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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Iconography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Iconography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_the_planet_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_planet_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 As the planet Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_planet_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sukkal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sukkal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syncretism_and_influence_on_other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syncretism_and_influence_on_other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Syncretism and influence on other deities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syncretism_and_influence_on_other_deities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Syncretism and influence on other deities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Syncretism_and_influence_on_other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Specific examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumerian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sumerian texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sumerian_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sumerian texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sumerian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Origin myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquests_and_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquests_and_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Conquests and patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquests_and_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Justice myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_into_the_underworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_into_the_underworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Descent into the underworld </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descent_into_the_underworld-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Descent into the underworld subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Descent_into_the_underworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumerian_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sumerian version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumerian_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akkadian_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Akkadian version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations_in_modern_assyriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations_in_modern_assyriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Interpretations in modern assyriology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations_in_modern_assyriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Other interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later myths </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later myths subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_of_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Epic of Gilgamesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_of_Agushaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_of_Agushaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Song of Agushaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_of_Agushaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other tales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Later influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 In antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Modern relevance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Neopaganism_and_Sumerian_reconstructionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Neopaganism_and_Sumerian_reconstructionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 In Neopaganism and Sumerian reconstructionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Neopaganism_and_Sumerian_reconstructionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_(approximate)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_(approximate)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Dates (approximate) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_(approximate)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Inanna</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isjtar" title="Isjtar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isjtar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="إنانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܣܬܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Ftar" title="İştar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İştar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ইনানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Інана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Инана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Инанна – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инанна" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ινάννα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινάννα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inano" title="Inano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اینانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4" title="이슈타르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슈타르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ինաննա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինաննա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="इश्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इश्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%94" title="איננה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איננה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ინანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enanna" title="Înanna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înanna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inana" title="Inana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8" title="ഇനന്ന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇനന്ന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इश्तार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इश्तार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იშთარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იშთარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯏꯅꯥꯟꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯅꯥꯟꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A" title="イナンナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イナンナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇਸ਼ਤਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸ਼ਤਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztar" title="Isztar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isztar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inana" title="Inana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Инанна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инанна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Истэр иэйэхсит – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истэр иэйэхсит" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inana" title="Inana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иштар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иштар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இஷ்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இஷ்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อินันนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินันนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nanna" title="İnanna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnanna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Інанна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інанна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9D%E5%A1%94" title="伊丝塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊丝塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94" title="伊絲塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊絲塔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nanna" title="İnanna – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnanna" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Mesopotamian goddess</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about ancient Mesopotamian goddess. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Inanna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Inanna (disambiguation)">Inanna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Inamma" title="Inamma">Inamma</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ishtar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ishtar (disambiguation)">Ishtar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Inanna<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(Ishtar)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li>Goddess of love, war, and fertility</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg/220px-Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg/330px-Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg/440px-Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1670" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Goddess Ishtar on an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> seal, 2350–2150 BCE. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, places her foot in a dominant posture upon a lion secured by a leash and is accompanied by the star of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Agade" class="mw-redirect" title="Agade">Agade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">hook-shaped knot of reeds, <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">eight-pointed star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a>, dove</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mount</th><td class="infobox-data">Lion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Most common tradition: <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Nanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> more rarely<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>/Shamash (twin brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> (older sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canaanite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elamite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hurrian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mandaean</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libat" title="Libat">Libat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Inanna<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">ancient Mesopotamian goddess</a> of love, war, and fertility. She is also associated with sensuality, procreation, <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>, and political power. Originally worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, she was known by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> as Ishtar<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> (and occasionally the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a> 𒌋𒁯). Her primary title is <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">"the Queen of Heaven"</a>. She was the patron goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple at the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, her early main <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> center. In archaic Uruk she was worshipped in three forms: morning Inanna (Inana-UD/hud), evening Inanna (Inanna sig) and princely Inanna (Inanna NUN), the former two reflecting the phases of her associated planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Her most prominent symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon" title="Lion of Babylon">lion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">eight-pointed star</a>. Her husband is the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> (later known as Tammuz), and her <a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a> (attendant) is the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Conflate" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflate">conflated</a> with the male deities <a href="/wiki/Ilabrat" title="Ilabrat">Ilabrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a>. Inanna was worshipped in Sumer at least as early as the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 – 3100 BCE), and her cultic activity was relatively localized before the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>. During the post-Sargonic era, she became one of the most widely venerated deities in the Sumerian pantheon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xviii-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182-10">[8]</a> with temples across <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The cult of Inanna/Ishtar, which may have been associated with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ritual" title="Sexual ritual">sexual rites</a>, was continued by the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a>-speaking peoples (<a href="/wiki/Akkadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadians">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>) who succeeded and absorbed the Sumerians in the region. She was especially beloved by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, who elevated her to become the highest deity in their pantheon, ranking above their own <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>. Inanna/Ishtar is alluded to in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and she greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Ashtart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtart">Ashtart</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, who in turn possibly influenced the development of the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Her cult continued to flourish until its gradual decline between the first and sixth centuries CE in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Inanna appears in more myths than any other Sumerian deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xv-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199442–43-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">[11]</a> She also has a uniquely high number of epithets and alternate names, comparable only to <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999216-14">[12]</a> Many of her myths involve her taking over the domains of other deities. She is believed to have been given the <a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">mes</a>, which represent all positive and negative aspects of civilization, by <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, the god of wisdom. She is also believed to have taken over the Eanna temple from <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, the god of the sky. Alongside her twin brother <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> (later known as Shamash), Inanna is the enforcer of <a href="/wiki/Divine_judgment" title="Divine judgment">divine justice</a>; she destroyed Mount Ebih for having challenged her authority, unleashed her fury upon the gardener <a href="#Inanna_and_Shukaletuda">Shukaletuda</a> after he <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> her in her sleep, and tracked down the bandit woman <a href="/wiki/Bilulu" title="Bilulu">Bilulu</a> and killed her in <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a> for having murdered Dumuzid. In the standard <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Ishtar asks <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> to become her consort. When he disdainfully refuses, she unleashes the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a>, resulting in the death of <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> and Gilgamesh's subsequent grapple with his own mortality. Inanna's most famous myth is the story of her descent into and return from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">ancient Mesopotamian underworld</a>, ruled by her older sister <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>. After she reaches Ereshkigal's throne room, the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">seven judges of the underworld</a> deem her guilty and strike her dead. Three days later, Ninshubur pleads with all the gods to bring Inanna back. All of them refuse her, except Enki, who sends two sexless beings to rescue Inanna. They escort Inanna out of the underworld but the <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a>, the guardians of the underworld, drag her husband Dumuzid down to the underworld as her replacement. Dumuzid is eventually permitted to return to heaven for half the year, while his sister <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a> remains in the underworld for the other half, resulting in the cycle of the seasons. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase,_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg/220px-Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg/330px-Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg/440px-Inanna_receiving_offerings_on_the_Uruk_Vase%2C_circa_3200-3000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption>Inanna receiving offerings on the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_Vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk Vase">Uruk Vase</a>, circa 3200–3000 BCE</figcaption></figure> Scholars believe that Inanna and Ishtar were originally separate, unrelated deities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111Brandão201943-15">[13]</a> but were conflated with one another during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> and came to be regarded as effectively the same goddess under two different names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> Inanna's name may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> phrase nin-an-ak, meaning "Lady of Heaven",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199886-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> but the cuneiform sign for Inanna (𒈹) is not a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> of the signs lady (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <a href="/wiki/ERE%C5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="EREŠ">nin</a>; cuneiform: 𒊩𒌆 SAL.TUG2) and sky (Sumerian: <a href="/wiki/DINGIR" class="mw-redirect" title="DINGIR">an</a>; cuneiform: 𒀭 AN).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199886-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii–xix-21">[18]</a> These difficulties led some early <a href="/wiki/Assyriologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a> to suggest that Inanna may have originally been a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Euphratean">Proto-Euphratean</a> goddess, who was only later accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian pantheon">Sumerian pantheon</a>. This idea was supported by Inanna's youthfulness, as well as the fact that, unlike the other Sumerian divinities, she seems to have initially lacked a distinct sphere of responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> The view that there was a Proto-Euphratean substrate language in Southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> before Sumerian is not widely accepted by modern Assyriologists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio19991–16-22">[19]</a> The name Ishtar occurs as an element in personal names from both the pre-<a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargonic</a> and post-Sargonic eras in Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110-23">[20]</a> It is of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> derivation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199896-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110-23">[20]</a> and is probably etymologically related to the name of the <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> god <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar</a>, who is mentioned in later inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> and southern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199896-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110-23">[20]</a> The morning star may have been conceived as a male deity who presided over the arts of war and the evening star may have been conceived as a female deity who presided over the arts of love.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110-23">[20]</a> Among the Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians, the name of the male god eventually supplanted the name of his female counterpart,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110–111-25">[22]</a> but, due to extensive syncretism with Inanna, the deity remained as female, although her name was in the masculine form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110–111-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warka_vase_(background_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/170px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/255px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/340px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="6632" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uruk_Vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk Vase">Uruk Vase</a> (Warka Vase), depicting votive offerings to Inanna (3200–3000 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter201451-26">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Inanna has posed a problem for many scholars of ancient Sumer due to the fact that her sphere of power contained more distinct and contradictory aspects than that of any other deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-27">[24]</a> Two major theories regarding her origins have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984228-28">[25]</a> The first explanation holds that Inanna is the result of a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between several previously unrelated Sumerian deities with totally different domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984228-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201943-29">[26]</a> The second explanation holds that Inanna was originally a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic deity">Semitic deity</a> who entered the Sumerian pantheon after it was already fully structured, and who took on all the roles that had not yet been assigned to other deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984228–229-30">[27]</a> As early as the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000–3100 BCE), Inanna was already associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> During this period, the symbol of a ring-headed doorpost was closely associated with Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> The famous <a href="/wiki/Uruk_Vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk Vase">Uruk Vase</a> (found in a deposit of cult objects of the Uruk III period) depicts a row of naked men carrying various objects, including bowls, vessels, and baskets of farm products,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter2014551-32">[29]</a> and bringing sheep and goats to a <a href="/wiki/Female_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Female figure">female figure</a> facing the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter2014550–552-33">[30]</a> The female stands in front of Inanna's symbol of the two twisted reeds of the doorpost,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter2014550–552-33">[30]</a> while the male figure holds a box and stack of bowls, the later <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> sign signifying the <a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">En</a>, or high priest of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter2014552–554-34">[31]</a> Seal impressions from the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–2900 BCE) show a fixed sequence of symbols representing various cities, including those of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabalam">Zabalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Uqair#Urum" title="Tell Uqair">Urum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arina" title="Arina">Arina</a>, and probably <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Mierop200755-35">[32]</a> This list probably reflects the report of contributions to Inanna at Uruk from cities supporting her cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Mierop200755-35">[32]</a> A large number of similar seals have been discovered from phase I of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–2350 BCE) at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, in a slightly different order, combined with the rosette symbol of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Mierop200755-35">[32]</a> These seals were used to lock storerooms to preserve materials set aside for her cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Mierop200755-35">[32]</a> Various inscriptions in the name of Inanna are known, such as a bead in the name of King <a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2600 BCE, or a tablet by King <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400 BCE: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg/180px-BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg/270px-BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg/360px-BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Tablet of Lugal-kisalsi</figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/An_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="An (god)">An</a>, king of all the lands, and for Inanna, his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, built the wall of the courtyard.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of Lugal-kisalsi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaeda19818-36">[33]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  2334–2154 BCE), following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, Inanna and originally independent Ishtar became so extensively syncretized that they became regarded as effectively the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994110–111-25">[22]</a> The Akkadian poet <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>, the daughter of Sargon, wrote numerous hymns to Inanna, identifying her with Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994111-38">[35]</a> As a result of this,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a> the popularity of Inanna/Ishtar's cult skyrocketed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xv-39">[36]</a> Alfonso Archi, who was involved in early excavations of Ebla, assumes Ishtar was originally a goddess venerated in the Euphrates valley, pointing out that an association between her and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert poplar">desert poplar</a> is attested in the most ancient texts from both <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>. He considers her, a moon god (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Sin</a>) and a sun deity of varying gender (<a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a>) to be the only deities shared between various early Semitic peoples of Mesopotamia and ancient Syria, who otherwise had different not necessarily overlapping pantheons.