class="col-md-12" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-drupal-form-fields=""> <input class="form-control" required="true" maxlength="128" name="keys" placeholder="亘丨孬 ..." size="60" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="search" /></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div role="main" class="main-container container js-quickedit-main-content"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-md-9 col-sm-12"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <h1 class="page-header"> <span>廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶</span> </h1> <article role="article" class="article is-sticky full clearfix"> <div class="content"> <footer class="row article-author summary"> <div class="author col-md-12 col-sm-12 pb-3 clearfix"> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="small text-muted text-left">27 兀賰鬲賵亘乇 2024</div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="zoom-icons"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li><a href="javascript:;" title="Increase font size"><i class="fa fa-search-plus"></i></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" title="Decrease font size"><i class="fa fa-search-minus"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-12"> <a href="javascript:window.print();" class="btn btn-primary" >丕賱胤亘丕毓丞</a> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 text-right"> <div class="pt-3 visible-xs"></div> <div class="socialShare"> <div class="social"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li><div class="share">卮丕乇賰</div></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?app_id=1488972164731309&u=http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text= 廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶 &url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/6063&via=AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="lightGallery-images"> <div class="galleryImage" data-src="/sites/default/files/articles/2024-10/web%20%2818%29_0.jpg" data-sub-html=".media-caption"> <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2024-10/web%20%2818%29_0.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="summary small media-caption field field--name-field-media-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">(丕賱噩夭賷乇丞)</div> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">氐丿乇毓賳賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲貙賲賳鬲氐賮兀賰鬲賵亘乇/鬲卮乇賷賳丕賱兀賵賱 2024貙賰鬲丕亘<a href="https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/ebooks/book-1832"> <strong>"廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶"</strong></a> 