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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allegations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_of_terrorism_worldwide_by_the_KGB_and_FSB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_terrorism_worldwide_by_the_KGB_and_FSB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_terrorism_worldwide_by_the_KGB_and_FSB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_parliament_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_parliament_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Armenian parliament shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_parliament_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_apartment_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_apartment_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Russian apartment bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_apartment_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moscow_theatre_hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow_theatre_hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Moscow theatre hostage crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow_theatre_hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beslan_school_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beslan_school_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Beslan school siege </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beslan_school_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Russia–al-Qaeda_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Russia–al-Qaeda_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Alleged Russia–al-Qaeda connection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Russia–al-Qaeda_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_concerning_Romano_Prodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_concerning_Romano_Prodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Allegations concerning Romano Prodi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_concerning_Romano_Prodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_between_FSB_and_mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_between_FSB_and_mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Connections between FSB and mafia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_between_FSB_and_mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_paedophilia_of_Vladimir_Putin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_paedophilia_of_Vladimir_Putin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Alleged paedophilia of Vladimir Putin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_paedophilia_of_Vladimir_Putin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophet_Muhammad_"cartoons"_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophet_Muhammad_"cartoons"_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Prophet Muhammad "cartoons" controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophet_Muhammad_"cartoons"_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Poisoning and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poisoning_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Poisoning and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_and_final_statement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_final_statement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Death and final statement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_final_statement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_into_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_into_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Investigations into death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations_into_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_criminal_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_criminal_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 UK criminal investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_criminal_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_criminal_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_criminal_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Russian criminal investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_criminal_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_inquiries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_inquiries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Judicial inquiries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judicial_inquiries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Judicial inquiries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Judicial_inquiries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inquest_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquest_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Inquest in London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquest_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carter_v_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carter_v_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Carter v Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carter_v_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 His books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_films_about_Litvinenko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_films_about_Litvinenko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Books and films about Litvinenko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_films_about_Litvinenko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alexander Litvinenko</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="ألكسندر ليتفينينكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر ليتفينينكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аляксандар Літвіненка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Літвіненка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Александър Литвиненко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Литвиненко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Litvinjenko" title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Litvin%C4%9Bnko" title="Alexandr Litviněnko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Litviněnko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Walterowitsch_Litwinenko" title="Alexander Walterowitsch Litwinenko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Walterowitsch Litwinenko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Αλεξάντερ Λιτβινένκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Λιτβινένκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="آلکساندر لیتوینینکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکساندر لیتوینینکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Litvinenko" title="Alexandre Litvinenko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%EB%84%A8%EC%BD%94" title="알렉산드르 리트비넨코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 리트비넨코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Ալեքսանդր Լիտվինենկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Լիտվինենկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Litvinjenko" title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_L%C3%ADtv%C3%ADnenko" title="Aleksandr Lítvínenko – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aleksandr Lítvínenko" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Val%27terovi%C4%8D_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Val'terovič Litvinenko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Val'terovič Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="אלכסנדר ליטוויננקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר ליטוויננקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_%C4%BBitvi%C5%86enko" title="Aleksandrs Ļitviņenko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Ļitviņenko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Walterowitsch_Litwinenko" title="Alexander Walterowitsch Litwinenko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander Walterowitsch Litwinenko" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Litvinenka" title="Aleksandras Litvinenka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Litvinenka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekszandr_Valtyerovics_Litvinyenko" title="Alekszandr Valtyerovics Litvinyenko – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alekszandr Valtyerovics Litvinyenko" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Александар Литвиненко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Литвиненко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="الكساندريه ليتفينينكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكساندريه ليتفينينكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Александр Литвиненко – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Литвиненко" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3" title="アレクサンドル・リトビネンコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・リトビネンコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litwinienko" title="Aleksandr Litwinienko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Litwinienko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Литвиненко, Александр Вальтерович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литвиненко, Александр Вальтерович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%81%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Өлөксөөндүр Литвиненко – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өлөксөөндүр Литвиненко" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Va%C4%BEterovi%C4%8D_Litvinenko" title="Alexandr Vaľterovič Litvinenko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Vaľterovič Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Александар Литвињенко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Литвињенко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Litvinjenko" title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Litvinjenko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Александр Литвиненко – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Литвиненко" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Litvinenko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Литвиненко Олександр Вальтерович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Литвиненко Олександр Вальтерович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="الیگزینڈر لیتوینینکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزینڈر لیتوینینکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Valterovich_Litvinenko" title="Aleksandr Valterovich Litvinenko – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr Valterovich Litvinenko" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%B0%E6%B4%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91" title="亚历山大·瓦尔杰洛维奇·利特维年科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·瓦尔杰洛维奇·利特维年科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%B6%AD%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91" title="亞歷山大·瓦爾特羅維奇·利特維年科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞歷山大·瓦爾特羅維奇·利特維年科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q87015#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Valterovich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Litvinenko.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Litvinenko <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Александр Литвиненко</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexanderLitvinenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/AlexanderLitvinenko.jpg/220px-AlexanderLitvinenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/AlexanderLitvinenko.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="354" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Litvinenko in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Aleksandr Valterovich Litvinenko</div> (1962-08-30)30 August 1962 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 2006(2006-11-23) (aged 44) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a> London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Soviet Union (1962–1991) Russia (1991–2006) United Kingdom (2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Nataliya</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1981; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1994)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marina</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1994)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Nation_(order)" title="Hero of the Nation"><img alt="Hero of the Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png/25px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png/38px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png/50px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%C2%BB.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Espionage activity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (defected) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a> (defected) <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (30 August 1962<a href="#cite_note-independent-3">[2]</a> or 4 December 1962<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> – 23 November 2006) was a British-naturalised Russian <a href="/wiki/Defector" class="mw-redirect" title="Defector">defector</a> and former officer of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) who specialised in tackling <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> A prominent critic of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, he advised British intelligence and coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">mafia state</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a> In November 1998, Litvinenko and several other FSB officers publicly accused their superiors of ordering the assassination of the Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>. Litvinenko was arrested the following March on charges of exceeding the authority of his position. He was acquitted in November 1999 but re-arrested before the charges were again dismissed in 2000. He fled with his family to London and was granted <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">asylum</a> in the United Kingdom, where he worked as a journalist, writer and consultant for the British intelligence services. During his time in London, Litvinenko wrote two books, <a href="/wiki/Blowing_Up_Russia:_Terror_from_Within" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within">Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Criminal_Group" title="Lubyanka Criminal Group">Lubyanka Criminal Group</a>, in which he accused the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Russian secret services</a> of staging the <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a> in 1999 and other acts of terrorism in an effort to bring <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to power. He also accused Putin of ordering the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya">assassination</a> of the Russian journalist <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> in 2006. On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised</a> after poisoning with <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a>; he died from the poisoning on 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a> The events leading up to this are well documented, despite spawning numerous <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko_assassination_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Litvinenko assassination theories">theories relating to his poisoning and death</a>. A British murder investigation identified <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Lugovoy" title="Andrey Lugovoy">Andrey Lugovoy</a>, a former member of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a> (FSO), as the main suspect. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kovtun" title="Dmitry Kovtun">Dmitry Kovtun</a> was later named as a second suspect.