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Inanna's symbol: the reed ring-post</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg/102px-Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg/153px-Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg/204px-Emblem_of_the_Goddess_Inanna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="593" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Emblem of goddess Inanna, circa 3000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur,_Iraq,_2500_BCE._British_Museum_(libation_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg/165px-Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg/248px-Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg/330px-Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum_%28libation_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1219" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ring posts of Inanna on each side of a temple door, with naked devotee offering libations.<a href="#cite_note-priestess-41">[38]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg/55px-Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg/83px-Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg/110px-Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2850" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">On the <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:56px;max-width:56px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram,_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram%2C_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg/54px-Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram%2C_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram%2C_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg/81px-Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram%2C_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Inanna_symbol_and_cuneiform_logogram%2C_the_reed_ring_stalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="243" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> logogram "Inanna"</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Inanna's symbol is a ring post made of reed, an ubiquitous building material in Sumer. It was often beribboned and positioned at the entrance of temples, and marked the limit between the profane and the sacred realms.<a href="#cite_note-priestess-41">[38]</a> The design of the emblem was simplified between 3000 and 2000 BCE to become the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> logogram for Inanna: 𒈹, generally preceded by the symbol for "deity" <a href="/wiki/%F0%92%80%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="𒀭">𒀭</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199886-19">[16]</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_de_musiciens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_de_musiciens.jpg/170px-Couple_de_musiciens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_de_musiciens.jpg/255px-Couple_de_musiciens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_de_musiciens.jpg/340px-Couple_de_musiciens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Statuette" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuette">statuette</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Gala_(priests)" title="Gala (priests)">gala</a> priests, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2450 BCE, found in the temple of Inanna at <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></figcaption></figure> Gwendolyn Leick assumes that during the Pre-Sargonic era, the cult of Inanna was rather limited,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a> though other experts argue that she was already the most prominent deity in Uruk and a number of other political centers in the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201327Kramer1961101WolksteinKramer1983xiii–xixNemet-Nejat1998182-43">[40]</a> She had temples in <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabalam">Zabalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a> but her main cult center was the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[d]</a> whose name means "House of Heaven" (Sumerian: e2-anna; cuneiform: 𒂍𒀭 E2.AN).<a href="#cite_note-47">[e]</a> Some research assumes that the original patron deity of this fourth-millennium BCE city was <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> After its dedication to Inanna, the temple seems to have housed priestesses of the goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> Next to Uruk, Zabalam was the most important early site of Inanna worship, as the name of the city was commonly written with the signs MUŠ3 and UNUG, meaning respectively "Inanna" and "sanctuary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342-48">[43]</a> It is possible that the city goddess of Zabalam was originally a distinct deity, though one whose cult was absorbed by that of the Urukean goddess very early on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342-48">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Joan Goodnick Westenholz</a> proposed that a goddess identified by the name <a href="/wiki/Nin-UM" class="mw-redirect" title="Nin-UM">Nin-UM</a> (reading and meaning uncertain), associated with <a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Zame_(hymns)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zame (hymns)">zame</a> hymn, was the original identity of Inanna of Zabalam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350-49">[44]</a> In the Old Akkadian period, Inanna merged with the Akkadian goddess Ishtar, associated with the city of Agade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201362-50">[45]</a> A hymn from that period addresses the Akkadian Ishtar as "Inanna of the Ulmaš" alongside Inanna of Uruk and of Zabalam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201362-50">[45]</a> The worship of Ishtar and syncretism between her and Inanna was encouraged by Sargon and his successors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201362-50">[45]</a> and as a result she quickly became one of the most widely venerated deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a> In inscriptions of Sargon, <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a>, Ishtar is the most frequently invoked deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013172-51">[46]</a> In the Old Babylonian period, her main cult centers were Uruk, Zabalam, Agade, and Ilip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201379-52">[47]</a> Her cult was also introduced from Uruk to Kish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321-53">[48]</a> During later times, while her cult in Uruk continued to flourish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199299-54">[49]</a> Ishtar also became particularly worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (modern northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and southeast <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), especially in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Aššur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> (modern Erbil).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuirand196858-55">[50]</a> During the reign of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a>, Ishtar rose to become the most important and widely venerated deity in the Assyrian pantheon, surpassing even the Assyrian national god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199299-54">[49]</a> Votive objects found in her primary Assyrian temple indicate that she was a popular deity among women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201320-56">[51]</a> Individuals who went against the <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a> were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2013157–158-57">[52]</a> During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as <a href="/wiki/Gala_(priests)" title="Gala (priests)">gala</a> worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2013285-58">[53]</a> Men who became gala sometimes adopted female names, and their songs were composed in the Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language#Dialects" title="Sumerian language">eme-sal</a> dialect, which, in literary texts, is normally reserved for the speech of female characters. Some Sumerian proverbs seem to suggest that gala had a reputation for engaging in <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a> with men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeMurray199765-59">[54]</a> During the Akkadian Period, kurgarrū and assinnu were servants of Ishtar who <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">dressed in female clothing</a> and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeMurray199765–66-60">[55]</a> Several Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> seem to suggest that they may have also had homosexual proclivities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeMurray199765–66-60">[55]</a> Gwendolyn Leick, an anthropologist known for her writings on Mesopotamia, has compared these individuals to the contemporary Indian <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2013158–163-61">[56]</a> In one Akkadian hymn, Ishtar is described as transforming men into women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeMurray199766-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201963-63">[58]</a> Throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, it was widely believed that the cult of Inanna involved a "<a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">sacred marriage</a>" ritual, in which a king would establish his legitimacy by taking on the role of Dumuzid and engaging in ritual sexual intercourse with the high priestess of Inanna, who took on the role of the goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201956-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128–129-67">[62]</a> This view has been challenged, however, and scholars continue to debate whether the sacred marriage described in literary texts involved any kind of physical ritual enactment at all and, if so, whether this ritual enactment involved actual intercourse or merely the symbolic representation of intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge20066-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128–129-67">[62]</a> The scholar of the ancient Near East Louise M. Pryke states that most scholars now maintain, if the sacred marriage was a ritual that was actually acted out, then it involved only symbolic intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017129-69">[64]</a> The cult of Ishtar was long thought to have involved <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200415–17Marcovich199649Guirand196858Nemet-Nejat1998193-70">[65]</a> but this is now rejected among many scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssante200314–47Day20042–21Sweet199485–104Pryke201761-71">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hierodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierodules">Hierodules</a> known as ishtaritum are reported to have worked in Ishtar's temples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcovich199649-72">[67]</a> but it is unclear if such priestesses actually performed any <a href="/wiki/Sex_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex act">sex acts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay20042–21-73">[68]</a> and several modern scholars have argued that they did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet199485–104-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssante200314–47-75">[70]</a> Women across the ancient Near East worshipped Ishtar by dedicating to her cakes baked in ashes (known as kamān tumri).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116–117-76">[71]</a> A dedication of this type is described in an Akkadian hymn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115-77">[72]</a> Several clay cake molds discovered at Mari are shaped like naked women with large hips who are clutching their breasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115-77">[72]</a> Some scholars have suggested that the cakes made from these molds were intended as representations of Ishtar herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–116-78">[73]</a> In the Biblical book of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, the prophet condemns Judean female refugees for worshipping the Queen of Heaven (a syncretism of Ishtar and Asherah) by baking cakes with the goddess's image upon them and pouring libations to her (Jer. Ch. 7 and 44). The women and their husbands defy him, and state that they will follow the practices of their ancestors, who performed these acts "in the towns of Judea and the streets of Jerusalem" (Jer. 44:15–19). In <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 8:14, the prophet has a vision of the women of Jerusalem weeping for Tammuz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/200px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/300px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/400px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2623" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The eight-pointed star was Inanna/Ishtar's most common symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992156,_169–170-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiungman2004228-80">[75]</a> Here it is shown alongside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar disk</a> of her brother <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (Sumerian Utu) and the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent moon</a> of her father <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> (Sumerian Nanna) on a <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">boundary stone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a>, dating to the twelfth century BCE.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/200px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/300px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/400px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lions were one of Inanna/Ishtar's primary symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992118-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994113–114-82">[77]</a> The lion above comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, the eighth gate to the inner city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, which was constructed in around 575 BCE under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner200549-83">[78]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Inanna/Ishtar's most common symbol was the eight-pointed star,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992156,_169–170-79">[74]</a> though the exact number of points sometimes varies;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiungman2004228-80">[75]</a> six-pointed stars also occur frequently, but their symbolic meaning is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992170-84">[79]</a> The eight-pointed star seems to have originally borne a general association with the heavens,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992169–170-85">[80]</a> but, by the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1531 BCE), it had come to be specifically associated with the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, with which Ishtar was identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992169–170-85">[80]</a> Starting during this same period, the star of Ishtar was normally enclosed within a circular disc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992170-84">[79]</a> During later Babylonian times, slaves who worked in Ishtar's temples were sometimes branded with the seal of the eight-pointed star.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992170-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998193–194-86">[81]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">boundary stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder seals">cylinder seals</a>, the eight-pointed star is sometimes shown alongside the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent moon</a>, which was the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> (Sumerian Nanna) and the rayed <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar disk</a>, which was a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (Sumerian Utu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiungman2004228-80">[75]</a> Inanna's <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> was a hook-shaped twisted knot of reeds, representing the doorpost of the storehouse, a common symbol of fertility and plenty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1976-87">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a> was another important symbol of Inanna, which continued to be used as a symbol of Ishtar after their syncretism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992156-88">[83]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Period</a> (911 – 609 BCE), the rosette may have actually eclipsed the eight-pointed star and become Ishtar's primary symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992156–157-89">[84]</a> The temple of Ishtar in the city of <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Aššur">Aššur</a> was adorned with numerous rosettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992156-88">[83]</a> Inanna/Ishtar was associated with lions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992118-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994113–114-82">[77]</a> which the ancient Mesopotamians regarded as a symbol of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992118-81">[76]</a> Her associations with lions began during Sumerian times;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994113–114-82">[77]</a> a chlorite bowl from the temple of Inanna at Nippur depicts a large feline battling a giant snake and a cuneiform inscription on the bowl reads "Inanna and the Serpent", indicating that the cat is supposed to represent the goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994113–114-82">[77]</a> During the Akkadian Period, Ishtar was frequently depicted as a heavily armed warrior goddess with a lion as one of her attributes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992119-90">[85]</a> Doves were also prominent animal symbols associated with Inanna/Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisLlewellyn-Jones2018335-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035-92">[87]</a> Doves are shown on cultic objects associated with Inanna as early as the beginning of the third millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035-92">[87]</a> Lead dove figurines were discovered in the temple of Ishtar at Aššur, dating to the thirteenth century BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035-92">[87]</a> and a painted fresco from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari, Syria</a> shows a giant dove emerging from a palm tree in the temple of Ishtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisLlewellyn-Jones2018335-91">[86]</a> indicating that the goddess herself was sometimes believed to take the form of a dove.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisLlewellyn-Jones2018335-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_the_planet_Venus">As the planet Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As the planet Venus">edit</a>]</div> Inanna was associated with the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, which is named after <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">her Roman equivalent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-44">[41]</a> Several hymns praise Inanna in her role as the goddess or personification of the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> Theology professor Jeffrey Cooley has argued that, in many myths, Inanna's movements may correspond with the movements of Venus across the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> In Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, Inanna, unlike any other deity, is able to descend into the netherworld and return to the heavens. The planet Venus appears to make a similar descent, setting in the West and then rising again in the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> An introductory hymn describes Inanna leaving the heavens and heading for Kur, what could be presumed to be the mountains, replicating the rising and setting of Inanna to the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> In Inanna and Shukaletuda, Shukaletuda is described as scanning the heavens in search of Inanna, possibly searching the Eastern and Western horizons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008163–164-95">[90]</a> In the same myth, while searching for her attacker, Inanna herself makes several movements that correspond with the movements of Venus in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> Because the movements of Venus appear to be discontinuous (it disappears due to its proximity to the Sun, for many days at a time, and then reappears on the other horizon), some cultures did not recognize Venus as a single entity;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> instead, they assumed it to be two separate stars on each horizon: the morning and evening star.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> Nonetheless, a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> indicates that the ancient Sumerians knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> The discontinuous movements of Venus relate to both mythology as well as Inanna's dual nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> Modern astrologers recognize the story of Inanna's descent into the underworld as a reference to an astronomical phenomenon associated with retrograde Venus. Seven days before retrograde Venus makes its <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a> with the sun, it disappears from the evening sky. The seven day period between this disappearance and the conjunction itself is seen as the astronomical phenomenon on which the myth of descent was based. After the conjunction, seven more days elapse before Venus appears as the morning star, corresponding to the ascent from the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaton2012-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyern.d.-97">[92]</a> Inanna in her aspect as Anunītu was associated with the eastern fish of the zodiacal constellation, <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxvog1993106-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35-99">[94]</a> Her consort Dumuzi was associated with the contiguous constellation, <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxvog1993106-98">[93]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Babylonian terracotta relief of Ishtar from Eshnunna (early second millennium BCE)"><img alt="Babylonian terracotta relief of Ishtar from Eshnunna (early second millennium BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/174px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/262px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/349px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2065" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Babylonian terracotta relief of Ishtar from <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> (early second millennium BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deesse_au_vase_(Mari).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life-sized statue of a goddess, probably Ishtar, holding a vase from Mari, Syria (eighteenth century BCE)"><img alt="Life-sized statue of a goddess, probably Ishtar, holding a vase from Mari, Syria (eighteenth century BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg/118px-Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg/177px-Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg/236px-Deesse_au_vase_%28Mari%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life-sized statue of a goddess, probably Ishtar, holding a vase from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari, Syria</a> (eighteenth century BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta relief of Ishtar with wings from Larsa (second millennium BCE)"><img alt="Terracotta relief of Ishtar with wings from Larsa (second millennium BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg/180px-Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg/270px-Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg/360px-Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta relief of Ishtar with wings from <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> (second millennium BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur,_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele showing Ishtar holding a bow from Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum (eighth century BCE)"><img alt="Stele showing Ishtar holding a bow from Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum (eighth century BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg/127px-Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg/191px-Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg/255px-Ishtar_-_stele_of_Shamsh-res-usur%2C_governor_of_Mari_and_Suhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="727" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele showing Ishtar holding a bow from <a href="/wiki/Ennigaldi-Nanna%27s_museum" title="Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum">Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum</a> (eighth century BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellenized bas-relief sculpture of Ishtar standing with her servant from Palmyra (third century CE)"><img alt="Hellenized bas-relief sculpture of Ishtar standing with her servant from Palmyra (third century CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg/206px-IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg/309px-IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg/411px-IshtarDamascusMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="740" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenized</a> bas-relief sculpture of Ishtar standing with her servant from <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> (third century CE)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Inanna,_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/250px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/375px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/500px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> depicting Inanna resting her foot on the back of a lion while <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> stands in front of her paying obeisance, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334–2154 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193-100">[95]</a> </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> worshipped Inanna as the goddess of both warfare and love.