賱賲丐賱賮鬲賴丕賱亘丕丨孬丞丕賱兀賵賱賶賮賷丕賱賲乇賰夭貙禺亘賷乇丞丕賱卮丐賵賳丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丞賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賷購賯丿賾賽賲丕賱賰鬲丕亘賳馗乇丞卮丕賲賱丞丨賵賱鬲胤賵乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻賲賳匕亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴丕貙賲爻賱胤賸丕丕賱囟賵亍毓賱賶賲丨胤丕鬲賴丕丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞賵兀夭賲丕鬲賴丕貙賵丕賱毓賵丕賲賱丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞賵丕賱丿賵賱賷丞丕賱鬲賷兀孬乇鬲賮賷賴丕貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶鬲兀孬賷乇丕賱賲賵丕賯賮丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱賲丨賷胤丞亘丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱乇丕賴賳丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">鬲鬲亘毓丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丞賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷賮賷賰鬲丕亘賴丕貙賲爻丕乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳丨賲丕爻賵廿賷乇丕賳賲賳賲賳馗賵乇賷鬲噩丕賵夭丕賱亘毓丿丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷貙賱賷兀禺匕丕賱賯丕乇卅賮賷乇丨賱丞鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞鬲毓賷丿鬲兀胤賷乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞囟賲賳賲賳馗賵賲丞兀賵爻毓賲賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨賵丕賱鬲丨丿賷丕鬲丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞. 鬲亘丿兀丕賱亘丕丨孬丞賴匕丕丕賱鬲兀胤賷乇丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷亘丕爻鬲毓乇丕囟丕賱賲乇丕丨賱丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞丕賱鬲賷賲乇鬲亘賴丕丕賱爻賷丕爻丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞鬲噩丕賴賮賱爻胤賷賳貙亘丿亍賸丕賲賳兀賵丕禺乇丕賱毓賴丿丕賱賯丕噩丕乇賷 (1794-1925)貙賲乇賵乇賸丕亘丕賱賲乇丨賱丞丕賱亘賴賱賵賷丞丕賱兀賵賱賶 (1925-1941) 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 (1941-1979)貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶賲丕亘毓丿丕賱孬賵乇丞丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 (1979-).</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵賷賮乇丿丕賱賰鬲丕亘賮氐賱賸丕賱亘丨孬 "胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶" 賵丕賱賯乇丕亍丕鬲丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞賱賴匕賴丕賱毓賲賱賷丞賵賲丕鬲亘毓賴丕貙賵賷賳丕賯卮賲賵丕賯賮兀胤乇丕賮賲丨賵乇丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞賵丕賱賲丨丿丿丕鬲丕賱鬲賷丨賰賲鬲兀丿丕亍賰賱胤乇賮賵鬲兀孬賷乇丿禺賵賱噩賲丕毓丞兀賳氐丕乇丕賱賱賴 (丕賱丨賵孬賷丞) 毓賱賶禺胤丕賱賲賵丕噩賴丞貙賰賲丕賷購賮氐賾賽賱賮賷丨丿賵丿丕賱賲卮丕乇賰丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞賲賳禺賱丕賱丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭毓賱賶賲亘丕丿卅丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞丕賱丿賮丕毓賷丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵鬲毓鬲賲丿丕賱賰丕鬲亘丞賮賷爻乇丿賴丕毓賱賶賲乇丕噩毓賲賰鬲賵亘丞賵卮賴丕丿丕鬲賲賵孬賵賯丞賵賲賯丕亘賱丕鬲兀噩乇鬲賴丕毓賱賶賲丿賶爻賳賵丕鬲毓丿賷丿丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">丕賱賰鬲丕亘賷賯丿賾賽賲賳馗乇丞賲毓賲賯丞毓賱賶丕賱禺賱賮賷丕鬲丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞賵丕賱丿賷賳賷丞丕賱鬲賷鬲卮賰賱鬲賲賳賴丕丕賱毓賱丕賯丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞賲毓丨賲丕爻貙賲爻鬲毓乇囟賸丕賲賵賯賮賰賱賲賳丌賷丞丕賱賱賴賰丕卮丕賳賷賵丌賷丞丕賱賱賴丕賱禺賲賷賳賷賲賳丕賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞賯亘賱丕賱孬賵乇丞丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞. 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞賱賰丕卮丕賳賷貙丕賱匕賷毓乇賮亘賳賯丿賴賱賳馗丕賲丕賱卮丕賴賮賯丿賰丕賳賷乇賶兀賳丕賱賲卮乇賵毓丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷賷卮賰賱鬲賴丿賷丿賸丕賱賷爻賮賯胤賱賱毓丕賱賲丕賱毓乇亘賷賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙亘賱賱賱亘卮乇賷丞亘兀爻乇賴丕. 