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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication_and_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication_and_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestication and spread</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication_and_spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestication and spread subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication_and_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indian Subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Alcoholic beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_forage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_forage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>As forage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_forage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_staples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_staples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Comparison with other staples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_staples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Millet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna_(graan)" title="Manna (graan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manna (graan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%86" title="دخن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دخن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo" title="Millo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Millo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyu" title="Miyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF" title="জোয়ার-বাজরা-রাগি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোয়ার-বাজরা-রাগি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-%C3%A1-b%C3%AD" title="Tai-á-bí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tai-á-bí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Просо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill" title="Mill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1hly" title="Jáhly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jáhly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukweza" title="Rukweza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rukweza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ކުދިބަތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކުދިބަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirss" title="Hirss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hirss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Κεχρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεχρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijo" title="Mijo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mijo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileo" title="Mileo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mileo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artatxiki" title="Artatxiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artatxiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ارزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(gramin%C3%A9e)" title="Millet (graminée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Millet (graminée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muil%C3%A9ad" title="Muiléad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muiléad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADnzo_(hom%C3%B3nimos)" title="Paínzo (homónimos) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paínzo (homónimos)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B3%A1_(%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC)" title="서곡 (곡물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서곡 (곡물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero" title="Gero – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gero" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="ज्वार आदि मोटे अनाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वार आदि मोटे अनाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah%C5%82y" title="Jahły – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jahły" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso" title="Proso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieto" title="Milieto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milieto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otek" title="Otek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Елцык – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Елцык" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9F" title="דוחן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוחן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%A9la" title="Mɩla – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɩla" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಿರುಧಾನ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿರುಧಾನ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulezi" title="Ulezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Таруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milium" title="Milium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Milium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros" title="Soros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Soros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirs" title="Hirs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hirs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milio" title="Milio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Milio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6les" title="Köles – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampembambazaha" title="Ampembambazaha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ampembambazaha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മില്ലറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മില്ലറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भरड धान्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भरड धान्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekoi" title="Sekoi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gierst" title="Gierst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gierst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="दुसे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दुसे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%91%E7%A9%80" title="雑穀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雑穀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="БерцанӀов – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БерцанӀов" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBk" title="Soʻk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="باجرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باجرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%96%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ږدن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ږدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milhete" title="Milhete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Milhete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пшено – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пшено" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Millet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ٻاجهر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاجهر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Просо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirssi" title="Hirssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirs" title="Hirs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hirs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுதானியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுதானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illan" title="Illan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Illan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="చిరుధాన్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిరుధాన్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awu%C9%94%CC%88u" title="Awuɔ̈u – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Awuɔ̈u" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арзан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арзан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%B1" title="Darı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuk" title="Zuk – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zuk" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пшоно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пшоно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%81" title="باجرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باجرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AA" title="Kê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%B7" title="稷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="稷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E8%B0%B7" title="杂谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杂谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Millet" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazui" title="Kazui – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Kazui" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of grasses (food grain)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Millet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Millet (disambiguation)">Millet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_millet,_early_grain_fill,_Tifton,_7-3-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/220px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/330px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/440px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">Pearl millet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Millets</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionaries_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionaries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a highly varied group of small-seeded <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a>, widely grown around the world as <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops or grains for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe <a href="/wiki/Paniceae" title="Paniceae">Paniceae</a>. </p><p>Millets are important crops in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid tropics</a> of Asia and Africa, especially in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, with 97% of production in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crop is favoured for its <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">productivity</a> and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include the widely cultivated <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>; apart from that, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a> is the most commonly cultivated of the millets.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies".<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etymologically, <i>millet</i> is a term derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>millium</i>, the Latin name for these plants. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> millet was called <i>besha</i> or <i>beṭ-t</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> ⲃϣⲧⲉ (bēshte).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahad_Bajwa_Nazir_Anjum_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahad_Bajwa_Nazir_Anjum_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finger millet in the field"><img alt="Finger millet in the field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/180px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/270px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/360px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">Finger millet</a> in the field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe head of proso millet"><img alt="Ripe head of proso millet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/180px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/270px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/360px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe head of <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sprouting millet plants"><img alt="Sprouting millet plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/180px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/270px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/360px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">Sprouting</a> millet plants</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The millets are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> within the <a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> of grasses, and more distantly to the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(Part of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">other grasses </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (<a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i> (barley) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">Triticum</a></i> (wheat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale">Secale</a></i> (rye) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> (rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pennisetum" title="Pennisetum">Pennisetum</a></i> (fountaingrasses, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Millets</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i> (sorghum) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)" title="Zea (plant)">Zea</a></i> (maize) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of the family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (the grasses), but they belong to different <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a> and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eragrostideae" title="Eragrostideae">Eragrostideae</a> tribe in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">Eleusine coracana</a></i>: Finger millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eragrostis_tef" class="mw-redirect" title="Eragrostis tef">Eragrostis tef</a></i>: Teff; often not considered to be a millet<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paniceae" title="Paniceae">Paniceae</a> tribe in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum" title="Panicum">Panicum</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">Panicum miliaceum</a></i>: Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, or white millet, also known as baragu in Kannada, panivaragu in Tamil)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_sumatrense" title="Panicum sumatrense">Panicum sumatrense</a></i>: Little millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_hirticaule" title="Panicum hirticaule">Panicum hirticaule</a></i>: Sonoran millet, cultivated in the American Southwest</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennisetum_glaucum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum glaucum">Pennisetum glaucum</a></i>: Pearl millet</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_(Cumbu).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/260px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/390px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/520px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Setaria_italica" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaria italica">Setaria italica</a></i>: Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria" title="Digitaria">Digitaria</a></i>: of minor importance as crops<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_exilis" title="Digitaria exilis">Digitaria exilis</a></i>: known as white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_iburua" title="Digitaria iburua">Digitaria iburua</a></i>: Black fonio</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_compacta" title="Digitaria compacta">Digitaria compacta</a></i>: Raishan, cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi Hills</a> of northeast India</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_sanguinalis" title="Digitaria sanguinalis">Digitaria sanguinalis</a></i>: Polish millet</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa" title="Echinochloa">Echinochloa</a></i>: collectively, the members of this genus are called <i>barnyard grasses</i> or <i>barnyard millets</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_esculenta" title="Echinochloa esculenta">Echinochloa esculenta</a></i>: Japanese barnyard millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_frumentacea" title="Echinochloa frumentacea">Echinochloa frumentacea</a></i>: Indian barnyard millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_oryzoides" title="Echinochloa oryzoides">Echinochloa oryzoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_stagnina" title="Echinochloa stagnina">Echinochloa stagnina</a></i>: Burgu millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_crus-galli" title="Echinochloa crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli</a></i>: Common barnyard grass (or cockspur grass)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paspalum_scrobiculatum" title="Paspalum scrobiculatum">Paspalum scrobiculatum</a></i>: Kodo millet</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/260px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/390px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/520px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Kodo millet (<i>Paspalum scrobiculatum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachiaria_deflexa" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiaria deflexa">Brachiaria deflexa</a></i>: Guinea millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachiaria_ramosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiaria ramosa">Brachiaria ramosa</a></i>: Browntop millet<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spodiopogon_formosanus" title="Spodiopogon formosanus">Spodiopogon formosanus</a></i>: Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-Takei_2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takei_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Andropogoneae" title="Andropogoneae">Andropogoneae</a> tribe, also in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum bicolor">Sorghum bicolor</a></i>: Sorghum; usually considered a separate cereal, but sometimes known as <i>great millet</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Coix lacryma-jobi</a></i>: Job's tears, also known as adlay millet<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication_and_spread">Domestication and spread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestication and spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialized archaeologists called <a href="/wiki/Palaeoethnobotanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoethnobotanists">palaeoethnobotanists</a>, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> than <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, especially in northern China and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought,<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this has been suggested to have aided its spread.