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> Unlike other gods, whose roles were static and whose domains were limited, the stories of Inanna describe her as moving from conquest to conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199415–17-101">[96]</a> She is portrayed as young and impetuous, constantly striving for more power than had been allotted to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199415–17-101">[96]</a> While she was worshipped as the goddess of love, Inanna was not the goddess of marriage, nor was she ever viewed as a mother goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–9-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201365–66-103">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._George" title="Andrew R. George">Andrew R. George</a> goes as far as stating that "According to all mythology, Ištar was not [...] temperamentally disposed" towards such functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge20158-104">[99]</a> Julia M. Asher-Greve has even championed the significance of Inanna specifically because she is not a <a href="/wiki/Mother-goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-goddess">mother-goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> As a love goddess, she was commonly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] invoked by Mesopotamians in incantations.<a href="#cite_note-AsherGreve-Westenholz-2013-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[f]</a> In Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, Inanna treats her lover Dumuzid in a very capricious manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–9-102">[97]</a> This aspect of Inanna's personality is emphasized in the later standard Akkadian version of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> points out Ishtar's infamous ill-treatment of her lovers.<a href="#cite_note-Gilgamesh'_p._86-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-109">[103]</a> However, according to assyriologist Dina Katz, the portrayal of Inanna's relationship with Dumuzi in the Descent myth is unusual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz199693-103-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68-111">[105]</a> Inanna was also worshipped as one of the Sumerian war deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984226–227-112">[106]</a> One of the hymns dedicated to her declares: "She stirs confusion and chaos against those who are disobedient to her, speeding carnage and inciting the devastating flood, clothed in terrifying radiance. It is her game to speed conflict and battle, untiring, strapping on her sandals."<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> Battle itself was occasionally referred to as the "Dance of Inanna".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984227-114">[108]</a> Epithets related to lions in particular were meant to highlight this aspect of her character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013203-204-115">[109]</a> As a war goddess she was sometimes referred to with the name <a href="/wiki/Irnina" title="Irnina">Irnina</a> ("victory"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199778-116">[110]</a> though this epithet could be applied to other deities as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreckWasserman2013184-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-114-119">[113]</a> in addition to functioning as a distinct goddess linked to <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999a369,_371-120">[114]</a> rather than to Ishtar. Another epithet highlighting this aspect of Ishtar's nature was Anunitu ("the martial one").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371-121">[115]</a> Like Irnina, Anunitu could also be a separate deity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133-122">[116]</a> and as such she is first attested in documents from the Ur III period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013286-123">[117]</a> Assyrian royal curse-formulas invoked both of Ishtar's primary functions at once, invoking her to remove potency and martial valor alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010397-401-124">[118]</a> Mesopotamian texts indicate that traits perceived as heroic (such as a king's ability to lead his troops and to triumph over enemies) and sexual prowess were regarded as interconnected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010393-125">[119]</a> While generally classified as a goddess, Inanna/Ishtar could seem at times to have ambiguous gender.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a> states that "ambiguous gender identification" was a characteristic not just of Ishtar herself but of a category of deities he refers to as "Ishtar type" goddesses (such as <a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925-127">[121]</a> A late hymn contains the phrase "she [Ishtar] is Enlil, she is Ninil" which might be a reference to occasionally "dimorphic" character of Ishtar, in addition to serving as an exaltation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013127-128">[122]</a> A hymn to <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> alludes to a male aspect of Ishtar from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> alongside a variety of more standard descriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117-129">[123]</a> However, Ilona Zsolnay only describes Ishtar as a "feminine figure who performed a masculine role" in certain contexts, for example as a war deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010401-130">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png/170px-Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELung2014-131">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> Inanna's twin brother was <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> (known as Shamash in Akkadian), the god of the sun and justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108,_182-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983x–xi-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736-134">[128]</a> In Sumerian texts, Inanna and Utu are depicted as extremely close;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-135">[129]</a> some modern authors even perceive their relationship as bordering on <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992183-136">[130]</a> In the myth of her descent into the underworld, Inanna addresses <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, the queen of the underworld, as her "older sister,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017108-138">[132]</a> yet the two goddesses almost never appear together elsewhere in Sumerian literature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017108-138">[132]</a> and were not placed in the same category in god lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747-48-139">[133]</a> In some Neo-Assyrian sources, Ishtar is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>, with the relationship mirroring that between <a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a> and her brother <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian mythology">Hurrian mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007157-140">[134]</a> The most common tradition regarded Nanna and his wife Ningal as her parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcke198080-141">[135]</a> Examples of it are present in sources as diverse as a god list from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201345-142">[136]</a> a hymn of <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> relaying how Enlil and Ninlil bestowed Inanna's powers upon her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201375-143">[137]</a> a late syncretic hymn to <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-144">[138]</a> and an Akkadian ritual from <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-145">[139]</a> While some authors assert that in Uruk Inanna was usually regarded as the daughter of the sky god <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199888-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201947,_74-147">[141]</a> it is possible that references to him as her father are only referring to his status as an ancestor of Nanna and thus his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcke198080-141">[135]</a> In literary texts, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> may be addressed as her fathers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199888-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201974-148">[142]</a> but references to major gods being "fathers" can also be examples of the use of this word as an epithet indicating seniority.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> (later known as Tammuz), the god of shepherds, is usually described as Inanna's husband,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983x–xi-133">[127]</a> but according to some interpretations Inanna's loyalty to him is questionable;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> in the myth of her descent into the Underworld, she abandons Dumuzid and permits the <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons to drag him down into the underworld as her replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–84-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199893-151">[145]</a> In a different myth, The Return of Dumuzid Inanna instead mourns over Dumuzid's death and ultimately decrees that he will be allowed to return to Heaven to be with her for one half of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198389-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199893-151">[145]</a> Dina Katz notes that the portrayal of their relationship in Inanna's Descent is unusual;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68-111">[105]</a> it does not resemble the portrayal of their relationship in other myths about Dumuzi's death, which almost never pin the blame for it on Inanna, but rather on demons or even human bandits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz199693-103-110">[104]</a> A large corpus of love poetry describing encounters between Inanna and Dumuzi has been assembled by researchers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2010253-153">[147]</a> However, local manifestations of Inanna/Ishtar were not necessarily associated with Dumuzi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201380-154">[148]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, the tutelary deity of the city, <a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a> (a war god), was viewed as the consort of a local hypostasis of Ishtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-155">[149]</a> though after the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a> <a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a>, introduced from <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, became his spouse (an example of a couple consisting out of a warrior god and a medicine goddess, common in Mesopotamian mythology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201338-156">[150]</a>) and Ishtar of Kish started to instead be worshipped on her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-155">[149]</a> Inanna is not usually described as having any offspring;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> however, in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a>, as well as in a single building inscription from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2112 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004 BCE), the warrior god <a href="/wiki/Shara_(god)" title="Shara (god)">Shara</a> is described as her son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-157">[151]</a> She was also sometimes considered the mother of <a href="/wiki/Lulal" title="Lulal">Lulal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2010233-158">[152]</a> who is described in other texts as the son of <a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2010233-158">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Wilfred G. Lambert</a> described the relation between Inanna and Lulal as "close but unspecified" in the context of Inanna's Descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987163-164-159">[153]</a> There is also similarly scarce evidence for the love goddess <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> being regarded as her daughter, but it is possible all of these instances merely refer to an epithet indicating closeness between the deities and were not a statement about actual parentage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukkal">Sukkal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sukkal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></div> Inanna's <a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a> was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-161">[155]</a> whose relationship with Inanna is one of mutual devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-161">[155]</a> In some texts, Ninshubur is listed right after Dumuzi as a member of Inanna's circle, even before some of her relatives;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228-229-162">[156]</a> in one text the phrase "Ninshubur, beloved vizier" appears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228-229-162">[156]</a> In another text Ninshubur is listed even before <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>, originally possibly a hypostasis of Inanna herself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417-163">[157]</a> in a list of deities from her entourage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998146-164">[158]</a> In an Akkadian ritual text known from <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> archives, Ishtar's sukkal is invoked alongside her family members Sin, Ningal, and Shamash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-38-165">[159]</a> Other members of Inanna's entourage frequently listed in god lists are the goddesses Nanaya, <a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazbaba" title="Gazbaba">Gazbaba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bizilla" title="Bizilla">Bizila</a>, all of them also associated with each other in various configurations independently from this context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998146-164">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823-166">[160]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syncretism_and_influence_on_other_deities">Syncretism and influence on other deities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syncretism and influence on other deities">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the full conflation of Inanna and Ishtar during the reign of Sargon and his successors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201362-50">[45]</a> she was <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretised</a> with a large number of deities<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109-167">[161]</a> to a varying degree. The oldest known syncretic hymn is dedicated to Inanna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201348-168">[162]</a> and has been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-169">[163]</a> Many god lists compiled by ancient scribes contained entire "Inanna group" sections enumerating similar goddesses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345-170">[164]</a> and tablet IV of the monumental god list An-Anum (7 tablets total) is known as the "Ishtar tablet" due to most of its contents being the names of Ishtar's equivalents, her titles and various attendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke1998148-171">[165]</a> Some modern researchers use the term Ishtar-type to define specific figures of this variety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199926-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-145">[139]</a> Some texts contained references to "all the Ishtars" of a given area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19984-173">[167]</a> In later periods Ishtar's name was sometimes used as a generic term ("goddess") in Babylonia, while a logographic writing of Inanna was used to spell the title Bēltu, leading to further conflations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110-111-174">[168]</a> A possible example of such use of the name is also known from <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, as a single Elamite inscription written in Akkadian refers to "<a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a>-Ishtar", which might in this context mean "the goddess Manzat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2010487-175">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_examples">Specific examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specific examples">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ashtart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtart">Ashtart</a></dt> <dd>In cities like <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, the Eastern and Western Semitic forms of the name (Ishtar and Ashtart) were regarded as basically interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435-176">[170]</a> However, the western goddess evidently lacked the astral character of Mesopotamian Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201436-177">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> god lists and ritual texts equate the local Ashtart with both Ishtar and Hurrian Ishara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439,_74–75-178">[172]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a></dt> <dd>Due to association with Ishtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013134-179">[173]</a> the Syrian goddess Ishara started to be regarded as a "lady of love" like her (and Nanaya) in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurat2009176-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417-163">[157]</a> However, in Hurro-Hittite context Ishara was associated with the underworld goddess <a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a> instead and additionally functioned as a goddess of oaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurat2009176-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009124,_128-181">[175]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></dt> <dd>A goddess uniquely closely linked to Inanna, as according to assyriologist Frans Wiggermann her name was originally an epithet of Inanna (possibly serving as an appellative, "My Inanna!").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417-163">[157]</a> Nanaya was associated with erotic love, but she eventually developed a warlike aspect of her own too ("Nanaya Euršaba").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013282-182">[176]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> Inanna's functions were effectively split between three separate figures and she was worshipped as part of a trinity consisting out of herself, Nanaya (as a love goddess) and <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a> (as an astral goddess).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-183">[177]</a> Inanna/Ishtar and Nanaya were often accidentally or intentionally conflated in poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117;_120-184">[178]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></dt> <dd>While she was initially an independent figure, starting with Old Babylonian period in some texts "Ninegal" is used as a title of Inanna, and in god lists she was a part of the "Inanna group" usually alongside <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343-345-185">[179]</a> An example of the usage of "Ninegal" as an epithet can be found in the text designated as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4074.htm">Hymn to Inana as Ninegala (Inana D)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">ETCSL</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></dt> <dd>A special case of syncretism was that between the medicine goddess Ninisina and Inanna, which occurred for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-186">[180]</a> Isin at one point lost control over <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and identification of its tutelary goddess with Inanna (complete with assigning a similar warlike character to her), who served as a source of royal power, was likely meant to serve as a theological solution of this problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-186">[180]</a> As a result, in a number of sources Ninisina was regarded as analogous to similarly named Ninsianna, treated as a manifestation of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-186">[180]</a> It is also possible that a ceremony of "sacred marriage" between Ninisina and the king of Isin had been performed as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013270-187">[181]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></dt> <dd>A Venus deity of varying gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-93-188">[182]</a> Ninsianna was referred to as male by <a href="/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sin of Larsa</a> (who specifically used the phrase "my king") and in texts from Sippar, Ur, and Girsu, but as "Ishtar of the stars" in god lists and astronomical texts, which also applied Ishtar's epithets related to her role as a personification of Venus to this deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimpel1998487-488-189">[183]</a> In some locations Ninsianna was also known as a female deity, in which case her name can be understood as "red queen of heaven".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-186">[180]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></dt> <dd>Originally an <a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a> goddess, recognised in Mesopotamia, and as a result among <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, as an equivalent of Ishtar due to similar functions. She was identified specifically as her astral aspect (<a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a>) in god lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927-190">[184]</a> In a Hittite ritual she was identified by the logogram dIŠTAR and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suen">Suen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a> were referred to as her family; <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> and Ishtar's <a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a> were invoked in it as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-39-191">[185]</a> in Elam she was a goddess of love and sex<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi201710-192">[186]</a> and a heavenly deity ("mistress of heaven").