兀賲丕丕賱禺賲賷賳賷貙賮賯丿賰丕賳鬲賲毓丕乇囟鬲賴丕賱氐乇賷丨丞賱賱卮丕賴賯丕卅賲丞毓賱賶兀爻丕爻乇賮囟毓賱丕賯丞廿賷乇丕賳亘廿爻乇丕卅賷賱貙賵噩毓賱賲賳賲毓丕丿丕丞 "丕賱賳馗丕賲丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷" 乇賲夭賸丕賲賳乇賲賵夭丕賱孬賵乇丞貙賵賴賵賲丕兀丿賶廿賱賶鬲丨賵賷賱丕賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞廿賱賶賲丨賵乇賲賳賲丨丕賵乇丕賱爻賷丕爻丞丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵鬲賵囟丨丕賱亘丕丨孬丞兀賳丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳丨賲丕爻賵廿賷乇丕賳賱賲鬲賰賳賲噩乇丿鬲丨丕賱賮兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷貨亘賱賰丕賳鬲 -亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞廿賱賶匕賱賰- 鬲丨賯賯賱賰賱丕丕賱胤乇賮賷賳賲氐丕賱丨賲卮鬲乇賰丞. 賷氐賮丕賱賰鬲丕亘夭賷丕乇丕鬲賲鬲毓丿丿丞賯丕賲亘賴丕賯賷丕丿賷賵丨賲丕爻廿賱賶廿賷乇丕賳貙賲孬賱夭賷丕乇丞丕賱卮賷禺兀丨賲丿賷丕爻賷賳賮賷毓丕賲 1998貙丨賷孬毓亘賾賻乇禺賱丕賱賴丕毓賳卮賰乇賴賱賱卮毓亘丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷賵丿毓賲賴賱賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞. 賵鬲亘乇夭丕賱賰丕鬲亘丞賰賷賮賰丕賳鬲廿賷乇丕賳鬲乇賶賮賷賴匕賴丕賱毓賱丕賯丞賵爻賷賱丞賱鬲兀賰賷丿賳賮賵匕賴丕丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷賲賳禺賱丕賱丿毓賲丕賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞貙賵鬲丨丿賷丿賸丕丿毓賲丨乇賰丕鬲丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵鬲鬲賳丕賵賱賮丕胤賲丞丕賱氐賲丕丿賷賮賷丕賱賰鬲丕亘賲乇丨賱丞賲丕亘毓丿丕賳丿賱丕毓丕賱孬賵乇丞丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞賵鬲兀爻賷爻丕賱噩賲賴賵乇賷丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙丨賷孬賱毓亘鬲廿賷乇丕賳丿賵乇賸丕賰亘賷乇賸丕賮賷鬲毓夭賷夭賲賵賯毓賴丕丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷貙賲爻鬲賮賷丿丞賲賳丿毓賲賴丕賱賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞賰廿丨丿賶乇賰丕卅夭爻賷丕爻丕鬲賴丕丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞. 賵賮賷賴匕丕丕賱爻賷丕賯貙鬲毓乇囟丕賱賰丕鬲亘丞賱兀夭賲丕鬲賵丕噩賴鬲丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳丨賲丕爻賵廿賷乇丕賳貙兀亘乇夭賴丕鬲賱賰丕賱鬲賷丨丿孬鬲毓賯亘丕賳丿賱丕毓丕賱孬賵乇丞丕賱爻賵乇賷丞毓丕賲 2011貙丨賷孬丕賳賯爻賲鬲丕賱賲賵丕賯賮賵鬲亘丕賷賳鬲丕賱乇丐賶貨賮賯丿丕禺鬲丕乇鬲賯賷丕丿丞丨賲丕爻丕賱丕亘鬲毓丕丿毓賳丿毓賲丕賱賳馗丕賲丕賱爻賵乇賷貙賵賴賵賲丕丕毓鬲亘乇鬲賴胤賴乇丕賳 "賲賵賯賮賸丕禺丕乇噩賲丨賵乇丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞". 賵鬲鬲丕亘毓丕賱亘丕丨孬丞爻乇丿丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱賲賳禺賱丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱丕賱胤乇賮賷賳賲毓鬲賱賰丕賱兀夭賲丞賵賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲賯丕爻賲爻賱賷賲丕賳賷貙賯丕卅丿賮賷賱賯丕賱賯丿爻貙廿丨賷丕亍丕賱毓賱丕賯丞貙丨賷孬爻丕賴賲亘卮賰賱賮毓賾賻丕賱賮賷丕丨鬲賵丕亍丕賱禺賱丕賮賵廿毓丕丿丞賵氐賱賲丕丕賳賯胤毓賲賳鬲毓丕賵賳丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵賮賷爻乇丿鬲賮丕氐賷賱丕賱兀夭賲丞亘卮兀賳爻賵乇賷丕貙鬲爻鬲毓乇囟丕賱亘丕丨孬丞丿賵乇賰鬲丕卅亘毓夭丕賱丿賷賳丕賱賯爻丕賲亘賯賷丕丿丞賲丨賲丿丕賱囟賷賮貙賮賷丕賱賲丨丕賮馗丞毓賱賶鬲賵丕氐賱丕賱賯爻丕賲賲毓賮賷賱賯丕賱賯丿爻乇睾賲丕賱鬲賵鬲乇丕賱爻賷丕爻賷亘賷賳丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲貙賲丕兀毓胤賶丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲賲毓胤賴乇丕賳亘購毓丿賸丕賲賲賷夭賸丕賵兀毓丕賯丕賳賴賷丕乇賴丕亘丕賱賰丕賲賱. 賵鬲亘賷賳丕賱賰丕鬲亘丞賰賷賮兀賳丕賱鬲賵丕賮賯丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰亘賷賳丕賱胤乇賮賷賳丨賵賱囟乇賵乇丞賲賯丕賵賲丞 "丕賱丕丨鬲賱丕賱丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷" 賰丕賳兀賯賵賶賲賳丕賱禺賱丕賮丕鬲丨賵賱丕賱賯囟丕賷丕丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱兀禺乇賶.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賷亘乇夭丕賱賰鬲丕亘兀賷囟賸丕賲賵賯賮亘毓囟丕賱丿賵賱丕賱毓乇亘賷丞賲賳毓賱丕賯丞丨賲丕爻賲毓廿賷乇丕賳貙賲卮賷乇賸丕廿賱賶鬲丨賮馗賴匕賴丕賱丿賵賱兀賵丨鬲賶乇賮囟賴丕賱賴丕貙丨賷孬賷賳馗乇丕賱亘毓囟廿賱賶丨賲丕爻賰賭"賲賳賮賾賽匕賱賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞賮賷丕賱賲賳胤賯丞". 