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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_lexical_sets_for_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_lexical_sets_for_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Standard lexical sets for English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standard_lexical_sets_for_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standard lexical sets for English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standard_lexical_sets_for_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choice_of_the_keywords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_the_keywords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Choice of the keywords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_the_keywords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_for_Anglo-Welsh_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_for_Anglo-Welsh_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Adaptation for Anglo-Welsh dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_for_Anglo-Welsh_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See 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0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>A <b>lexical set</b> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> that share a particular <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> feature. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> is a basic unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another. Most commonly, following the work of phonetician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a>, a lexical set is a class of words in a language that share a certain <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>. As Wells himself says, lexical sets "enable one to refer concisely to large groups of words which tend to share the same vowel, and to the vowel which they share".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the pronunciation of the vowel in <i>cup</i>, <i>luck</i>, <i>sun</i>, <i>blood</i>, <i>glove</i>, and <i>tough</i> may vary in different English dialects but is usually consistent within each dialect and so the category of words forms a lexical set,<sup id="cite_ref-Mesthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Wells, for ease, calls the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> set. Meanwhile, words like <i>bid</i>, <i>cliff</i>, <i>limb</i>, <i>miss</i>, etc. form a separate lexical set: Wells's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> set. Originally, Wells developed 24 such labels—<i>keywords</i>—for the vowel lexical sets of English, which have been sometimes modified and expanded by himself or other scholars for various reasons. Lexical sets have also been used to describe the vowels of other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hickey2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millar2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millar2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several reasons why lexical sets are useful. Scholars of phonetics often use abstract symbols (most universally today, those of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>) to transcribe phonemes, but they may follow different transcribing conventions or rely on implicit assumptions in their exact choice of symbols. One convenience of lexical sets is their tendency to avoid these conventions or assumptions. Instead, Wells explains, they "make use of keywords intended to be unmistakable no matter what accent one says them in".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That makes them useful for examining phonemes within an accent, comparing and contrasting different accents, and capturing how phonemes may be differently distributed based on accent. A further benefit is that people with no background in phonetics can identify a phoneme not by learned symbols or technical jargon but by its simple keyword (like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> in the above examples).<sup id="cite_ref-Mesthrie_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_lexical_sets_for_English">Standard lexical sets for English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard lexical sets for English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="English"></span> The standard lexical sets for English introduced by John C. Wells in his 1982 <i>Accents of English</i> are in wide usage. Wells defined each lexical set on the basis of the pronunciation of words in two reference accents, which he calls RP and GenAm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"RP" refers to <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, the traditionally prestigious accent in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"GenAm" refers to an accent of the <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> type, which is associated with a geographically "neutral" or widespread sound system throughout the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Wells classifies English words into 24 lexical sets on the basis of the pronunciation of the vowel of their stressed syllable in the two reference accents. Typed in <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a>, each lexical set is named after a representative keyword.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells also describes three sets of words based on word-final unstressed vowels, which, though not included in the standard 24 lexical sets (the final three sets listed in the chart below) "have indexical and diagnostic value in distinguishing accents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982165_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982165-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Lexical sets, as defined in <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. xviii–ix, 120–2, 166–7 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keyword</th> <th>RP</th> <th>GA</th> <th class="unsortable">Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></td> <td>ship, sick, bridge, milk, myth, busy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span></td> <td>step, neck, edge, shelf, friend, ready </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td>tap, back, badge, scalp, hand, cancel </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span></td> <td>stop, sock, dodge, romp, possible, quality </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span></td> <td>cup, suck, budge, pulse, trunk, blood </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOOT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span></td> <td>put, bush, full, good, look, wolf </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BATH</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td>staff, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td>cough, broth, cross, long, Boston </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜr</span></td> <td>hurt, lurk, urge, burst, jerk, term </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td>creep, speak, leave, feel, key, people </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eɪ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eɪ</span></td> <td>tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, day </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span></td> <td>psalm, father, bra, spa, lager </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td>taught, sauce, hawk, jaw, broad </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əʊ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʊ</span></td> <td>soap, joke, home, know, so, roll </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td>loop, shoot, tomb, mute, huge, view </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRICE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ</span></td> <td>ripe, write, arrive, high, try, buy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CHOICE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɪ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɪ</span></td> <td>adroit, noise, join, toy, royal </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ</span></td> <td>out, house, loud, count, crowd, cow </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪə</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪr</span></td> <td>beer, sincere, fear, beard, serum </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛə</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="e" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛr</span></td> <td>care, fair, pear, where, scarce, vary </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">START</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="a" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑr</span></td> <td>far, sharp, bark, carve, farm, heart </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NORTH</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔr</span></td> <td>for, war, short, scorch, born, warm </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="o" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">or</span></td> <td>four, wore, sport, porch, borne, story </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CURE</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊə</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="u" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊr</span></td> <td>poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury </td></tr> <tr> <td>happ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">Y</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="i" style="display:none;"></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></td> <td>cop<u>y</u>, scamp<u>i</u>, tax<u>i</u>, sort<u>ie</u>, committ<u>ee</u>, hock<u>ey</u>, Chels<u>ea</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lett<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ER</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ər</span></td> <td>pap<u>er</u>, met<u>re</u>, calend<u>ar</u>, stup<u>or</u>, succ<u>o(u)r</u>, mart<u>yr</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td>comm<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">A</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><u>a</u>bout, gall<u>o</u>p, <u>o</u>blige, quot<u>a</u>, vodk<u>a</u> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example, the word <i>rod</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈrɒd/</span> in RP and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈrɑd/</span> in GenAm. It therefore belongs in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> lexical set. <i>Weary</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈwɪərɪ/</span> in RP and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈwɪrɪ/</span> in GenAm and thus belongs in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span> lexical set. </p><p>Some English words do not belong to any lexical set. For example, the <i>a</i> in the stressed syllable of <i>tomato</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> in RP, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> in GenAm, a combination that is very unusual and is not covered by any of the 27 lexical sets above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some words pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> before a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a> in RP, such as <i>mock</i> and <i>fog</i>, belong to no particular lexical set because the GenAm pronunciation varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982136_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982136-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GenAm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> range between monophthongal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> and diphthongal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪi,<span class="wrap"> </span>eɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊu,<span class="wrap"> </span>oʊ]</span>, and Wells chose to phonemicize three of them as monophthongs for the sake of simplicity and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> to avoid confusion with RP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982120–1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982120–1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The happ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">Y</span> set was identified phonemically as the same as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> for both RP and GenAm, reflecting the then-traditional analysis, although realizations similar to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Happy_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy tensing"><i>happy</i> tensing</a>) were already taking hold in both varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982257–8,_294,_299_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982257–8,_294,_299-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notation ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩ for happ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">Y</span> has since emerged and been taken up by major pronouncing dictionaries, including Wells's, to take note of this shift.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201484,_349–50_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201484,_349–50-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells's model of General American is also conservative in that it lacks the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>cot</i>–<i>caught</i></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger"><i>horse</i>–<i>hoarse</i></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NORTH</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span>) mergers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_the_keywords">Choice of the keywords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Choice of the keywords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wells explains his choice of keywords ("kit", "fleece", etc.) as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>The keywords have been chosen in such a way that clarity is maximized: whatever accent of English they are spoken in, they can hardly be mistaken for other words. Although <i>fleece</i> is not the commonest of words, it cannot be mistaken for a word with some other vowel; whereas <i>beat</i>, say, if we had chosen it instead, would have been subject to the drawback that one man's pronunciation of <i>beat</i> may sound like another's pronunciation of <i>bait</i> or <i>bit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wherever possible, the keywords end in a voiceless <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard lexical sets of Wells are widely used to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> systems of different accents of English in a clear and concise manner. Although based solely on RP and GenAm, the standard lexical sets have proven useful in describing many other accents of English. This is true because, in many dialects, the words in all or most of the sets are pronounced with similar or identical stressed vowels. Wells himself uses the Lexical Sets most prominently to give "tables of lexical incidence" for all the various accents he discusses in his work. For example, here is the table of lexical incidence he gives for <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982499_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982499-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̈</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOOT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BATH</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜr<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɝ:]</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛɪ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌʊ</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRICE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əi</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CHOICE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əi</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əu</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛr</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛr</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">START</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ær</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NORTH</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̈r</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̈r</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CURE</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̈r</span></li> <li><i>happ</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">Y</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span></li> <li><i>lett</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ER</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ər<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɚ]</span></li> <li><i>comm</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">A</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></li></ul> </div> <p>The