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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth,_the_first_General_Conference,_and_the_O'Kelly_Schism_(1785–1792)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth,_the_first_General_Conference,_and_the_O'Kelly_Schism_(1785–1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Growth, the first General Conference, and the O'Kelly Schism (1785–1792)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth,_the_first_General_Conference,_and_the_O'Kelly_Schism_(1785–1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_development,_camp_meetings_and_African-American_Methodists_(1793–1816)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_development,_camp_meetings_and_African-American_Methodists_(1793–1816)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Organizational development, camp meetings and African-American Methodists (1793–1816)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_development,_camp_meetings_and_African-American_Methodists_(1793–1816)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_a_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_a_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Development of a constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_a_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Conference_of_1816" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Conference_of_1816"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>General Conference of 1816</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Conference_of_1816-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Camp meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_Methodists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_Methodists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>African American Methodists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_Methodists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_era_(1817–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_era_(1817–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Antebellum era (1817–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_era_(1817–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quest_for_respectability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quest_for_respectability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Quest for respectability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quest_for_respectability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>New Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Antebellum missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_holiness_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_holiness_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Origins of the holiness movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_holiness_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_over_episcopal_polity_and_abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_over_episcopal_polity_and_abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Conflict over episcopal polity and abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_over_episcopal_polity_and_abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_schism_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_schism_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Southern schism of 1844</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_schism_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Methodist_schism_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Methodist_schism_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.7</span> <span>Free Methodist schism of 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Methodist_schism_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1861–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1861–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1861–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Civil_War_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Civil_War_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post–Civil War divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Civil_War_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beliefs and standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_mergers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_mergers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Divisions and mergers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_mergers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة الأسقفية الميثودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الأسقفية الميثودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_Fethodistaidd_Esgobol" title="Eglwys Fethodistaidd Esgobol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys Fethodistaidd Esgobol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisch%C3%B6fliche_Methodistenkirche" title="Bischöfliche Methodistenkirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bischöfliche Methodistenkirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Metodista_Episcopal" title="Iglesia Metodista Episcopal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia Metodista Episcopal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A9piscopalienne_m%C3%A9thodiste" title="Église épiscopalienne méthodiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église épiscopalienne méthodiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-y%C3%AE-m%C3%AE-fi" title="Mî-yî-mî-fi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mî-yî-mî-fi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A6%AC%EA%B5%90_%EA%B0%90%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="감리교 감독교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감리교 감독교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ki_Metodista_Egyh%C3%A1z" title="Püspöki Metodista Egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Püspöki Metodista Egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-%C4%AB-m%C4%AB-hu%C3%B4i" title="Mī-ī-mī-huôi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-ī-mī-huôi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="メソジスト監督教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソジスト監督教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Methodist Episcopal Church" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Methodist Episcopal Church" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%A5%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%83" title="美以美會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美以美會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q369557#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For individual churches named Methodist Episcopal Church, see <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Methodist Episcopal Church (disambiguation)">Methodist Episcopal Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Methodist Episcopal Church</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connectionalism</a> (modified <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a><sup id="cite_ref-UVa-John_Wesley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UVa-John_Wesley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UMCofWB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMCofWB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1784 <br />Baltimore, Maryland, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Republican Methodist Church</a> (1792)<br /><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (1816)<br /><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> (1821)<br /><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church, Canada">Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada</a> (1828)<br /><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a> (1828)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> (1841)<br /><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> (1860)<br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(denomination)" title="Christian Union (denomination)">Christian Union</a> (1864)<br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Holiness)" title="Church of God (Holiness)">Church of God (Holiness)</a> (1883)<br /><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Sanctified_Holy_Church" title="Christ's Sanctified Holy Church">Christ's Sanctified Holy Church</a> (1892)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness Church</a> (1897)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church" title="Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church">Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church</a> (1900)<br /><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_in_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands">Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands</a> (1909)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Holiness_Association" title="Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association">Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association</a> (1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">The Methodist Church</a> (1939)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">24,295 in 1937<sup id="cite_ref-membershipchart_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membershipchart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">4.4 million in 1937<sup id="cite_ref-membershipchart_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membershipchart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,741 in 1935<sup id="cite_ref-membershipchart_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membershipchart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_clipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wesley"><img alt="John Wesley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/125px-John_Wesley_clipped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/188px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/250px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a>)</div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Doctrinal standards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Distinctive beliefs and practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation<br />of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Ashbel Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Churches</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Other Methodist denominations</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Other relevant topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodism" title="Template:Methodism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism" title="Template talk:Methodism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Methodist Episcopal Church</b> (<b>MEC</b>) was the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> denomination in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from its founding in 1784 until 1939. It was also the first <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious denomination</a> in the US to organize itself nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000580_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000580-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, the MEC reunited with two breakaway Methodist denominations (the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church</a>. In 1968, the Methodist Church merged with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. </p><p>The MEC's origins lie in the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> when Methodism emerged as an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> revival movement within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> that stressed the necessity of being <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</a> and the possibility of attaining <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>. By the 1760s, Methodism had spread to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and Methodist societies were formed under the oversight of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>. As in England, American Methodists remained affiliated with the Church of England, but this state of affairs became untenable after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In response, Wesley <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> the first Methodist <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodist)" title="Elder (Methodist)">elders</a> for America in 1784. Under the leadership of its first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Methodism)">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a>, the Methodist Episcopal Church adopted <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant</a> model of ministry that saw <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a> provide for the religious needs of a widespread and mobile population. </p><p>Early Methodism was <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">countercultural</a> in that it was <a href="/wiki/Anti-elitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-elitist">anti-elitist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a>, appealing especially to <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and women. While critics derided Methodists as fanatics, the Methodist Episcopal Church continued to grow, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in which Methodist <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a> left its imprint on American culture. In the early 19th century, the MEC became the largest and most influential religious denomination in the United States. With growth came greater institutionalization and respectability, and this led some within the church to complain that Methodism was losing its vitality and commitment to <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> teachings, such as the belief in Christian perfection and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. </p><p>As Methodism took hold in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, church leaders became less willing to condemn the practice of slavery or to grant African American preachers and congregations the same privileges as their European American counterparts. A number of <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> were formed as African Americans withdrew from the MEC, including the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a>. By the 1830s, however, a renewed <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> movement within the MEC made keeping a neutral position on slavery impossible. Ultimately, the church divided along regional lines in 1845 when pro-slavery Methodists in the South formed their own Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a> took shape as a renewal movement within the MEC focused on the experience of Christian perfection, but it eventually led a number of splinter groups to break away from the church, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>. Due to large-scale immigration of Catholics, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church</a> displaced the MEC as the largest US denomination by the end of the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">History of Methodism in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(1766–1783)"><span id="Background_.281766.E2.80.931783.29"></span>Background (1766–1783)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background (1766–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_history_of_Methodism_(1902)_(14598130197).