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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Resistance to reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_monthons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_monthons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of monthons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_monthons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boriwen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monthon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monthon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monthon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="モントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モントン" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png/271px-Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png/407px-Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png/542px-Administrative_Division_of_Siam_in_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="8191" data-file-height="10555" /></a><figcaption>Administrative Division of Siam in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Monthon</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">มณฑล</span>), also known as <i><b>Monthon Thesaphiban</b></i> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maṇḍala Dēśābhipāla</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">มณฑลเทศาภิบาล</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">circle of local government</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), were <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">administrative subdivisions of Thailand</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word <i>monthon</i> is a translation of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṇḍala</i></span></i>, literally "<a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">circle</a>"), in its sense of a <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">type of political formation</a>. The monthon were created as a part of the <i>Thesaphiban</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เทศาภิบาล</span></span>, literally "local government") <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> administrative system, introduced by Prince <a href="/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab" title="Damrong Rajanubhab">Damrong Rajanubhab</a> which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's present <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">provinces</a> (<i>changwat</i>), districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe">amphoe</a></i>), and communes (<i><a href="/wiki/Tambon" title="Tambon">tambon</a></i>) throughout <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called <i>Thesaphiban</i> (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to <i>Samuhathesaphiban</i> (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act, after some monthon had been established and administrative details were sorted out. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_political_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian political model">Southeast Asian political model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siam_in_1893,_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg/220px-Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg/330px-Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg/440px-Siam_in_1893%2C_During_Rama_V%27s_Reign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="15000" /></a><figcaption>The Establishment of Monthons in 1893</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <i>Thesaphiban</i> reforms, the country consisted of partially independent cities called <i><a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a></i>, some directly subordinate to the capital, some subordinate to larger <i>mueang</i>, or to one or more of the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary kingdoms</a>. Before the reforms, <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governors</a> inherited their posts from their family lineage, and lived on taxes they collected in their area, a practice formally called <a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a>. These were converted from hereditary governors to appointed governmental posts, as had been done by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>-era rulers in first recognizing <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a> (tribal leaders) as imperial officials, then replacing them with imperial appointees. The arrangement resulted in governors being appointed and paid by the central government, and <i>mueang</i> developed into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">provinces</a>. An essential step in the ending of tax farming was the creation on 3 September 1885 of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department" title="Royal Thai Survey Department">Royal Survey Department</a>. Though its first fruits were not obtained until 1901, the department's <a href="/wiki/Cadastral_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadastral survey">cadastral surveys</a>, i.e., surveys of specific land parcels, made possible the defining of ownership for <a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">land registration</a> and equitable <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>. The term <i>changwat</i> (จังหวัด) for the provinces was first used in 1907 for the provinces in Monthon Pattani, and by 1916 had come into general use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_to_reform">Resistance to reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resistance to reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It took till around 1910 to implement the system throughout the country. The main reason for the slow implementation was the lack of suitably educated officials,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also the resistance of the traditional local leaders, which recalled the 1768–1770 resistance of the monk Chao Phra Faang to <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom#Reestablishment_of_Siamese_authority" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi reestablishment of Siamese authority</a>. In 1902 along both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, local revolts (<span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">Prakottakan Phi Bun</i></span> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ปรากฏการณ์ผีบุญ</span></span>) led by charismatic religious leaders called <i>holy man</i> or <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">phi bun</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผีบุญ</span></span>) broke out. The most serious of these was led by east-bank rebel <a href="/wiki/Ong_Keo" title="Ong Keo">Ong Keo</a> against French authority in the former Thai tributary <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">kingdom of Champasak</a>. On the west bank in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani</a>, a less-well known former monk and <i>phi bun</i> headed a <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a> sect inspired by his <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic prophecies</a>, which spread <a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt">fear, uncertainty and doubt</a> among almost all the peoples along both banks of the river. The Bangkok government put down west bank resistance with little use of force, and cooperated with <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> officials insofar as limiting Thai authority to the west bank, later called <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>. East bank resistance however had no definitive end and became subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Indochina War">Second Indochina War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_062_1e_Murdoch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far from the Mekong, resistance to reform continued into the 21st century in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Thailand insurgency">Southern Thailand insurgency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_development">Further development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani.<sup id="cite_ref-ABOLITION_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABOLITION-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the <i>Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933</i>, part of the changes made after the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese coup d'état of 1932">coup d'état</a>, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and the 70 provinces to second-level administrative divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_monthons">List of monthons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of monthons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Monthon</b> </th> <th><b>มณฑล</b> </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Fate </th> <th>Constituent Provinces and Polities </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Klang</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวกลาง</b> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><b>1893 -</b> renamed Monthon Nakhon Ratchasima </td> <td> <ol><li>Buriram (joined 1891)</li> <li>Chonnabot</li> <li>Nakhon Ratchasima</li> <li>Nang Rong (joined 1891)</li> <li>Phetchabun</li> <li>Phu Khiao</li> <li>Phu Wiang (until 1891) <ul><li>abolished</li></ul></li> <li>Pra Khon Chai (joined 1891)</li> <li>Wichianburi</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Tawan Ok</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวตะวันออก</b> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><b>1891 -</b> merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua becoming Monthon Lao Kao </td> <td> <ol><li>Ubon</li> <li>Khemmarat</li> <li>Yasothon</li> <li>Suwannaphum</li> <li>Roi Et</li> <li>Kalasin</li> <li>Phu Len Chang</li> <li>Sisaket</li> <li>Wang</li> <li>Phin</li> <li>Chepon</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ</b> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><b>1891 -</b> merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok becoming Monthon Lao Kao </td> <td> <ol><li>Kingdom of Champassak</li> <li>Chiang Taeng</li> <li>Saen Pang</li> <li>Sitandon</li> <li>Khamtong Luang</li> <li>Salawan</li> <li>Attapeu</li> <li>Det Udom</li> <li>Khukhan</li> <li>Surin</li> <li>Sangkha</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Phuan</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวพวน</b> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td><b>1893 -</b> renamed Monthon Udon after ceding the west bank of the Mekong. </td> <td> <ol><li>Nong Khai</li> <li>Chiang