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The United Kingdom demanded that Lugovoy be extradited; Russia denied the extradition as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian constitution">Russian constitution</a> prohibits the extradition of Russian citizens, leading to a straining of <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">relations between Russia and the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> After Litvinenko's death, his wife Marina, aided by biologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(biologist)" title="Alexander Goldfarb (biologist)">Alexander Goldfarb</a>, pursued a vigorous campaign through the <a href="/wiki/Litvinenko_Justice_Foundation" title="Litvinenko Justice Foundation">Litvinenko Justice Foundation</a>. In October 2011, she won the right for an <a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a> into her husband's death to be conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a> in London; the inquest was repeatedly set back by issues relating to examinable evidence.<a href="#cite_note-refusedIndep-10">[9]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public inquiry</a> began on 27 January 2015,<a href="#cite_note-guardianinquest-11">[10]</a> and concluded in January 2016 that Litvinenko's murder was carried out by the two suspects and that they were "probably" acting under the direction of the FSB and with the approval of Putin and then FSB director <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcinquest-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In the 2021 case <a href="#Carter_v_Russia">Carter v Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled that Russia was responsible for his death and ordered the country to pay 100,000 euros in damages.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-ECHR-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career">edit</a>]</div> Alexander Litvinenko was born in the Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-19">[18]</a> After he graduated from a <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> secondary school in 1980, he was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> as a Private. After a year of service, he matriculated in the Kirov Higher Command School in <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>. In 1981, Litvinenko married Nataliya, an accountant, with whom he had a son, Alexander, and a daughter, Sonia. This marriage ended in divorce in 1994 and in the same year Litvinenko married Marina, a ballroom dancer and fitness instructor, with whom he had a son, Anatoly.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> After graduation in 1985, Litvinenko became a <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> commander in the <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsky_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzerzhinsky Division">Dzerzhinsky Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>. He was assigned to the 4th Company of 4th Regiment, where among his duties was the protection of valuable cargo while in transit.<a href="#cite_note-independent-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In 1986, he became an <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> when he was recruited by the MVD's KGB <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> section and in 1988, he was officially transferred to the Third Chief Directorate of the KGB, <a href="/wiki/Military_counterintelligence_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Military counterintelligence of the Soviet Army">Military Counter Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> Later that year, after studying for a year at the <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> Military Counter Intelligence School, he became an operational officer and served in KGB military counterintelligence until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_Russian_security_services">Career in Russian security services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career in Russian security services">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, Litvinenko was promoted to the Central Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Counterintelligence_Service" title="Federal Counterintelligence Service">Federal Counterintelligence Service</a>, specialising in <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorist</a> activities and infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised crime</a>. He was awarded the title of "MUR veteran" for operations conducted with the Moscow criminal investigation department, the MUR.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1998_583-24">[23]</a> Litvinenko also saw active military service in many of the so-called "hot spots" of the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, Litvinenko planted several FSB agents in Chechnya. Although he was often called a "Russian spy" by western press, throughout his career he was not an '<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agent">intelligence agent</a>' and did not deal with secrets beyond information on operations against organised criminal groups.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maria-26">[25]</a> Litvinenko met <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a> in 1994 when he took part in investigations into an assassination attempt on the <a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">oligarch</a>. He later was responsible for the oligarch's security.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> Litvinenko's employment under Berezovsky and other security services created a conflict of interest, but such practice is usually tolerated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> In 1997, Litvinenko was promoted to the FSB Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups, with the title of senior operational officer and deputy head of the Seventh Section.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_FSB_leadership">Conflict with FSB leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict with FSB leadership">edit</a>]</div> During his work in the FSB, Litvinenko discovered numerous connections between top leadership of Russian law enforcement agencies and <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Solntsevskaya_bratva" class="mw-redirect" title="Solntsevskaya bratva">Solntsevo gang</a>. He wrote a memorandum about this issue for <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. Berezovsky arranged a meeting for him with FSB director <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barsukov" title="Mikhail Barsukov">Mikhail Barsukov</a> and deputy director of Internal affairs Ovchinnikov to discuss the corruption problems;<a href="#cite_note-Wistle-29">[28]</a> however, this had no effect. Litvinenko gradually realized that the entire system was corrupt from the top to the bottom. He explained: "If your partner [cheated] you, or a creditor did not pay, or a supplier did not deliver‍— where did you turn to complain? [...] When force became a commodity, there was always demand for it. "<a href="/wiki/Protection_racket#Examples" title="Protection racket">Roofs</a>" (krysha) appeared‍— people who sheltered and protected your business. First it was provided by the mob, then by police, and soon even our own guys realized what was what, and then the rivalry began among gangsters, cops, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Agency</a> for market share. As the police and the FSB became more competitive, they squeezed the gangs out of the market. However, in many cases competition gave way to cooperation, and the services became gangsters themselves."<a href="#cite_note-Wistle-29">[28]</a> On 25 July 1998, Berezovsky introduced Litvinenko to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. He said: "Go see Putin. Make yourself known. See what a great guy we have installed, with your help."<a href="#cite_note-Meeting12-30">[29]</a> On the same day, Putin replaced <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalyov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)">Nikolay Kovalyov</a> as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service#Directors_of_the_FSB" title="Federal Security Service">the Director of the Federal Security Service</a>, with help from Berezovsky.<a href="#cite_note-Meeting12-30">[29]</a> Litvinenko reported to Putin on corruption in the FSB, but Putin was unimpressed.<a href="#cite_note-Meeting12-30">[29]</a> Litvinenko said to his wife after the meeting: "I could see in his eyes that he hated me."<a href="#cite_note-Meeting12-30">[29]</a> Litvinenko said that he was doing an investigation of Uzbek drug barons who received protection from the FSB, and Putin tried to stall the investigation to save his reputation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> On 13 November 1998, Berezovsky wrote an open letter to Putin in <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>. He accused four senior officers of the Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups of ordering his assassination: Major-General Yevgeny Khokholkov, N. Stepanov, A. Kamyshnikov, and N. Yenin.<a href="#cite_note-kommersant.ru-32">[31]</a> Four days later, on 17 November, Litvinenko and four other officers appeared together in a press conference at the Russian news agency <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>. All officers worked for both FSB in the Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> They repeated the allegation made by Berezovsky.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-agentura2006-33">[32]</a> The officers also said they were ordered to kill <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Trepashkin" title="Mikhail Trepashkin">Mikhail Trepashkin</a> who was also present at the press conference, and to kidnap a brother of the businessman <a href="/wiki/Umar_Dzhabrailov" title="Umar Dzhabrailov">Umar Dzhabrailov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agentura2006-33">[32]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Dorenko" title="Sergey Dorenko">Sergey Dorenko</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> with a complete copy of an interview he conducted in April 1998 for <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel One (Russia)">ORT</a>, a television station, with Litvinenko and his fellow employees. The interview, of which only excerpts were broadcast in 1998, shows the FSB officers, who were disguised in masks or dark glasses, claim that their bosses had ordered them to kill, kidnap or frame prominent Russian politicians and businesspeople. After holding the press conference, Litvinenko was dismissed from the FSB.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Tregubova" title="Yelena Tregubova">Yelena Tregubova</a>, Putin said that he personally ordered the dismissal of Litvinenko, stating, "I fired Litvinenko and disbanded his unit ...because FSB officers should not stage press conferences. This is not their job. And they should not make internal scandals public."<a href="#cite_note-dissident-34">[33]</a> Litvinenko also believed that Putin was behind his arrest. He said, "Putin had the power to decide whether to pass my file to the prosecutors or not. He always hated me. And there was a bonus for him: by throwing me to the wolves he distanced himself from Boris [Berezovsky] in the eyes of FSB's generals."<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_from_Russia_and_asylum_in_the_United_Kingdom">Flight from Russia and asylum in the United Kingdom</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flight from Russia and asylum in the United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In October 2000, in violation of an order not to leave Moscow, Litvinenko and his family travelled to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, possibly via <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ihtcowell-36">[35]</a> While in Turkey, Litvinenko applied for asylum at the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the United States">United States Embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, but his application was denied.<a href="#cite_note-ihtcowell-36">[35]</a> With the help of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(microbiologist_and_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist and activist)">Alexander Goldfarb</a>, Litvinenko bought air tickets for the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>–London–Moscow flight,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and asked for <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> during the transit stop on 1 November 2000.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Political asylum was granted on 14 May 2001,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> not because of his knowledge on intelligence matters, according to Litvinenko, but rather on humanitarian grounds.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> While in London he became a journalist for <a href="/wiki/Chechenpress" title="Chechenpress">Chechenpress</a> and an author. He also joined Berezovsky in campaigning against Putin's government.<a href="#cite_note-sakwa-40">[39]</a> In October 2006, he became a naturalised <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British citizen</a> with residence in Whitehaven.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 2002, Litvinenko was convicted <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> in Russia and given a three-and-a-half-year jail sentence for charges of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-guardobit-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> According to Litvinenko's widow, Marina Litvinenko, her husband cooperated with the British security services, working as a consultant and helping the agencies to combat Russian organised crime in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a> During the public inquiry started in January 2015, it was confirmed that Litvinenko was recruited by MI6 to provide "useful information about senior Kremlin figures and their links with Russian organised crime", primarily related to Russian mafia activities in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-newevid-44">[43]</a> Shortly before his death, Litvinenko tipped off Spanish authorities on several organised crime bosses with links to Spain. During a meeting in May 2006, he allegedly provided security officials with information on the locations, roles, and activities of several "Russian" mafia figures with ties to Spain, including <a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Kalashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakhar Kalashov">Zahkar Kalashov</a>, Vitaly Izguilov and <a href="/wiki/Tariel_Oniani" title="Tariel Oniani">Tariel Oniani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Litvinenko allegedly converted to Islam in Britain and was rumoured to have told his father he had converted to Islam on his death bed. Litvinenko said his father commented about it: "It doesn't matter. At least you're not a communist."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a>, who was present during the conversation, later arranged for an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> to recite appropriate Koranic verses in the hospital room at Litvinenkos request the day before his death.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Litvinenko also wished to be buried in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, since he was ashamed of Russia's actions there.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> This account has been strongly denied by close family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-49">[48]</a> Visitors to Litvinenko's death bed included <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a> and Litvinenko's father, Walter, who flew in from Moscow. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Trepashkin" title="Mikhail Trepashkin">Mikhail Trepashkin</a> said that in 2002 he had warned Litvinenko that an FSB unit was assigned to assassinate him.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In spite of this, Litvinenko often travelled overseas with no security arrangements, and freely mingled with the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Russians in the United Kingdom">Russian community in the United Kingdom</a>, and often received journalists at his home.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations">Allegations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allegations">edit</a>]</div> Litvinenko published a number of allegations about the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian government</a>, most of which are related to conducting or sponsoring domestic and foreign terrorism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_terrorism_worldwide_by_the_KGB_and_FSB">Support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB">edit</a>]</div> Litvinenko stated that "all the bloodiest terrorists of the world" were connected to FSB-KGB, including <a href="/wiki/Ilich_Ram%C3%ADrez_S%C3%A1nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilich Ramírez Sánchez">Carlos "The Jackal" Ramírez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hawi" title="George Hawi">George Hawi</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Lebanon">Communist Party of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezekias_Papaioannou" title="Ezekias Papaioannou">Ezekias Papaioannou</a> from Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Garland">Sean Garland</a> from Ireland, and many others. He said that all of them were trained, funded, and provided with weapons, explosives and counterfeit documents to carry out terrorist attacks worldwide and that each act of terrorism made by these people was carried out according to the task and under the rigid control of the KGB of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iii-51">[50]</a> Litvinenko said that "the center of global terrorism is not in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan or the Chechen Republic. The terrorism infection creeps away worldwide from the cabinets of the Lubyanka Square and the Kremlin".<a href="#cite_note-co-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> When asked in an interview who he thought the originator of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 bombings in London</a> was, Litvinenko responded saying,<a href="#cite_note-iii-51">[50]</a> "You know, I have spoken about it earlier and I shall say now, that I know only one organization, which has made terrorism the main tool of solving of political problems. It is the Russian special services."<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Litvinenko also commented on a new law that "Russia has the right to carry out preemptive strikes on militant bases abroad" and explained that these "preemptive strikes may involve anything except nuclear weapons." Litvinenko said, "You know who they mean when they say 'terrorist bases abroad'? They mean us, <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Zakayev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris</a> and me."<a href="#cite_note-dissident-34">[33]</a> He also said that "It was considered in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">our service</a> that poison is an easier weapon than a pistol." He referred to <a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">a secret laboratory in Moscow</a> that still continues development of deadly poisons, according to him.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_parliament_shooting">Armenian parliament shooting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Armenian parliament shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1999_Armenian_parliament_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Armenian parliament shooting">1999 Armenian parliament shooting</a></div> Litvinenko accused the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General-Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Russia">Russian armed forces</a> of having organised the <a href="/wiki/1999_Armenian_parliament_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Armenian parliament shooting">1999 Armenian parliament shooting</a> that killed the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a>, and seven members of parliament, ostensibly to derail the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">peace process</a> which would have resolved the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> conflict, but he offered no evidence to support the accusation.<a href="#cite_note-csrc-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Russia">Russian embassy</a> in Armenia denied any such involvement, and described Litvinenko's accusation as an attempt to harm <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">relations between Armenia and Russia</a> by people against the democratic reforms in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_apartment_bombings">Russian apartment bombings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian apartment bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a></div> Litvinenko wrote two books, <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Criminal_Group" title="Lubyanka Criminal Group">Lubyanka Criminal Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blowing_Up_Russia:_Terror_from_Within" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within">Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within</a> (in co-authorship with historian <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Yuri Felshtinsky</a>), where he accused the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Russian secret services</a> of staging the <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a> and other terrorism acts in an effort to bring <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to power.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_theatre_hostage_crisis">Moscow theatre hostage crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moscow theatre hostage crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a></div> In a 2003 interview with the Australian <a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">SBS TV</a> network, and aired on <a href="/wiki/Dateline_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Dateline (Australian TV program)">Dateline</a>, Litvinenko claimed that two of the Chechen terrorists involved in the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theatre_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow theatre hostage crisis">Moscow theatre siege</a> – whom he named "Abdul the Bloody" and "Abu Bakar" – were working for the FSB, and that the agency manipulated the rebels into staging the attack.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Litvinenko said, "[W]hen they tried to find [Abdul the Bloody and Abu Bakar] among the dead terrorists, they weren't there. The FSB got its agents out. So the FSB agents among Chechens organized the whole thing on FSB orders, and those agents were released." This echoed similar claims made by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Trepashkin" title="Mikhail Trepashkin">Mikhail Trepashkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The leading role of an <a href="/wiki/FSB_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="FSB (Russia)">FSB</a> agent, Khanpasha Terkibaev ("Abu Bakar"), was also described by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Rybkin" title="Ivan Rybkin">Ivan Rybkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khinshtein" title="Alexander Khinshtein">Alexander Khinshtein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In the beginning of April 2003, Litvinenko gave "the Terkibaev file" to <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yushenkov" title="Sergei Yushenkov">Sergei Yushenkov</a> when he visited London, who in turn passed it to <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dissident-34">[33]</a> A few days later Yushenkov was assassinated. Terkibaev was later killed in Chechnya. According to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Rybkin" title="Ivan Rybkin">Ivan Rybkin</a>, a speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian State Duma">Russian State Duma</a>, "The authorities failed to keep [the FSB agent] Terkibaev out of public view, and that is why he was killed. I know how angry people were, because they knew Terkibaev had authorization from presidential administration."<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beslan_school_siege">Beslan school siege</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beslan school siege">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a></div> In September 2004, Alexander Litvinenko suggested that the Russian secret services must have been aware of the plot beforehand and probably had organised the attack themselves in order to <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege#Long-term_effects" title="Beslan school siege">toughen laws on terrorism and expand the powers of law enforcement agencies</a>. His conclusion was based on the fact that several Beslan hostage takers had been released from FSB custody just before the attack in Beslan. He said that they would have been freed only if they were of use to the FSB, and that even in the case that they were freed without being turned into FSB assets, they would be under strict surveillance that would not have allowed them to carry out the Beslan attack unnoticed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Ella Kesayeva, co-chair of the group <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Beslan" title="Voice of Beslan">Voice of Beslan</a>, supported Litvinenko's argument in a November 2008 article in <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a>, noting the large number of hostage takers who were in government custody not long before attacking the school, and coming to the same conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Russia–al-Qaeda_connection">Alleged Russia–al-Qaeda connection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alleged Russia–al-Qaeda connection">edit</a>]</div> In a July 2005 interview with the Polish newspaper <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a>, Litvinenko alleged that <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>, a prominent leader of al-Qaeda, was trained for half a year by the FSB in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-iii-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[70]</a> Litvinenko said that after this training, al-Zawahiri "was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where he had never been before and where, following the recommendation of his Lubyanka chiefs, he at once ... penetrated the milieu of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and soon became his assistant in <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>."<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Preobrazhenskiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy">Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy</a>, a former KGB officer and writer, supported this claim and said that Litvinenko "was responsible for securing the secrecy of Al-Zawahiri's arrival in Russia; he was trained by FSB instructors in Dagestan, Northern Caucasus, in 1996–1997."<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> He said: "At that time, Litvinenko was the Head of the Subdivision for Internationally Wanted Terrorists of the First Department of the Operative-Inquiry Directorate of the FSB Anti-Terrorist Department. He was ordered to undertake the delicate mission of securing Al-Zawahiri from unintentional disclosure by the Russian police. Though Al-Zawahiri had been brought to Russia by the FSB using a false passport, it was still possible for the police to learn about his arrival and report to Moscow for verification. Such a process could disclose Al-Zawahiri as an FSB collaborator. In order to prevent this, Litvinenko visited a group of highly placed police officers to notify them in advance."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> According to Sergei Ignatchenko, an FSB spokesman, al-Zawahiri was arrested by Russian authorities in Dagestan in December 1996 and released in May 1997.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya">Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Politkovskaya assassination">Anna Politkovskaya assassination</a></div> Two weeks before his poisoning, Alexander Litvinenko accused <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> of ordering the assassination of the Russian journalist <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> and stated that a former presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Hakamada" class="mw-redirect" title="Irina Hakamada">Irina Hakamada</a>, warned Politkovskaya about threats to her life coming from the Russian president. Litvinenko advised Politkovskaya to escape from Russia immediately. Hakamada denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, and said that she warned Politkovskaya only in general terms more than a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> It remains unclear if Litvinenko referred to an earlier statement made by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>, who claimed that <a href="/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov" title="Boris Nemtsov">Boris Nemtsov</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Russia">Deputy Prime Minister of Russia</a>, received word from Hakamada that Putin threatened her and like-minded colleagues in person. According to Berezovsky, Putin stated that Hakamada and her colleagues "will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively" if they "open the mouth" about the <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_concerning_Romano_Prodi">Allegations concerning Romano Prodi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Allegations concerning Romano Prodi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Commission" title="Mitrokhin Commission">Mitrokhin Commission</a></div> According to Litvinenko, the FSB deputy chief General <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Trofimov" title="Anatoly Trofimov">Anatoly Trofimov</a> said to him: "Don't go to Italy, there are many KGB agents among the politicians. <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> is our man there."<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mosnews.com-80">[79]</a> Prodi was the Italian centre-left leader, and a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> and former president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. The conversation with Trofimov took place in 2000, after the Prodi–KGB scandal broke out in October 1999 due to information about Prodi provided by <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81">[80]</a> In April 2006, a British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">member of the European Parliament</a> for London, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Batten" title="Gerard Batten">Gerard Batten</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Independence Party">United Kingdom Independence Party</a> (UKIP), demanded an inquiry into the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mosnews.com-80">[79]</a> On 26 April 2006, Batten repeated his call for a parliamentary inquiry, revealing that "former senior members of the KGB are willing to testify in such an investigation, under the right conditions." He added: "It is not acceptable that this situation is unresolved, given the importance of Russia's relations with the European Union."<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On 22 January 2007, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a> released documents and video footage from February 2006, in which Litvinenko repeated his statements about Prodi.