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg/220px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg/330px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg/440px-The_history_of_Methodism_%281902%29_%2814598130197%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_Embury" title="Philip Embury">Philip Embury</a> preaching during the first Methodist meeting in New York City</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></div> <p>The Methodist Episcopal Church originated from the spread of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> outside of England to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in the 1760s. Earlier, Methodism had grown out of the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, a priest in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (also known as the Anglican Church) who preached an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> message centered on <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a>, the possibility of having <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance of salvation</a>, and the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1999374_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1999374-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesley was loyal to the Anglican Church, and he organized his followers into <a href="/wiki/Parachurch" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachurch">parachurch</a> societies and <a href="/wiki/Cell_group" title="Cell group">classes</a> with the goal of promoting spiritual <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revival</a> within the Church of England. Members of Methodist societies were expected to attend and receive <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> in their local <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church" title="Church of England parish church">parish church</a>, but Wesley also recruited and supervised <a href="/wiki/Lay_preacher" title="Lay preacher">lay preachers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant</a> or traveling ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004125,171_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004125,171-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around fifteen or twenty societies formed a circuit. Anywhere from two to four itinerant preachers would be assigned to a circuit on a yearly basis to preach and supervise the societies within their circuit. One itinerant preacher in each circuit would be made the "assistant" (because he was an assistant to Wesley), and he would direct the activities of the other itinerant preachers in the circuit, who were called "helpers". Wesley gave out preaching assignments at an <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain#Conference" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">annual conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen196236_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen196236-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1769, Wesley sent itinerants Robert Williams, Richard Boardman, and Joseph Pilmore to oversee Methodists in America after learning that societies had already been organized there as early as 1766 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Embury" title="Philip Embury">Philip Embury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Strawbridge" title="Robert Strawbridge">Robert Strawbridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Webb_(Methodist)" title="Thomas Webb (Methodist)">Thomas Webb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004189–90_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004189–90-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773, Wesley appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Rankin (page does not exist)">Thomas Rankin</a> general assistant, placing him in charge of all the Methodist preachers and societies in America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs183978_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs183978-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 4, 1773, Rankin presided over the first annual conference on American soil at Philadelphia. At that time there were 1,160 Methodists in America led by ten lay preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs183980_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs183980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itinerant Methodist preachers would become known as <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199851_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199851-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methodist societies in America also operated within the Church of England. There were several Anglican priests who supported the work of the Methodists, attending Methodist meetings and administering the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">sacraments</a> to Methodists. These included Charles Pettigrew of North Carolina, Samuel Magaw of Dover and then Philadelphia, and Uzel Ogden of New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglican clergyman Devereux Jarratt (1733–1801) was a particularly active supporter, founding Methodist societies in Virginia and North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolverton198421,197_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolverton198421,197-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_(1784)"><span id="Establishment_.281784.29"></span>Establishment (1784)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment (1784)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Street_Methodist_Church_(WTM_sheila_0034).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg/220px-John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg/330px-John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg/440px-John_Street_Methodist_Church_%28WTM_sheila_0034%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1766, <a href="/wiki/John_Street_Methodist_Church" title="John Street Methodist Church">John Street Methodist Church</a> in New York City is the oldest Methodist congregation in North America. The third and current church on this site was built in 1841.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> severed ties to England and left America's Anglican Church in disarray. Due to the scarcity of Anglican ministers, Methodists in the United States were unable to receive the sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and Holy Communion. On September 1, 1784, Wesley responded to this situation by personally <a href="/wiki/Ordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordain">ordaining</a> two Methodists as <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodist)" title="Elder (Methodist)">elders</a> for America, with the right to administer the sacraments, and also ordained <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> (who was already an Anglican priest) as a <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendent</a> with authority to ordain other Methodist <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004203_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004203-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Wesley was not a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, his ordination of Coke and the others was not recognized by the Church of England, and, consequently, this marked American Methodism's separation from the Anglican Church. Wesley's actions were based in his belief that the order of bishop and priest were one and the same, so that both possess the power to ordain others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founding conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, known commonly as the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Conference" title="Christmas Conference">Christmas Conference</a>, was held in December 1784 at <a href="/wiki/Lovely_Lane_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovely Lane Chapel">Lovely Lane Chapel</a> in Baltimore, Maryland. At this conference, Coke ordained <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> as co-superintendent according to Wesley's wishes. Asbury had been serving as general assistant since Rankin returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839157_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839157-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-born <a href="/wiki/Philip_William_Otterbein" title="Philip William Otterbein">Philip W. Otterbein</a>, who later helped found the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">Church of the United Brethren in Christ</a>, participated in Asbury's ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860365_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860365-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference adopted <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> prepared by Wesley (and adapted from the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a>) as a doctrinal statement for the new church, and it also received an abridged version of the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> provided by Wesley, titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists;_With_Other_Occasional_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services">The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Methodists, however, preferred non-<a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> worship and <i>The Sunday Service</i> was largely ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201043_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201043-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference adopted an organization consisting of superintendents, elders, <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, traveling preachers, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">local preachers</a>. Preachers were <a href="/wiki/License_to_Preach_(Methodist)" title="License to Preach (Methodist)">licensed to preach</a> but were not ordained and could not administer sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen196244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen196244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling preachers worked full-time in itinerant ministry and were supported financially by the societies they served. Local preachers pursued secular employment but preached on Sundays in their local communities. Deacons were preachers authorized by a superintendent to officiate weddings, bury the dead, baptize, and assist the elders in administering the Lord's Supper. Only ordained elders could administer the Lord's Supper, and they were also placed in charge of circuits. In the year of its founding, the church claimed 14,986 members and 83 preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839149,_246_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839149,_246-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_characteristics">Early characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto auto auto auto; font-size:95%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Membership </th></tr> <tr> <td>1784</td> <td align="right">14,986 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1785</td> <td align="right">18,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1786</td> <td align="right">20,681 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1787</td> <td align="right">25,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1788</td> <td align="right">37,354 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1789</td> <td align="right">43,262 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1790</td> <td align="right">57,631 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1791</td> <td align="right">63,269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1792</td> <td align="right">65,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1793</td> <td align="right">67,643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1794</td> <td align="right">66,608 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795</td> <td align="right">60,291 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1796</td> <td align="right">56,664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1797</td> <td align="right">58,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1798</td> <td align="right">60,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1799</td> <td align="right">61,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1808</td> <td align="right">151,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1809</td> <td align="right">163,038 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1810</td> <td align="right">174,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811</td> <td align="right">184,567 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1812</td> <td align="right">195,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1813</td> <td align="right">214,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1814</td> <td align="right">211,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td align="right">4,516,806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td align="right">4,589,664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td align="right">4,135,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td align="right">4,140,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935</td> <td align="right">4,345,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td align="right">4,364,342 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-membershipchart_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membershipchart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early Methodists were drawn from the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>, poor whites, and "middling people"—<a href="/wiki/Artisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisans">artisans</a>, shopkeepers, petty merchants and small <a href="/wiki/Planter_(plantation_owner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planter (plantation owner)">planters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger19985_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger19985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These social classes were attracted to Methodism's condemnation of the <a href="/wiki/World#Christianity" title="World">worldliness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">gentry</a>. Slaves and <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free blacks</a> were especially attracted to the Methodist Episcopal Church's condemnation of slavery. Prominent Methodists such as Coke, Asbury, and <a href="/wiki/Freeborn_Garrettson" title="Freeborn Garrettson">Freeborn Garrettson</a> preached an antislavery message, and the Christmas Conference mandated that all Methodist laity and preachers <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">emancipate</a> their slaves. While African Americans were not yet ordained and classes were segregated by race, important African American leaders did emerge, such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hosier" title="Harry Hosier">Harry Hosier</a> who was an associate of Asbury and Coke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Methodism's conscious repudiation of upper class values and lifestyles, elite women who converted took on a revolutionary character. While women were not granted formal leadership roles (though some were class leaders occasionally), they played important roles in evangelization through class relations, family networks, correspondence, and in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was common for both women and slaves to publicly deliver exhortations—<a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimonials</a> and personal conversion narratives distinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> because exhorters did not "take a text" from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199829_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199829-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meetings and services were often characterized by extremely emotional and demonstrative styles of worship. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">conversion experience</a>, people often trembled, groaned, screamed, or <a href="/wiki/Slain_in_the_Spirit" title="Slain in the Spirit">fell motionless to the ground as if dead</a>. These bodily experiences as well as Methodist <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> practices and claims of receiving direct communication from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> inspired its opponents to accuse Methodism of being a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_enthusiasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious enthusiasm">religious enthusiasm</a> that caused insanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201023,_35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201023,_35-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> doctrines, the evangelistic work of the Methodist Episcopal Church was often opposed by <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839289,293_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839289,293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth,_the_first_General_Conference,_and_the_O'Kelly_Schism_(1785–1792)"><span id="Growth.2C_the_first_General_Conference.2C_and_the_O.27Kelly_Schism_.281785.E2.80.931792.29"></span>Growth, the first General Conference, and the O'Kelly Schism (1785–1792)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth, the first General Conference, and the O'Kelly Schism (1785–1792)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coke had returned to Britain in 1785 but arrived back in the United States in 1787 with written instructions from Wesley. Wesley ordered the holding of a conference and that <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whatcoat" title="Richard Whatcoat">Richard Whatcoat</a> be appointed a superintendent. At the conference, <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Kelly" title="James O'Kelly">James O'Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lee_(Methodist)" title="Jesse Lee (Methodist)">Jesse Lee</a> led opposition to Coke and to Wesley’s authority. Many preachers were offended that Coke and Wesley seemed to be taking decision making out of the hands of the American church. They also feared that Whatcoat's appointment would lead to the recall of Asbury, and this led the conference to reject Whatcoat's appointment (Whatcoat would successfully be elected in 1800). In 1788, the title of superintendent was changed to bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coke's reputation among American Methodists further suffered when his secret negotiations for a union with the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> (as American Anglicans now styled themselves) were discovered. Coke had written and met with <a href="/wiki/William_White_(bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" title="William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)">William White</a>, the Episcopal Church's <a href="/wiki/List_of_presiding_bishops_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America">presiding bishop</a>, discussing the possible lowering of Episcopal ministerial standards, the reordination of Methodist preachers, and the reconsecration of Coke and Asbury as Episcopal bishops. When Asbury learned of the negotiations, he blocked the merger plan from being considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite controversies over authority, the Methodist Episcopal Church continued to enjoy growth. By 1788, there were 37,354 members, of which 6,545 were African American.