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008266-193">[187]</a> Due to syncretism with Ishtar and Ninsianna Pinikir was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Genderfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderfluid">both a female and male deity</a> in Hurro-Hittite sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925-27-194">[188]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></dt> <dd>Her name was frequently written with the logogram dIŠTAR in Hurrian and Hittite sources, while Mesopotamian texts recognised her under the name "Ishtar of <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19981-3-195">[189]</a> Some elements peculiar to her were associated with the Assyrian hypostasis of Ishtar, Ishtar of Nineveh, in later times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19987-8-196">[190]</a> Her handmaidens <a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a> were incorporated into the circle of deities believed to serve Ishtar in her temple in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz-Szabó1983304-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-198">[192]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumerian_texts">Sumerian texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sumerian texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_myths">Origin myths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origin myths">edit</a>]</div> The poem Enki and the World Order (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">ETCSL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr113.htm">1.1.3</a>) begins by describing the god <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> and his establishment of the cosmic organization of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963172–174-199">[193]</a> Towards the end of the poem, Inanna comes to Enki and complains that he has assigned a domain and special powers to all of the other gods except for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963174-200">[194]</a> She declares that she has been treated unfairly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963182-201">[195]</a> Enki responds by telling her that she already has a domain and that he does not need to assign her one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963183-202">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur,_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="5283" /></a><figcaption>Original Sumerian tablet of the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzid</figcaption></figure> The myth of "Inanna and the Huluppu Tree", found in the preamble to the epic of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld" title="Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm">1.8.1.4</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196130-203">[197]</a> centers around a young Inanna, not yet stable in her power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983141-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154-205">[199]</a> It begins with a huluppu tree, which Kramer identifies as possibly a <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133-206">[200]</a> growing on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> Inanna moves the tree to her garden in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> with the intention to carve it into a throne once it is fully grown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> The tree grows and matures, but the serpent "who knows no charm", the <a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a>-bird, and Lilitu (Ki-Sikil-Lil-La-Ke in Sumerian),<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> seen by some as the Sumerian forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> of Jewish folklore, all take up residence within the tree, causing Inanna to cry with sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> The hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, who, in this story, is portrayed as her brother, comes along and slays the serpent, causing the Anzû-bird and Lilitu to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> Gilgamesh's companions chop down the tree and carve its wood into a bed and a throne, which they give to Inanna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983140-210">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> who fashions a pikku and a mikku (probably a drum and drumsticks respectively, although the exact identifications are uncertain),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196134-211">[205]</a> which she gives to Gilgamesh as a reward for his heroism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer19839-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980172-207">[201]</a> The Sumerian hymn Inanna and Utu contains an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">etiological myth</a> describing how Inanna became the goddess of sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> At the beginning of the hymn, Inanna knows nothing of sex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> so she begs her brother Utu to take her to <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a> (the Sumerian underworld),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> so that she may taste the fruit of a tree that grows there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> which will reveal to her all the secrets of sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> Utu complies and, in Kur, Inanna tastes the fruit and becomes knowledgeable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> The hymn employs the same <a href="/wiki/Motif_(folkloristics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (folkloristics)">motif</a> found in the myth of Enki and Ninhursag and in the later Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199891-213">[207]</a> The poem Inanna Prefers the Farmer (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr40833.htm">4.0.8.3.3</a>) begins with a rather playful conversation between Inanna and Utu, who incrementally reveals to her that it is time for her to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198330–49-214">[208]</a> She is courted by a farmer named <a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a> and a shepherd named <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">[11]</a> At first, Inanna prefers the farmer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">[11]</a> but Utu and Dumuzid gradually persuade her that Dumuzid is the better choice for a husband, arguing that, for every gift the farmer can give to her, the shepherd can give her something even better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103-215">[209]</a> In the end, Inanna marries Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103-215">[209]</a> The shepherd and the farmer reconcile their differences, offering each other gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101–103-216">[210]</a> Samuel Noah Kramer compares the myth to the later Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> because both myths center around a farmer and a shepherd competing for divine favor and, in both stories, the deity in question ultimately chooses the shepherd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquests_and_patronage">Conquests and patronage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conquests and patronage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/250px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/375px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/500px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BCE or thereabouts depicting the deities Inanna, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-217">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> Inanna and Enki (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.3.1#">t.1.3.1</a>) is a lengthy poem written in Sumerian, which may date to the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BCE – c. 2004 BCE);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199890-218">[212]</a> it tells the story of how Inanna stole the sacred <a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">mes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, the god of water and human culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166-219">[213]</a> In ancient Sumerian mythology, the mes were sacred powers or properties belonging to the gods that allowed human civilization to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-220">[214]</a> Each me embodied one specific aspect of human culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-220">[214]</a> These aspects were very diverse and the mes listed in the poem include abstract concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victory" title="Victory">Victory</a>, and Counsel, technologies such as writing and <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, and also social constructs such as <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, priestly offices, kingship, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. The mes were believed to grant power over all the aspects of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, both positive and negative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166-219">[213]</a> In the myth, Inanna travels from her own city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> to Enki's city of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, where she visits his temple, the <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">E-Abzu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196165-221">[215]</a> Inanna is greeted by Enki's sukkal, <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a>, who offers her food and drink.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196165–66-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198313–14-223">[217]</a> Inanna starts up a drinking competition with Enki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198314-224">[218]</a> Then, once Enki is thoroughly intoxicated, Inanna persuades him to give her the mes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198314–20-225">[219]</a> Inanna flees from Eridu in the Boat of Heaven, taking the mes back with her to Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166–67-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320-227">[221]</a> Enki wakes up to discover that the mes are gone and asks Isimud what has happened to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196166–67-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320–21-228">[222]</a> Isimud replies that Enki has given all of them to Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196167-229">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198321-230">[224]</a> Enki becomes infuriated and sends multiple sets of fierce monsters after Inanna to take back the mes before she reaches the city of Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196167–68-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320–24-232">[226]</a> Inanna's sukkal <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> fends off all of the monsters that Enki sends after them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196168-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320–24-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-161">[155]</a> Through Ninshubur's aid, Inanna successfully manages to take the mes back with her to the city of Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196168-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198324–25-234">[228]</a> After Inanna escapes, Enki reconciles with her and bids her a positive farewell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198326–27-235">[229]</a> It is possible that this legend may represent a historic transfer of power from the city of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> to the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200374-236">[230]</a> It is also possible that this legend may be a symbolic representation of Inanna's maturity and her readiness to become the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">Queen of Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983146-150-237">[231]</a> The poem Inanna Takes Command of Heaven is an extremely fragmentary, but important, account of Inanna's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> It begins with a conversation between Inanna and her brother <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> in which Inanna laments that the Eanna temple is not within their domain and resolves to claim it as her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> The text becomes increasingly fragmentary at this point in the narrative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> but appears to describe her difficult passage through a marshland to reach the temple while a fisherman instructs her on which route is best to take.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> Ultimately, Inanna reaches her father <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, who is shocked by her arrogance, but nevertheless concedes that she has succeeded and that the temple is now her domain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> The text ends with a hymn expounding Inanna's greatness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> This myth may represent an eclipse in the authority of the priests of An in Uruk and a transfer of power to the priests of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">[17]</a> Beside the epic text, the descent of the Eanna from heaven is mentioned in the story of Gilgameš and Akka (line 31) as well as the Sumerian Temple hymns and the bilingual text The Exaltation of Inanna/Ištar. Inanna briefly appears at the beginning and end of the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823.htm">1.8.2.3</a>). The epic deals with a rivalry between the cities of Uruk and <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>. Enmerkar, the king of Uruk, wishes to adorn his city with jewels and precious metals, but cannot do so because such minerals are only found in Aratta and, since trade does not yet exist, the resources are not available to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200357–61-238">[232]</a> Inanna, who is the patron goddess of both cities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200349-239">[233]</a> appears to Enmerkar at the beginning of the poem<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200357–63-240">[234]</a> and tells him that she favors Uruk over Aratta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200361–63-241">[235]</a> She instructs Enmerkar to send a messenger to the lord of Aratta to ask for the resources Uruk needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200349-239">[233]</a> The majority of the epic revolves around a great contest between the two kings over Inanna's favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200363–87-242">[236]</a> Inanna reappears at the end of the poem to resolve the conflict by telling Enmerkar to establish trade between his city and Aratta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout200350-243">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice_myths">Justice myths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Justice myths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih,_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/170px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/255px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/340px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="4571" /></a><figcaption>The original Sumerian clay tablet of Inanna and Ebih, which is currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> Inanna and her brother Utu were regarded as the dispensers of divine justice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-135">[129]</a> a role which Inanna exemplifies in several of her myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017162–173-244">[238]</a> Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Ebi%E1%B8%AB" title="Ebiḫ">Ebih</a> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr132.htm">1.3.2</a>), otherwise known as Goddess of the Fearsome Divine Powers, is a 184-line poem written by the Akkadian poet <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a> describing Inanna's confrontation with Mount Ebih, a mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017165-245">[239]</a> The poem begins with an introductory hymn praising Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttinger1988164–195-246">[240]</a> The goddess journeys all over the entire world, until she comes across Mount Ebih and becomes infuriated by its glorious might and natural beauty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-247">[241]</a> considering its very existence as an outright affront to her own authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196182–83-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017165-245">[239]</a> She rails at Mount Ebih, shouting: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Mountain, because of your elevation, because of your height, Because of your goodness, because of your beauty, Because you wore a holy garment, Because An organized(?) you, Because you did not bring (your) nose close to the ground, Because you did not press (your) lips in the dust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111–118-249">[243]</a> </div></blockquote> Inanna petitions to <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, the Sumerian god of the heavens, to allow her to destroy Mount Ebih.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-247">[241]</a> An warns Inanna not to attack the mountain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-247">[241]</a> but she ignores his warning and proceeds to attack and destroy Mount Ebih regardless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-247">[241]</a> In the conclusion of the myth, she explains to Mount Ebih why she attacked it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111–118-249">[243]</a> In Sumerian poetry, the phrase "destroyer of Kur" is occasionally used as one of Inanna's epithets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196182-250">[244]</a> According to Annette Zgoll, in this text Inanna represents the expansive conquest policy of the Akkadian empire, while the reluctant behaviour of the god An represents the perspective of the land of Sumer and its inhabitants, who had to suffer under the Sargonid invasions.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The rebellion of the mountain of Ebiḫ and its destruction by Inanna is also mentioned in the hymn Innin ša gura ("Mistress of the Great Heart"), which is ascribed to the high priestess <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">En-ḫedu-ana</a>. The poem Inanna and Shukaletuda (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr133.htm">1.3.3</a>) begins with a hymn to Inanna, praising her as the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> It then introduces Shukaletuda, a gardener who is terrible at his job. All of his plants die, except for one poplar tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Shukaletuda prays to the gods for guidance in his work. To his surprise, the goddess Inanna sees his one poplar tree and decides to rest under the shade of its branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Shukaletuda removes her clothes and rapes Inanna while she sleeps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> When the goddess wakes up and realizes she has been violated, she becomes furious and determines to bring her attacker to justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> In a fit of rage, Inanna unleashes horrible plagues upon the Earth, turning water into blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Shukaletuda, terrified for his life, pleads his father for advice on how to escape Inanna's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> His father tells him to hide in the city, amongst the hordes of people, where he will hopefully blend in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Inanna searches the mountains of the East for her attacker,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> but is not able to find him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> She then releases a series of storms and closes all roads to the city, but is still unable to find Shukaletuda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> so she asks <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> to help her find him, threatening to leave her temple in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> if he does not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Enki consents and Inanna flies "across the sky like a rainbow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008162-252">[246]</a> Inanna finally locates Shukaletuda, who vainly attempts to invent excuses for his crime against her. Inanna rejects these excuses and kills him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008163-253">[247]</a> Theology professor Jeffrey Cooley has cited the story of Shukaletuda as a Sumerian astral myth, arguing that the movements of Inanna in the story correspond with the movements of the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">[89]</a> He has also stated that, while Shukaletuda was praying to the goddess, he may have been looking toward Venus on the horizon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008163-253">[247]</a> The text of the poem Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Bilulu" title="Bilulu">Bilulu</a> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr144.htm">1.4.4</a>), discovered at Nippur, is badly mutilated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> and scholars have interpreted it in a number of different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> The beginning of the poem is mostly destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> but seems to be a lament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> The intelligible part of the poem describes Inanna pining after her husband Dumuzid, who is in the steppe watching his flocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980165-255">[249]</a> Inanna sets out to find him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> After this, a large portion of the text is missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> When the story resumes, Inanna is being told that Dumuzid has been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> Inanna discovers that the old bandit woman Bilulu and her son Girgire are responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980165-255">[249]</a> She travels along the road to Edenlila and stops at an <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inn</a>, where she finds the two murderers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> Inanna stands on top of a stool<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a> and transforms Bilulu into "the waterskin that men carry in the desert",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889BlackGreen1992109Pryke2017166Fontenrose1980165-257">[251]</a> forcing her to pour the funerary <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a> for Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980165-255">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descent_into_the_underworld">Descent into the underworld</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Descent into the underworld">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:298px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg/149px-Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg/224px-Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg/298px-Ishtar_descent_to_the_Underworld_BM_ME_K.162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="4009" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Copy of the Akkadian version of Ishtar's Descent into the Underworld from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Assurbanipal">Library of Assurbanipal</a>, currently held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London, England</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:298px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg/135px-Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg/203px-Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg/270px-Ishtar_vase_Louvre_AO17000-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="1168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Depiction of Inanna/Ishtar from the Ishtar Vase, dating to the early second millennium BCE (Mesopotamian, Terracotta with cut, moulded, and painted decoration, from Larsa)</div></div></div></div></div> Two different versions of the story of Inanna/Ishtar's <a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">descent into the underworld</a> have survived:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–86-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983127–135-259">[253]</a> a Sumerian version dating to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> (circa 2112 BCE – 2004 BCE) (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr141.htm">1.4.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–86-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983127–135-259">[253]</a> and a clearly derivative Akkadian version from the early second millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–86-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983127–135-259">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[g]</a> The Sumerian version of the story is nearly three times the length of the later Akkadian version and contains much greater detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989154-262">[255]</a> Various other texts refer to the myth of Inanna's descent as well, including the tale of Inanna and Šukaletuda.  Already in the first cuneiform texts of late 4th millennium Uruk period, the divine name Inanna-kur "Inanna (of the) netherworld" is attested, which probably refers to the underworld passage and thus makes it probably the oldest reliably attested myth of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumerian_version">Sumerian version</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sumerian version">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a> or underworld was ruled by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, the "sister" of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-137">[131]</a> The text itself does not explicitly state the motivation of Inanna's descent. However, <a href="/wiki/Hylistics" title="Hylistics">hylistic</a> myth research could show that at least one variant of the myth processed in the text relates to Inanna demanding the me (divine powers/rituals) of the netherworld, in which she finally succeeds.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> Before leaving, Inanna instructs her minister and servant <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> to plead with the deities <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> to rescue her if she does not return after three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196186–87-265">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199417-266">[259]</a> The laws of the underworld dictate that, with the exception of appointed messengers, those who enter it may never leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196186–87-265">[258]</a> Inanna dresses elaborately for the visit; she wears a turban, wig, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> necklace, beads upon her breast, the 'pala dress' (the ladyship garment), mascara, a pectoral, and golden ring, and holds a lapis lazuli <a href="/wiki/Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">measuring rod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196188-267">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198356-268">[261]</a> Each garment is a representation of a powerful me she possesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983157-269">[262]</a> Inanna pounds on the gates of the underworld, demanding to be let in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196190-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198354–55-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199417-266">[259]</a> The gatekeeper <a href="/wiki/Neti_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neti (deity)">Neti</a> asks her why she has come<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196190-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-272">[265]</a> and Inanna replies that she wishes to attend the funeral rites of <a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a>, the "husband of my elder sister Ereshkigal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196190-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-272">[265]</a> Neti reports this to Ereshkigal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196191-273">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198356–57-274">[267]</a> who tells him: "Bolt the seven gates of the underworld. Then, one by one, open each gate a crack. Let Inanna enter. As she enters, remove her royal garments."