<a href="#cite_note-bb-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Prodi denied the allegations. Litvinenko said that "Trofimov did not exactly say that Prodi was a KGB agent, because the KGB avoids using that word."<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The Mitrokhin Commission, which was established in 2002 and closed in 2006 with a majority and a minority report, without reaching shared conclusions, and without any concrete evidence given to support the original allegations of KGB ties to Italian politicians contained in the <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>. Led by the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a> majority, it was criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In November 2006, the new Italian Parliament with a <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">centre-left coalition</a> majority instituted a commission to investigate the Mitrokhin Commission for allegations that it was manipulated for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In December 2006, colonel ex-KGB agent Oleg Gordievsky, whom <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scaramella" title="Mario Scaramella">Mario Scaramella</a> claimed as his source, confirmed the accusations made against Scaramella regarding the production of false material relating to Prodi and other Italian politicians,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and underlined their lack of reliability.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections_between_FSB_and_mafia">Connections between FSB and mafia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Connections between FSB and mafia">edit</a>]</div> In his book <a href="/wiki/Gang_from_Lubyanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang from Lubyanka">Gang from Lubyanka</a>, Litvinenko alleged that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> during his time at the FSB was personally involved in <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protecting</a> the drug trafficking from Afghanistan organised by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In December 2003, Russian authorities confiscated over 4,000 copies of the book.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Shortly before his death, Alexander Litvinenko alleged that Vladimir Putin had cultivated a "good relationship" with <a href="/wiki/Semion_Mogilevich" title="Semion Mogilevich">Semion Mogilevich</a> (head of the Russia mafia) since 1993 or 1994.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_paedophilia_of_Vladimir_Putin">Alleged paedophilia of Vladimir Putin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alleged paedophilia of Vladimir Putin">edit</a>]</div> In a July 2006 article published on Zakayev's <a href="/wiki/Chechenpress" title="Chechenpress">Chechenpress</a> website, Litvinenko claimed that Putin is a <a href="/wiki/Paedophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedophile">paedophile</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> knew about it since Putin's graduation from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Foreign_Intelligence" title="Academy of Foreign Intelligence">Red Banner Institute</a>. Litvinenko asserted that the FSB had possessed video footage which documented sex between Putin and <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> boys and that Putin destroyed it while FSB director.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Litvinenko also claimed that <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Trofimov" title="Anatoly Trofimov">Anatoly Trofimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artyom_Borovik" title="Artyom Borovik">Artyom Borovik</a> knew of the alleged paedophilia.<a href="#cite_note-chechrus-94">[93]</a> An article in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> described the allegation as "without evidence".<a href="#cite_note-NYTpaedo-95">[94]</a> Litvinenko made the allegation after Putin kissed a boy on his stomach while stopping to chat with some tourists during a walk in the Kremlin grounds on 28 June 2006. The incident was recalled in a <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcast</a> organised by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a>, in which over 11,000 people asked Putin to explain the act, to which he responded, "He seemed very independent and serious... I wanted to cuddle him like a kitten and it came out in this gesture. He seemed so nice. ... There is nothing behind it."<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a>, a close friend of Litvinenko, said he was angry when he published the article, as he had strongly urged him against it. Bukovsky noted that despite his ferocious hostility toward the Kremlin, Litvinenko still had the mind-set of a security officer and "could not understand the difference between truth and operational information."<a href="#cite_note-NYTpaedo-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophet_Muhammad_"cartoons"_controversy">Prophet Muhammad "cartoons" controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prophet Muhammad "cartoons" controversy">edit</a>]</div> According to Litvinenko, the <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">2005 controversy</a> over the publication in the <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Denmark">Danish newspaper</a> <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten" title="Jyllands-Posten">Jyllands-Posten</a> of editorial cartoons depicting the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was orchestrated by the FSB to punish <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> for its refusal to extradite <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen separatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fromrussiawithlies-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poisoning_and_death">Poisoning and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Poisoning and death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexanderLitvinenkoHospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/AlexanderLitvinenkoHospital.jpg/220px-AlexanderLitvinenkoHospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/97/AlexanderLitvinenkoHospital.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>A bald Litvinenko at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill. On 3 November, he was admitted to Barnet General Hospital in London.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> He was then moved to <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> for intensive care. His illness was later attributed to poisoning with <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a> found significant amounts of the rare and highly toxic element in his body.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20150728-99">[98]</a> Litvinenko met with two former agents early on the day he fell ill – <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kovtun" title="Dmitry Kovtun">Dmitry Kovtun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Lugovoy" title="Andrey Lugovoy">Andrey Lugovoy</a>, in the Pine Bar of the <a href="/wiki/The_Biltmore_Mayfair,_LXR_Hotels_%26_Resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Biltmore Mayfair, LXR Hotels & Resorts">Millennium Hotel</a> where high polonium contamination was found.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC20150728-99">[98]</a> Though both denied any wrongdoing, a leaked <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">U.S. diplomatic cable</a> revealed that Kovtun had left polonium traces in the house and car he had used in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before his meeting with Kovtun and Lugovoy, Litvinenko had lunch at <a href="/wiki/Itsu" title="Itsu">Itsu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> restaurant on <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in London with Italian acquaintance <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scaramella" title="Mario Scaramella">Mario Scaramella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Scaramella claimed to have information on the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Politkovskaya assassination">assassination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a>, a journalist who had been shot dead in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building three weeks prior.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> On his deathbed, Litvinenko claimed that Putin had directly ordered his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-100">[99]</a> After his death, Marina Litvinenko, his widow, accused Moscow of orchestrating the murder. Though she believes the order did not come from Putin himself, she does believe it was done at the behest of the authorities, and announced that she would refuse to provide evidence to any Russian investigation out of fear that it would be misused or misrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In a court hearing in London in 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> lawyer concluded that "the evidence suggests that the only credible explanation is in one way or another the Russian state is involved in Litvinenko's murder".<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_final_statement">Death and final statement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death and final statement">edit</a>]</div> Before his death, Litvinenko said: "You may succeed in silencing one man but the howl of protest from around the world, Mr. Putin, will reverberate in your ears for the rest of your life."<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[105]</a> On 22 November 2006, Litvinenko's medical team at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> reported Litvinenko had suffered a "major setback" due to either heart failure or an overnight heart attack. He died on 23 November. The following day, Putin publicly stated: "Mr Litvinenko is, unfortunately, not <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> stated that inquiries into the circumstances of how Litvinenko became ill would continue.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> On 24 November 2006, a statement was released posthumously, in which Litvinenko named Putin as the man behind his poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-soughtentry-108">[107]</a> Litvinenko's friend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (author)">Alex Goldfarb</a>, who was also the chairman of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Civil_Liberties" title="International Foundation for Civil Liberties">Civil Liberties Fund</a>, claimed Litvinenko had dictated it to him three days earlier. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nekrasov" title="Andrei Nekrasov">Andrei Nekrasov</a> said his friend Litvinenko and Litvinenko's lawyer had composed the statement in Russian on 21 November and translated it to English.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LitvinenkoGrave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LitvinenkoGrave.JPG/220px-LitvinenkoGrave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LitvinenkoGrave.JPG/330px-LitvinenkoGrave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LitvinenkoGrave.JPG/440px-LitvinenkoGrave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Litvinenko's grave at <a href="/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Goldfarb later stated that Litvinenko, on his deathbed, had instructed him to write a note "in good English" in which Putin was to be accused of his poisoning. Goldfarb also stated that he read the note to Litvinenko in English and Russian and Litvinenko agreed "with every word of it" and signed it.<a href="#cite_note-soughtentry-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg/170px-Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg/255px-Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg/340px-Grave_of_Alexander_Litvinyenko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption>Litvinenko's grave in 2017</figcaption></figure> His <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> took place on 1 December at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital" title="Royal London Hospital">Royal London Hospital</a>'s institute of pathology. It was attended by three physicians, including one chosen by the family and one from the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Litvinenko was buried at <a href="/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a> (West side) in north London on 7 December.<a href="#cite_note-funeral-111">[110]</a> The police treated his death as a murder, although the London coroner's inquest was yet to be completed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcast on 16 December 2006, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shvets" title="Yuri Shvets">Yuri Shvets</a> said that Litvinenko had created a '<a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a>' report investigating the activities of an unnamed senior Kremlin official on behalf of a British company looking to invest "dozens of millions of dollars" in a project in Russia, and that the dossier contained damaging information about the senior Kremlin official. He said he was interviewed about his allegations by Scotland Yard detectives investigating Litvinenko's murder.<a href="#cite_note-bbcdos-114">[113]</a> British media reported that the poisoning and consequent death of Litvinenko was not widely covered in the Russian news media.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Funeral">edit</a>]</div> On 7 December 2006, Litvinenko was buried within a lead-lined casket at <a href="/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a> with Christian, Jewish and Muslim rites, including a Christian and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">Muslim prayer</a> being said by an imam and Orthodox priest in line with Litvinenko's wishes of a <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational</a> service at the grave.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The funeral ceremony was followed by a private memorial at which the ensemble <a href="/wiki/Tonus_Peregrinus" title="Tonus Peregrinus">Tonus Peregrinus</a> sang sacred music by Russian composers <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Rachmaninov">Sergei Rachmaninov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Kalinnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Kalinnikov">Victor Kalinnikov</a>, and three works by British composer <a href="/wiki/Antony_Pitts" title="Antony Pitts">Antony Pitts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations_into_death">Investigations into death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Investigations into death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko#Investigation" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko § Investigation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_criminal_investigation">UK criminal investigation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UK criminal investigation">edit</a>]</div> On 20 January 2007, British police announced that they had "identified the man they believe poisoned Alexander Litvinenko. The suspected killer was captured on cameras at Heathrow as he flew into Britain to carry out the murder."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The man in question was introduced to Litvinenko as "Vladislav".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> As of 26 January 2007, British officials said police had solved the murder of Litvinenko. They discovered "a 'hot' teapot at London's Millennium Hotel with an off-the-charts reading for polonium-210, the radioactive material used in the killing." In addition, a senior official said investigators had concluded the murder of Litvinenko was "a 'state-sponsored' assassination orchestrated by Russian security services." The police want to charge former Russian spy <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lugovoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Lugovoy">Andrei Lugovoy</a>, who met Litvinenko on 1 November 2006, the day officials believe the lethal dose of polonium-210 was administered.