Khouang</li> <li>Kamuttasai</li> <li>Lom Sak</li> <li>Khon Kaen</li> <li>Khon San</li> <li>Phon Phisai</li> <li>Chaiburi</li> <li>Nong Han</li> <li>Sakon Nakhon</li> <li>Tha Uthen</li> <li>Borikhan Nikhom</li> <li>Kham Kert</li> <li>Kham Muen</li> <li>Nakhon Panom</li> <li>Mukdahan</li> <li>Buriram (until 1891)</li> <li>Nang Rong (until 1891)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Kao</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวกาว</b> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td><b>1893 -</b> renamed Monthon Isan </td> <td> <ol><li>Kingdom of Champassak (until 1893) <ul><li>downgraded into a province</li></ul></li> <li>Kalasin</li> <li>Maha Sarakham</li> <li>Kamalasai</li> <li>Phu Len Chang</li> <li>Roi Et</li> <li>Suwannaphum</li> <li>Yasothon</li> <li>Khemmarat</li> <li>Ubon Ratchathani</li> <li>Sisaket</li> <li>Khukhan</li> <li>Sangkha</li> <li>Surin</li> <li>Det Udom</li> <li>Salawan (until 1893)</li> <li>Attapeu (until 1893)</li> <li>Saen Pang (until 1893)</li> <li>Sitandon (until 1893)</li> <li>Chiang Taeng (until 1893)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Phung Khao</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวพุงขาว</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1893 - abolished</b>, due to the annexation of territory to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Kingdom of Luang Phrabang</li> <li>Principality of Phongsali</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lao Chiang</b> </td> <td><b>ลาวเฉียง</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1900 -</b> renamed into Monthon Tawan Ok Chiang Neua </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Kingdom of Chiang Mai">Kingdom of Chiang Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lamphun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lamphun (page does not exist)">Principality of Lamphun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lampang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lampang (page does not exist)">Principality of Lampang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Phrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Phrae (page does not exist)">Principality of Phrae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Thoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Thoen (page does not exist)">Principality of Thoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_province" title="Nan province">Principality of Nan</a></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Krung Kao</b> </td> <td><b>กรุงเก่า</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td><u>Establishing Provinces</u> <ol><li>Inburi</li> <li>Singburi</li> <li>Phromburi</li> <li>Lopburi</li> <li>Krung Kao</li></ol> <p><u>Nakhon Sawan Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Nakhon Sawan</li> <li>Chai Nat</li> <li>Kamphaeng Phet</li> <li>Manorom</li> <li>Phayuha Khiri</li> <li>Sankhaburi</li> <li>Tak</li> <li>Uthai Thani</li></ol> <p><u>Krung Thep Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Phra Nakhon</li> <li>Thon Buri</li> <li>Nonthaburi</li> <li>Pathum Thani</li> <li>Nakhon Khuean Khan (until 1932)</li> <li>Samut Prakan</li> <li>Thanyaburi (until 1932)</li> <li>Min Buri (until 1932)</li> <li>Pathum Thani</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Prachinburi</b> </td> <td><b>ปราจิณบุรี</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1933 - abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td><u>Establishing Provinces</u> <ol><li>Prachinburi</li> <li>Nakhon Nayok</li> <li>Chachoengsao</li> <li>Phanat Nikhom (until 1898) <ul><li>merged into <i>Bang Pla Soi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Bang Pla Soi (renamed in 1938) <ul><li>renamed <i>Chonburi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Bang Lamung (until 1901) <ul><li>merged into <i>Bang Pla Soi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Rayong (until 1906)</li> <li>Chanthaburi (until 1906)</li> <li>Khlung (until 1906)</li> <li>Trat (until 1906)</li> <li>Prachan Khiri Khet (until 1906)</li> <li>Kabunburi (until 1926) <ul><li>merged into <i>Prachinburi</i></li></ul></li></ol> <p><u>Chanthaburi Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Chanthaburi</li> <li>Rayong</li> <li>Khlung (until 1906) <ul><li>abolished</li></ul></li> <li>Trat (joined 1906)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Khamen</b> </td> <td><b>เขมร</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1899 -</b> renamed Monthon Burapha </td> <td> <ol><li>Sisophon</li> <li>Phanom Sok</li> <li>Siemmarat</li> <li>Phra Tabong</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nakhon Ratchasima</b> </td> <td><b>นครราชสีมา</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1933 - abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td><u>Establishing Provinces</u> <ol><li>Nakhon Ratchasima</li> <li>Buriram</li> <li>Chonnabot</li> <li>Phetchabun (until 1900)</li> <li>Phu Khiao (until 1899) <ul><li>merged into <i>Chonnabot</i></li></ul></li> <li>Wichianburi (until 1907)</li></ol> <p><u>Roi Et Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Roi Et</li> <li>Kalasin</li></ol> <p><u>Ubon Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Ubon Ratchathani</li> <li>Khukhan</li> <li>Surin</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Isan</b> </td> <td><b>อีสาน</b> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td><b>1912 -</b> partitioned into Monthon Roi Et and Monthon Ubon </td> <td> <ol><li>Nakhon Champassak</li> <li>Kalasin</li> <li>Maha Sarakham</li> <li>Kamalasai</li> <li>Phu Len Chang (until 1902) <ul><li>merged into <i>Kalasin</i></li></ul></li> <li>Roi Et</li> <li>Suwannaphum (until 1908) <ul><li>merged into <i>Roi Et</i></li></ul></li> <li>Yasothon</li> <li>Khemmarat</li> <li>Ubon Ratchathani</li> <li>Sisaket</li> <li>Khukhan</li> <li>Sangkha</li> <li>Surin</li> <li>Det Udom</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Phitsanulok</b> </td> <td><b>พิษณุโลก</b> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td><u>Establishing Provinces</u> <ol><li>Phitsanulok</li> <li>Phichai</li> <li>Phichit</li> <li>Sukhothai</li> <li>Sawankhalok</li></ol> <p><u>Phetchabun Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Phetchabun</li> <li>Lom Sak (until 1931) <ul><li>merged into <i>Phetchabun</i></li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nakhon Sawan</b> </td> <td><b>นครสวรรค์</b> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td><b>1932 -</b> merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya </td> <td> <ol><li>Nakhon Sawan</li> <li>Chai Nat</li> <li>Kamphaeng Phet</li> <li>Manorom</li> <li>Phayuha Khiri</li> <li>Sankhaburi</li> <li>Tak</li> <li>Uthai Thani</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ratchaburi</b> </td> <td><b>ราชบุรี</b> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td><u>Establishing Provinces</u> <ol><li>Ratchaburi</li> <li>Kanchanaburi</li> <li>Samut Songkhram</li> <li>Phetchaburi</li> <li>Prachuap Khiri Khan</li></ol> <p><u>Nakhon Chai Si Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Nakhon Chai Si</li> <li>Samut Sakhon</li> <li>Suphan Buri</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nakhon Chai Si</b> </td> <td><b>นครไชยศรี</b> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td><b>1932 -</b> merged into Monthon Ratchaburi </td> <td> <ol><li>Nakhon Chai Si</li> <li>Samut Sakhon</li> <li>Suphan Buri</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Monthon_Chumphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthon Chumphon">Chumphon</a></b> </td> <td><b>ชุมพร</b> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td><b>1925 -</b> merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat </td> <td> <ol><li>Chumphon</li> <li>Chaiya (until 1915) <ul><li>merged into <i>Kanchanadit</i></li></ul></li> <li>Kanchanadit</li> <li>Lang Suan</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Monthon_Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></b> </td> <td><b>นครศรีธรรมราช</b> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td> <ol><li>Nakhon Si Thammarat</li> <li>Phatthalung</li> <li>Songkhla</li> <li>Nong Chik (until 1906)</li> <li>Pattani (until 1906)</li> <li>Yaring (until 1906)</li> <li>Yala (until 1906)</li> <li>Raman (until 1906)</li> <li>Ra'Ngae (until 1906)</li> <li>Saiburi (until 1906)</li> <li>Kalantan (until 1906)</li> <li>Trangkanu (until 1906)</li> <li>Bersut (until 1899) <ul><li>merged into <i>Trangkanu</i></li></ul></li></ol> <p><u>Pattani Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Pattani</li> <li>Yala</li> <li>Narathiwat</li></ol> <p><u>Chumphon Merger</u> </p> <ol><li>Chumphon</li> <li>Kanchanadit</li> <li>Lang Suan (until 1932) <ul><li>merged into <i>Chumphon</i></li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Syburi</b> </td> <td><b>ไทรบุรี</b> </td> <td>1897 </td> <td><b>1909 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, due to the annexation of territory to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">British Empire</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Kedah</li> <li>Perlis</li> <li>Satun</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Krung Thep</b> </td> <td><b>กรุงเทพ</b> </td> <td>1897 </td> <td><b>1922 -</b> merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya </td> <td> <ol><li>Phra Nakhon</li> <li>Thon Buri</li> <li>Nonthaburi</li> <li>Pathum Thani</li> <li>Nakhon Khuean Khan</li> <li>Samut Prakan</li> <li>Thanyaburi (joined 1902)</li> <li>Min Buri (joined 1901)</li> <li>Pathum Thani</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Phuket</b> </td> <td><b>ภูเก็จ</b> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> <b>abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td> <ol><li>Phuket</li> <li>Satun (joined 1909)</li> <li>Ranong</li> <li>Phang Nga</li> <li>Takua Pa</li> <li>Krabi</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Phetchabun</b> </td> <td><b>เพชรบูรณ์</b> </td> <td>1899 <p>1907 </p> </td> <td><b>1903 -</b> merged into Monthon Phitsanulok <p><b>1916 -</b> merged into Monthon Phitsanulok </p> </td> <td> <ol><li>Lom Sak</li> <li>Phetchabun</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Burapha</b> </td> <td><b>บูรพา</b> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td><b>1906 - abolished</b>, due to the annexation of territory to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Sisophon</li> <li>Phanom Sok</li> <li>Siemmarat</li> <li>Phra Tabong</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tawan Ok Chiang Neua</b> </td> <td><b>ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ</b> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td><b>1901 -</b> renamed into Monthon Phayap </td> <td> <ol><li>Chiang