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198357-275">[268]</a> Perhaps Inanna's garments, unsuitable for a funeral, along with Inanna's haughty behavior, make Ereshkigal suspicious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilmer1971299–309-276">[269]</a> Following Ereshkigal's instructions, Neti tells Inanna she may enter the first gate of the underworld, but she must hand over her lapis lazuli measuring rod. She asks why, and is told, "It is just the ways of the underworld." She obliges and passes through. Inanna passes through a total of seven gates, at each one removing a piece of clothing or jewelry she had been wearing at the start of her journey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196187-277">[270]</a> thus stripping her of her power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983157–159-278">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199417-266">[259]</a> When she arrives in front of her sister, she is naked:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983157–159-278">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199417-266">[259]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After she had crouched down and had her clothes removed, they were carried away. Then she made her sister Erec-ki-gala rise from her throne, and instead she sat on her throne. The <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anna</a>, the seven judges, rendered their decision against her. They looked at her – it was the look of death. They spoke to her – it was the speech of anger. They shouted at her – it was the shout of heavy guilt. The afflicted woman was turned into a corpse. And the corpse was hung on a hook.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a></blockquote> Three days and three nights pass, and Ninshubur, following instructions, goes to the temples of <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, and pleads with each of them to rescue Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196193–94-280">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198361–64-281">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199417–18-282">[275]</a> The first three deities refuse, saying Inanna's fate is her own fault,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196193–94-280">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198361–62-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> but Enki is deeply troubled and agrees to help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198362–63-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> He creates two sexless figures named gala-tura and the kur-jara from the dirt under the fingernails of two of his fingers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198364-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> He instructs them to appease Ereshkigal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198364-287">[280]</a> and, when she asks them what they want, ask for the corpse of Inanna, which they must sprinkle with the food and water of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198364-287">[280]</a> When they come before Ereshkigal, she is in agony like a woman giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198365–66-288">[281]</a> She offers them whatever they want, including life-giving rivers of water and fields of grain, if they can relieve her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198365-289">[282]</a> but they refuse all of her offers and ask only for Inanna's corpse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198365–66-288">[281]</a> The gala-tura and the kur-jara sprinkle Inanna's corpse with the food and water of life and revive her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95-290">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198367–68-291">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> The Sumerian text connects the myth of Inanna's descent with one variant of the myth concerning the death of Dumuzi: <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Galla</a> demons sent by Ereshkigal follow Inanna out of the underworld, insisting that someone else must be taken to the underworld as Inanna's replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-293">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> They first come upon Ninshubur and attempt to take her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-293">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> but Inanna stops them, insisting that Ninshubur is her loyal servant and that she had rightfully mourned for her while she was in the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-293">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> They next come upon Shara, Inanna's beautician, who is still in mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195–96-294">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198369–70-295">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> The demons attempt to take him, but Inanna insists that they may not, because he had also mourned for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370-297">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> The third person they come upon is Lulal, who is also in mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> The demons try to take him, but Inanna stops them once again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/250px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/375px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/500px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> being tortured in the underworld by the <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons</figcaption></figure> Finally, they come upon Dumuzi, Inanna's husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–73-299">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> Despite Inanna's fate, and in contrast to the other individuals who were properly mourning her, Dumuzi is lavishly clothed and resting beneath a tree, or upon her throne, entertained by slave-girls. Inanna, displeased, decrees that the galla shall take him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–73-299">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201886-300">[293]</a> The galla then drag Dumuzi down to the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–73-299">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a> Another text known as Dumuzi's Dream (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr143.htm">1.4.3</a>) describes Dumuzi's repeated attempts to evade capture by the galla demons, an effort in which he is aided by the sun-god Utu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201885–86-301">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-302">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[h]</a> In the Sumerian poem The Return of Dumuzid, which begins where The Dream of Dumuzid ends, Dumuzid's sister <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a> laments continually for days and nights over Dumuzid's death, joined by Inanna, who has apparently experienced a change of heart, and <a href="/wiki/Sirtur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirtur">Sirtur</a>, Dumuzid's mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–87-304">[296]</a> The three goddesses mourn continually until a <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> reveals to Inanna the location of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198387–89-305">[297]</a> Together, Inanna and Geshtinanna go to the place where the fly has told them they will find Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198388–89-306">[298]</a> They find him there and Inanna decrees that, from that point onwards, Dumuzid will spend half of the year with her sister Ereshkigal in the underworld and the other half of the year in Heaven with her, while his sister Geshtinanna takes his place in the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196631-307">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-284">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–89-308">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akkadian_version">Akkadian version</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Akkadian version">edit</a>]</div> This version had two manuscripts found in the Library of Ashurbanipal and a third was found in Asshur, all dating from the first half of the first millennium before the common era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201911-309">[301]</a> Of the Ninevite version, the first cuneiform version was published in 1873 by François Lenormant, and the transliterated version was published by Peter Jensen in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201911-309">[301]</a> Its title in Akkadian is Ana Kurnugê, qaqqari la târi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201911-309">[301]</a> The Akkadian version begins with Ishtar approaching the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Irkalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkalla">underworld</a> and demanding the gatekeeper to let her in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> If you do not open the gate for me to come in, I shall smash the door and shatter the bolt, I shall smash the doorpost and overturn the doors, I shall raise up the dead and they shall eat the living: And the dead shall outnumber the living!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989155-310">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201913-311">[303]</a> </div></blockquote> The gatekeeper (whose name is not given in the Akkadian version<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989155-310">[302]</a>) hurries to tell Ereshkigal of Ishtar's arrival. Ereshkigal orders him to let Ishtar enter, but tells him to "treat her according to the ancient rites".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989156-312">[304]</a> The gatekeeper lets Ishtar into the underworld, opening one gate at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989156-312">[304]</a> At each gate, Ishtar is forced to shed one article of clothing. When she finally passes the seventh gate, she is naked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989156–157-313">[305]</a> In a rage, Ishtar throws herself at Ereshkigal, but Ereshkigal orders her servant <a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a> to imprison Ishtar and unleash sixty diseases against her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989157-158-314">[306]</a> After Ishtar descends to the underworld, all sexual activity ceases on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989158–160-315">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201915–16-316">[308]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a>, the Akkadian counterpart to Ninshubur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertman2003124-317">[309]</a> reports the situation to <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a>, the god of wisdom and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989158–160-315">[307]</a> Ea creates an <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> being called Asu-shu-namir and sends them to Ereshkigal, telling them to invoke "the name of the great gods" against her and to ask for the bag containing the waters of life. Ereshkigal becomes enraged when she hears Asu-shu-namir's demand, but she is forced to give them the water of life. Asu-shu-namir sprinkles Ishtar with this water, reviving her. Then, Ishtar passes back through the seven gates, receiving one article of clothing back at each gate, and exiting the final gate fully clothed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989158–160-315">[307]</a> But Ištar must provide a substitute for her return to the world of the living, namely her husband Dumuzi. His sister Belili, however, takes part of the punishment upon herself, so that from now on they take turns in the underworld. Together with Dumuzi, the other dead are now allowed to leave the underworld on certain days as well – thus Ištar's descent into the underworld has created an opportunity for people to make contact with the dead, thus founding a religious holiday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations_in_modern_assyriology">Interpretations in modern assyriology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interpretations in modern assyriology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/170px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/255px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/340px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a>", which is speculated to represent either Ishtar or her older sister <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 19th or 18th century BCE)</figcaption></figure> Dina Katz, an authority on Sumerian afterlife beliefs and funerary customs, considers the narrative of Inanna's descent to be a combination of two distinct preexisting traditions rooted in broader context of Mesopotamian religion. In one tradition, Inanna was only able to leave the underworld with the help of Enki's trick, with no mention of the possibility of finding a substitute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201565-318">[310]</a> This part of the myth belongs to the genre of myths about deities struggling to obtain power, glory etc. (such as <a href="/wiki/Lugal-e" title="Lugal-e">Lugal-e</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201565-318">[310]</a> and possibly served as a representation of Inanna's character as a personification of a periodically vanishing astral body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201566-319">[311]</a> According to Katz, the fact that Inanna's instructions to <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> contain a correct prediction of her eventual fate, including the exact means of her rescue, show that the purpose of this composition was simply highlighting Inanna's ability to traverse both the heavens and the underworld, much like how Venus was able to rise over and over again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201566-319">[311]</a> She also points out Inanna's return has parallels in some <a href="/wiki/Udug-hul" class="mw-redirect" title="Udug-hul">Udug-hul</a> incantations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201566-319">[311]</a> Another was simply one of the many myths about the death of <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a> (such as Dumuzi's Dream or Inana and Bilulu; in these myths Inanna is not to blame for his death),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201568-320">[312]</a> tied to his role as an embodiment of vegetation. She considers it possible that the connection between the two parts of the narrative was meant to mirror some well attested healing rituals which required a symbolic substitute of the person being treated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68-111">[105]</a> Katz also notes that the Sumerian version of the myth is not concerned with matters of fertility, and points out any references to it (e.g. to nature being infertile while Ishtar is dead) were only added in later Akkadian translations;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201570-321">[313]</a> so was the description of <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>'s funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201570-321">[313]</a> The purpose of these changes was likely to make the myth closer to cultic traditions linked to Tammuz, namely the annual mourning of his death followed by celebration of a temporary return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201570-71-322">[314]</a> According to Katz it is notable that known many copies of the later versions of the myth come from <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> cities which were known for their veneration of Tammuz, such as <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201570-321">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interpretations">Other interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other interpretations">edit</a>]</div> A number of less scholarly interpretations of the myth arose through the 20th century, many of them rooted in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jungian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian">Jungian</a> analysis rather than <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">assyriology</a>. Some authors draw comparisons to <a href="/wiki/Persephone#Abduction_myth" title="Persephone">the Greek myth of the abduction of Persephone</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1992-323">[315]</a> Monica Otterrmann performed a feminist interpretation of the myth, questioning its interpretation as related to the cycle of nature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201971-324">[316]</a> claiming that the narratives represent that Inanna's powers were being restricted by the Mesopotamian patriarchy, due to the fact that, according to her, the region was not conducive to fertility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201972-325">[317]</a> Brandão questions this idea in part, for although Inanna's power is at stake in the Sumerian text, in the Akkadian text the goddess' relationship to fertility and fertilization is at stake. Furthermore, in the Sumerian text Inanna's power is not limited by a man, but by another equally powerful goddess, Ereskigal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201972-325">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_myths">Later myths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later myths">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Epic of Gilgamesh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O.1054_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/220px-O.1054_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/330px-O.1054_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/440px-O.1054_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> relief showing <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> slaying the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a>, sent by Ishtar in Tablet VI of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> after he spurns her amorous advances<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198981–82-326">[318]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Ishtar appears to Gilgamesh after he and his companion <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> have returned to Uruk from defeating the ogre <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> and demands Gilgamesh to become her consort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[i]</a> Gilgamesh refuses her, pointing out that all of her previous lovers have suffered:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Listen to me while I tell the tale of your lovers. There was Tammuz, the lover of your youth, for him you decreed wailing, year after year. You loved the many-coloured <a href="/wiki/Lilac-breasted_roller" title="Lilac-breasted roller">Lilac-breasted Roller</a>, but still you struck and broke his wing [...] You have loved the lion tremendous in strength: seven pits you dug for him, and seven. You have loved the stallion magnificent in battle, and for him you decreed the whip and spur and a thong [...] You have loved the shepherd of the flock; he made meal-cake for you day after day, he killed kids for your sake. You struck and turned him into a wolf; now his own herd-boys chase him away, his own hounds worry his flanks.<a href="#cite_note-Gilgamesh'_p._86-108">[102]</a></blockquote> Infuriated by Gilgamesh's refusal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a> Ishtar goes to heaven and tells her father <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> that Gilgamesh has insulted her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a> Anu asks her why she is complaining to him instead of confronting Gilgamesh herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a> Ishtar demands that Anu give her the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-327">[319]</a> and swears that if he does not give it to her, she will "break in the doors of hell and smash the bolts; there will be confusion [i.e., mixing] of people, those above with those from the lower depths. I shall bring up the dead to eat food like the living; and the hosts of the dead will outnumber the living."<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Original Akkadian Tablet XI (the "Deluge Tablet") of the Epic of Gilgamesh</figcaption></figure> Anu gives Ishtar the Bull of Heaven, and Ishtar sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his friend <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198981–82-326">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980168–169-331">[322]</a> Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull and offer its heart to the sun-god Shamash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980168–169-331">[322]</a> While Gilgamesh and Enkidu are resting, Ishtar stands up on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and curses Gilgamesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980169-333">[324]</a> Enkidu tears off the Bull's right thigh and throws it in Ishtar's face,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980169-333">[324]</a> saying, "If I could lay my hands on you, it is this I should do to you, and lash your entrails to your side."<a href="#cite_note-Gilgamesh-p88-334">[325]</a> (Enkidu later dies for this impiety.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980169-333">[324]</a> Ishtar calls together "the crimped courtesans, prostitutes and harlots"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-332">[323]</a> and orders them to mourn for the Bull of Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980169-333">[324]</a> Meanwhile, Gilgamesh holds a celebration over the Bull of Heaven's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198982-83-335">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980169-333">[324]</a> Later in the epic, <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> tells Gilgamesh the story of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Flood">Great Flood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989109–116-336">[327]</a> which was sent by the god <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> to annihilate all life on earth because the humans, who were vastly overpopulated, made too much noise and prevented him from sleeping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989109–111-337">[328]</a> Utnapishtim tells how, when the flood came, Ishtar wept and mourned over the destruction of humanity, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989113-338">[329]</a> Later, after the flood subsides, Utnapishtim makes an offering to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989114-339">[330]</a> Ishtar appears to Utnapishtim wearing a <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> necklace with beads shaped like <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> and tells him that Enlil never discussed the flood with any of the other gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989114–115-340">[331]</a> She swears him that she will never allow Enlil to cause another flood<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989114–115-340">[331]</a> and declares her lapis lazuli necklace a sign of her oath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989114–115-340">[331]</a> Ishtar invites all the gods except for Enlil to gather around the offering and enjoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989115-341">[332]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Inanna#Regarding_Ishtar's_alleged_role_in_the_flood_myth_of_Gilgamesh" title="Talk:Inanna">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_of_Agushaya">Song of Agushaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Song of Agushaya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agushaya_Hymn" title="Agushaya Hymn">Agushaya Hymn</a></div> The Song of Agushaya,<a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> an Akkadian text presumably from the time of <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, tells a myth mixed with hymnic passages: the war goddess Ishtar is filled with constant wrath and plagues the earth with war and battle. With her roar, she finally even threatens the wise god Ea in Apsû. He appears before the assembly of gods and decides (similar to Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgameš) to create an equal opponent for Ishtar. From the dirt of his fingernails he forms the powerful goddess Ṣaltum ("fight, quarrel"), whom he instructs to confront Ishtar disrespectfully and plague her day and night with her roar. The text section with the confrontation of both goddesses is not preserved, but it is followed by a scene in which Ishtar demands from Ea to call Ṣaltum back, which he does. Subsequently, Ea establishes a festival in which henceforth a "whirl dance" (gūštû) is to be performed annually in commemoration of the events. The text ends with the statement that Ishtar's heart has calmed down. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tales">Other tales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other tales">edit</a>]</div> A myth about the childhood of the god <a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Ishum</a>, viewed as a son of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, describes Ishtar seemingly temporarily taking care of him, and possibly expressing annoyance at that situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge20157-8-343">[334]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad#Birth_legend" title="Sargon of Akkad">a pseudepigraphical Neo-Assyrian text</a> written in the seventh century BCE, but which claims to be the autobiography of Sargon of Akkad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199733–49-344">[335]</a> Ishtar is claimed to have appeared to Sargon "surrounded by a cloud of doves" while he was working as a gardener for Akki, the drawer of the water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199733–49-344">[335]</a> Ishtar then proclaimed Sargon her lover and allowed him to become the ruler of Sumer and Akkad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199733–49-344">[335]</a> In Hurro-Hittite texts the logogram dISHTAR denotes the goddess <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a>, who was identified with Ishtar in god lists and similar documents as well and influenced the development of the late Assyrian cult of Ishtar of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> according to hittitologist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19981-3-195">[189]</a> She plays a prominent role in the Hurrian myths of the <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a> cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffner199841-345">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_influence">Later influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Later influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dama_de_Galera_(M.A.N._Madrid)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg/220px-Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg/330px-Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg/440px-Dama_de_Galera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Phoenician figure dating to the seventh century BCE representing a goddess, probably <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, called the "<a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Galera" title="Lady of Galera">Lady of Galera</a>" (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Spain">National Archaeological Museum of Spain</a>)</figcaption></figure> The cult of Inanna/Ishtar may have been introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">King Manasseh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-346">[337]</a> and, although Inanna herself is not directly mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> by name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193,_195-347">[338]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> contains numerous allusions to her cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193–195-348">[339]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#7:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 7:18</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#44:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 44:15–19</a> mention "the Queen of Heaven," who is probably a syncretism of Inanna/Ishtar and the West Semitic goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-346">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710-349">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-350">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116–117-76">[71]</a> Jeremiah states that the Queen of Heaven was worshipped by women who baked cakes for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–116-78">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> bears strong similarities to the Sumerian love poems involving Inanna and Dumuzid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194-351">[342]</a> particularly in its usage of natural symbolism to represent the lovers' physicality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194-351">[342]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#6:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song of Songs 6:10</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#8:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 8:14</a> mentions Inanna's husband Dumuzid under his later East Semitic name <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-352">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-353">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-354">[345]</a> and describes a group of women mourning Tammuz's death while sitting near the north gate of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-353">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-354">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Warner" title="Marina Warner">Marina Warner</a> (a literary critic rather than Assyriologist) claims that <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> in the Middle East assimilated elements of Ishtar into the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016210–212-355">[346]</a> She argues that the Syrian writers <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanos_the_Melodist" title="Romanos the Melodist">Romanos the Melodist</a> both wrote laments in which the Virgin Mary describes her compassion for <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">her son</a> at the foot of the cross in deeply personal terms closely resembling Ishtar's laments over the death of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016212-356">[347]</a> However, broad comparisons between Tammuz and other dying gods are rooted in the work of <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> and are regarded as a relic of less rigorous early 20th century Assyriology by more recent publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlster2013433-434-357">[348]</a> The cult of Inanna/Ishtar also heavily influenced the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcovich199643–59-358">[349]</a> The Phoenicians introduced Astarte to the Greek islands of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Cythera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710-349">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201049–52-359">[350]</a> where she either gave rise to or at least heavily influenced the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger20078–12-360">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201049–52-359">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuhvel198727-361">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcovich199643–59-358">[349]</a> Aphrodite took on Inanna/Ishtar's associations with sexuality and procreation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger20078-362">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994162-363">[354]</a> Furthermore, Aphrodite was known as <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Urania" title="Aphrodite Urania">Ourania</a> (Οὐρανία), meaning "heavenly,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710–11-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994162-363">[354]</a> corresponding to Inanna's role as the Queen of Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710–11-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994162-363">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg/220px-Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg/330px-Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg/440px-Aphrodite_und_Adonis_-_Altar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Altar from the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 – c. 375 BCE, depicting <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, whose myth is derived from the Mesopotamian myth of Inanna and Dumuzid<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199757-365">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985177-366">[357]</a></figcaption></figure> Early artistic and literary portrayals of Aphrodite are extremely similar to Inanna/Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger20078-362">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994162-363">[354]</a> Aphrodite was also a warrior goddess;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger20078-362">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201049–52-359">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994163-367">[358]</a> the second-century AD Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> records that, in Sparta, Aphrodite was worshipped as <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Areia" title="Aphrodite Areia">Aphrodite Areia</a>, which means "warlike."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201051–52-368">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudin201085–86,_96,_100,_102–103,_112,_123,_125-369">[360]</a> He also mentions that Aphrodite's most ancient cult statues in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and on Cythera showed her bearing arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201051–52Budin201085–86,_96,_100,_102–103,_112,_123,_125Graz1984250Breitenberger20078-370">[361]</a> Modern scholars note that Aphrodite's warrior-goddess aspects appear in the oldest strata of her worship<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIossifLorber200777-371">[362]</a> and see it as an indication of her Near Eastern origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIossifLorber200777-371">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994163-367">[358]</a> Aphrodite also absorbed Ishtar's association with doves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisLlewellyn-Jones2018335-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994163-367">[358]</a> which were sacrificed to her alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994163-367">[358]</a> The Greek word for "dove" was peristerá,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisLlewellyn-Jones2018335-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035-92">[87]</a> which may be derived from the Semitic phrase peraḥ Ištar, meaning "bird of Ishtar."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035-92">[87]</a> The myth of Aphrodite and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> is derived from the story of Inanna and Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199757-365">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985177-366">[357]</a> Classical scholar Charles Penglase has written that <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, resembles Inanna's role as a "terrifying warrior goddess."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235-372">[363]</a> Others have noted that the birth of Athena from the head of her father <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> could be derived from Inanna's descent into and return from the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233–325-373">[364]</a> However, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a>, a rather direct parallel to Athena's birth is found in the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a> cycle, where <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> is born from the surgically split skull of Kumarbi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201029-374">[365]</a> rather than in any Inanna myths. In <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a>, one of the names for Venus is ʿStira, which is derived from the name Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-Bhayro_2020-375">[366]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Tuite" title="Kevin Tuite">Kevin Tuite</a> argues that the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Dali_(goddess)" title="Dali (goddess)">Dali</a> was also influenced by Inanna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200416–18-376">[367]</a> noting that both Dali and Inanna were associated with the morning star,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200416-377">[368]</a> both were characteristically depicted nude,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200416–17-378">[369]</a> (but Assyriologists assume the "naked goddess" motif in Mesopotamian art in most cases cannot be Ishtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199849-379">[370]</a> and the goddess most consistently depicted as naked was <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>, a weather goddess unrelated to Ishtar<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199851-380">[371]</a>) both were associated with gold jewelry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200416–17-378">[369]</a> both sexually preyed on mortal men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200417-381">[372]</a> both were associated with human and animal fertility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200417–18-382">[373]</a> (note however that Assyriologist Dina Katz pointed out the references to fertility are more likely to be connected to Dumuzi than Inanna/Ishtar in at least some cases<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201570-71-322">[314]</a>) and both had ambiguous natures as sexually attractive, but dangerous, women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuite200418-383">[374]</a> Traditional Mesopotamian religion gradually began to decline between the third and fifth centuries AD as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">ethnic Assyrians</a> converted to Christianity. Nonetheless, the cult of Ishtar and Tammuz managed to survive in parts of Upper Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-354">[345]</a> In the tenth century AD, an Arab traveler wrote that "All the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> of our time, those of Babylonia as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, lament and weep to this day over Tammuz at a festival which they, more particularly the women, hold in the month of the same name."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-354">[345]</a> Worship of Venus deities possibly connected to Inanna/Ishtar was known in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a> right up until the Islamic period. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Antioch" title="Isaac of Antioch">Isaac of Antioch</a> (d. 406 AD) said that the Arabs worshipped 'the Star' (kawkabta), also known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-Uzza</a>, which many identify with Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2001114-119-384">[375]</a> Isaac also mentions an Arabian deity named <a href="/wiki/Baltis" title="Baltis">Baltis</a>, which according to Jan Retsö most likely was another designation for Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsö2014604-605-385">[376]</a> In pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions themselves, it appears that the deity known as <a href="/wiki/Allat" class="mw-redirect" title="Allat">Allat</a> was also a Venusian deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jallad2021569-571-386">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar</a>, a male god whose name is a cognate of Ishtar's, is a plausible candidate for the role of Arabian Venus deity too on the account of both his name and his epithet "eastern and western".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan2014100-101-387">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_relevance">Modern relevance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern relevance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg/170px-ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg/255px-ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg/340px-ISHTAR-EPOS_p067_ISHTAR%27S_MIDNIGHT_COURTSHIP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Ishtar's Midnight Courtship from Leonidas Le Cenci Hamilton's 1884 book-length poem Ishtar and Izdubar, loosely based on <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a>'s recent translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201221-388">[379]</a></figcaption></figure> In his 1853 pamphlet <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Babylons" title="The Two Babylons">The Two Babylons</a>, as part of his argument that <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> is actually Babylonian paganism in disguise, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hislop" title="Alexander Hislop">Alexander Hislop</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> minister in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>, incorrectly argued that the modern English word <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> must be derived from Ishtar due to the phonetic similarity of the two words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHislop1903103-389">[380]</a> Modern scholars have unanimously rejected Hislop's arguments as erroneous and based on a flawed understanding of Babylonian religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe199728-390">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976268-391">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2013-392">[383]</a> Nonetheless, Hislop's book is still popular among some groups of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Protestants</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe199728-390">[381]</a> and the ideas promoted in it have become widely circulated, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, due to a number of popular <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet memes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2013-392">[383]</a> Ishtar had a major appearance in Ishtar and Izdubar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201220–21-393">[384]</a> a book-length poem written in 1884 by Leonidas Le Cenci Hamilton, an American lawyer and businessman, loosely based on the recently translated Epic of Gilgamesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201220–21-393">[384]</a> Ishtar and Izdubar expanded the original roughly 3,000 lines of the Epic of Gilgamesh to roughly 6,000 lines of rhyming couplets grouped into forty-eight <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201221-388">[379]</a> Hamilton significantly altered most of the characters and introduced entirely new episodes not found in the original epic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201221-388">[379]</a> Significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)" title="Edward FitzGerald (poet)">Edward FitzGerald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia" title="The Light of Asia">The Light of Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201221-388">[379]</a> Hamilton's characters dress more like nineteenth-century Turks than ancient Babylonians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201222–23-394">[385]</a> In the poem, Izdubar (the earlier misreading for the name "Gilgamesh") falls in love with Ishtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201222-395">[386]</a> but, then, "with hot and balmy breath, and trembling form aglow", she attempts to seduce him, leading Izdubar to reject her advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201222-395">[386]</a> Several "columns" of the book are devoted to an account of Ishtar's descent into the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201222–23-394">[385]</a> At the conclusion of the book, Izdubar, now a god, is reconciled with Ishtar in Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski201223-396">[387]</a> In 1887, the composer <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a> wrote Symphony Ishtar, variations symphonique, Op. 42, a symphony inspired by the Assyrian monuments in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196-397">[388]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1916)_(14801964123).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg/170px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg/255px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg/340px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801964123%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>A modern illustration depicting Inanna-Ishtar's descent into the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Underworld</a> taken from <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Spence" title="Lewis Spence">Lewis Spence</a>'s Myths and Legends of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (1916)</figcaption></figure> Inanna has become an important figure in modern <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a> because she appears in the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">male-dominated</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian pantheon">Sumerian pantheon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196–197-398">[389]</a> but is equally as powerful, if not more powerful than, the male deities she appears alongside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196–197-398">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, in her book <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949), argues that Inanna, along with other powerful female deities from antiquity, have been marginalized by modern culture in favor of male deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196-397">[388]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky" title="Tikva Frymer-Kensky">Tikva Frymer-Kensky</a> has argued that Inanna was a "marginal figure" in Sumerian religion who embodies the "socially unacceptable" <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> of the "undomesticated, unattached woman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196-397">[388]</a> Feminist author Johanna Stuckey has argued against this idea, pointing out Inanna's centrality in Sumerian religion and her broad diversity of powers, neither of which seem to fit the idea that she was in any way regarded as "marginal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017196-397">[388]</a> Assyriologist Julia M. Asher-Greve, who specializes in the study of position of women in antiquity, criticizes Frymer-Kensky's studies of Mesopotamian religion as a whole, highlighting the problems with her focus on fertility, the small selection of sources her works relied on, her view that position of goddesses in the pantheon reflected that of ordinary women in society (so-called "mirror theory"), as well as the fact her works do not accurately reflect the complexity of changes of roles of goddesses in religions of ancient Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201325-26-399">[390]</a> Ilona Zsolnay regards Frymer-Kensky's methodology as faulty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2009105-400">[391]</a> Inanna is also an important figure in <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM culture</a>. The portrayal of Inanna in the Inanna and Ebih myth is cited as a precursor example of the <a href="/wiki/Dominatrix" title="Dominatrix">dominatrix</a> archetype, characterizing her as a powerful woman who forces gods and men to submit to her.<a href="#cite_note-nomis-401">[392]</a> In mythology, Inanna's submissives danced in rituals while being whipped by her to satisfy her. When submissives asked for "mercy", Inanna ended the flagellation, making such an action the pioneer of the BDSM <a href="/wiki/Safeword" title="Safeword">safeword</a> concept.<a href="#cite_note-nomis-401">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Neopaganism_and_Sumerian_reconstructionism">In Neopaganism and Sumerian reconstructionism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In Neopaganism and Sumerian reconstructionism">edit</a>]</div> Inanna is the primary ancient source for <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley's</a> <a href="/wiki/Babalon" title="Babalon">Babalon</a>, a principal goddess in the religion <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>. Inanna's name is also used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree2017167-402">[393]</a> Her name occurs in the refrain of the "Burning Times Chant,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestonBennett2013165-403">[394]</a> one of the most widely used Wiccan <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestonBennett2013165-403">[394]</a> Inanna's Descent into the Underworld was the inspiration for the "Descent of the Goddess,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland200174–75-404">[395]</a> one of the most popular texts of <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland200174–75-404">[395]</a> Paul Thomas, a scholar of new religious movements, has criticized the modern portrayal of Inanna, accusing it of anachronistically imposing modern gender conventions on the ancient Sumerian story, portraying Inanna as a wife and mother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20071-405">[396]</a> two roles the ancient Sumerians never ascribed to her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20071-405">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-31">[28]</a> while ignoring the more masculine elements of Inanna's cult, particularly her associations with warfare and violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20071-405">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a>, a researcher of religions of ancient Near East, calls neopagan authors "not revivalists, but inventors",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200023-406">[397]</a> and notes that they often "incorrectly view all historically attested female divinities as full or partial manifestations of a single figure,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200014-407">[398]</a> and highlights that while Ishtar did overshadow many other deities, she was never a "single Goddess".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200018-408">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Ishtar is a key figure in the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Ship_of_Ishtar" title="The Ship of Ishtar">The Ship of Ishtar</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._Merritt" title="A. Merritt">A. Merritt</a>. Inanna is the protagonist of Star Dancer (1993), a fantasy novel by <a href="/wiki/Fay_Sampson" title="Fay Sampson">Fay Sampson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[400]</a> In the Kurdish feature film, Where Is Gilgamesh? (2024) based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, Innana appears as a rival of Gilgamesh and a protector of an ancient hidden secret written on a Sumerian tablet.