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millet was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BC, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and northern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer."<sup id="cite_ref-Hesiod2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesiod2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BC by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> in his "Enquiry into Plants".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proso millet (<i>Panicum miliaceum</i>) and foxtail millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) were important crops beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at <a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a> (north), where proso millet husk <a href="/wiki/Phytoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoliths">phytoliths</a> and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Storage_pit_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage pit (archaeology)">storage pits</a> along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence at <i>Cishan</i> for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under a 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the <a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a> archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> dating to the Middle <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a> (around 3500–2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of the <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> (about 1500–300 BC) in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millets and their wild ancestors, such as <a href="/wiki/Barnyard_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnyard grass">barnyard grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic grass">panic grass</a>, were also cultivated in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> sometime after 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>, a legendary Emperor of China, and <a href="/wiki/Hou_Ji" title="Hou Ji">Hou Ji</a>, whose name means Lord Millet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian Subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little millet (<i>Panicum sumatrense</i>) is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BC in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet (<i>Paspalum scrobiculatum</i>) around 3700 BC, also in Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various millets have been mentioned in some of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> texts, identifying <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> (<i>priyaṅgu</i>), <a href="/wiki/Barnyard_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnyard millet">Barnyard millet</a> (<i>aṇu</i>) and black <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a> (<i>śyāmāka</i>), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BC in India.<sup id="cite_ref-miraroy_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miraroy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon request by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian Government</a> in 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(FAO)</a> declared 2023 as International Year of Millets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from <i>Pennisetum violaceum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at <a href="/wiki/Kintampo_Complex" title="Kintampo Complex">Birimi</a> in northern Ghana (1740 <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Reporting_dates" title="Radiocarbon dating">cal BC</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (1936–1683 cal BC) and the lower Tilemsi valley in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (2500 to 2000 cal BC).<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isozymes</a> suggest domestication took place north east of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearl millet had arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by 2000 BC to 1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a> is originally native to the highlands of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and was domesticated before the third millennium BC. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research on millets is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (ICRISAT)<sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-overview_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-overview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-pearl_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-pearl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-small_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-small-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ICAR-Indian_Institute_of_Millets_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research">ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-ICAR-main_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAR-main-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, India, and by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tifton,_Georgia" title="Tifton, Georgia">Tifton</a>, Georgia, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/170px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/255px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/340px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>A woman threshing pearl millet in Northern Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> in western Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1', a variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. From there it was taken to <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non-<a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> country where pearl millet—locally known as <i>mahangu</i>—is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1' was then introduced to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. The breed has significantly enhanced yields in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ededed;">Top Millet producers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#ededed;">in 2022</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Numbers in million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">tonnes</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.8 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,381,877,022,653,000♠" style="display:none"></span>38.19%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,119,741,100,324,000♠" style="display:none"></span>11.97%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,873,786,407,767,000♠" style="display:none"></span>8.74%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.9 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,614,886,731,392,000♠" style="display:none"></span>6.15%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">5. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,582,524,271,844,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.83%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">6. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,550,161,812,298,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.5%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">7. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,388,349,514,564,000♠" style="display:none"></span>3.88%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">8. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,355,987,055,016,000♠" style="display:none"></span>3.56%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.9 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,291,262,135,923,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.91%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">10. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,226,537,216,828,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.27%)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">World total</th><td class="infobox-data">30.9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT2022_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT2022-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milletoutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Milletoutput.png/250px-Milletoutput.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Milletoutput.png/375px-Milletoutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Milletoutput.png/500px-Milletoutput.