Mai</li> <li>Lamphun</li> <li>Lampang</li> <li>Phrae</li> <li>Thoen</li> <li>Nan</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Phayap</b> </td> <td><b>พายัพ</b> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td><b>1933 - abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td> <ol><li>Chiang Mai</li> <li>Chiang Rai (joined 1910)</li> <li>Lamphun</li> <li>Lampang</li> <li>Phrae</li> <li>Thoen</li> <li>Nan</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Udon</b> </td> <td><b>อุดร</b> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td><b>1933 - abolished</b>, abolishment of the monthon system </td> <td> <ol><li>Nong Khai</li> <li>Kamuttasai</li> <li>Lom Sak (until 1899)</li> <li>Loei (joined 1899) <ul><li>partitioned from <i>Lom Sak</i></li></ul></li> <li>Khon Kaen</li> <li>Phon Phisai (until 1906)</li> <li>Chaiburi (until 1916)</li> <li>Nong Han (until 1908) <ul><li>merged into Udon Thani</li></ul></li> <li>Udon Thani (joined 1908)</li> <li>Sakon Nakhon</li> <li>Tha Uthen (until 1907)</li> <li>Nakhon Panom</li> <li>Mukdahan</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pattani</b> </td> <td><b>ปัตตานี</b> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td><b>1932 -</b> merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat </td> <td> <ol><li>Pattani</li> <li>Nong Chik (until 1906) <ul><li>merged into <i>Pattani</i></li></ul></li> <li>Yaring (until 1906) <ul><li>merged into <i>Pattani</i></li></ul></li> <li>Yala</li> <li>Raman (until 1906) <ul><li>merged into <i>Yala</i></li></ul></li> <li>Ra'Ngae (until 1909) <ul><li>merged into <i>Narathiwat</i></li></ul></li> <li>Saiburi (until 1932) <ul><li>abolished</li></ul></li> <li>Kalantan (until 1906) <ul><li>ceded</li></ul></li> <li>Trangkanu (until 1906) <ul><li>ceded</li></ul></li> <li>Narathiwat (joined 1909)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Chanthaburi</b> </td> <td><b>จันทบุรี</b> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td><b>1933 -</b> merged into Prachinburi </td> <td> <ol><li>Chanthaburi</li> <li>Rayong</li> <li>Khlung (until 1906) <ul><li>abolished</li></ul></li> <li>Trat (joined 1906)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Roi Et</b> </td> <td><b>ร้อยเอ็จ</b> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td><b>1932 -</b> merged into Nakhon Ratchasima </td> <td> <ol><li>Kalasin</li> <li>Maha Sarakham (until 1925) <ul><li>merged into <i>Kalasin</i></li></ul></li> <li>Kamalasai (until 1913) <ul><li>merged into <i>Kalasin</i></li></ul></li> <li>Roi Et</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ubon</b> </td> <td><b>อุบล</b> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td><b>1932 -</b> merged into Nakhon Ratchasima </td> <td> <ol><li>Yasothon (until 1912) <ul><li>merged into <i>Ubon Ratchathani</i></li></ul></li> <li>Khemmarat (until 1912) <ul><li>merged into <i>Ubon Ratchathani</i></li></ul></li> <li>Ubon Ratchathani</li> <li>Sisaket (until 1907) <ul><li>merged into <i>Khukhan</i></li></ul></li> <li>Khukhan</li> <li>Sangkha (until 1912) <ul><li>merged into <i>Surin</i></li></ul></li> <li>Surin</li> <li>Det Udom (until 1912) <ul><li>merged into <i>Khukhan</i></li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Maharat</b> </td> <td><b>มหาราษฎร์</b> </td> <td>1915 </td> <td><b>1926 -</b> merged into Monthon Phayap </td> <td> <ol><li>Chiang Rai</li> <li>Lampang</li> <li>Phrae</li> <li>Nan</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png/240px-Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png/360px-Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png/480px-Map_of_Siam%27s_subdivision.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Boriwen Map</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Monthon Lao Chiang is the same as Monthon Phayap, to ease understanding in this table but in all cases, they are the same.</li> <li>Monthon Lao Kao which became Monthon Isan, and Monthon Lao Phuan which became Monthon Udon.</li> <li>The use of the name is up to interpretation and use on case by case basis, but name changes occurs due to Rama V integration policy of minorities and achieving assimilation.</li> <li>Province merger not shown, only monthon partition and merger are</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boriwen">Boriwen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boriwen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The larger monthon Phayap, Udon Thani, and Isan had an additional administrative level between monthon and provincial administration. Three to five <i><a href="/wiki/Boriwen" title="Boriwen">boriwen</a></i> (บริเวณ), each administered by a commissioner (<i>khaluang boriwen</i>, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Chieftain_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Chieftain System">Native Chieftain System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_provinces_of_Thailand#Past_provinces" title="Seals of the provinces of Thailand">Past provinces of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department" title="Royal Thai Survey Department">Royal Thai Survey Department</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFW._G._Johnson2008" class="citation book cs1">W. G. Johnson (2008) [1908]. "Education". In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/twentiethcentury00wrigrich/twentiethcentury00wrigrich.pdf"><i>Twentieth century impressions of Siam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Co. p. 276<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Siam has progressed so rapidly of late years, and the machinery of Government has been reorganised and perfected so quickly, that it requires all the efforts of the Education Department to produce from its schools the supply of men capable of taking up the posts in the Government service</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education&rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+Siam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Lloyds+Greater+Britain+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2008&rft.au=W.