<a href="#cite_note-abc-122">[121]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that the British government was preparing an extradition request asking that <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lugovoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Lugovoy">Andrei Lugovoy</a> be returned to the UK to stand trial for Litvinenko's murder.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-123">[122]</a> On 22 May 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> called for the extradition of Russian citizen Andrei Lugovoy to the UK on charges of murder.<a href="#cite_note-bbc27may07-124">[123]</a> Lugovoy dismissed the claims against him as "politically motivated" and said he did not kill Litvinenko.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> A British police investigation resulted in several suspects for the murder, but in May 2007, the British <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions" title="Director of Public Prosecutions">Director of Public Prosecutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Macdonald" title="Ken Macdonald">Ken Macdonald</a>, announced that his government would seek to <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradite</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lugovoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Lugovoy">Andrei Lugovoy</a>, the chief suspect in the case, from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> On 28 May 2007, the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign Office</a> officially submitted a request to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a> for the extradition of Lugovoy to face criminal charges in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> On 2 October 2011, The Sunday Times published an article wherein the chief prosecutor who investigated the murder of Litvinenko, Lord Macdonald of River Glaven, publicly spoke of his suspicion that the murder was a "state directed execution" carried out by Russia. Until that time, British public officials had stopped short of directly accusing Russia of involvement in the poisoning. "It had all the hallmarks of a state directed execution, committed on the streets of London by a foreign government," Macdonald added.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In January 2015, it was reported in the British media that the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> had intercepted communications between Russian government agents in Moscow and those who carried out what was called a "state execution" in London: the recorded conversations allegedly proved that the Russian government was involved in Litvinenko's murder, and suggested that the motive was Litvinenko's revelations about Vladimir Putin's links with the criminal underworld.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 21 January 2016, the Home Office published The Litvinenko Inquiry: Report into Litvinenko's death.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_criminal_investigation">Russian criminal investigation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russian criminal investigation">edit</a>]</div> Many publications in Russian media suggested that the death of Alexander Litvinenko was connected to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Former FSB chief <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalyov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)">Nikolay Kovalyov</a>, for whom Litvinenko worked, said that the incident "looks like the hand of Boris Berezovsky. I am sure that no kind of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence services</a> participated."<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> This involvement of Berezovsky was alleged by numerous Russian television shows. Kremlin supporters saw it as a conspiracy to smear the Russian government's reputation by engineering a spectacular murder of a Russian dissident abroad.<a href="#cite_note-wash-134">[133]</a> After Litvinenko's death, traces of <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> were found in an office belonging to Berezovsky.<a href="#cite_note-Polonium_210-135">[134]</a> This was unsurprising: Litvinenko had visited Berezovsky's office as well as many other places in the hours after his poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Ben_Hall_Financial_Times-136">[135]</a> The British Health Protection Agency made extensive efforts to ensure that locations Litvinenko visited and anyone who had contact with Litvinenko after his poisoning were not at risk.<a href="#cite_note-Sandra_Laville_and_Tania_Branigan_The_Guardian-137">[136]</a> Russian authorities were unable to question Berezovsky. The Foreign Ministry complained that Britain was obstructing its attempt to send prosecutors to London to interview more than 100 people, including Berezovsky.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> On 5 July 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Russia">British ambassador to Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Pringle" title="Anne Pringle">Anne Pringle</a>, claimed that London had submitted sufficient evidence to extradite Lugovoy to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_inquiries">Judicial inquiries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Judicial inquiries">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png/300px-Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png/450px-Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png/600px-Litvinenko_Inquiry_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the inquiry</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquest_in_London">Inquest in London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Inquest in London">edit</a>]</div> On 13 October 2011, Dr. Andrew Reid, the <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a> of St. Pancras, announced that he would hold an inquest into Litvinenko's death, which would include the examination of all existing theories of the murder, including possible complicity of the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The inquest, held by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen_(judge)" title="Robert Owen (judge)">Sir Robert Owen</a>, a High Court judge acting as the coroner, originally scheduled to start on 1 May 2013, was subject to a series of pre-hearings: firstly, the coroner agreed that a group representing Russian state prosecutors could be accepted as a party to the inquest process; secondly, the British Government submitted a <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Interest Immunity">Public Interest Immunity</a> (PII) certificate. Under Public Interest Immunity (PII) claims, the information at the disposal of the British government relating to Russian state involvement, as well as how much British intelligence services could have done to prevent the death, would be excluded from the inquest.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> On 12 July 2013, Sir Robert, who had previously agreed to exclude certain material from the inquest on the grounds its disclosure could be damaging to national security, announced that the British Government refused the request he had made earlier in June to replace the inquest with a <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public inquiry</a>, which would have powers to consider secret evidence.<a href="#cite_note-refusedIndep-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-blocked-142">[141]</a> After the hearing, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(biologist_and_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (biologist and activist)">Alex Goldfarb</a> said: "There's some sort of collusion behind the scenes with Her Majesty's government and the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> to obstruct justice"; Elena Tsirlina, Mrs Litvinenko's solicitor, concurred with him.<a href="#cite_note-refusedIndep-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-blocked-142">[141]</a> On 22 July 2014, the British <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, who had previously ruled out an inquiry on the grounds it might damage the country's relations with Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-guardianinquest-11">[10]</a> announced a public inquiry into Litvinenko's death. The inquiry was chaired by Sir Robert Owen who was the Coroner in the inquest into Litvinenko's death; its remit stipulated that "the inquiry will not address the question of whether the UK authorities could or should have taken steps which would have prevented the death".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The inquiry started on 27 January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-guardianinquest-11">[10]</a> New evidence emerged at first hearings held at the end of January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-newevid-44">[43]</a> The last day of hearings was on 31 July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_Patrushev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Putin_Patrushev.jpg/220px-Putin_Patrushev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Putin_Patrushev.jpg/330px-Putin_Patrushev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Putin_Patrushev.jpg/440px-Putin_Patrushev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>The report stated that the FSB operation to kill Litvinenko was probably approved by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></figcaption></figure> The inquiry report was released on 21 January 2016. The report found that Litvinenko was killed by two Russian agents, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lugovoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Lugovoi">Andrei Lugovoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kovtun" title="Dmitry Kovtun">Dmitry Kovtun</a> and that there was a "strong probability" they were acting on behalf of the Russian FSB secret service.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Paragraph 10.6 of the report stated: "The FSB operation to kill Mr Litvinenko was probably approved by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Mr Patrushev</a> and also by President Putin."<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The Report outlined five possible motives for the murder: a belief Litvinenko had betrayed the FSB through public disclosures about its work; a belief that he was working for British intelligence; because he was a prominent associate of leading opponents of Mr Putin and his regime, including Mr Boris Berezovsky and <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a>; because his claims about the FSB were "areas of particular sensitivity to the Putin administration", including a plot to murder dissident Boris Berezovsky; and because there was "undoubtedly a personal dimension to the antagonism" between Litvinenko and Putin, culminating in his allegation that Putin was a paedophile.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[105]</a> On the release of the report, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> condemned Putin for presiding over "state sponsored murder". British Labour MP Ian Austin said: "Putin is an unreconstructed KGB thug and gangster who murders his opponents in Russia and, as we know, on the streets of London – and nothing announced today is going to make the blindest bit of difference." The Kremlin dismissed the Inquiry as "a joke" and "whitewash".<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[105]</a> The same day, British <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Secretary of the United Kingdom">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> announced that assets belonging to both Lugovoi and Kovtun would be immediately frozen and that the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> were seeking their <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The Russian Ambassador was also summoned by the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a> and demands were made that Russia cooperate with the investigation into Mr Litvinenko's murder with Foreign Office minister David Liddington asserting that Russia had demonstrated "a flagrant disregard for UK law, international law and standards of conduct, and the safety of UK citizens"<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> However, the government's response to the inquiry's results has been described by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> as consisting of "tough talk and little action".<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carter_v_Russia">Carter v Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Carter v Russia">edit</a>]</div> In May 2007 Marina Litvinenko (also known as Maria Anna Carter)<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> registered a complaint against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (ECHR) in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, accusing the Russian state of violating her husband's <a href="/wiki/Article_2_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights">right to life</a>, and failing to conduct a full investigation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> On 21 September 2021, a chamber of the court found Russia responsible for Litvinenko's death and ordered the country to pay 100,000 euros in damages.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-ECHR-14">[13]</a> Russia can still appeal the decision to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamber_of_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights">Grand Chamber</a>. The ECHR also found <a href="/wiki/Beyond_reasonable_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond reasonable doubt">beyond reasonable doubt</a> that <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Lugovoy" title="Andrey Lugovoy">Andrey Lugovoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kovtun" title="Dmitry Kovtun">Dmitry Kovtun</a> killed Litvinenko. Commenting on the case, law professor <a href="/wiki/Marko_Milanovi%C4%87_(professor)" title="Marko Milanović (professor)">Marko Milanovic</a> thought it was unlikely that Russian government would pay the damages.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Special:EditPage/Alexander Litvinenko">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22">"Alexander Litvinenko"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alexander+Litvinenko%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion:_the_Litvinenko_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case">Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case</a> is a documentary about Litvinenko's activities and death.</li> <li>The Litvinenko Project is a live-performance devised by 2Magpies Theatre (Nottingham, UK) exploring the possibilities which lead to Litvinenko's poisoning<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li>A Very Expensive Poison: The Definitive Story of the Murder of Litvinenko and Russia's War with the West is a nonfiction book by <a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Luke Harding</a> published in 2016 by Guardian Faber Publishing.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></li> <li>An episode of <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_Unsolved" title="BuzzFeed Unsolved">BuzzFeed Unsolved</a> about his death aired in August 2018.