賵鬲囟賷賮丕賱氐賲丕丿賷兀賳賴匕丕丕賱丕賳胤亘丕毓丕賱毓乇亘賷兀賵噩丿賳賵毓賸丕賲賳丕賱毓夭賱丞丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞賱丨賲丕爻賮賷丕賱毓丕賱賲丕賱毓乇亘賷貙賲丕丿賮毓賴丕賱賱鬲賵噩賴廿賱賶廿賷乇丕賳賵丿毓賲賴丕賱鬲毓夭賷夭賲賵賯賮賴丕廿賯賱賷賲賷賸丕貙禺丕氐丞賮賷馗賱睾賷丕亘丕賱丿毓賲丕賱毓乇亘賷丕賱賰丕賮賷賱賱賯囟賷丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵亘賷賳賲丕賰丕賳丕賱乇卅賷爻丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丕賱爻丕亘賯賲丨賲賵丿兀丨賲丿賷賳噩丕丿賲賳兀亘乇夭丕賱丿丕毓賲賷賳賱丨賲丕爻亘丕賱賲丕賱賵丕賱爻賱丕丨貙鬲乇丕噩毓鬲賴匕賴丕賱毓賱丕賯丞賮賷毓賴丿丕賱乇卅賷爻丨爻賳乇賵丨丕賳賷貙丕賱匕賷卮賴丿丕賳賯胤丕毓丕賱丿毓賲丕賱賲丕賱賷丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷賱丨賲丕爻賲賳賲丐爻爻丞丕賱乇卅丕爻丞. 賵鬲毓賱賾賯丕賱賰丕鬲亘丞毓賱賶匕賱賰亘丕賱廿卮丕乇丞廿賱賶兀賳乇賵丨丕賳賷鬲噩賳賾賻亘賲賯丕亘賱丞賯丕丿丞丨賲丕爻胤賵丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲丨賰賲賴丕賱孬賲丕賳賷貙賲丕毓賰爻鬲賵噩賴賸丕丨匕乇賸丕賲賳噩丕賳亘丕賱廿丿丕乇丞丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞鬲噩丕賴丿毓賲丕賱丨乇賰丞賮賷鬲賱賰丕賱賮鬲乇丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賷爻鬲禺丿賲丕賱賰鬲丕亘兀爻賱賵亘賸丕鬲丨賱賷賱賷賸丕賲乇賰賾亘賸丕賷賲夭噩亘賷賳丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟丕賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲丕賱鬲賷賷賲賰賳賲賳禺賱丕賱賴丕鬲賮爻賷乇毓賱丕賯丞丕賱胤乇賮賷賳. 賮賷爻毓賶廿賱賶鬲亘賳賷賳賲賵匕噩 "丕賱鬲賰賱賮丞賵丕賱毓丕卅丿" 賱鬲賮爻賷乇丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳丨賲丕爻賵廿賷乇丕賳賵賮賯賲賮賴賵賲 "丕賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷"貙丕賱匕賷賷賯賵賲毓賱賶亘賳丕亍丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲賲賳禺賱丕賱鬲毓馗賷賲賰賱胤乇賮賱賲氐丕賱丨賴. 賵鬲鬲禺匕丕賱亘丕丨孬丞賴匕丕丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱賲丿禺賱賸丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇 "丕賱鬲賵丕夭賳丕賱丿賯賷賯" 丕賱匕賷爻毓鬲丨賲丕爻賱賱丨賮丕馗毓賱賷賴賮賷毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕賲毓廿賷乇丕賳貙賲毓廿賷囟丕丨賲丨丕賵賱鬲賴丕賱鬲噩賳亘鬲亘毓賷丞丕賱賯乇丕乇丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙廿匕鬲乇賶丨賲丕爻賮賷賴匕賴丕賱毓賱丕賯丞噩夭亍賸丕賲賳丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞丕賱鬲丨乇賷乇丕賱賵胤賳賷丕賱賴丕丿賮丞廿賱賶賲賯丕賵賲丞丕賱丕丨鬲賱丕賱.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賮賷賴匕丕丕賱爻賷丕賯貙鬲購賮乇丿丕賱亘丕丨孬丞賮氐賱賸丕賰丕賲賱丕賸賱賱丨丿賷孬毓賳 "丕賱兀胤乇丕賱賮賰乇賷丞賵丕賱賲毓賷丕乇賷丞" 賵兀賴賲賷鬲賴丕賮賷鬲卮賰賷賱賲毓丕賳賷丕賱禺胤丕亘丕賱爻賷丕爻賷賱賰賱丕丕賱胤乇賮賷賳貙賲丐賰丿丞毓賱賶兀賳丨賲丕爻賱丕鬲賳爻丕賯亘卮賰賱賰丕賲賱禺賱賮丕賱禺胤丕亘丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷貙賵兀賳賴丕鬲馗賱賲丨丕賮馗丞毓賱賶賲賵丕賯賮賴丕丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞丿賵賳兀賳鬲賮賯丿丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱賷丞賯乇丕乇賴丕貙賵賴賵丕賱兀賲乇丕賱匕賷丨丕賵賱鬲鬲賵囟賷丨賴丕爻鬲賳丕丿賸丕廿賱賶丕賱賲賯丕亘賱丕鬲賵丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞丕賱鬲賷噩賲毓鬲賴丕毓亘乇爻賳賵丕鬲丕賱亘丨孬丕賱賲賷丿丕賳賷.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟丕賱賰鬲丕亘賮賷禺鬲丕賲賴賲乇丨賱丞噩丿賷丿丞卮賴丿鬲賴丕丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘毓丿毓丕賲 2020貙丨賷孬毓丕丿鬲丨賲丕爻廿賱賶鬲賯賵賷丞毓賱丕賯丕鬲賴丕賲毓廿賷乇丕賳毓賯亘丕睾鬲賷丕賱賯丕爻賲爻賱賷賲丕賳賷貙賵賲丕鬲亘毓賴賲賳鬲丿丕毓賷丕鬲毓賱賶賲丨賵乇丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞貙賵氐賵賱賸丕廿賱賶丕賱兀夭賲丕鬲丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞丕賱乇丕賴賳丞. 