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839276_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839276-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of circuits had grown to 85 and the number of <a href="/wiki/Annual_conferences_of_the_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual conferences of the United Methodist Church">annual conferences</a> had grown to six. A year later, the number of annual conferences had increased to eleven. The church's reach also began to significantly expand beyond the Appalachian and Allegheny Mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, a circuit was established in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Losee" title="William Losee">William Losee</a>. It was during this time that the first Methodist college in America was established, the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Cokesbury_College" title="Cokesbury College">Cokesbury College</a> in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839241–42,_322_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839241–42,_322-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This growth revealed problems with the church's decision-making process. Each annual conference had to agree on legislation before it was enacted, but this became unwieldy when the number of conferences grew to eleven. The need for a centralized policy-making body led to the creation of a council of bishops and <a href="/wiki/District_Superintendent_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Superintendent (Methodism)">presiding elders</a> (who supervised multi-circuit districts) in 1789, but this body was soon abolished after meeting only twice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the failure of the council, a <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(United_Methodist_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Conference (United Methodist Church)">General Conference</a> was held in November 1792 at Baltimore. This first General Conference gave itself legislative power over the church, determined to meet every four years, and decided membership for general and annual conferences would include all elders, deacons, and traveling preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201034_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201034-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local preachers and other lay members were denied voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012212–13_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012212–13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the General Conference, a dispute emerged over the power of bishops to assign preachers to circuits. O'Kelly and his supporters wanted the right to appeal assignments to the conference, but this proposal was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201035_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201035-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, they left to form the Republican Methodist Church, initiating the first <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> in American Methodism. As reflected in the use of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a></i> in their name, Republican Methodists desired a more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> church and objected to the centralized governance and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a> of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Methodist Episcopal Church lost one-fifth of its members and would not begin to experience growth again until 1800. In 1801, the Republican Methodists rejected the Methodist label and later merged with other groups to become the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012211–13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012211–13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group was a predecessor body to the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_development,_camp_meetings_and_African-American_Methodists_(1793–1816)"><span id="Organizational_development.2C_camp_meetings_and_African-American_Methodists_.281793.E2.80.931816.29"></span>Organizational development, camp meetings and African-American Methodists (1793–1816)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organizational development, camp meetings and African-American Methodists (1793–1816)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_a_constitution">Development of a constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development of a constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second General Conference was held at Baltimore in October 1796. It reduced the number of annual conferences to six and, for the first time, gave them geographical boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186044_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186044-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the drawing of definite borders, it would become understood that preachers belonged to a specific annual conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201040_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201040-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Conference also required that local church property be held in <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> for the Methodist Episcopal Church. Local preachers were made eligible for ordination as deacons after four years of service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186051,53_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186051,53-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another bishop was found necessary to aid Asbury due to Coke's frequent trips to Britain; Coke was regarded as a leading figure in Britain's <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>, which itself split from the Anglican Church after Wesley's death in 1791. At the third General Conference held in May 1800, Richard Whatcoat was finally elected and consecrated the third bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186093_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186093-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the annual conferences were given geographical boundaries in 1796, they increasingly acted like states, demanding proportional representation in General Conference. Because General Conference met frequently in Baltimore, it was often dominated by the conferences closest to that city, the Philadelphia and Baltimore conferences. At the 1804 General Conference, these two conferences together had 70 preachers present, while the other five conferences combined had only 42 preachers present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers201358_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers201358-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To solve this problem, delegated representation for General Conference was introduced in 1808. Each annual conference was entitled to send one representative for every five conference members. The Restrictive Regulations were also adopted at this time. These rules, which were regarded as the church's constitution, prohibited the General Conference from modifying the church's doctrinal standards and episcopal government unless such amendments were approved all the annual conferences. <a href="/wiki/William_McKendree" title="William McKendree">William McKendree</a> was elected the fourth bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the first American-born bishop to replace the deceased Whatcoat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860231–33,_235_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860231–33,_235-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg/220px-Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg/330px-Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Central_United_Methodist_Church_Detroit_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1810, <a href="/wiki/Central_United_Methodist_Church_(Detroit)" title="Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)">Central United Methodist Church</a> in Detroit is the oldest Protestant church in Michigan. The current building was constructed in 1866.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1812 General Conference was the first to convene under the new rules adopted in 1808. This conference, meeting in New York City, made local deacons eligible for ordination as elders. The Ohio and Tennessee Conferences were created to replace the Western Conference. This made nine in all, the others being the New York, New England, Genesee (including circuits in Upper and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>), South Carolina, Virginia, Baltimore and Philadelphia conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860305–07,_313–14,_348_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860305–07,_313–14,_348-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Conference_of_1816">General Conference of 1816</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General Conference of 1816"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year 1816 marked the end of an era for the MEC. Asbury and Jesse Lee died that year, and Coke had died in 1815 while conducting missionary work for the British Conference. All of these men had championed the itinerant model of ministry. Following the death of Asbury, the 1816 General Conference elected <a href="/wiki/Enoch_George" title="Enoch George">Enoch George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richford_Roberts" title="Robert Richford Roberts">Robert Richford Roberts</a> to serve as bishops along with McKendree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184043_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184043-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Conference disapproved of <a href="/wiki/Pew#Pew_rents" title="Pew">pew rental</a> as a means of raising funds (but this was largely ignored as more and more Methodist churches began charging pew rent). It also expressed concerns over perceived laxity in Methodist standards of discipline, doctrine, dress and sacramental practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184050_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184050-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also concern over the appearance in some places of false doctrines, such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>. In order to provide adequate preparation to candidates for the ministry, the bishops were directed to create a Course of Study featuring a prescribed reading list, the first effort to introduce a formal process for ministry preparation. The Course of Study reflected American Methodism's continued reliance on British theologians. The reading list included Wesley's <i>Sermons and Notes</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John Fletcher</a>'s four-volume <i>Checks to Antinomianism</i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Benson" title="Joseph Benson">Joseph Benson</a>'s <i>Sermons on Various Occasions</i> and Coke’s six-volume <i>Commentary on the Holy Bible</i>. These works would guide American Methodist belief for the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201049_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201049-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Conference placed <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Soule" title="Joshua Soule">Joshua Soule</a> and Thomas Mason in charge of the Methodist Book Concern, the church's publishing house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184053_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184053-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference also ordered the publication of a monthly periodical, <i>The Methodist Magazine</i>. This magazine soon acquired a circulation of 10,000 at a time when popular secular periodicals had circulations between 4,000 and 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Methodist Magazine</i>, later renamed the <i>Methodist Quarterly Review</i>, was published continually from 1818 until 1932 and had a longer life than any other religious publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198777_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198777-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church continued to grow during this period. Sometime around 1800, Methodism expanded into the region around Cincinnati, Ohio, and by 1807, the first Methodist church had been built in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860281_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860281-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1809, William Case was sent as a missionary to Detroit in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was followed a year later by William Mitchell, who organized what is today <a href="/wiki/Central_United_Methodist_Church_(Detroit)" title="Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)">Central United Methodist Church</a> and the oldest Protestant congregation in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808, Matthew P. Sturdevant established a new circuit along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a> in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860247_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860247-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years 1809 and 1810, John Crane established new circuits in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a> in what is today the state of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263–64_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263–64-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Canadian conferences withdrew from the American church to become the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church, Canada">Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2002168_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002168-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camp_meetings">Camp meetings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Camp meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption>An 1819 engraving of a Methodist camp meeting</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America#Second_Great_Awakening" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a> of 1801 birthed the first definitive <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a> in American history, and this multi-day revivalistic event would be enthusiastically adopted by the Methodist Episcopal Church. For Methodists, these meetings were important evangelistic tools, but they were often criticized for the emotionalism and enthusiasm displayed, such as crying, shouting, jerking and falling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201041–42_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201041–42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodist leaders such as Asbury expected order to be maintained, but they were not opposed to the emotional effects often seen in these meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199897_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199897-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Methodists, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Fanning_Watson" title="John Fanning Watson">John Fanning Watson</a>, disagreed. In his book <i>Methodist Error; or, Friendly, Christian Advice: To Those Methodists Who Indulge in Extravagant Religious Emotions and Bodily Exercises</i>, published anonymously in 1814, Watson argued that such emotional displays were not appropriate on the part of converted Christians in public worship but should be restricted to the time of conversion or, for those already converted, to private devotion at home.