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Production of millet (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (at 3.7 million tonnes) to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> (0.7 million tonnes); the sole exception is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> (called <i>jowar</i>, <i>jola</i>, <i>dzonnalu</i>, <i>jwaarie</i>, or <i>jondhahlaa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> languages, respectively; <i>mutthaari</i>, <i>kora</i>, or <i>panjappullu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>; or <i>cholam</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>) has been commonly used with millet flour (called <i>jowari</i> in western India) for hundreds of years to make the local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread (<i>rotla</i> in Gujarati, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakri" title="Bhakri">bhakri</a></i> in Marathi, or <i><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a></i> in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of <i>roti</i>. Other millets such as <i>ragi</i> (finger millet) in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <i>naachanie</i> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, or <i>kezhvaragu</i> in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with the popular <i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_rotti" title="Ragi rotti">ragi rotti</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_mudde" title="Ragi mudde">Ragi mudde</a></i> is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture. </p><p>Millet <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> is a traditional food in <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> cuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, and/or various types of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>. In Germany, it is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> added during the boiling process and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> added during the cooling process. </p><p>Millet is the main ingredient in bánh đa kê, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of Africa it is mixed with milk and consumed as <a href="/wiki/Brukina" title="Brukina">Brukina</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awaokoshi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Awaokoshi, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan."><img alt="Awaokoshi, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awaokoshi_01.jpg/320px-Awaokoshi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awaokoshi_01.jpg/480px-Awaokoshi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awaokoshi_01.jpg/640px-Awaokoshi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Awaokoshi"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Awaokoshi</span></span></i>, candied millet <a href="/wiki/Puffed_grain" title="Puffed grain">puffs</a>, are a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in Hanoi, Vietnam"><img alt="Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in Hanoi, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/201px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/302px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/403px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew from Nepal and Sikkim"><img alt="Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew from Nepal and Sikkim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/175px-Tongba.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/262px-Tongba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/350px-Tongba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></i>, a millet-based alcoholic brew from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkim, India">Sikkim</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholic_beverages">Alcoholic beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alcoholic beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor <i><a href="/wiki/Rakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshi">rakshi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2018_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_forage">As forage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As forage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity, it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and cattle. </p><p>Millet is a <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a> plant, which means that it has good <a href="/wiki/Water-use_efficiency" title="Water-use efficiency">water-use efficiency</a> and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses a different enzyme in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> from <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3</a> plants, and this is why it improves water efficiency. </p><p>In southern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost-sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or higher. It is sown at a shallow depth. </p><p>Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures, the value and palatability of feed reduces. </p><p>The Japanese millets (<i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_esculenta" title="Echinochloa esculenta">Echinochloa esculenta</a></i>) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $2–$3 per kg; it is quick to establish, can be grazed early, and is suitable for both sheep and cattle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collett_2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collett_2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet does not contain <a href="/wiki/Prussic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussic acid">prussic acid</a>, which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by the cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robson_2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robson_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no need for additional feed supplements such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> or salt blocks with millet. </p><p>The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Collett_2004_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collett_2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robson_2007_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robson_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lonewood_Trust_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonewood_Trust-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and arid <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> it is over 65 percent (see <i><a href="/wiki/Mahangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahangu">mahangu</a></i>). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People affected by <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a> sufferers,<sup id="cite_ref-LudvigssonLeffler2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudvigssonLeffler2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MulderWanrooij_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MulderWanrooij-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who need a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a>, can replace <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>-containing cereals in their diets with millet.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, while millet does not contain <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, its grains and flour may be contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>-containing cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-SaturniFerretti2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaturniFerretti2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_other_staples">Comparison with other staples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comparison with other staples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the nutrient content of millet compared to major staple foods in a raw form.<sup id="cite_ref-usdamillet_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdamillet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Nutrient profile comparison of proso millet with other food staples<sup id="cite_ref-usdamillet_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdamillet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component<br /> (per 100 g portion, raw grain)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Proso<br /> millet<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Kodo<br /> millet<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2018_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>water (g)</td> <td>60</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>12</td> <td>76</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>8.7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>energy (kJ)</td> <td>667</td> <td>1368</td> <td>1527</td> <td>360</td> <td>1418</td> <td><b>1582</b> </td> <td>1462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>protein (g)</td> <td>1.4</td> <td><b>12.6</b></td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>11 </td> <td>9.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>fat (g)</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.3</td> <td><b>4.2</b> </td> <td>3.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>carbohydrates (g)</td> <td>38</td> <td>71.2</td> <td><b>79</b></td> <td>19</td> <td>75</td> <td>73 </td> <td>63.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>fiber (g)</td> <td>1.8</td> <td><b>12.2</b></td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>sugars (g)</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>>0.1</td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td>1.9</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>iron (mg)</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.5</td> <td><b>4.4</b></td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>manganese (mg)</td> <td>0.4</td> <td><b>3.9</b></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>0.2</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>1.