</li> <li>A Very Expensive Poison is a play by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Prebble" title="Lucy Prebble">Lucy Prebble</a> based on the book by <a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Luke Harding</a>, that had its world premiere at <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">The Old Vic</a> Theatre in London in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li> <li>An opera <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="The Life and Death of Alexander Litvinenko">The Life and Death of Alexander Litvinenko</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bolton" title="Anthony Bolton">Anthony Bolton</a>, with libretto by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Hesketh-Harvey" title="Kit Hesketh-Harvey">Kit Hesketh-Harvey</a>, had its world premiere on 15 July 2021 at <a href="/wiki/Grange_Park_Opera" title="Grange Park Opera">Grange Park Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots_(play)" title="Patriots (play)">Patriots</a> is a play by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Morgan" title="Peter Morgan">Peter Morgan</a> that premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Theatre" title="Almeida Theatre">Almeida Theatre</a> in London in 2022, starring <a href="/wiki/Jamael_Westman" title="Jamael Westman">Jamael Westman</a> as Alexander Litvinenko.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li>A 2022 4-part limited TV series, <a href="/wiki/Litvinenko_(TV_series)" title="Litvinenko (TV series)">Litvinenko</a> (written by George Kay, writer of <a href="/wiki/Lupin_(French_TV_series)" title="Lupin (French TV series)">Lupin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_(franchise)" title="Criminal (franchise)">Criminal</a>, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Field_Smith" title="Jim Field Smith">Jim Field Smith</a>) was created with the permission and involvement of Marina Litvinenko. The script was based on extensive research and interviews. <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a> played Alexander and <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Levieva" title="Margarita Levieva">Margarita Levieva</a> played Marina.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Estemirova" title="Natalya Estemirova">Natalya Estemirova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Magnitsky" title="Sergei Magnitsky">Sergei Magnitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Markelov" title="Stanislav Markelov">Stanislav Markelov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Baburova" title="Anastasia Baburova">Anastasia Baburova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" title="Poisoning of Alexei Navalny">Poisoning of Alexei Navalny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Boris_Nemtsov" title="Assassination of Boris Nemtsov">Assassination of Boris Nemtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_Patarkatsishvili" title="Badri Patarkatsishvili">Badri Patarkatsishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya">Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shchekochikhin" title="Yuri Shchekochikhin">Yuri Shchekochikhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Tsepov" title="Roman Tsepov">Roman Tsepov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yushenkov" title="Sergei Yushenkov">Sergei Yushenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Russia" title="List of journalists killed in Russia">List of journalists killed in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Russian: Александр Вальтерович Литвиненко, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪˈksandr ˈvaltɨrəvʲɪtɕ lʲɪtvʲɪˈnʲɛnkə]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/25/litvinenko-inquest-challenge-withholding-evidence">Litvinenko inquest: newspapers launch challenge over withholding of evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319091225/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/25/litvinenko-inquest-challenge-withholding-evidence">Archived</a> 19 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved on 12 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPenketh2006" class="citation news cs1">Penketh, Anne (25 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301032039/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alexander-litvinenko-425720.html">"Alexander Litvinenko"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alexander-litvinenko-425720.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft.aulast=Penketh&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Falexander-litvinenko-425720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> ( at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100529143703/http://www.chechenpress.org/events/2006/12/04/22.shtml">"ChechenPress"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chechenpress.org/events/2006/12/04/22.shtml">the original</a> on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ChechenPress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chechenpress.org%2Fevents%2F2006%2F12%2F04%2F22.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20715187">Litvinenko death: Russian spy 'was working for MI6'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029210356/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20715187">Archived</a> 29 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – BBC News, 13 December 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/17/58864214.html">Litvinenko worked for UK intelligence – News – Politics – The Voice of Russia: News, Breaking news, Politics, Economics, Business, Russia, International current events, Expert opinion, podcasts, Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225114332/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/17/58864214.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. : (17 October 2011). Retrieved on 12 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-murder-by-radiation">First murder by radiation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000121/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-murder-by-radiation">Archived</a> 27 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: On 23 November 2006, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Litvinenko, a retired member of the Russian security services (FSB), died from radiation poisoning in London, UK, becoming the first known victim of lethal Polonium 210-induced acute radiation syndrome. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9113991/CPS-names-second-suspect-in-Alexander-Litvinenko-poisoning.html">"CPS names second suspect in Alexander Litvinenko poisoning"</a>. The Telegraph. 29 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9113991/CPS-names-second-suspect-in-Alexander-Litvinenko-poisoning.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=CPS+names+second+suspect+in+Alexander+Litvinenko+poisoning&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F9113991%2FCPS-names-second-suspect-in-Alexander-Litvinenko-poisoning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm">Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man And Citizen | The Constitution of the Russian Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616112301/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm">Archived</a> 16 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Constitution.ru. Retrieved on 12 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-refusedIndep-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refusedIndep_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-refusedIndep_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-refusedIndep_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alexander-litvinenko-government-refuses-calls-for-public-inquiry-into-death-8705570.html">"Alexander Litvinenko: Government refuses calls for public inquiry into death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. 12 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024222319/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alexander-litvinenko-government-refuses-calls-for-public-inquiry-into-death-8705570.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko%3A+Government+refuses+calls+for+public+inquiry+into+death&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Falexander-litvinenko-government-refuses-calls-for-public-inquiry-into-death-8705570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianinquest-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianinquest_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianinquest_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianinquest_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jan/27/alexander-litvinenko-public-enquiry-crown-court-murder-russia-polonium-poisoning">"Alexander Litvinenko murder inquiry opens in high court"</a>. The Guardian. 27 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145034/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jan/27/alexander-litvinenko-public-enquiry-crown-court-murder-russia-polonium-poisoning">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko+murder+inquiry+opens+in+high+court&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2015%2Fjan%2F27%2Falexander-litvinenko-public-enquiry-crown-court-murder-russia-polonium-poisoning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcinquest-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcinquest_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35370819">"President Putin 'probably' approved Litvinenko murder"</a>. BBC News. 21 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909202035/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35370819">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=President+Putin+%27probably%27+approved+Litvinenko+murder&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-35370819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/Litvinenko-Inquiry-Report-web-version.pdf">The Litvinenko Inquiry. Report into the death of Alexander Litvinenko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320221935/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/Litvinenko-Inquiry-Report-web-version.pdf">Archived</a> 20 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 2016, p. 241-244. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-ECHR-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-ECHR_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-ECHR_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-58637572">"Russia responsible for Litvinenko killing - European court"</a>. BBC News. 21 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195449/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-58637572">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+responsible+for+Litvinenko+killing+-+European+court&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-58637572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulconbridgeHolden2021" class="citation news cs1">Faulconbridge, Guy; Holden, Michael (21 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/russia-was-behind-litvinenko-assassination-european-court-finds-1.5593865">"Russia was behind Litvinenko assassination, European court finds"</a>. CTVNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922121348/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/russia-was-behind-litvinenko-assassination-european-court-finds-1.5593865">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Russia+was+behind+Litvinenko+assassination%2C+European+court+finds&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.aulast=Faulconbridge&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Holden%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Frussia-was-behind-litvinenko-assassination-european-court-finds-1.5593865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33734525">"Vladimir Putin 'ordered killing', Litvinenko inquiry hears"</a>. BBC News. 31 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227105337/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33734525">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Putin+%27ordered+killing%27%2C+Litvinenko+inquiry+hears&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-33734525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/alexander-litvinenko-was-probably-murdered-on-personal-orders-of-putin">"Litvinenko 'probably murdered on personal orders of Putin'"</a>. The Guardian. 21 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227225408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/alexander-litvinenko-was-probably-murdered-on-personal-orders-of-putin">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Litvinenko+%27probably+murdered+on+personal+orders+of+Putin%27&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F21%2Falexander-litvinenko-was-probably-murdered-on-personal-orders-of-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/21/russia-responsible-for-alexander-litvinenko-death-european-court-rules">"Russia responsible for Alexander Litvinenko death, European court rules"</a>. The Guardian. 21 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224013943/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/21/russia-responsible-for-alexander-litvinenko-death-european-court-rules">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+responsible+for+Alexander+Litvinenko+death%2C+European+court+rules&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fsep%2F21%2Frussia-responsible-for-alexander-litvinenko-death-european-court-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-19"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206110055/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1535094/Alexander-Litvinenko.html">"Alexander Litvinenko"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. 25 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1535094/Alexander-Litvinenko.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1535094%2FAlexander-Litvinenko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988">( at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </li> <li id="cite_note-csrc-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csrc_21-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghanPlater_Zyberk2007" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Dr Andrew; Plater Zyberk, Henry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107201918/https://da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/07%2817%29AM.pdf">"Misunderstanding Russia: Alexander Litvinenko"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/europe/EU_GEN_Britain_Poisoned_Spy_Wife.php">the original</a> on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Russian+authorities+likely+behind+Litvinenko%27s+death%2C+his+wife+says&rft.date=2006-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2006%2F12%2F10%2Feurope%2FEU_GEN_Britain_Poisoned_Spy_Wife.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> () </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinogradskaya2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vinogradskaya, Natalya (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211170639/http://www.wps.ru/ru/pp/tv-review/2006/11/30.html"><bdi lang="ru">Радиоактивные политтехнологии: смерть Литвиненко осложнила проведение саммита Россия-ЕС</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%95%D0%A1&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.aulast=Vinogradskaya&rft.aufirst=Natalya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wps.ru%2Fru%2Fpp%2Ftv-review%2F2006%2F11%2F30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> ( at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimes2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Simes" title="Dimitri Simes">Simes, Dimitri</a> (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211084937/http://www.nationalinterest.org/BlogSE.aspx?id=13150">"Litvinenko: Kremlin Conspiracy or Blofeld Set-Up?