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While historians have emphasized the importance of camp meetings on the American frontier, camp meetings were vibrant parts of Methodist community life in the more settled areas along the East Coast as well. For example, some of the most significant meetings at the start of the 19th century occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a>, a place that became known as the "Garden of Methodism". Camp meetings were often held simultaneously with Methodist quarterly meetings (circuit business meetings held four times each year). In America, quarterly meetings had already evolved into two-day religious festivals, so it became standard practice for quarterly conferences to make one of their warm-weather sessions a camp meeting. By 1811, Methodists held 400 to 500 camp meetings annually, and historian <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Hatch">Nathan Hatch</a> estimates that these events drew in over one million people annually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199896–97_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199896–97-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201042_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201042-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_American_Methodists">African American Methodists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: African American Methodists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_StGeorgesUMC_from_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Built in 1769, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_United_Methodist_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. George's United Methodist Church (Philadelphia)">St. George's Church</a> in Philadelphia is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Methodist Episcopal Church had committed itself to the antislavery cause, but it became difficult to maintain this stance as Methodism spread to slaveholding areas. To avoid alienating southerners, the 1808 General Conference allowed annual conferences to form their own policies related to buying and selling slaves. In 1816, it amended the <i>Discipline's</i> prohibition on officeholders owning slaves to apply only in states where emancipation was legal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another problem was that the MEC failed to give African American members full equality and inclusion in the church. This failure led to the development of segregated church institutions under white supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201044_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201044-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, the General Conference authorized bishops to ordain African American men as local deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186097_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186097-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a> of Philadelphia was the first to be ordained under this rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186098_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186098-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier in 1794, Allen had led other African American members to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_United_Methodist_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. George's United Methodist Church (Philadelphia)">St. George's Church</a> in response to racial discrimination by white church members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201036_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201036-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Allen's leadership and with Asbury's blessing, they founded <a href="/wiki/Mother_Bethel_A.M.E._Church" title="Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church">Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the leadership of Allen and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coker" title="Daniel Coker">Daniel Coker</a>, Bethel Church and other African American congregations left the MEC to establish the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME) in 1816. According to <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bangs" title="Nathan Bangs">Nathan Bangs</a>, the MEC might have lost nearly 900 African American members to the AME Church in its first year alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184030_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184030-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other African American members left to form separate churches as well. A group based in Wilmington, Delaware, founded the <a href="/wiki/A.U.M.P._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="A.U.M.P. Church">African Union Church</a> in 1813, and the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> was formed by African American Methodists in New York City. These groups left over not receiving the prerogatives and standing within the denomination that their white counterparts were given, such as ordination, representation and property ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201065–66_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201065–66-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these losses, however, the majority of African American Methodists remained within the MEC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_era_(1817–1860)"><span id="Antebellum_era_.281817.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Antebellum era (1817–1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antebellum era (1817–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quest_for_respectability">Quest for respectability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quest for respectability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, the Methodist Episcopal Church became the largest and most widespread denomination in the United States, boasting "the most extensive national organization other than the Federal government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20131,_64_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20131,_64-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">Antebellum era</a>, a new generation of leaders, upwardly mobile preachers and laity, would lead the Methodist Episcopal Church toward social respectability and inclusion within America's <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Protestantism">Protestant establishment</a>. In the process, the MEC would experience what some contemporaries and later interpreters considered a "softening of discipline, embrace of the world, compromise of fundamental Wesleyan practices and precepts, abandonment of the evangelistic mission to society’s marginalized, and loss of Methodism’s prophetic nerve."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201047_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201047-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This included the transformation of the itinerant system into a more settled ministry. A second generation of Methodist preachers were unable to realize Wesley's original vision of a "celibate, self-sacrificing, and ascetic brotherhood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHempton2005111_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempton2005111-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, preachers were appointed for two-year terms to single-congregation charges called "stations". This allowed stationed pastors to live in the same community every day rather than making short visits every two, four or six weeks as in earlier years. Stationing was facilitated by the construction of <a href="/wiki/Parsonage" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsonage">parsonages</a>. By 1858, the northern MEC had built 2,174 parsonages for the use of over 5,000 traveling preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201053_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201053-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stationed preachers and their wives posed problems for the system of class meetings on which Methodist societies were based, and Methodists were noting the decline of the classes by the 1820s. The functions that class meetings and class leaders traditionally provided—discipline and spiritual formation—were taken over by the preacher and his wife. Alternative small group settings were provided by the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> and the local missionary and <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tract</a> societies. The meetings of these organizations featured prayer, hymns, testimony and exhortation. To accommodate these educational and missional efforts, Methodists began building larger and more impressive facilities, often on <a href="/wiki/Main_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Main street">main streets</a>, in the 1830s and 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201054_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201054-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1830s, loud voices had emerged against the transformation of the denomination. These voices were nostalgic and disappointed over the end of the Asbury era, which was characterized as one of greater religious enthusiasm, revivals and camp meetings. These voices were dismissed as "croakers" because it seemed they never missed an opportunity to complain, whether in the pulpit, through conference sermons or on the pages of Methodist periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201051_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201051-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Institutions">New Institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG/220px-MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG/330px-MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG/440px-MBC_150_5th_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>The former Methodist Book Concern building at 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City, designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Kendall" title="Edward H. Kendall">Edward H. Kendall</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bangs" title="Nathan Bangs">Nathan Bangs</a> is credited with leading the campaign for respectability. As the denomination's book agent and editor of both <i>The Methodist Magazine</i> and the weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Advocate" title="Christian Advocate">Christian Advocate</a></i>, Bangs was the MEC's most visible and influential leader up until the 1860s. Under his watch, the <i>Christian Advocate</i> became the most widely circulated periodical in the world, and the Book Concern was transformed from merely a distributor of British reprints into a full-fledged publishing house providing literature for adults, children, and Sunday schools, as well as producing tracts for the Methodist Tract Society organized in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201048,_50_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201048,_50-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1820s, Methodists were ready to build institutions of higher education. Citing the lack of non-Calvinist colleges and seminaries, the 1820 General Conference encouraged annual conferences to establish ones under Methodist control. Around two hundred were founded by the Civil War. These included <a href="/wiki/Augusta_College_(Kentucky)" title="Augusta College (Kentucky)">Augusta College</a> (1822), <a href="/wiki/McKendree_University" title="McKendree University">McKendree University</a> (1828), <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a> (1831), <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> (1836), <a href="/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Emory and Henry College">Emory and Henry College</a> (1836), <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a> (originally Indiana Asbury University in 1837), and what would become the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Theology" title="Boston University School of Theology">Boston University School of Theology</a> (1839). In addition, the Methodists became affiliated with already existing <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_College" title="Allegheny College">Allegheny College</a> in 1833. Methodists invested in education for women as well, founding <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_College" title="Greensboro College">Greensboro College</a> in North Carolina and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201062–63_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201062–63-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antebellum_missions">Antebellum missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antebellum missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nathan Bangs was also instrumental in the establishment of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1819 to help support foreign mission work. While missionaries were appointed and supervised by the bishops, the missionary society raised funds to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201057–58_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201057–58-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, a <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberian</a> Annual Conference was organized. While itinerating in Liberia, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Levi_Scott_(bishop)" title="Levi Scott (bishop)">Levi Scott</a> ordained the first African deacons and elders in 1853. In 1856, the General Conference created a new position, the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_bishop" title="Missionary bishop">missionary bishop</a>, to oversee the foreign mission fields. The Liberian Conference elected <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burns_(minister)" title="Francis Burns (minister)">Francis Burns</a> to be its missionary bishop, and he was consecrated in 1858, becoming the Methodist Episcopal Church's first African American bishop. As a missionary bishop, Burns was not considered a general superintendent of the church, and his episcopal authority was limited to his assigned field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201075_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201075-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, there were efforts among Native American tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a> of Ohio; the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> in the Southeast; and the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> of the Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201070–71_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201070–71-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1840s, separate <a href="/wiki/Conferences_of_the_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Conferences of the United Methodist Church">Conferences</a> were formed for <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-speaking members</a> of the Methodist Episcopal Church who were not members of the Evangelical Association or the United Brethren in Christ (later merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical United Brethren">Evangelical United Brethren</a> (EUB)). Among these was the St. Louis German Conference, which in 1925 was assimilated into the surrounding English-speaking conferences, including the Illinois Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_of_the_holiness_movement">Origins of the holiness movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Origins of the holiness movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></div> <p>In 1840, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> took over leadership of a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_meeting" title="Prayer meeting">prayer meeting</a> for women in New York City begun by her sister, Sarah. Participants of what was known as the Tuesday Meeting for the Promotion of Holiness sought to receive the blessing of Christian perfection or entire sanctification. Christian perfection was a doctrine that had been taught by Wesley but had in the words of religion scholar <a href="/wiki/Randall_Balmer" title="Randall Balmer">Randall Balmer</a>, "faded into the background" as Methodists gained respectability and became solidly middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmer2002339–40_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmer2002339–40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmer had experienced entire sanctification herself in 1837 when she made "an entire surrender" to God of everything in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her evangelism and writings, Palmer articulated an "altar theology" that outlined a "shorter way" to entire sanctification, achieved through placing oneself on a metaphorical <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrificing</a> worldly desires. Once this <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> was complete, the Christian could be assured that God would sanctify them. In the words of historian Jeffrey Williams, "Palmer made sanctification an instantaneous act accomplished through the exercise of faith."