賵鬲毓鬲亘乇丕賱亘丕丨孬丞賴匕賴丕賱賲乇丨賱丞丿賱賷賱賸丕毓賱賶兀賳丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳亘賷賳丕賱胤乇賮賷賳賱賳賷賰賵賳賲噩乇丿毓賱丕賯丞賵賯鬲賷丞兀賵丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞爻胤丨賷丞貙亘賱賷賲孬賱賲爻丕乇賸丕胤賵賷賱丕賱兀賲丿鬲毓夭夭亘賮毓賱囟睾賵胤丕賱賯賵賶丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷丞丕賱賲鬲毓丿丿丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="RTL">賱賯丿亘匕賱鬲丕賱賲丐賱賮丞噩賴丿賸丕賮賷鬲賵孬賷賯賵噩賴丕鬲丕賱賳馗乇丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞貙爻賵丕亍賲賳丿丕禺賱廿賷乇丕賳兀賵丨賲丕爻貙賲爻鬲毓賷賳丞賸亘賲賯丕亘賱丕鬲賲賷丿丕賳賷丞賲賰孬賮丞賵丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿丕鬲賲賵孬賯丞賲賳賰賱丕丕賱胤乇賮賷賳貙賲丕賷噩毓賱丕賱賰鬲丕亘賲氐丿乇賸丕賲乇噩毓賷賸丕賮賷鬲丕乇賷禺賵胤亘賷毓丞丕賱毓賱丕賯丞亘賷賳丨賲丕爻賵廿賷乇丕賳. 賵賷毓丿丕賱賰鬲丕亘廿囟丕賮丞賳賵毓賷丞賱賱賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱鬲賷鬲賮鬲賯乇賱賲氐丕丿乇鬲噩賲毓亘賷賳丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷賵丕賱卮賴丕丿丕鬲丕賱賲賷丿丕賳賷丞賱賲孬賱賴匕賴丕賱毓賱丕賯丞丕賱賲毓賯丿丞.</p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong><em>賱賯乇丕亍丞丕賱賰鬲丕亘賵鬲丨賲賷賱賴<a href="https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/ebooks/book-1832"> (丕囟睾胤賴賳丕)</a>.</em></strong></p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-md-3 col-sm-6" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockrelated-articles-block-1 clearfix" id="block-views-block-related-articles-block-1"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="page-archive view view-related-articles view-id-related_articles view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-e4de130ce3c401556ab39f57ef5d67d39860d8d17dbf44acbf46530d045617d4"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-view-grid vertical cols-1 clearfix"> <div class="card"> <div class="views-row row-1"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/ar/article/5976" hreflang="ar"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2024-07/web%20%2811%29.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/ar/article/5976" hreflang="ar">丕賱兀賳馗賲丞丕賱丕賳鬲禺丕亘賷丞賮賷賲賵乇賷鬲丕賳賷丕賮賷馗賱丿爻鬲賵乇 1991</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">24 賷賵賱賷賵 2024</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="views-row row-2"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/ar/article/5959" hreflang="ar"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2024-07/web%20%284%29.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/ar/article/5959" hreflang="ar">乇丐賷丞丨賵賱丕賱兀賲賳丕賱賯賵賲賷丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">1 賷賵賱賷賵 2024</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="views-row row-3"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/ar/article/5894" hreflang="ar"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2024-04/web-1.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/ar/article/5894" hreflang="ar">氐丿賵乇丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞賱賰鬲丕亘 "丕賱賯乇賳丕賱廿賮乇賷賯賷毓賲賯賸丕丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷賾賸丕禺賱賷噩賷賾賸丕"</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">4 兀亘乇賷賱 2024</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-ourchannelsen-2" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentc20ee596-3e2a-4d56-9f16-1be512ad8ef4 