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalinterest.org/BlogSE.aspx?id=13150">the original</a> on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Litvinenko%3A+Kremlin+Conspiracy+or+Blofeld+Set-Up%3F&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.aulast=Simes&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalinterest.org%2FBlogSE.aspx%3Fid%3D13150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988">( at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wistle-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wistle_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wistle_29-1">b</a> Death of a dissident, page 39-41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeting12-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meeting12_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeting12_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeting12_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeting12_30-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Dissident" title="Death of a Dissident">Death of a Dissident</a>, page 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Paton_Walsh2002" class="citation web cs1">Nick Paton Walsh (27 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/27/russia.nickpatonwalsh">"A spy out in the cold"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214183211/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/27/russia.nickpatonwalsh">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+spy+out+in+the+cold&rft.date=2002-05-27&rft.au=Nick+Paton+Walsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fmay%2F27%2Frussia.nickpatonwalsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kommersant.ru-32"><a href="#cite_ref-kommersant.ru_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerezovsky1998" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Berezovsky, Boris</a> (13 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/208710">"Березовский (signed 11 November 1998)"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120004321/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/208710">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%28signed+11+November+1998%29&rft.date=1998-11-13&rft.aulast=Berezovsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F208710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agentura2006-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agentura2006_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agentura2006_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208212745/http://www.agentura.ru/timeline/1998/urpo/"><bdi lang="ru">Березовский и УРПО / дело Литвиненко</bdi></a> (in Russian). Агентура.Ру. 27 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agentura.ru/timeline/1998/urpo/">the original</a> on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.%D0%A0%D1%83&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agentura.ru%2Ftimeline%2F1998%2Furpo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissident-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_34-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(microbiologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist)">Alex Goldfarb</a> and Marina Litvinenko. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Dissident" title="Death of a Dissident">Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB</a>, The Free Press (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416551654" title="Special:BookSources/1416551654">1416551654</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Death of a Dissident, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-ihtcowell-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ihtcowell_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihtcowell_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowellShane,_ScottMyers,_Steven_LeeKlimenko,_Viktor2006" class="citation news cs1">Cowell, Alan; Shane, Scott; Myers, Steven Lee; Klimenko, Viktor (3 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/world/europe/03iht-spy.3760139.html?pagewanted=all">"Alexander Litvinenko lived and died in world of violence and betrayal"</a>. International Herald Tribune. London/Washington, D.C./Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118100552/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/world/europe/03iht-spy.3760139.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko+lived+and+died+in+world+of+violence+and+betrayal&rft.date=2006-11-03&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft.au=Myers%2C+Steven+Lee&rft.au=Klimenko%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F03iht-spy.3760139.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607165935/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/world/europe/03iht-spy.3760139.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitriyeva2002" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dmitriyeva, Olga (30 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011203/http://www.rg.ru/Anons/arc_2002/0330/hit.shtm"><bdi lang="ru">Александр Литвиненко: ярлык предателя не радует</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a> (in Russian). London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/Anons/arc_2002/0330/hit.shtm">the original</a> on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rossiyskaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%3A+%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2002-03-30&rft.aulast=Dmitriyeva&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2FAnons%2Farc_2002%2F0330%2Fhit.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> (at WebCite) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405073805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_1331000/1331949.stm">"Литвиненко получил убежище в Британии?"</a>. BBC Russian Service. 15 May 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_1331000/1331949.stm">the original</a> on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%3F&rft.date=2001-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Frussian%2Fnews%2Fnewsid_1331000%2F1331949.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> (atWebCite) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050913232153/http://www.lenta.ru/world/2001/05/15/litvinenko/statement.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Заявление Александра Литвиненко</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Lenta.ru" title="Lenta.ru">lenta.ru</a>. 15 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenta.ru/world/2001/05/15/litvinenko/statement.htm">the original</a> on 13 September 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.pub=lenta.ru&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Fworld%2F2001%2F05%2F15%2Flitvinenko%2Fstatement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sakwa-40"><a href="#cite_ref-sakwa_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sakwa" title="Richard Sakwa">Sakwa, Richard</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/putinrussiaschoi00sakw_537">Putin, Russia's choice</a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/putinrussiaschoi00sakw_537/page/n170">158</a>–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415407656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415407656"><bdi>978-0415407656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%2C+Russia%27s+choice&rft.pages=158-159&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415407656&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fputinrussiaschoi00sakw_537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansMcGroryDelaney2006" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Michael; McGrory, Daniel; Delaney, Sarah (22 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2465271,00.html">"Litvinenko was told that he was marked for death"</a>. Times. London. Retrieved 24 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times&rft.atitle=Litvinenko+was+told+that+he+was+marked+for+death&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=McGrory%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Delaney%2C+Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C3-2465271%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-guardobit-42"><a href="#cite_ref-guardobit_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/25/guardianobituaries.russia">Alexander Litvinenko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413040559/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/25/guardianobituaries.russia">Archived</a> 13 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved on 5 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinenko" class="citation web cs1">Litvinenko, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1535094/Alexander-Litvinenko.html">"Alexander Litvinenko"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206110055/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1535094/Alexander-Litvinenko.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko&rft.aulast=Litvinenko&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1535094%2FAlexander-Litvinenko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newevid-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newevid_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newevid_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/30/alexander-litvinenko-six-things-russia-inquiry">"Alexander Litvinenko inquiry: six things we've learned so far"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. 30 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202001457/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/30/alexander-litvinenko-six-things-russia-inquiry">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alexander+Litvinenko+inquiry%3A+six+things+we%27ve+learned+so+far&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F30%2Falexander-litvinenko-six-things-russia-inquiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett,_Giles2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Tremlett" title="Giles Tremlett">Tremlett, Giles</a> (1 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/223006">"US embassy cables: Spain's investigations into the Russian mafia"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215145344/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/223006">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2010. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801054222/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/03/marina-alexander-litvinenko-last-words-inquiry">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. 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Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Corruption+Watch%3A+December+18%2C+2003&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FArticle%2F1342392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Russian_Diary:_A_Journalist%27s_Final_Account_of_Life,_Corruption,_and_Death_in_Putin%27s_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia">A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia</a>, Random House, New York, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400066827" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400066827">978-1400066827</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halldor2.blogspot.com/2004/09/litvinenko-on-beslan.html">A. Litvinenko: "The identities of the terrorists prove 100% the participation of the FSB in the seizure of the school in Beslan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729053504/https://halldor2.blogspot.com/2004/09/litvinenko-on-beslan.html">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechenpress" title="Chechenpress">Chechenpress</a>, 8 September 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesayeva2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesayeva, Ella (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907170736/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2008/86/00.html"><bdi lang="ru">Террористы-агенты – Неизвестные подробности бесланской трагедии</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Exploring+Al+Qaeda%27s+Murky+Connection+To+Russian+Intelligence&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fexploring-al-qaedas-murky-connection-to-russian-intelligence-2014-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2005/07/19/Al-Qaida-Zawahiri-trained-by-Russians/58211121786326/">"Al-Qaida Zawahiri trained by Russians"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Al+Qaeda+a+Kremlin+Proxy%3F&rft.date=2005-08-13&rft.aulast=Nyquist&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrnyquist.com%2Fnyquist_2005_0813.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cicentre.com/Documents/russia_islam_not_separate.html">Russia and Islam are not Separate: Why Russia backs Al-Qaeda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219040336/http://cicentre.com/Documents/russia_islam_not_separate.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Konstantin Preobrazhensky. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchar2012" class="citation book cs1">Buchar, Robert (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ0PnEceSwoC&pg=PR13">And Reality Be Damned...: Undoing America: What Media Didn't Tell You about the End of the Cold War and the Fall of Communism in Europe</a>. Strategic Book Publishing. pp. xii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61897-839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61897-839-4"><bdi>978-1-61897-839-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704230641/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ0PnEceSwoC&pg=PR13">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. 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Sky News. 21 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121110205/http://news.sky.com/story/1626936/putin-probably-approved-litvinenko-killing">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+%27Probably%27+Approved+Litvinenko+Killing&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F1626936%2Fputin-probably-approved-litvinenko-killing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688977-judicial-inquiry-murder-alexander-litvinenko-creates-ructions-litvinenkos-murder">"A judicial inquiry into the murder of Alexander Litvinenko creates ructions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 21 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124214306/http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688977-judicial-inquiry-murder-alexander-litvinenko-creates-ructions-litvinenkos-murder">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+judicial+inquiry+into+the+murder+of+Alexander+Litvinenko+creates+ructions&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21688977-judicial-inquiry-murder-alexander-litvinenko-creates-ructions-litvinenkos-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/21/world/europe/litvinenko-inquiry-report.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/21/world/europe/litvinenko-inquiry-report.html">"Full Report of the Litvinenko Inquiry"</a>. 30 March 2018 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Report+of+the+Litvinenko+Inquiry&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Flitvinenko-inquiry-report.html%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Flitvinenko-inquiry-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:%5b%22001-211972%22%5d}">"CASE OF CARTER v. RUSSIA"</a>. European Court of Human Rights. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CASE+OF+CARTER+v.+RUSSIA&rft.pub=European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Feng%23%7B%2522itemid%2522%3A%5B%2522001-211972%2522%5D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-comold?i=003-3345303-3743418">"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129043615/http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-comold?i=003-3345303-3743418">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HUDOC+-+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Feng-comold%3Fi%3D003-3345303-3743418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanovic2021" class="citation news cs1">Milanovic, Marko (23 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/european-court-finds-russia-assassinated-alexander-litvinenko/">"European Court Finds Russia Assassinated Alexander Litvinenko"</a>. EJIL: Talk!