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010150_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010150-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under her leadership, men began to regularly attend the meetings, including prominent Methodists such as Nathan Bangs, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Hamline" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonidas Hamline">Leonidas Hamline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Olin" title="Stephen Olin">Stephen Olin</a>. By the 1850s, people from nearly every Protestant denomination were attending the meetings and similar meetings were started around the country, eventually numbering around 200 by 1886. These meetings formed the impetus for a new interdenominational <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a> promoted by such publications as the <i>Guide to Christian Perfection</i>, which published written testimonies from those who had experienced entire sanctification. The movement was largely urban and mainly led by lay people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060–61_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060–61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_over_episcopal_polity_and_abolitionism">Conflict over episcopal polity and abolitionism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conflict over episcopal polity and abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1820s, a reform movement emerged within the Methodist Episcopal Church to challenge its hierarchical structure. In particular, reformers wanted presiding elders to be chosen by conference elections rather than episcopal appointment. They also desired representation for local preachers (two-thirds of all Methodist clergy) and lay people in annual and general conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201076_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201076-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These proposals, particularly election of presiding elders, were interpreted as a threat to the church's episcopal polity and, therefore, a violation of the Restrictive Regulations according to Bishop McKendree and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Soule" title="Joshua Soule">Joshua Soule</a>, author of the restrictive rules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201077_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201077-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the 1824 General Conference, a number of "union societies" were formed to advocate for reform, while church leaders took actions to suppress any effort to alter the church's episcopal polity. Presiding elders in the Baltimore Conference began disciplinary proceedings against twenty-five laymen and eleven local preachers for advocating reform. Meanwhile, the number of union societies grew. The refusal of the 1828 General Conference to endorse democratic reforms led to a definitive division within the church and the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201078–79_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201078–79-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_(Warren_Common),_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Civil_War_Memorial_%28Warren_Common%29%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warren_United_Methodist_Church_and_Parsonage" title="Warren United Methodist Church and Parsonage">Warren United Methodist Church</a> (built in 1844) and a Civil War Memorial in Warren Common</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1820 (the same year as the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>), the Methodist Episcopal Church ended its ban on preachers and leadership owning slaves. Around the same time, it became closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> and its own Liberian Mission, which proposed sending <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> to evangelize Africa. According to historian Donald Mathews, "[T]here was no religious denomination more closely connected with colonization than the Methodist Episcopal Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201072_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201072-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> within the Methodist Episcopal Church sought to recover the church's antislavery witness. Notable abolitionist activity took place within the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Annual_Conference" title="New England Annual Conference">New England Annual Conference</a> where <a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a> and others used camp meetings and conference structures to attack slavery and the suppression of antislavery sentiments in church publications. Despite their efforts, Nathan Bangs kept abolitionist messages out of church periodicals, and the bishops also sought to suppress abolitionists for the sake of church unity. Abolitionist clergy were <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censured</a>, brought up on disciplinary charges, and appointed to difficult assignments as punishment. Southern Methodists responded by defending the morality of slavery and asserting that, as a political matter, slavery was an issue that was outside of the church's authority to adjudicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201083–84_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201083–84-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When pro-slavery forces prevailed at the 1840 General Conference, Scott and his allies <a href="/wiki/La_Roy_Sunderland" title="La Roy Sunderland">La Roy Sunderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jotham_Horton" title="Jotham Horton">Jotham Horton</a> left the church. Condemning the MEC as "not only a slave-holding, but a slavery defending, Church," these men organized a new Methodist church on explicitly abolitionist grounds in 1843 called the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> (not to be confused with the British church of the same name).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_schism_of_1844">Southern schism of 1844</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southern schism of 1844"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the Wesleyan Methodist secession, the anti-slavery movement among northern Methodists continued to grow, with conferences passing anti-slavery resolutions preceding the 1844 General Conference. Over the objections of southerners, General Conference created a committee on slavery that recommended the conference act to "separate slavery from the church". Most damaging to church unity, the General Conference ordered Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Osgood_Andrew" title="James Osgood Andrew">James Osgood Andrew</a>, a slave owner, to "desist from the exercise of this office so long as this impediment remains" on the basis that his owning slaves would prevent him from effectively ministering as a bishop in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084–86_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084–86-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A committee of nine was appointed to study the possibility of an amicable separation of the church. It proposed a Plan of Separation that would provide for determining a geographic boundary between the two churches and a peaceful division of property, such as the Book Concern and the <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> resources of the <a href="/wiki/General_Board_of_Pension_and_Health_Benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="General Board of Pension and Health Benefits">Chartered Fund</a>. Despite concerns that this proposal would cause "war and strife in the border conferences", it was approved by General Conference. As it required an amendment to the Restrictive Regulations, however, the plan had to be ratified by three-fourths of the annual conferences and was rejected by the northern conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201086–88_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201086–88-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the southern conferences proceeded with the Plan of Separation at the Louisville Convention of 1845 and held the first General Conference of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a> (MECS) in 1846. This action started a contest between northern and southern conferences to recruit as many border stations and circuits as they could, especially in the Delmarva Peninsula, western Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio and Missouri. Meanwhile, the 1848 MEC General Conference declared that the Plan of Separation had failed to receive the required conference votes and could not be used to legally divide the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201088–89_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201088–89-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute over the legality of separation and division of the Book Concern's property was not resolved until 1853 when the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> rule in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Swormstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Swormstedt (page does not exist)">Smith v. Swormstedt</a> that the creation of the MECS was legal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853)_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853)-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_Methodist_schism_of_1860">Free Methodist schism of 1860</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Free Methodist schism of 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern anger surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> brought further turmoil to the MEC. The Genesee Conference in New York was most effected. There, reform-minded Methodists led by <a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">B. T. Roberts</a> protested slavery as well as other signs of cultural accommodation, such as <a href="/wiki/Pew_rent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew rent">pew rents</a> (which alienated the poor) and the decline in revivalism and holiness teaching. The conference leadership reacted to this by harassing and expelling Roberts and his colleagues who then went on to organize the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201089–90_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201089–90-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned about defections to the Free Methodists, the 1860 General Conference declared owning slaves to be "contrary to the laws of God and nature" and inconsistent with the church's rules. This sparked a wave of petitions from border conferences demanding a return to a neutral position on slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201090_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201090-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baltimore annual conference split in half, with pro-slavery members seceding from the MEC. Kentucky and Missouri would soon become religious battlegrounds as Methodists divided into pro-Union and pro-Confederate camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1861–1877)"><span id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_.281861.E2.80.931877.29"></span>Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG/220px-Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG/330px-Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG/440px-Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church">Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, built in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>The Methodist split over slavery paralleled a national split. The controversy over slavery led the Southern states to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede</a> from the Union and form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, actions that led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. No denomination was more active in supporting the Union than the Methodist Episcopal Church. Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Richard Carwardine</a> argues that for many Methodists, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s election as US president in 1860 heralded the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">kingdom of God</a> in America. They were moved into action by a vision of freedom for slaves, freedom from the terror unleashed on godly abolitionists, release from the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>'s evil grip on the state, and a new direction for the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Methodists contributed many <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">chaplains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and were heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Christian_Commission" title="United States Christian Commission">Christian Commission</a>, a Protestant organization that provided religious services to soldiers and contributed to revivals within the army between 1863 and 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201099_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201099-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist family magazine <i>Ladies' Repository</i>, which provided moral uplift to women and children, promoted Christian family activism. It portrayed the War as a great moral crusade against a decadent Southern civilization corrupted by slavery. It recommended activities that family members could perform in order to aid the Union cause.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the MEC was overwhelmingly supportive of the war effort, a minority of northern Methodists disagreed with the church's political stance. In Ohio, Methodists who sympathized with the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a> coalesced into a new denomination, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(denomination)" title="Christian Union (denomination)">Christian Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Confederacy's defeat, Methodists formed a major element of the popular support for the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> with their hard line toward the white South.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston, meeting two weeks after <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's assassination">Lincoln's assassination</a>, called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Resolved, That no terms should be made with traitors, no compromise with rebels. ... That we hold the National authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly convicted, to execute them.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a highly controversial move, the Northern MEC used the army to seize control of Methodist churches in large Southern cities over the vehement protests of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Historian Ralph Morrow reports: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A War Department order of November, 1863, applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy, authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy "all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister, appointed by a loyal bishop of said church, does not officiate."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, Northern denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">Freedmen</a>. Only the Methodists made many converts, however.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists sponsored by the northern Methodist church played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, notably in such key educational roles as the Bureau's state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia, Florida, Alabama and South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focus on social problems paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement a few years later. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simpson" title="Matthew Simpson">Matthew Simpson</a>, a famous bishop, played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause. His biographer calls him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MEC women would use the leadership and organizational skills gained during the war to establish <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age home">old age homes</a>. A major driver in the creation of such institutions was the Woman's Home Missionary Society, founded in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt2010101–102_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt2010101–102-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Civil_War_divisions"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Civil_War_divisions"></span>Post–Civil War divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post–Civil War divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1895, during the 19th century holiness movement, Methodist Episcopal minister <a href="/wiki/Phineas_F._Bresee" title="Phineas F. Bresee">Phineas F. Bresee</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> in Los Angeles with the help of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pomeroy_Widney" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pomeroy Widney">Joseph Pomeroy Widney</a>. The Church of the Nazarene separated over a perceived need to minister further to the urban poor, the origins of its Nazarene name. Several other churches, roughly 15 holiness denominations that had also split from the Methodist Episcopal Church, joined the Church of the Nazarene in 1907 and 1908, and it became international soon thereafter. The new Church of the Nazarene retained the Methodist Episcopal tradition of education and now operates 56 educational institutions around the world, including eight liberal arts colleges in the United States, each tied to an "educational region".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_standards">Beliefs and standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Beliefs and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Methodist Episcopal Church's doctrines are the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> along with an emphasis on "Universal Redemption, the Free Agency of Man, Regeneration or the New Birth, Adoption, the Witness of the Spirit, and Entire Sanctification or Perfect Love."<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probationers who sought full membership into the Methodist Episcopal Church affirmed "a desire to flee from the wrath to come, and to be saved from their sins" which was to be evidenced by "observing the General Rules" delineated the connexion's standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">standards</a> included a ban against marriages with unconverted persons; a prohibition on the buying, selling and use of spiritous liquors; abstinence from tobacco; and an injunction not to wear "gold and costly apparel".<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist Episcopal Church forbade the "singing of those songs, or reading those books, which do not tend to the knowledge or love of God" as well as "dancing; playing at games of chance; attending theaters, horse races, circuses, dancing parties, or patronizing dancing schools, or taking such other amusements as are obviously of misleading or questionable moral tendency."<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_and_mergers">Divisions and mergers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Divisions and mergers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list notes divisions and mergers that occurred in Methodist Episcopal Church history.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1767: The Rev. <a href="/wiki/Philip_William_Otterbein" title="Philip William Otterbein">Philip William Otterbein</a>, (1726–1813) of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Boehm" title="Martin Boehm">Martin Boehm</a> started Methodist evangelism among <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> immigrants to form the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">United Brethren in Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development had to do only with language. Methodist Episcopal Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> later preached at Otterbein's 1813 funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968 it merged to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. </p><p>1784: Historic "Christmas Conference" held at Lovely Lane Chapel in waterfront <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> (at Lovely Lane, off German (now Redwood) Street between <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Street_(Baltimore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvert Street (Baltimore)">South Calvert Street</a> and South Street) and convened to organize the future Methodist Episcopal Church and also several ministers ordain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. </p><p>1793: The first recognized split from the Methodist Episcopal Church was led by a preacher named <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Kelly" title="James O'Kelly">James O'Kelly</a> who wanted clergy to be free to refuse to serve where the bishop appointed them.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organized the "Republican Methodists," later called simply the Christian Church or <a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a>, that through its successors and mergers eventually became part of the future <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> in 1957. </p><p>1800: The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association" title="Evangelical Association">Evangelical Association</a> was organized by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Albright" title="Jacob Albright">Jacob Albright</a> to serve <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> Methodists.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1813: The Reformed Methodist Church was organized under the leadership of Methodist preachers Pliny Brett and Elijah Bailey. This group was concentrated in Massachusetts and Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860355_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860355-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It merged into the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Christian_Union" title="Churches of Christ in Christian Union">Churches of Christ in Christian Union</a> in 1952. </p><p>1816: The <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> was organized in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesley</a> followers/African-Americans. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> had ordained him earlier in 1799. </p><p>1820: The <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> was organized in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1828: The <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadians</a> formed their own Methodist Church.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1828: The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a> split off under Nicholas Snethen, who had earlier argued against the O'Kelly split, along with Asa Shinn. The issue was the role of laity in governance of the church. In 1939, it merged.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1843: The <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> was organized.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, the Wesleyan Methodist and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness</a> denominations merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a>. </p><p>1844: The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>, split off because of the slavery controversy. Briefly, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, 1861–1865, it adopted the title of "The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America". In 1939, it merged into <a href="/wiki/The_Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Methodist Church (USA)">The Methodist Church</a>, (which endures until 1968 and a subsequent merger with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a> forming the current <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">U.M.C.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1860: The <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> was organized by <a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">B. T. Roberts</a> and others. The differences centered around a traditional/rural vs. modern/urban ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1870: The <a href="/wiki/Colored_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored Methodist Episcopal Church">Colored Methodist Episcopal Church</a> was organized from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, to serve African-American Methodists. Later changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. </p><p>1895: The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> was organized by <a href="/wiki/Phineas_F._Bresee" title="Phineas F. Bresee">Phineas F. Bresee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1895: <a href="/wiki/Fire-Baptized_Holiness_Church" title="Fire-Baptized Holiness Church">Fire Baptized Holiness Church</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1897: Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina. Merged with the Fire Baptized Holiness Church in 1911 and formed what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">International Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>. </p><p>1897: The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness Church</a> was organized.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1939: The Methodist Episcopal Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and the Methodist Protestant Church merged to form <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">The Methodist Church</a>. </p><p>1946: The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association" title="Evangelical Association">Evangelical Church</a> (Albright's Evangelical Association) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_William_Otterbein" title="Philip William Otterbein">Otterbein's</a> heritage in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">Church of the United Brethren in Christ</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a>. </p><p>1968: The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">The Methodist Church</a> merged to form <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_the_United_Methodist_Church" title="List of bishops of the United Methodist Church">List of bishops of the United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UVa-John_Wesley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UVa-John_Wesley_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804045414/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/methodist.html">"The United Methodist Church"</a>. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/methodist.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu%2Fnrms%2Fmethodist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMCofWB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMCofWB_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325213036/http://www.umcwfb.org/_aboutus/about_us_ourstory.htm">"What We Believe – Founder of the United Methodist Church"</a>. United Methodist Church of Whitefish Bay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umcwfb.org/_ABOUTUS/about_us_ourstory.htm">the original</a> on March 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Believe+%E2%80%93+Founder+of+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church+of+Whitefish+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcwfb.org%2F_ABOUTUS%2Fabout_us_ourstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-membershipchart-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-membershipchart_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-membershipchart_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-membershipchart_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-membershipchart_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For years 1784–1792, see <a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, pp. 149, 244, 255, 268, 276, 308, 320, 337, 341. For years 1793–1814, see <a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, pp. 10, 19, 24, 43, 63, 67, 85, 261, 281, 291, 303, 354, 358, 381. For years 1925–1937, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_940.asp">"Methodist Episcopal Church"</a>, <i>www.thearda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thearda.com&rft.atitle=Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FDenoms%2FD_940.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000580-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000580_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2000">Carwardine 2000</a>, p. 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1999374-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1999374_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWainwright1999">Wainwright 1999</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004125,171-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004125,171_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2004">Noll 2004</a>, p. 125,171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen196236-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen196236_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1962">Allen 1962</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004189–90-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004189–90_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2004">Noll 2004</a>, p. 189–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs183978-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs183978_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs183980-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs183980_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199851-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199851_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolverton198421,197-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolverton198421,197_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolverton1984">Woolverton 1984</a>, p. 21,197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2004203-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2004203_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2004">Noll 2004</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839153_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839157-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839157_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860365-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860365_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 167. For the original service book, see <a href="#CITEREFWesley1784">Wesley 1784</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201043-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201043_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen196244-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen196244_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1962">Allen 1962</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839149,_246-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839149,_246_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, pp. 149, 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger19985-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger19985_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201028,_30–31_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 28, 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199829-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199829_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201023,_35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201023,_35_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, pp. 23, 35.