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="footer-two"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>賲賳賳丨賳</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/about-us">賲賳賳丨賳</a></li> <li><a href="https://terms.aljazeera.net/index-ar.html" target="_blank">丕賱卮乇賵胤賵丕賱兀丨賰丕賲</a></li> <li><a href="https://privacy.aljazeera.net/ar" target="_blank">爻賷丕爻丞丕賱禺氐賵氐賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://privacy.aljazeera.net/ar/cookie" target="_blank">爻賷丕爻丞賲賱賮丕鬲鬲毓乇賷賮丕賱丕乇鬲亘丕胤</a></li> <li><a id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings" href="#">丕賱鬲賮囟賷賱丕鬲</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賳丕</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/contact" target="_blank">鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賳丕</a></li> <li><a href="http://careers.aljazeera.net/ar" target="_blank">賵馗丕卅賮卮丕睾乇丞</a></li> <li><a href="http://sat.aljazeera.net/ar" target="_blank">鬲乇丿丿丕鬲丕賱亘孬</a></li> <li><a href="https://aljazeera.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=10bee1170a715855387d38e00&id=9aa03f826d" target="_blank">丕賱賳卮乇丞丕賱廿禺亘丕乇賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://network.aljazeera.net/ar/press-releases" target="_blank">亘賷丕賳丕鬲氐丨賮賷丞</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>卮亘賰鬲賳丕</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar" target="_blank">賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲</a></li> <li><a href="https://institute.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">賲毓賴丿丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱廿毓賱丕賲</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">鬲毓賱賲丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://forum.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">賲賳鬲丿賶丕賱噩夭賷乇丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://liberties.aljazeera.com" target="_blank">賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丨乇賷丕鬲丕賱毓丕賲丞賵丨賯賵賯丕賱廿賳爻丕賳</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>賯賳賵丕鬲賳丕</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="https://www.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱廿禺亘丕乇賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="http://mubasher.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賲亘丕卮乇</a></li> <li><a href="https://doc.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱賵孬丕卅賯賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="http://balkans.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱亘賱賯丕賳</a></li> <li><a href="http://aljazeera.com.tr" target="_blank">丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ajplus.net/arabi" target="_blank">AJ+毓乇亘賷</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-12 text-center"> <div class="footer-logo">聽</div> <p>噩賲賷毓丕賱丨賯賵賯賲丨賮賵馗丞漏 2024 卮亘賰丞丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱丕毓賱丕賲賷丞</p> <ul class="menu menu--footer nav"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-instagram">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://soundcloud.