table indicates that, for example, Newfoundland English uses the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> phoneme for words in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> lexical set, and that the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NORTH</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CURE</span> sets are all pronounced with the same vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̈r/</span>. Note that some lexical sets, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span>, are given with more than one pronunciation, which indicates that not all words in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> lexical set are pronounced similarly (in this case, Newfoundland English has not fully undergone the <a href="/wiki/Pane%E2%80%93pain_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pane–pain merger">pane–pain merger</a>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̈/</span> is a back vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span>; Wells uses the symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɔ̈</span>⟩ so that the reader does not confuse it with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> vowel (which, in the case of many other accents, he writes with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɔ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɔː</span>⟩).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982498_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982498-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wells also uses the standard lexical sets to refer to "the vowel sound used for the standard lexical set in question in the accent under discussion":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982124_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, for example, in describing the Newfoundland accent, Wells writes that "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> are reportedly often merged as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982500_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982500-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that the stressed syllables of words in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> lexical set and words in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> lexical set are reportedly often pronounced identically with the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>. </p><p>Lexical sets may also be used to describe <a href="/wiki/Category:Splits_and_mergers_in_English_phonology" title="Category:Splits and mergers in English phonology">splits and mergers</a>. For example, RP, along with most other non-rhotic accents, <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents#Mergers_characteristic_of_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">pronounces words such as "father" and "farther" identically</a>. This can be described more economically as the merger of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">START</span> lexical sets. Most North American accents make <a href="/wiki/Father-bother_merger#Father–bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father-bother merger">"father" rhyme with "bother"</a>. This can be described as the merger of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> lexical sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2010 blog post, Wells wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I sometimes think that a century from now my lexical sets will be the one thing I shall be remembered for. Yet I dreamt them up over a weekend, frustrated with the incoherent mess of symbols used in such contemporary publications as <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Weinreich" title="Uriel Weinreich">Weinreich</a>'s "Is a structural dialectology possible?".<sup id="cite_ref-blog_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also wrote that he claimed no copyright in the standard lexical sets, and that everyone was "free to make whatever use of them they wish".<sup id="cite_ref-blog_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some varieties of English make distinctions in stressed vowels that are not captured by the 24 lexical sets. For example, some Irish and Scottish accents that have not undergone the <a href="/wiki/Fern%E2%80%93fir%E2%80%93fur_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fern–fir–fur merger">fern–fir–fur merger</a> split the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span> lexical set into multiple subsets. For such accents, the 24 Wells lexical sets may be inadequate. Because of this, a work devoted to Irish English may split the Wells <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span> set into two subsets, a new, smaller <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span> set and a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TERM</span> set.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some writers on English accents have introduced a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAL</span> set to refer to a set of words that have the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> vowel in standard accents but may have a different vowel in Sheffield<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in south-east London.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells has stated that he didn't include a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAL</span> set because this should be interpreted as an allophone of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> that is sensitive to the morpheme boundary, which he illustrates by comparing the London pronunciations of <i>goalie</i> and <i>slowly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFSchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie2004">Schneider et al. (2004)</a>, which documents the phonologies of varieties of English around the world like <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, employs Wells's standard lexical sets as well as the following supplementary lexical sets, as needed to illustrate finer details of the variety under discussion:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie200442–3,_53–4,_101–2,_137,_187,_236,_263–4,_273,_285,_290,_294,_303–4,_340,_359,_369,_395,_410,_460,_504–5,_515,_518,_585,_761–2,_849,_880,_893,_928,_945,_947,_956,_968,_987,_993,_1006,_1024,_1038,_1050_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie200442–3,_53–4,_101–2,_137,_187,_236,_263–4,_273,_285,_290,_294,_303–4,_340,_359,_369,_395,_410,_460,_504–5,_515,_518,_585,_761–2,_849,_880,_893,_928,_945,_947,_956,_968,_987,_993,_1006,_1024,_1038,_1050-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAL</span>, discussed above</li> <li>hors<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ES</span>, offic<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">E</span>s, paint<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">E</span>d and vill<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">A</span>ge, all referring to the unstressed allophone of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> that is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MARY</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MARRY</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MERRY</span>, for the allophones of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span> in non-rhotic dialects), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> before intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, commonly subject to <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</a> in North American English</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MIRROR</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEARER</span>, for the allophones of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span> before intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, commonly subject to <a href="/wiki/Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror–nearer