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839289,293-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839289,293_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 289,293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201031–32_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839276-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839276_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201033_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1839241–42,_322-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1839241–42,_322_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1839">Bangs 1839</a>, pp. 241–42, 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201034-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201034_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012212–13-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012212–13_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgian2012">Georgian 2012</a>, pp. 212–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201035-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201035_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012211–13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgian2012211–13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgian2012">Georgian 2012</a>, pp. 211–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186044-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186044_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201040-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201040_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186051,53-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186051,53_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 51,53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186093-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186093_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers201358-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers201358_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2013">Vickers 2013</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860231–33,_235-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860231–33,_235_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, pp. 231–33, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860305–07,_313–14,_348-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860305–07,_313–14,_348_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, pp. 305–07, 313–14, 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184043-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184043_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1840">Bangs 1840</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201045_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184050-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184050_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1840">Bangs 1840</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201049-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201049_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184053-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184053_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1840">Bangs 1840</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umph.org/WhoAreWe/History/tabid/469/Default.aspx">"History"</a>. <i>www.umph.org</i>. United Methodist Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umph.org&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umph.org%2FWhoAreWe%2FHistory%2Ftabid%2F469%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198777-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198777_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1987">O'Brien 1987</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860281-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860281_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wix.com/ugd/91d866_e81a37e5f43c4b0cab4e95be5b08dc64.pdf">"A Brief History of Central United Methodist Church: The Conscience of a City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>www.centralumchurchdetroit.org</i>, p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.centralumchurchdetroit.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Central+United+Methodist+Church%3A+The+Conscience+of+a+City&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wix.com%2Fugd%2F91d866_e81a37e5f43c4b0cab4e95be5b08dc64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860247-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860247_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263–64-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860263–64_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, pp. 263–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002168-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2002168_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2002">Noll 2002</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201041–42-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201041–42_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199897-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199897_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaves1999">Taves 1999</a>, p. 76. For Watson's original book, see <a href="#CITEREFWesleyan_Methodist1819">Wesleyan Methodist 1819</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger199896–97-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger199896–97_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201042-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201042_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201044-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201044_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186097-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186097_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs186098-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs186098_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201036-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201036_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigger1998146_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigger1998">Wigger 1998</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs184030-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs184030_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1840">Bangs 1840</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201065–66-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201065–66_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20131,_64-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20131,_64_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2013">Vickers 2013</a>, pp. 1, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201047-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201047_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempton2005111-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHempton2005111_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHempton2005">Hempton 2005</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201053-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201053_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201054-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201054_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201051-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201051_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201048,_50-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201048,_50_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 48, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201062–63-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201062–63_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201057–58-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201057–58_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201075-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201075_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201070–71-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201070–71_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Douglass, <i>The Story of German Methodism: Biography of an Immigrant Soul</i> (Methodist Book Concern, 1939)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmer2002339–40-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmer2002339–40_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalmer2002">Balmer 2002</a>, pp. 339–40.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalmer2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010150-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010150_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 150.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060–61-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201060–61_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201076-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201076_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201077-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201077_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201078–79-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201078–79_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201072-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201072_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201083–84-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201083–84_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084–86-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201084–86_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201086–88-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201086–88_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201088–89-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201088–89_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853)-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853)_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853)">Smith v. Swormstedt 57 U.S. 288 (1853)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith_v._Swormstedt_57_U.S._288_(1853) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201089–90-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201089–90_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201090-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201090_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201097_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2000_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2000">Carwardine 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201099-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt201099_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen L. Endres, "A Voice for the Christian Family: The Methodist Episcopal 'Ladies' Repository' in the Civil War," <i>Methodist History,</i> (1995) 33#2 pp 84–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph E. Morrow, "Methodists and 'Butternuts' in the Old Northwest," <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1956) 49#1 pp. 34–47 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40189481">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredrick A. Norwood, ed., <i>Sourcebook of American Methodism</i> (1982) p 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Sweet, "The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction," <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1914) 7#3 pp. 147–165, quote on p 161 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40194198">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrow, "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction," <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1954) quote on p 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph E. Morrow, <i>Northern Methodism and Reconstruction</i> (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3543755/northern-methodism-and-reconstruction">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stowell, <i>Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877,</i> pp 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Sweet, "Methodist Church Influence in Southern Politics," <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review,</i> (1915) 1#4 pp. 546–560 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1886955">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor B. Howard, <i>Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870</i> (1990) pp 212–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph E. Morrow, "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction," <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1954) 41#2 pp. 197–218, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895802">in JSTOR</a>, citing p 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Clark, <i>The Life of Matthew Simpson</i> (1956) pp 245–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt2010101–102-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicheyRoweSchmidt2010101–102_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010">Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Edwin Jones, <i>Perfectionist Persuasion: The Holiness Movement and American Methodism, 1867–1936</i> (Scarecrow Press, 1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison1908-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison1908_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_O._Garrison1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Garrison" title="Stephen O. 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Warrick, <i>Historical dictionary of Methodism</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ub.org/about/history.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326002110/http://www.ub.org/about/history.html">Archived</a> March 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, A. B. <i>The Story of Methodism</i>(revised edition). Springfield, Mass.: Willey & Co., 1889, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, A. B. <i>op.cit.</i> pp.432–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i> pp. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1860355-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1860355_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1860">Bangs 1860</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i> p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i> p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i> p. 441, 466, 517–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wesleyan-Methodist-Church-of-America">"Wesleyan Methodist Church of America"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Wesleyan+Methodist+Church+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWesleyan-Methodist-Church-of-America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i> pp. 535–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>The Story of Methodism</i>, pp. 659ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nazarene.org/ministries/administration/archives/history/statement/display.aspx">Church of the Nazarene – Historical Statement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705001043/http://www.nazarene.org/ministries/administration/archives/history/statement/display.aspx">Archived</a> 2009-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nazarene.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gospelcenterchurch.org/pilgrimholiness.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013125207/http://www.gospelcenterchurch.org/pilgrimholiness.html">Archived</a> October 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. <i>Sourcebook of American Methodism</i> (1982)</li> <li>Richey, Russell E., Rowe, Kenneth E. and Schmidt, Jean Miller (eds.) <i>The Methodist Experience in America: a sourcebook</i>, (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-24673-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-24673-1">978-0-687-24673-1</a>. 756 p. of original documents</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/57/288/">"Smith v. Swormstedt 57 U.S. 288 (1853)"</a>. <i>www.justia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justia.com&rft.atitle=Smith+v.+Swormstedt+57+U.S.+288+%281853%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F57%2F288%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sweet, William Warren (ed.) <i>Religion on the American Frontier: Vol. 4, The Methodists,1783–1840: A Collection of Source Materials</i>, (1946) 800 p. of documents regarding the American frontier</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1784" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesley, John</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amernorfm00wesl"><i>The Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America: With other Occasional Services</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists+in+North+America%3A+With+other+Occasional+Services&rft.place=London&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famernorfm00wesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesleyan_Methodist1819" class="citation book cs1">Wesleyan Methodist (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodisterroror00wesl"><i>Methodist Error; or, Friendly, Christian Advice: To Those Methodists Who Indulge in Extravagant Religious Emotions and Bodily Exercises</i></a>. Trenton, New Jersey: D. and E. Fenton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Error%3B+or%2C+Friendly%2C+Christian+Advice%3A+To+Those+Methodists+Who+Indulge+in+Extravagant+Religious+Emotions+and+Bodily+Exercises&rft.place=Trenton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=D.+and+E.+Fenton&rft.date=1819&rft.au=Wesleyan+Methodist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodisterroror00wesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1962" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Philip J. (July 1962). "Growth of Strata in Early Organizational Development". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>68</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 34–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F223264">10.1086/223264</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2774178">2774178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144474249">144474249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Strata+in+Early+Organizational+Development&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-46&rft.date=1962-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144474249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2774178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F223264&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1839" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bangs" title="Nathan Bangs">Bangs, Nathan</a> (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyURAAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church</i></a>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). New York City: T. Mason and G. Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=T.+Mason+and+G.+Lane&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyURAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1860" class="citation book cs1">——— (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjrTAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church</i></a>. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). New York City: Carlton and Porter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Carlton+and+Porter&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjrTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1840" class="citation book cs1">——— (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmethodi03bang"><i>A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York City: T. Mason and G. Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=T.+Mason+and+G.+Lane&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmethodi03bang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardine2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Carwardine, Richard</a> (September 2000). "Methodists, Politics, and the Coming of the American Civil War". <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(journal)" title="Church History (journal)">Church History</a></i>. <b>69</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 578–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3169398">10.2307/3169398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3169398">3169398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154489893">154489893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Methodists%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=578-609&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154489893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3169398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3169398&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Georgian, Elizabeth A. (2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'That Unhappy Division': Reconsidering the Causes and Significance of the O'Kelly Schism in the Methodist Episcopal Church". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>120</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Historical_Society" title="Virginia Historical Society">Virginia Historical Society</a>: 210–235. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41636705">41636705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=%27That+Unhappy+Division%27%3A+Reconsidering+the+Causes+and+Significance+of+the+O%27Kelly+Schism+in+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=210-235&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41636705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Georgian&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Hempton" title="David N. Hempton">Hempton, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fO_dKTn7pUAC"><i>Methodism: Empire of the Spirit</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300106145" title="Special:BookSources/9780300106145"><bdi>9780300106145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism%3A+Empire+of+the+Spirit&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780300106145&rft.aulast=Hempton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfO_dKTn7pUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Noll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. Noll">Noll, Mark</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LanKhFle9BUC"><i>America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198034415" title="Special:BookSources/0198034415"><bdi>0198034415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+God%3A+From+Jonathan+Edwards+to+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0198034415&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLanKhFle9BUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2004" class="citation book cs1">——— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23SKBgCuzdoC&q=The+Rise+of+Evangelicalism:+The+Age+of+Edwards,+Whitefield+and+the+Weasleys"><i>The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/InterVarsity_Press" title="InterVarsity Press">InterVarsity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84474-001-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84474-001-3"><bdi>1-84474-001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Evangelicalism%3A+The+Age+of+Edwards%2C+Whitefield+and+the+Wesleys&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84474-001-3&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23SKBgCuzdoC%26q%3DThe%2BRise%2Bof%2BEvangelicalism%3A%2BThe%2BAge%2Bof%2BEdwards%2C%2BWhitefield%2Band%2Bthe%2BWeasleys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1987" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Elmer J. (January 1987). "The <i>Methodist Quarterly Review</i>: Reflections on a Methodist Periodical". <i>Methodist History</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 76–90. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10516%2F5610">10516/5610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methodist+History&rft.atitle=The+Methodist+Quarterly+Review%3A+Reflections+on+a+Methodist+Periodical&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-90&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10516%2F5610&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Elmer+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt2010" class="citation book cs1">Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jean Miller (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HM2mv3wOtAC"><i>American Methodism: A Compact History</i></a>. Nashville, Tennessee: <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Press" title="Abingdon Press">Abingdon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-4227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-4227-9"><bdi>978-1-4267-4227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodism%3A+A+Compact+History&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-4227-9&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=Russell+E.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Jean+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HM2mv3wOtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaves1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taves" title="Ann Taves">Taves, Ann</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fitstrancesvisio0000tave"><i>Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691010243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691010243"><bdi>978-0691010243</bdi></a>. <q>Fits, Trances, and Visions: experiencing religion and explaining experience from Wesley to James.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fits%2C+Trances%2C+and+Visions%3A+Experiencing+Religion+and+Explaining+Experience+from+Wesley+to+James&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0691010243&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffitstrancesvisio0000tave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2013" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Jason E., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dGaAAAAQBAJ&q=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+American+Methodism"><i>The Cambridge Companion to American Methodism</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40105-1"><bdi>978-1-107-40105-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+American+Methodism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-40105-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dGaAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BCambridge%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BAmerican%2BMethodism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wainwright, Geoffrey (1999). "Methodism". In McGrath, Alister E. (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought</i>. Blackwell Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methodism&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigger1998" class="citation book cs1">Wigger, John H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ha7tkIU0jD4C"><i>Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252069943" title="Special:BookSources/0252069943"><bdi>0252069943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Heaven+by+Storm%3A+Methodism+and+the+Rise+of+Popular+Christianity+in+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0252069943&rft.aulast=Wigger&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dha7tkIU0jD4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolverton1984" class="citation book cs1">Woolverton, John Frederick (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialanglican0000wool"><i>Colonial Anglicanism in North America</i></a></span>. Detroit, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814317556" title="Special:BookSources/9780814317556"><bdi>9780814317556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Anglicanism+in+North+America&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780814317556&rft.aulast=Woolverton&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialanglican0000wool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodist+Episcopal+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cameron, Richard M. (ed.) (1961) <i>Methodism and Society in Historical Perspective</i>, 4 vol., New York: Abingdon Press</li> <li>Hatch, Nathan O. <i>The Democratization of American Christianity</i> (1989) credits the Methodists and Baptists for making Americans more equalitarian</li> <li>Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn <i>Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810</i>, (1998)</li> <li>Mathews, Donald G. <i>Slavery and Methodism: A Chapter in American Morality, 1780–1845</i> (1965)</li> <li>Mathews-Gardner, A. Lanethea. "From Ladies Aid to NGO: Transformations in Methodist Women's Organizing in Postwar America," in Laughlin, Kathleen A., and Jacqueline L. Castledine, eds., <i>Breaking the Wave: Women, Their Organizations, and Feminism, 1945–1985</i> (2011) pp. 99–112</li> <li>McDowell, John Patrick. <i>The Social Gospel in the South: The Woman's Home Mission Movement in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1886–1939</i> (1982)</li> <li>Meyer, Donald <i>The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919–1941</i>, (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5203-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-5203-8">0-8195-5203-8</a></li> <li>Norwood, John Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schisminmethodis00norw"><i>The Schism in the Methodist Episcopal Church 1844: A Study of Slavery and Ecclesiastical Politics</i></a> (The Alfred Press, 1923)</li> <li>Richey, Russell E. <i>Early American Methodism</i> (1991)</li> <li>Richey, Russell E. and Kenneth E. Rowe, eds. <i>Rethinking Methodist History: A Bicentennial Historical Consultation</i> (1985), historiographical essays by scholars</li> <li>Schmidt, Jean Miller <i>Grace Sufficient: A History of Women in American Methodism, 1760–1939</i>, (1999)</li> <li>Schneider, A. Gregory. <i>The Way of the Cross Leads Home: The Domestication of American Methodism</i> (1993)</li> <li>Stevens, Abel. <i>History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America</i> (1884) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6TzTAAAAMAAJ">online</a></li> <li>Sweet, William Warren <i>Methodism in American History</i>, (1954) 472pp.</li> <li>Teasdale, Mark R. <i>Methodist Evangelism, American Salvation: The Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1860–1920</i> (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2014)</li> <li>Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield. <i>American Methodist Worship</i> (2001)</li> <li>Wigger, John H. and Nathan O. Hatch, eds. <i>Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture</i> (2001)</li> <li>Yrigoyen Jr, Charles, and Susan E. Warrick. <i>Historical dictionary of Methodism</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2013)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Episcopal Church (United States)">in North America</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">History of Methodism in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lovely_Lane_Methodist_Church" title="Lovely Lane Methodist Church">Lovely Lane Methodist Church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barratt%27s_Chapel" title="Barratt's Chapel">Barratt's Chapel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Conference" title="Christmas Conference">Christmas Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church (USA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association" title="Evangelical Association">Evangelical Association</a> (1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(Canada)" title="Methodist Church (Canada)">Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(denomination)" title="Christian Union (denomination)">Christian Union</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Holiness)" title="Church of God (Holiness)">Church of God (Holiness)</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Sanctified_Holy_Church" title="Christ's Sanctified Holy Church">Christ's Sanctified Holy Church</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness Church</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church" title="Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church">Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Holiness_Association" title="Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association">Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association</a> (1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Republican Methodist Church</a><br />(1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="Congregational Christian Churches">Congregational Christian Churches</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="National Association of Congregational Christian Churches">National Association of Congregational Christian Churches</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (1957)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a><br />(1841)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Daniel%27s_Band" title="Church of Daniel's Band">Church of Daniel's Band</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fire-Baptized_Holiness_Church" title="Fire-Baptized Holiness Church">Fire-Baptized Holiness Church</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Methodist_Church" title="Missionary Methodist Church">Missionary Methodist Church</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">Bible Methodist Connection of Churches</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Tennessee" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee">Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a><br />(1844)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Methodist_Church" title="Congregational Methodist Church">Congregational Methodist Church</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Congregational_Methodist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Congregational Methodist Church (page does not exist)">New Congregational Methodist Church</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Methodist_Church" title="The People's Methodist Church">People's Methodist Church</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a><br />(1860)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Free_Methodist_Church" title="Reformed Free Methodist Church">Reformed Free Methodist Church</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">United Holiness Church</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a> (1963)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">Category</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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