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925011731/https://www.ejiltalk.org/european-court-finds-russia-assassinated-alexander-litvinenko/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EJIL%3A+Talk%21&rft.atitle=European+Court+Finds+Russia+Assassinated+Alexander+Litvinenko&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft.aulast=Milanovic&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejiltalk.org%2Feuropean-court-finds-russia-assassinated-alexander-litvinenko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103511/http://www.2magpiestheatre.co.uk/litvinenko.php">"Litvinenko"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2magpiestheatre.co.uk/litvinenko.php">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litvinenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2magpiestheatre.co.uk%2Flitvinenko.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessen2016" class="citation news cs1">Gessen, Masha (30 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/very-expensive-poison-luke-harding-review-litvinenko-murder">"A Very Expensive Poison by Luke Harding review – a dramatic account of Litvinenko's murder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071912/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/very-expensive-poison-luke-harding-review-litvinenko-murder">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+Very+Expensive+Poison+by+Luke+Harding+review+%E2%80%93+a+dramatic+account+of+Litvinenko%27s+murder&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.aulast=Gessen&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fapr%2F30%2Fvery-expensive-poison-luke-harding-review-litvinenko-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2019/a-very-expensive-poison">"A Very Expensive Poison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">The Old Vic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911024020/https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2019/a-very-expensive-poison">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Very+Expensive+Poison&rft.pub=The+Old+Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldvictheatre.com%2Fwhats-on%2F2019%2Fa-very-expensive-poison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2019" class="citation news cs1">Billington, Michael (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/sep/06/a-very-expensive-poison-review-lucy-prebble-litvinenko">"A Very Expensive Poison review – Lucy Prebble's Litvinenko drama fascinates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416130013/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/sep/06/a-very-expensive-poison-review-lucy-prebble-litvinenko">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+Very+Expensive+Poison+review+%E2%80%93+Lucy+Prebble%27s+Litvinenko+drama+fascinates&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2019%2Fsep%2F06%2Fa-very-expensive-poison-review-lucy-prebble-litvinenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714163625/https://grangeparkopera.co.uk/whats-on/the-life-death-of-litvinenko/">"The Life & Death of Alexander Litvinenko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grange_Park_Opera" title="Grange Park Opera">Grange Park Opera</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grangeparkopera.co.uk/whats-on/the-life-death-of-litvinenko/">the original</a> on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+%26+Death+of+Alexander+Litvinenko&rft.pub=Grange+Park+Opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrangeparkopera.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fthe-life-death-of-litvinenko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMalpasPopov2021" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Stuart; Malpas, Anna; Popov, Maxime (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/15/polonium-polonium-uk-theatre-stages-litvinenko-opera-a74523">"'Polonium, Polonium': UK Theatre Stages Litvinenko Opera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716122134/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/15/polonium-polonium-uk-theatre-stages-litvinenko-opera-a74523">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=%27Polonium%2C+Polonium%27%3A+UK+Theatre+Stages+Litvinenko+Opera&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Malpas%2C+Anna&rft.au=Popov%2C+Maxime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F15%2Fpolonium-polonium-uk-theatre-stages-litvinenko-opera-a74523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/patriots-photos-tom-hollander-almeida_56909.html">"Patriots starring Tom Hollander at Almeida Theatre – First look images | WhatsOnStage"</a>. 13 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716003901/https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/patriots-photos-tom-hollander-almeida_56909.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patriots+starring+Tom+Hollander+at+Almeida+Theatre+%E2%80%93+First+look+images+%26%23124%3B+WhatsOnStage&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatsonstage.com%2Flondon-theatre%2Fnews%2Fpatriots-photos-tom-hollander-almeida_56909.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/may/06/the-crowns-peter-morgan-to-premiere-play-about-putin-and-russian-oligarchs">"The Crown's Peter Morgan to premiere play about Russian oligarchs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 6 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716154725/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/may/06/the-crowns-peter-morgan-to-premiere-play-about-putin-and-russian-oligarchs">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=The+Crown%27s+Peter+Morgan+to+premiere+play+about+Russian+oligarchs&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2022%2Fmay%2F06%2Fthe-crowns-peter-morgan-to-premiere-play-about-putin-and-russian-oligarchs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almeida.co.uk/whats-on/patriots/2-jul-2022-20-aug-2022">"Patriots"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715141846/https://almeida.co.uk/whats-on/patriots/2-jul-2022-20-aug-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patriots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmeida.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fpatriots%2F2-jul-2022-20-aug-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep1week50/litvinenko-itvx">"Litvinenko (ITVX) Episode 1"</a>. Press Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218140157/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep1week50/litvinenko-itvx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Centre&rft.atitle=Litvinenko+%28ITVX%29+Episode+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fpresscentre%2Fep1week50%2Flitvinenko-itvx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Litvinenko" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_books">His books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: His books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alexander Litvinenko, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Yuri Felshtinsky</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Blowing_Up_Russia" title="Blowing Up Russia">Blowing Up Russia</a>: The Secret Plot to Bring Back KGB Terror" <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>, New York, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594032011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594032011">978-1594032011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Yuri Felshtinsky</a>, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Blowing_up_Russia:_Terror_from_within" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowing up Russia: Terror from within">Blowing up Russia: Terror from within</a> Gibson Square Books, London, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903933954" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903933954">978-1903933954</a></li> <li>Alexander Litvinenko: "Allegations – Selected Works by Alexander Litvinenko", translated from Russian and edited by Pavel Stroilov, introduction by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a>, Publisher: Aquilion (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904997-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904997-05-4">978-1-904997-05-4</a></li> <li>A. Litvinenko and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (author)">A. Goldfarb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Criminal_gang_from_Lubyanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal gang from Lubyanka">Criminal gang from Lubyanka</a>(in Russian) GRANI, New York, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972387804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972387804">978-0972387804</a> <ul><li>А. Литвиненко Лубянская преступная группировка (in Russian) GRANI, New York, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0972387803" title="Special:BookSources/0972387803">0972387803</a></li></ul></li> <li>A documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Russia" title="Assassination of Russia">Assassination of Russia</a> was made by French producers based on books by Litvinenko. He was a consultant for the movie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_and_films_about_Litvinenko">Books and films about Litvinenko</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books and films about Litvinenko">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinenko_(TV_series)" title="Litvinenko (TV series)">Litvinenko</a>, 4-part series available on Netflix, 2022, airing August 2024. Stars <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a> of Doctor Who fame as Sasha / Alexander Litvinenko.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cowell" title="Alan Cowell">Alan Cowell</a>. The Terminal Spy: A True Story of Espionage, Betrayal and Murder, Random House, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739370544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739370544">978-0739370544</a></li> <li>William Dunkerley. The Phony Litvinenko Murder, Omnicom Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615559018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615559018">978-0615559018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (author)">Alex Goldfarb</a> and Marina Litvinenko. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Dissident" title="Death of a Dissident">Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB</a>. Free Press, New York, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416551652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416551652">978-1416551652</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Luke Harding</a>. A Very Expensive Poison: The Assassination of Alexander Litvinenko and Putin's War with the West, Vintage Books, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615559018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615559018">978-0615559018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nekrasov" title="Andrei Nekrasov">Andrei Nekrasov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rebellion:_the_Litvinenko_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case">Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case</a>, 2007, Dreamscanner. Banned in Russia. Official site: A Very Russian Murder.<a href="#cite_note-167">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Martin Sixsmith</a>. The Litvinenko File: the True Story of a Death Foretold, Publisher: Macmillan (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230531543" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230531543">978-0230531543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Volodarsky" title="Boris Volodarsky">Boris Volodarsky</a>. The KGB's Poison Factory: From Lenin to Litvinenko, Pen & Sword/Frontline Books, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848325425" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848325425">978-1848325425</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Litvinenko&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Litvinenko" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litvinenko-jf.livejournal.com/">Litvinenko Justice Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmbgGsvuUZ8">Alexander Litvinenko at the Frontline Club accusing Vladimir Putin of the assassination of journalist Anna Politkovskaya</a> (In Russian and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/">Litvinenko Inquest (official site)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Litvinenko_(1962–2006)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Template:Alexander Litvinenko"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Template talk:Alexander Litvinenko"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Litvinenko"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Litvinenko_(1962–2006)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Litvinenko (1962–2006)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> (1980–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> (1988–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Counterintelligence_Service" title="Federal Counterintelligence Service">FSK</a> (1991–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a> (1995–98)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Death by poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Litvinenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Litvinenko">Marina Litvinenko</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvinenko_Justice_Foundation" title="Litvinenko Justice Foundation">Litvinenko Justice Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books by Litvinenko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Criminal_Group" title="Lubyanka Criminal Group">Lubyanka Criminal Group</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_Up_Russia" title="Blowing Up Russia">Blowing Up Russia</a> (2002/2007)</li> <li>Allegations: Selected Works by Alexander Litvinenko (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about Litvinenko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Dissident" title="Death of a Dissident">Death of a Dissident</a> (2007)</li> <li>The Litvinenko File (2008)</li> <li>The Terminal Spy (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media depictions/work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Russia" title="Assassination of Russia">Assassination of Russia</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion:_the_Litvinenko_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case">Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Category:Alexander Litvinenko">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87015#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/125006160">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2002019416">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155577789">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155577789">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01095472">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007401301&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000087117&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4427420">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p303817313">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/961539523">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000097582&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000457583&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbflvjj3z3644t">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810531811905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309667305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15966604?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/125006160">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/121120902">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415151727/http://www.dreamscanner-productions.com/litvinenko/index.html">"A Very Russian Murder"</a>. www.dreamscanner-productions.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreamscanner-productions.com/litvinenko/index.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2008. 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