merger">mirror–nearer merger</a> in North American English</li> <li>treac<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LE</span> and unc<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LE</span>, both referring to the vocalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əl/</span></li> <li>Other supplementary lexical sets include:</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">HEAD</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BIRTH</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BERTH</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRIZE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">AFTER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEVER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STAY</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STONE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STAND</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DO</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ONE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SNOW</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOAR</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">POWER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FIRE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">EARS</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TUESDAY</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEW</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ORANGE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KITTEN</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DANCE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TOMORROW</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOUD</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">HAND</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PIN</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PEN</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THINK</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LENGTH</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOING</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">POOL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PULL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FEEL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FILL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FAIL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FELL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COW</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STAR</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FIT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CUP</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PIECE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BROAD</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOOSE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">EIGHT</span>, met<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BEER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BARE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BACK</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BED</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TERM</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SPHERE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ZERO</span>, carr<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">IER</span>, cord<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">IAL</span>, c<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">U</span>rious, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRUER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRUANT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">A</span>bout, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">IT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SIT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LAYER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BITE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BIDE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BYRE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BILE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOUT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOWED</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOWER</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOWEL</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DOOR</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">POOR</span></dd></dl> <ul><li>There is also the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">OFF</span> set, which is the same as Wells's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_for_Anglo-Welsh_dialects">Adaptation for Anglo-Welsh dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adaptation for Anglo-Welsh dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his work for the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Anglo-Welsh_Dialects" title="Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects">Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Parry_(dialectologist)" title="David Parry (dialectologist)">David Parry</a> adapted Wells's lexical sets for Anglo-Welsh dialects. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Lexical sets, as defined in <a href="#CITEREFParry1999">Parry (1999)</a>, pp. 8–9. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keyword</th> <th>Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BRIDGE</span></td> <td>bitch, bridge, finger, shilling, squirrel, thimble, whip, with </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KETTLE</span></td> <td>buried, deaf, kettle, second, twelve, yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">APPLES</span></td> <td>apples, hand, ladder, lamb, man, rabbits, rat, saddle, that, thatch </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SUCK</span></td> <td>butter, furrow, jump, none, nothing, one, onions, suck, uncle </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DOG</span></td> <td>cross, dog, fox, holly, off, porridge, quarry, trough, wash, wasps, wrong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BULL</span></td> <td>bull, butcher, foot, put, sugar, woman, wool </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SHEEP</span></td> <td>cheese, geese, grease, key, pea, sheaf, sheep, weasel, weeds, wheel, yeast </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GATE</span></td> <td>bacon, break, clay, drain, gate, lay (verb), potatoes, spade, tail, take, waistcoat, weigh </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">WORK</span></td> <td>first, heard, third, work (noun) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MARE</span></td> <td>chair, hare, mare, pears </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">ARM</span></td> <td>arm, branch, calf, chaff, draught, farmer, farthing, grass </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRAW</span></td> <td>forks, morning, saw-dust, slaughter-house, straw, walk </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOAL</span></td> <td>coal, cold, colt, comb, foal, oak, old, road, sholder, snow, spokes, toad, yolk </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span></td> <td>dew, ewe, goose, hoof, root, stool, tooth, Tuesday, two </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">WHITE</span></td> <td>eye, fight, flies (noun, plural), hive, ivy, mice, white </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">OIL</span></td> <td>boiling, oil, voice </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COW</span></td> <td>cow, plough, snout, sow (noun), thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">EARS</span></td> <td>ears, hear, year </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BOAR</span></td> <td>boar, door, four </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FIRE</span></td> <td>fire, iron </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">HOUR</span></td> <td>flour, hour </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphoneme" title="Diaphoneme">Diaphoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">Homophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">Minimal pair</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982xviii_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesthrie_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesthrie_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesthrie, Rajend (2000). "Regional Dialectology". <i>Introducing