<a href="#cite_note-410">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_(approximate)">Dates (approximate)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dates (approximate)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours collapsible nowraplinks" style="background-color:#fff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; width:100%; background-color:#aaf">Historical sources </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccf; text-align:right; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Time </td> <td style="background:#ccf; text-align:left; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Period </td> <td style="background:#ccf; text-align:left; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Source </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5300–4100 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Uruk vase</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter2014551-32">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–2334 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;">Early Dynastic period </td> <td style="text-align:left;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334–2218 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">writings by <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994111-38">[35]</a> Nin-me-šara, "The Exaltation of Inanna" In-nin ša-gur-ra, "A Hymn to Inanna (Inana C)" In-nin me-huš-a, "Inanna and Ebih" The Temple Hymns Hymn to Nanna, "The Exaltation of Inanna" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2218–2047 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian Period">Gutian Period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ddf; text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2047–1940 BCE </td> <td style="background:#eef; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III Period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld" title="Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a> Inanna and Enki<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199890-218">[212]</a> Inanna's Descent into the Underworld </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(priests)" title="Gala (priests)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Bactrian_goddess)" title="Nana (Bactrian goddess)">Nana (Bactrian goddess)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">Star of Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_of_Inanna_into_the_Underworld" title="Descent of Inanna into the Underworld">Descent of Inanna into the Underworld</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈnɑːnə/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%AD%F0%92%88%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀭𒈹">𒀭𒈹</a>, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a>INANA vocalized as: Inanak, also 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾, <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a>nin-an-na<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffron2016a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪʃtɑːr/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒀭𒀹𒁯, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a>ištar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffron2016a-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> With exception of <a href="#Akkadian_version">Ana Kurnugê, qaqqari la târi</a> and <a href="#Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sha naqba īmuru</a> who use the name Ishtar, all others texts use the name/are about Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201965-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> modern-day Warka, Biblical <a href="/wiki/Erech" class="mw-redirect" title="Erech">Erech</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> é-an-na means 'sanctuary' ('house' + 'Heaven' [An] + genitive)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalloran2009-46">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "According to Graham Cunningham (1997: p. 171) incantations are connected with 'forms of symbolic identification', and it seems obvious that symbolic identitification with some goddesses relates to their divine function or domain, e.g. ... sex and love related matters with Inana and Nanaya ... ." — J.M. Asher-Greve (2013, p. 242)<a href="#cite_note-AsherGreve-Westenholz-2013-106">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão 2019</a> disagrees that the Akkadian poem only summarizes or distorts the Sumerian poem, although there is no doubt of the intertextual relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201919,_65–67-260">[254]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Dumuzid's Dream is attested in seventy-five known sources, fifty-five of which come from <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, nine from <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, three probably from the region around <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, one each from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaduppum" title="Shaduppum">Shaduppum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201886-300">[293]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Abush proposes the thesis that Ishtar's proposal would be for Gilgamesh to become a worker in the world of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201959-328">[320]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr131.htm"> Electronic Corpus of Sumerian Literature ETCSL "Inanna and Enki"</a>, lines: 76–87. (Inanna addresses Enki as: "my father" and Enki himself is regarded in the third person as Inanna's father, as stated by Enki's minister Isimud who calls him: "your father" while talking to Inanna.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffron2016a-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffron2016a_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffron2016a_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffron2016a">Heffron (2016a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301170546/http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html">"Sumerian dictionary"</a>. oracc.iaas.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Sumerian+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2FN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Steinkeller, Piotr, "Archaic City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity" in Riches Hidden in Secret Places: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen, edited by Tzvi Abusch, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 249–258, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Szarzyńska, Krystyna, "Offerings for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 7–28, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xviii-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xviii_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983)</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat (1998)</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xv-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xv_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983)</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199442–43-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199442–43_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase (1994)</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer (1961)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999216-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999216_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1999">Wiggermann (1999)</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111Brandão201943-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111Brandão201943_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick 1998</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, p. xviii, xv; <a href="#CITEREFCollins1994">Collins 1994</a>, p. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão 2019</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887BlackGreen1992108WolksteinKramer1983xviii,_xvCollins1994110–111_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick 1998</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, p. xviii, xv; <a href="#CITEREFCollins1994">Collins 1994</a>, p. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201965-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandão201965_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão (2019)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199886-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199886_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199886_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199886_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick (1998)</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_20-4">e</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotterweckRinggren199035_92-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBotterweckRinggren1990">Botterweck & Ringgren (1990)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat (1998)</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008161–172_94-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2008">Cooley (2008)</a>, pp. 161–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2008163–164-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2008163–164_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2008">Cooley (2008)</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaton2012-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaton2012_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaton2012">Caton (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyern.d.-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyern.d._97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyern.d.">Meyer (n.d.)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxvog1993106-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxvog1993106_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxvog1993106_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxvog1993">Foxvog (1993)</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983)</a>, pp. 92, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199415–17-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199415–17_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199415–17_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase (1994)</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–9-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–9_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–9_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, pp. 108–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201365–66-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick201365–66_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick2013">Leick (2013)</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge20158-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge20158_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2015">George (2015)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher-Greve2003" class="citation journal cs1">Asher-Greve, Julia M. (1 January 2003). "The Gaze of Goddesses: on Divinity, Gender, and Frontality in the Late Early Dynastic, Akkadian, and Neo-Sumerian Periods". NIN – Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 4 (1): 1–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157077603775818585">10.1163/157077603775818585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2253">2156-2253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIN+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Gender+Studies+in+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Gaze+of+Goddesses%3A+on+Divinity%2C+Gender%2C+and+Frontality+in+the+Late+Early+Dynastic%2C+Akkadian%2C+and+Neo-Sumerian+Periods&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157077603775818585&rft.issn=2156-2253&rft.aulast=Asher-Greve&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> cited in: Asher-Greve, Julia M.; <a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz"> Westenholz, Joan G.</a>, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf">Goddesses in Context: On divine powers, roles, relationships, and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources</a>. Academic Press Fribourg. ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0 – "Asher-Greve 2003; cf. Groneberg (1986a: 45) argues that Inana is significant because she is not a mother goddess (my italics) [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherGreve-Westenholz-2013-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherGreve-Westenholz-2013_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherGreve-Westenholz-2013_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher-Greve2013" class="citation book cs1">Asher-Greve, Julia M. (2013). "Images". In Asher-Greve, Julia M.; <a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Westenholz, Joan Goodnick</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf">Goddesses in Context: On divine powers, roles, relationships and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources</a> (PDF). Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 259. Fribourg, DE: Academic Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525543825" title="Special:BookSources/9783525543825"><bdi>9783525543825</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Images&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+Context%3A+On+divine+powers%2C+roles%2C+relationships+and+gender+in+Mesopotamian+textual+and+visual+sources&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+DE&rft.series=Orbis+Biblicus+et+Orientalis&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783525543825&rft.aulast=Asher-Greve&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F135436%2F1%2FAsher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilgamesh'_p._86-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilgamesh'_p._86_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilgamesh'_p._86_108-1">b</a> <a href="#Reference-Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke (2017)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz199693-103-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz199693-103_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz199693-103_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz1996">Katz (1996)</a>, p. 93-103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201567-68_111-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz2015">Katz (2015)</a>, p. 67-68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984226–227-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984226–227_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanstiphout1984">Vanstiphout (1984)</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a> pre 2250 BCE <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFETCSL_4.07.3" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.4.07.3#">"A hymn to Inana (Inana C)"</a>. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2003. lines 18–28. 4.07.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft.atitle=A+hymn+to+Inana+%28Inana+C%29&rft.pages=lines+18-28&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dt.4.07.3%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984227-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984227_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanstiphout1984">Vanstiphout (1984)</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013203-204-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013203-204_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 203-204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199778-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199778_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestenholz1997">Westenholz (1997)</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann (1997)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreckWasserman2013184-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreckWasserman2013184_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStreckWasserman2013">Streck & Wasserman (2013)</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-114-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-114_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 113-114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999a369,_371-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1999a369,_371_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1999a">Wiggermann (1999a)</a>, p. 369, 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013286-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013286_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010397-401-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010397-401_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZsolnay2010">Zsolnay (2010)</a>, p. 397-401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010393-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010393_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZsolnay2010">Zsolnay (2010)</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 17: "Although the majority of Mesopotamian deities are characterized as masculine or feminine, the gender identity of numerous gods and goddesses is fluid, or changeable [...]. [...] Primeval deities as well as genies and demons are apparently genderless or bi-gendered. Although the gender of Inana/Ištar is feminine, gender ambiguity is one of her characteristics and also included in her domain as goddess of sex and sexuality." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1999">Beckman (1999)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013127-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013127_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 116-117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010401-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZsolnay2010401_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZsolnay2010">Zsolnay (2010)</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELung2014-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELung2014_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLung2014">Lung (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108,_182-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108,_182_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, pp. 108, 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983x–xi-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983x–xi_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983x–xi_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983)</a>, pp. x–xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke (2017)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_135-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke (2017)</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992183-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992183_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017108-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017108_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017108_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke (2017)</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747-48-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747-48_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann (1997)</a>, p. 47-48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007157-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007157_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer (2007)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcke198080-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcke198080_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcke198080_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilcke1980">Wilcke (1980)</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201345-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201345_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201375-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201375_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman2002">Beckman (2002)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199888-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199888_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199888_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick (1998)</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201947,_74-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandão201947,_74_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão (2019)</a>, pp. 47, 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandão201974-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandão201974_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão (2019)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher-Greve2013" class="citation book cs1">Asher-Greve, Julia M. (2013). "Facets of Change". In Asher-Greve, Julia M.; <a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Westenholz, Joan Goodnick</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf">Goddesses in Context: On divine powers, roles, relationships, and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources</a> (PDF). Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 259. Fribourg, DE: Academic Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525543825" title="Special:BookSources/9783525543825"><bdi>9783525543825</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facets+of+Change&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+Context%3A+On+divine+powers%2C+roles%2C+relationships%2C+and+gender+in+Mesopotamian+textual+and+visual+sources&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+DE&rft.series=Orbis+Biblicus+et+Orientalis&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783525543825&rft.aulast=Asher-Greve&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F135436%2F1%2FAsher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–84-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–84_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983)</a>, pp. 71–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199893-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199893_151-0">a</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201338-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201338_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green (1992)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2010233-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2010233_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2010233_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo2010">Hallo (2010)</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987163-164-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987163-164_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambert1987">Lambert (1987)</a>, p. 163-164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrewnowska-Rymarz2008">Drewnowska-Rymarz (2008)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_161-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke (2017)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228-229-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228-229_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228-229_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1988">Wiggermann (1988)</a>, p. 228-229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2010417_163-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2010">Wiggermann (2010)</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998146-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStol1998146_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStol1998146_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStol1998">Stol (1998)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-38-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman200237-38_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman2002">Beckman (2002)</a>, p. 37-38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrewnowska-Rymarz2008">Drewnowska-Rymarz (2008)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201348-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201348_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens & Klein (1998)</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke1998148-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke1998148_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitke1998">Litke (1998)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199926-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199926_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1999">Beckman (1999)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19984-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman19984_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1998">Beckman (1998)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110-111-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110-111_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 110-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2010487-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts2010487_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts2010">Potts (2010)</a>, p. 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201435_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith (2014)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201436-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201436_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith (2014)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439,_74–75-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201439,_74–75_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith (2014)</a>, p. 39, 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013134-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013134_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurat2009176-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurat2009176_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurat2009176_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurat2009">Murat (2009)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009124,_128-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009124,_128_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaracha2009">Taracha (2009)</a>, p. 124, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013282-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013282_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117;_120-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-117;_120_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve & Westenholz (2013)</a>, p. 116-117; 120. </li> <li 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IMDB. 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDB&rft.atitle=Where+Is+Gilgamesh%3F&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt22817100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abdi, Kamyar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31797493">"Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court"</a>. 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London, UK: Merrell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-370-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-370-1"><bdi>978-1-85894-370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dinner+Party%3A+From+Creation+to+Preservation&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Merrell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85894-370-1&rft.aulast=Chicago&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1994" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpia.57">"The Sumerian goddess Inanna (3400–2200 BCE)"</a>. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 5. UCL. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpia.57">10.5334/pia.57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+from+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Sumerian+goddess+Inanna+%283400%E2%80%932200+BCE%29&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fpia.57&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fpia.57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1247599">"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth"</a>. 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+others&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283589-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26q%3DIshtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2004" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2004). "Does the Old Testament refer to sacred prostitution, and did it actual exist in ancient Israel?". 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Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ninsiana&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Heimpel&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenkelman2008" class="citation book cs1">Henkelman, Wouter F.M. (2008). The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6258-414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6258-414-7"><bdi>978-90-6258-414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Gods+Who+Are%3A+Studies+in+Elamite-Iranian+acculturation+based+on+the+Persepolis+fortification+texts&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Nederlands+Instituut+voor+het+Nabije+Oosten&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-6258-414-7&rft.aulast=Henkelman&rft.aufirst=Wouter+F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHislop1903" class="citation book cs1">Hislop, Alexander (1903) [1853]. The Two Babylons: The papal worship proved to be the worship of Nimrod and his wife (3rd ed.). S.W. 