+G.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Ftwentiethcentury00wrigrich%2Ftwentiethcentury00wrigrich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122010745/http://atcloud.com/stories/38562"><bdi lang="th">บทความ ปรากฏการณ์ผีบุญ</bdi></a>. <i>blog</i> (in Thai). @cloud. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atcloud.com/stories/38562">the original</a> on January 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2011</span>. <q>เป็นกระทงร้อน มากกว่า 2 ปีพจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน ให้ความหมายของ ผีบุญ ไว้ว่า ผู้อวดคุณวิเศษว่ามีฤทธิ์ทําได้ต่าง ๆ อย่างผีสางเทวดาให้คนหลงเชื่อ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatcloud.com%2Fstories%2F38562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_062_1e_Murdoch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1974" class="citation journal cs1">Murdoch, John B (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf">"The 1901-1902 Holy Man's Rebellion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. <b>62</b> (1). Siam Heritage Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+1901-1902+Holy+Man%27s+Rebellion&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1971%2FJSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABOLITION-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABOLITION_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409015327/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2474/A/576.PDF">"ประกาศ เรื่องยุบรวมท้องที่บางมณฑลและบางจังหวัด"</a> [Notice: Abolition of some monthons and provinces] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Royal Thai Government Gazette</i>. <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">576–</span>578. 21 February 1931. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2474/A/576.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E578&rft.date=1931-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2474%2FA%2F576.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamrong_Rajanubhab2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab" title="Damrong Rajanubhab">Damrong Rajanubhab</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/337870/2545_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AF_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0.pdf"><bdi lang="th">เทศาภิบาล</bdi></a> [<i>Thesaphiban</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9743227814" title="Special:BookSources/9743227814"><bdi>9743227814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Matichon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9743227814&rft.au=Damrong+Rajanubhab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.parliament.go.th%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Flirt%2F337870%2F2545_%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A5_%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AF_%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_Bunnag1977" class="citation book cs1">Tej Bunnag (1977). <i>The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892-1915: the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-580343-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-580343-4"><bdi>0-19-580343-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provincial+Administration+of+Siam%2C+1892-1915%3A+the+Ministry+of+the+Interior+under+Prince+Damrong+Rajanubhab&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-580343-4&rft.au=Tej+Bunnag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_Bunnag2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tej Bunnag (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/336748/2548_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0.pdf"><bdi lang="th">การปกครองระบบเทศาภิบาลของประเทศสยาม พ.ศ. 2435–2458</bdi></a> [<i>The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai) (2nd ed.). Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9745719374" title="Special:BookSources/9745719374"><bdi>9745719374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.+2435%E2%80%932458&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thammasat+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9745719374&rft.au=Tej+Bunnag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.parliament.go.th%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Flirt%2F336748%2F2548_%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587_%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%258A_%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonthon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810020207/http://bangkokcouncil.bma.go.th/PHP-Nuke-5.3.1/article.php?sid=29">History of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Obec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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