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>calcium (mg)</td> <td>16</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>2</td> <td>28</td> <td>8 </td> <td><b>32.33</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>magnesium (mg)</td> <td>21</td> <td><b>126</b></td> <td>25</td> <td>37</td> <td><120</td> <td>114 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>phosphorus (mg)</td> <td>27</td> <td><b>288</b></td> <td>115</td> <td>89</td> <td>287</td> <td>285 </td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>potassium (mg)</td> <td>271</td> <td>363</td> <td>115</td> <td>270</td> <td>350</td> <td>195 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zinc (mg)</td> <td>0.3</td> <td><b>2.6</b></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>0.5</td> <td><1</td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>32.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pantothenic acid (mg)</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.9</td> <td><b>1.0</b></td> <td>0.7</td> <td><0.9</td> <td>0.8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>vitB6 (mg)</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.1</td> <td><0.3</td> <td><b>0.4</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>folate (μg)</td> <td>27</td> <td>38</td> <td>8</td> <td>42</td> <td><25</td> <td><b>85</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thiamin (mg)</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.2</td> <td><b>0.4</b> </td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>riboflavin (mg)</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>>0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td><b>0.3</b> </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>niacin (mg)</td> <td>0.9</td> <td><b>5.5</b></td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.9</td> <td> </td> <td>0.09 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Nutrient content of raw millets compared to other grains<sup id="cite_ref-millets-2009_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millets-2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Crop / nutrient</th> <th>Protein (g)</th> <th>Fiber (g)</th> <th>Minerals (g)</th> <th>Iron (mg)</th> <th>Calcium (mg) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sorghum</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pearl millet</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finger millet</td> <td>7.3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>344 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foxtail millet</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>8</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proso millet</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kodo millet</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>9</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little millet</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barnyard millet</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brown top millet</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinoa</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>7</td> <td>*</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teff</td> <td>13</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fonio</td> <td>11</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>5.31</td> <td>84.8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rice</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wheat</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>41 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fura_(food)" title="Fura (food)">Fura (food)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes" title="List of ancient dishes">List of ancient dishes and foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect_pests_of_millets" title="List of insect pests of millets">List of insect pests of millets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raw, uncooked</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hard red winter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, long-grain, regular, raw, unenriched.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweet, yellow, raw.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorghum, edible portion white variety.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millet, proso variety, raw.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionaries-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionaries_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millet">"Definition of millet"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. 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CRC Press: 177–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Science+and+Technology%3A+Handbook+of+Cereal+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Millets&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=177-210&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Cassandrea+M.&rft.au=Rooney%2C+Lloyd+W.&rft.au=Serna-Saldivar%2C+Sergio+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808E/w1808e0l.htm">"Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94"</a>. <i>The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook</i>. 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In Cowan C.W.; Watson P.J (eds.). <i>The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspective</i>. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 117–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-990-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-990-8"><bdi>978-0-87474-990-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Plant+Domestication+in+East+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Agriculture%3A+An+International+Perspective&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=117-132&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87474-990-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordLee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Gary W.; Lee, Gyoung-Ah (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (295): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378">10.1017/s0003598x00061378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163060564">163060564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Origins+in+the+Korean+Peninsula&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163060564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gyoung-Ah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Millet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Millet">Millet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Millet"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Millet">"Millet" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/millet.html">"Millets"</a>. <i>Alternative Field Crops Manual</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millets&rft.btitle=Alternative+Field+Crops+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fafcm%2Fmillet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twobrothersindiashop.com/blogs/food-health/types-of-millets">Types of Millets and Names in Different Language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Production">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" title="List of countries by artichoke production">Artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production" title="List of countries by garlic production">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by onion production">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed#Production" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane#Production" title="Sugarcane">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFLonewood_Trust\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuYangYeLiu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuZhangLiuWu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudvigssonLefflerBaiBiagi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjul2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManningPellingHighamSchwenniger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonoughRooneySerna-Saldivar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldervan_WanrooijBakkerWierdsma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbittSummers1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokhariaKharakwalSrivastava2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaiKaurSingh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaturniFerrettiBacchetti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorDuodu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoltaCaioDe_GiorgioHenriksen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Agriculture country lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BFA\"] = 1,\n [\"CHA\"] = 1,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cereals\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Millet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Millet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q259438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q259438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-06T02:25:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T04:38:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg","headline":"food grain"}</script> </body> </html>