Sociolinguistics</i>. Edinburgh University Press, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2001" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Nigel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hu5eYY_4nxcC"><i>Social and stylistic variation in spoken French: a comparative approach</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 100ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-1839-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-1839-0"><bdi>90-272-1839-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+stylistic+variation+in+spoken+French%3A+a+comparative+approach&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=100ff&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-272-1839-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhu5eYY_4nxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Hickey2011" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Hickey (29 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bkk-PuUa4QQC"><i>The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023830-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023830-3"><bdi>978-3-11-023830-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+Irish%3A+Study+of+a+Changing+Landscape&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.isbn=978-3-11-023830-3&rft.au=Raymond+Hickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkk-PuUa4QQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millar2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millar2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McColl_Millar2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert McColl Millar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwx6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Northern and insular Scots</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2316-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-2316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+and+insular+Scots&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2316-7&rft.au=Robert+McColl+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwx6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982117_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982123-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982123_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982165-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982165_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982122-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982122_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982136-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982136_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982120–1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982120–1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 120–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982257–8,_294,_299-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982257–8,_294,_299_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 257–8, 294, 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201484,_349–50-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201484,_349–50_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 84, 349–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982499-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982499_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982498-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982498_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982124-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982124_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982500-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982500_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blog_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blog_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/02/lexical-sets.html">"John Wells's phonetic blog: lexical sets"</a>. 2010-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog%3A+lexical+sets&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F02%2Flexical-sets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2004" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Raymond (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZK9cSYRrjMC"><i>A sound atlas of Irish English</i></a>. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018298-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018298-X"><bdi>3-11-018298-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sound+atlas+of+Irish+English&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-018298-X&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZK9cSYRrjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollfree in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/evidence-of-vows.html">"John Wells's phonetic blog: the evidence of the vows"</a>. 2011-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog%3A+the+evidence+of+the+vows&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk%2F2011%2F05%2Fevidence-of-vows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie200442–3,_53–4,_101–2,_137,_187,_236,_263–4,_273,_285,_290,_294,_303–4,_340,_359,_369,_395,_410,_460,_504–5,_515,_518,_585,_761–2,_849,_880,_893,_928,_945,_947,_956,_968,_987,_993,_1006,_1024,_1038,_1050-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie200442–3,_53–4,_101–2,_137,_187,_236,_263–4,_273,_285,_290,_294,_303–4,_340,_359,_369,_395,_410,_460,_504–5,_515,_518,_585,_761–2,_849,_880,_893,_928,_945,_947,_956,_968,_987,_993,_1006,_1024,_1038,_1050_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie2004">Schneider et al. (2004)</a>, pp. 42–3, 53–4, 101–2, 137, 187, 236, 263–4, 273, 285, 290, 294, 303–4, 340, 359, 369, 395, 410, 460, 504–5, 515, 518, 585, 761–2, 849, 880, 893, 928, 945, 947, 956, 968, 987, 993, 1006, 1024, 1038, 1050.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2014" class="citation book cs1">Cruttenden, Alan (2014). <i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i> (8th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72174-5"><bdi>978-0-415-72174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-72174-5&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/start-of-survey-of-anglo-welsh-dialects/page/n31/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>A Grammar and Glossary of the Conservative Anglo-Welsh Dialects of Rural Wales</i></a>. Sheffield: The National Centre for English Cultural Tradition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+and+Glossary+of+the+Conservative+Anglo-Welsh+Dialects+of+Rural+Wales&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=The+National+Centre+for+English+Cultural+Tradition&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstart-of-survey-of-anglo-welsh-dialects%2Fpage%2Fn31%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderBurridgeKortmannMesthrie2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schneider, Edgar W.; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Burridge" title="Kate Burridge">Burridge, Kate</a>; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; <a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Upton, Clive</a> (2004). <i>A Handbook of Varieties of English</i>. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017532-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Edgar+W.&rft.au=Burridge%2C+Kate&rft.au=Kortmann%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Mesthrie%2C+Rajend&rft.au=Upton%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2">0-52129719-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.isbn=0-52129719-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALexical+set&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_set&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nicole Taylor (with the collaboration of Norma Mendoza-Denton <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nmd/cv.html">[1]</a>), The University of Arizona, Anthropology 383, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211181925/http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~anth383/lexicalsets.html">Standard Lexical Sets</a>, 2002 (in Archive.is)</li> <li>University of Pennsylvania, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/English.html">Linguistics 001, Lecture 9: Pronunciation of English</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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