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-soundcloud">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/aljazeerasc?sub_confirmation=1"><i class="fa fa-youtube">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://wa.me/97455809461"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://t.me/AljazeeraCenterForStudies"><i class="fa fa-telegram" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/ar/rss.xml"><i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true">聽</i></a></li> </ul><div> <p><strong>兀賲爻丨丕賱乇賲夭賱鬲丨賲賷賱鬲胤亘賷賯丕賱噩賵丕賱丕賱禺丕氐亘丕賱賲乇賰夭</strong></p> <p><a href="http://onelink.to/asm26s" target="_blank"><img src="https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/inline-images/onlink_to_asm26s_big.png" width="100px" /></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div>  <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i></a> </footer> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"ar\/","currentPath":"node\/6063","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"ar"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"bootstrap\/dropdown,bootstrap\/theme,ckeditor_bootstrap_tabs\/tabs,google_analytics\/google_analytics,partner\/styles_rtl,statistics\/drupal.statistics,system\/base,views\/views.ajax,views\/views.module","theme":"partner","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"google_analytics":{"account":"G-E4VEPPH1FE","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackUrlFragments":true},"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/ar\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:e4de130ce3c401556ab39f57ef5d67d39860d8d17dbf44acbf46530d045617d4":{"view_name":"related_articles","view_display_id":"block_1","view_args":"7\/6063","view_path":"\/node\/6063","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"e4de130ce3c401556ab39f57ef5d67d39860d8d17dbf44acbf46530d045617d4","pager_element":0}}},"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"6063"},"url":"\/core\/modules\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e7302a40e1f52aa5ab0e4fa815caa992961fda8349f388d16eaa199d899e8d64"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_W3QxO-UEios74x4Vi5dadcEzDePZaPjH_ib1EGm5Jp8.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-nuL8/2cJ5NDSSwnKD8VqreErSWHtnEP9E7AySL+1ev4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_V8gsIefQ-P5Lbl1IGaOq004HzcqzGfp6DFQaOEtqmp4.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

廿賷乇丕賳 賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳 賲乇噩 丕賱夭賴賵乇 廿賱賶 胤賵賮丕賳 丕賱兀賯氐賶 | 賲乇賰夭 丕賱噩夭賷乇丞 賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲

廿賷乇丕賳賵丨賲丕爻: 賲賳賲乇噩丕賱夭賴賵乇廿賱賶胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶 | 賲乇賰夭丕賱噩夭賷乇丞賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