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Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0488-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0488-4"><bdi>978-0-7885-0488-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39455874">39455874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+myths&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39455874&rft.isbn=978-0-7885-0488-4&rft.aulast=Hoffner&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen1976" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZT57A8ioCkC">The Treasures of Darkness: A history of Mesopotamian religion</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02291-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasures+of+Darkness%3A+A+history+of+Mesopotamian+religion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02291-9&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Thorkild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZT57A8ioCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIossifLorber2007" class="citation journal cs1">Iossif, Panagiotis; Lorber, Catharine (2007). "Laodikai and the goddess Nikephoros". L'Antiquité Classique. 76: 63–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantiq.2007.2618">10.3406/antiq.2007.2618</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F205290">2066/205290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0770-2817">0770-2817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41665635">41665635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Antiquit%C3%A9+Classique&rft.atitle=Laodikai+and+the+goddess+Nikephoros&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F205290&rft.issn=0770-2817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41665635%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantiq.2007.2618&rft.aulast=Iossif&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft.au=Lorber%2C+Catharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarahashi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Karahashi, Fumi (April 2004). 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Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 63 (2): 111–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F422302">10.1086/422302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/422302">422302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161211611">161211611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+mountain%3A+Some+observations+on+the+Sumerian+myths+of+Inanna+and+Ninurta&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161211611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F422302%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F422302&rft.aulast=Karahashi&rft.aufirst=Fumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Dina (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/318403">"How Dumuzi became Inanna's victim: On the formation of Inanna's Descent"</a>. 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Penn State University Press. pp. 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781575063584-007">10.1515/9781575063584-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575063584" title="Special:BookSources/9781575063584"><bdi>9781575063584</bdi></a> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+and+ritual+through+tradition+and+innovation&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Innovation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781575063584-007&rft.isbn=9781575063584&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10479122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilmer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1971). 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Belmont, California: Thompson Learning, Inc. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7"><bdi>978-0-15-505090-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Thompson+Learning%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-15-505090-7&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1961" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/">Sumerian Mythology: A study of spiritual and literary achievement in the third millennium B.C.</a> (revised ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1047-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Mythology%3A+A+study+of+spiritual+and+literary+achievement+in+the+third+millennium+B.C.&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1047-7&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fane%2Fsum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu">The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (October 1966). "Dumuzi's annual resurrection: An important correction to Inanna's Descent". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 183 (183): 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356459">10.2307/1356459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356459">1356459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163544444">163544444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Dumuzi%27s+annual+resurrection%3A+An+important+correction+to+Inanna%27s+Descent&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=183&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163544444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356459&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1970" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (28 April 1970). 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University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1276-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-1276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Begins+at+Sumer%3A+Thirty-nine+firsts+in+recorded+history&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1276-1&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumansideofjapan00tana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lambert, Wilfred G. 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New York City, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0"><bdi>978-0-415-19811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Mythology&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19811-0&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc52EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2013" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature</a>. 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Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ankara+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Dil+ve+Tarih-Co%C4%9Frafya+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Tarih+B%C3%B6l%C3%BCm%C3%BC+Tarih+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Goddess+I%C5%A1hara&rft.volume=45&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murat&rft.aufirst=Leyla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31405555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation book cs1">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenglase1994" class="citation book cs1">Penglase, Charles (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and influence in the Homeric hymns and Hesiod</a>. New York City, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15706-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15706-3"><bdi>978-0-415-15706-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Myths+and+Mesopotamia%3A+Parallels+and+influence+in+the+Homeric+hymns+and+Hesiod&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15706-3&rft.aulast=Penglase&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4mFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4415246">"A fragmentary Erotic Sumerian Context Featuring Inana"</a>. Aula orientalis: Revista de estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo. 28 (2): 253–258. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-5730">0212-5730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aula+orientalis%3A+Revista+de+estudios+del+Pr%C3%B3ximo+Oriente+Antiguo&rft.atitle=A+fragmentary+Erotic+Sumerian+Context+Featuring+Inana&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0212-5730&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4415246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiveteau1981" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Piveteau, Jean (1981) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/larousseencyclop0000unse">"Man before history"</a>. 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Philologisch · Naked goddess A. Philological"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nackte+G%C3%B6ttin+A.+Philologisch+%C2%B7+Naked+goddess+A.+Philological&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8961">"Nergal A. Philologisch · Nergal A. Philological"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nergal+A.+Philologisch+%C2%B7+Nergal+A.+Philological&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann1999a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8687">"Nin-ĝišzida"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nin-%C4%9Di%C5%A1zida&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8961">"Nin-šubur"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nin-%C5%A1ubur&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10715">"Sexualität A. In Mesopotamien · Sexuality A. In Mesopotamia"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexualit%C3%A4t+A.+In+Mesopotamien+%C2%B7+Sexuality+A.+In+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%2310715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggins2007" class="citation book cs1">Wiggins, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307031">A reassessment of Asherah: With further considerations of the goddess</a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-717-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/171049273">171049273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reassessment+of+Asherah%3A+With+further+considerations+of+the+goddess&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171049273&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-717-9&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1307031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcke1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilcke, Claus (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#5767">"Inanna / Ištar A. Mesopotamien. Philologisch · Inanna / Ištar A. Mesopotamia. Philological"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inanna+%2F+I%C5%A1tar+A.+Mesopotamien.+Philologisch+%C2%B7+Inanna+%2F+I%C5%A1tar+A.+Mesopotamia.+Philological&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Wilcke&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%235767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). The Hurrians. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-442-5"><bdi>978-0-85668-442-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21036268">21036268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hurrians&rft.place=Warminster%2C+UK&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21036268&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-442-5&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilhelm, Gernot (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#12107">"Unterwelt, Unterweltsgottheiten C. In Anatolien"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unterwelt%2C+Unterweltsgottheiten+C.+In+Anatolien&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%2312107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna, Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her stories and hymns from Sumer. New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%2C+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+stories+and+hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2012" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Theodore (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&q=Gilgamesh+epic+controversy&pg=PA28">Gilgamesh among Us: Modern encounters with the ancient epic</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5035-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-5035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh+among+Us%3A+Modern+encounters+with+the+ancient+epic&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5035-8&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsnz_Wle6zvgC%26q%3DGilgamesh%2Bepic%2Bcontroversy%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsolnay2009" class="citation book cs1">Zsolnay, Ilona (2009). "Do divine structures of gender mirror mortal structures of gender?". In the Wake of Tikva Frymer-Kensky. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463219185-010">10.31826/9781463219185-010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Do+divine+structures+of+gender+mirror+mortal+structures+of+gender%3F&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Tikva+Frymer-Kensky&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463219185-010&rft.aulast=Zsolnay&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsolnay2010" class="citation conference cs1">Zsolnay, Ilona (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4009945">"Ištar, "goddess of war, pacifier of kings": An analysis of Ištar's martial role in the maledictory sections of the Assyrian royal inscriptions"</a>. City Administration in the Ancient Near East. 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-168-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-168-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759160119">759160119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=I%C5%A1tar%2C+%22goddess+of+war%2C+pacifier+of+kings%22%3A+An+analysis+of+I%C5%A1tar%27s+martial+role+in+the+maledictory+sections+of+the+Assyrian+royal+inscriptions&rft.btitle=City+Administration+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759160119&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-168-9&rft.aulast=Zsolnay&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4009945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2004" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm_K2kjKp54C">The Literature of Ancient Sumer</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926311-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926311-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926311-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Ancient+Sumer&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926311-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPm_K2kjKp54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk">"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"</a>. Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulco1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fulco, William J. (1987). "Inanna". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Group. pp. 145–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inanna&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=Macmillan+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Fulco&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffron2016b" class="citation report cs1">Heffron, Yağmur (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/inanaitar/">Inana / Ištar (goddess)</a>. Penn Museum. Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses (Report). Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Inana+%2F+I%C5%A1tar+%28goddess%29&rft.series=Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Heffron&rft.aufirst=Ya%C4%9Fmur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Finanaitar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2015" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Kelley, Peter (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/05/05/documents-that-changed-the-world-the-exaltation-of-inanna-2300-bce/">"The Exaltation of Inanna, 2300 BCE"</a>. Documents that Changed the World podcast series (Press release). UW News. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Exaltation+of+Inanna%2C+2300+%3Cspan+class%3D%22smallcaps%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B+text-transform%3A+lowercase%3B%22%3EBCE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.series=UW+News&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2F05%2Fdocuments-that-changed-the-world-the-exaltation-of-inanna-2300-bce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2018" class="citation book cs1">Maier, John R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053150/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/">Gilgamesh and the Great Goddess of Uruk</a>. Suny Brockport eBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9976294-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9976294-3-9"><bdi>978-0-9976294-3-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/">the original</a> on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh+and+the+Great+Goddess+of+Uruk&rft.pub=Suny+Brockport+eBooks&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9976294-3-9&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.brockport.edu%2Fsunybeb%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInanna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inanna&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inanna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inanna">Inanna</a> and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ishtar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.</div></div> </div> <link 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Inanna" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Inanna">Inanna</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ishtar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ishtar">Ishtar</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Inanna" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Inanna">Inanna</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordial beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/200px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/300px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/400px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid the Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimua" title="Azimua">Azimua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C5%A1bi%C5%A1ag" title="Hušbišag">Hushbishag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugur_(god)" title="Ugur (god)">Ugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demons, spirits, and monsters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Gallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortal heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12934158">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjy4hWvKcHgbjwfkWBrmFq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/111629578">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019087184">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540794505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/111629578">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027723577">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inanna&oldid=1276120127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inanna&oldid=1276120127</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Katabasis" title="Category:Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life-death-rebirth_goddesses" title="Category:Life-death-rebirth goddesses">Life-death-rebirth goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lion_goddesses" title="Category:Lion goddesses">Lion goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Love_and_lust_goddesses" title="Category:Love and lust goddesses">Love and lust goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_goddesses" title="Category:Mesopotamian goddesses">Mesopotamian goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planetary_goddesses" title="Category:Planetary goddesses">Planetary goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queens_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Category:Queens of Heaven (antiquity)">Queens of Heaven (antiquity)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stellar_goddesses" title="Category:Stellar goddesses">Stellar goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uruk_period" title="Category:Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venusian_deities" title="Category:Venusian deities">Venusian deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_goddesses" title="Category:War goddesses">War goddesses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sumerian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sumerian-language text">Articles containing Sumerian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f46f78fdb-vb6w8","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.445","walltime":"3.774","ppvisitednodes":{"value":54659,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":492891,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":60812,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":674840,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3300.338 1 -total"," 42.70% 1409.378 654 Template:Sfnp"," 11.68% 385.332 78 Template:Cite_book"," 10.05% 331.826 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.10% 201.440 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 5.08% 167.593 9 Template:Efn"," 4.45% 146.701 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.27% 140.823 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.58% 118.135 692 Template:Main_other"," 3.56% 117.627 12 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[\"CITEREFBotterweckRinggren1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandão2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitenberger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChicago2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Costa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewnowska-Rymarz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFETCSL_4.07.3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiore1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontenrose1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster,_Benjamin_R.2005c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxvog1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz-Szabó1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulco1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge,_Andrew1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuirand1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalloran2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffron2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffron2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeimpel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenkelman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHislop1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIossifLorber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarahashi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilmer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleiner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisLlewellyn-Jones2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitke1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiungman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeda1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcovich1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeador2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyern.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurat2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenglase1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiveteau1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuhvel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetsö2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoeMurray1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRountree2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubio1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwemer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStol1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreckWasserman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweet1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaracha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuite2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanstiphout1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanstiphout2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestenholz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestonBennett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcke1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZgoll2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZgollZgoll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiolkowski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZsolnay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZsolnay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Mierop2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Inanna_and_Shukaletuda\"] = 1,\n [\"Reference-Gilgamesh\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 4,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 22,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons category multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuneiform\"] = 9,\n [\"Dash\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Interwiki extra\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 654,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 4,\n [\"Sumerian mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 3,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 20,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","300","13.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.6"],["?","180","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","4.5"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.7"],["(for generator)","60","2.7"],["[others]","520","23.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58bb4f8ccf-n7zrz","timestamp":"20250217001642","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Inanna","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inanna","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q272523","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q272523","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-31T13:26:39Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T00:16:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Ishtar_on_an_Akkadian_seal.jpg","headline":"Sumerian goddess"}</script> </body> </html>