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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_historia_laburra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintza_ahularen_historia_laburra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Elkarrekintza ahularen historia laburra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_historia_laburra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Elkarrekintza ahularen historia laburra azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_historia_laburra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_erradioaktibitatea_azaltzeko_lehenengo_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_erradioaktibitatea_azaltzeko_lehenengo_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beta erradioaktibitatea azaltzeko lehenengo teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_erradioaktibitatea_azaltzeko_lehenengo_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simetria-hausketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simetria-hausketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Simetria-hausketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simetria-hausketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahula_azaltzeko_teoria_bateratua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintza_ahula_azaltzeko_teoria_bateratua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Elkarrekintza ahula azaltzeko teoria bateratua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahula_azaltzeko_teoria_bateratua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarreko_funtsezko_kontzeptuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarreko_funtsezko_kontzeptuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarreko funtsezko kontzeptuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarreko_funtsezko_kontzeptuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarreko funtsezko kontzeptuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarreko_funtsezko_kontzeptuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atomoa,_partikula_azpiatomikoak_eta_fisika_nuklearra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomoa,_partikula_azpiatomikoak_eta_fisika_nuklearra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atomoa, partikula azpiatomikoak eta fisika nuklearra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomoa,_partikula_azpiatomikoak_eta_fisika_nuklearra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eredu_estandarreko_oinarrizko_partikulak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eredu_estandarreko_oinarrizko_partikulak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eredu estandarreko oinarrizko partikulak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eredu_estandarreko_oinarrizko_partikulak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fermioiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermioiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fermioiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermioiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quarkak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarkak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Quarkak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarkak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leptoiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leptoiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Leptoiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leptoiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosoiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosoiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Bosoiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosoiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_azalpena_eredu_estandarrean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintza_ahularen_azalpena_eredu_estandarrean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elkarrekintza ahularen azalpena eredu estandarrean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_azalpena_eredu_estandarrean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Elkarrekintza ahularen azalpena eredu estandarrean azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_azalpena_eredu_estandarrean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_propietateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintza_ahularen_propietateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elkarrekintza ahularen propietateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintza_ahularen_propietateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiru_motatako_elkarrekintza_ahulak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiru_motatako_elkarrekintza_ahulak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hiru motatako elkarrekintza ahulak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiru_motatako_elkarrekintza_ahulak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_desintegrazioa,_elkarrekintza_ahularen_ondorio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_desintegrazioa,_elkarrekintza_ahularen_ondorio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Beta desintegrazioa, elkarrekintza ahularen ondorio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_desintegrazioa,_elkarrekintza_ahularen_ondorio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elkarrekintza nuklear ahul</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 94 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swak_wisselwerking" title="Swak wisselwerking – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swak wisselwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwache_Wechselwirkung" title="Schwache Wechselwirkung – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwache Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nucleyar_feble" title="Interacción nucleyar feble – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interacción nucleyar feble" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9" title="قوة نووية ضعيفة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة نووية ضعيفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_d%C3%A9bil" title="Interaición débil – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición débil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%BB%D3%A9%D2%99_%D2%AF%D2%99-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8C%D2%AB%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Көсһөҙ үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көсһөҙ үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaunasis_s%C4%81veikav%C4%97ms" title="Liaunasis sāveikavėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Liaunasis sāveikavėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Слабае ўзаемадзеянне – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Слабае ўзаемадзеянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Слабое ўзаемадзеяньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Слабое ўзаемадзеяньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Слабо ядрено взаимодействие – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слабо ядрено взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="দুর্বল নিউক্লিয় বল – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্বল নিউক্লিয় বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaba_interakcija" title="Slaba interakcija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slaba interakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_feble" title="Força nuclear feble – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força nuclear feble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="کارلێکی لاواز – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارلێکی لاواز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab%C3%A1_interakce" title="Slabá interakce – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slabá interakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Вăйсăр хире-хирĕç вăйăм – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăйсăр хире-хирĕç вăйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_gwan" title="Rhyngweithiad gwan – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyngweithiad gwan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svag_kernekraft" title="Svag kernekraft – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svag kernekraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwache_Wechselwirkung" title="Schwache Wechselwirkung – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwache Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Weak interaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malforta_nuklea_forto" title="Malforta nuklea forto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malforta nuklea forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_d%C3%A9bil" title="Interacción débil – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción débil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5rk_vastastikm%C3%B5ju" title="Nõrk vastastikmõju – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõrk vastastikmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%81" title="نیروی هسته‌ای ضعیف – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی هسته‌ای ضعیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikko_vuorovaikutus" title="Heikko vuorovaikutus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heikko vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_faible" title="Interaction faible – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction faible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swakke_kearnkr%C3%AAft" title="Swakke kearnkrêft – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swakke kearnkrêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idirghn%C3%ADomh%C3%BA_lag" title="Idirghníomhú lag – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Idirghníomhú lag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9raksyon_f%C3%A8b" title="Entéraksyon fèb – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entéraksyon fèb" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_d%C3%A9bil" title="Interacción nuclear débil – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción nuclear débil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A9" title="הכוח החלש – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוח החלש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्बल अन्योन्य क्रिया – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्बल अन्योन्य क्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Weak interaction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaba_nuklearna_sila" title="Slaba nuklearna sila – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slaba nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyenge_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1s" title="Gyenge kölcsönhatás – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyenge kölcsönhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%AC_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թույլ փոխազդեցություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թույլ փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_debile" title="Interaction debile – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Interaction debile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_lemah" title="Gaya nuklir lemah – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya nuklir lemah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_debil" title="Interaction debil – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Interaction debil" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veik_v%C3%ADxlverkun" title="Veik víxlverkun – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veik víxlverkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione debole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E3%81%84%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱い相互作用 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="弱い相互作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiik_intarakshan" title="Wiik intarakshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wiik intarakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სუსტი ურთიერთქმედება – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუსტი ურთიერთქმედება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Әлсіз әсерлесу – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлсіз әсерлесу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BD%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="약한 상호작용 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="약한 상호작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Өз ара начар аракеттешүү – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өз ара начар аракеттешүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_debilis" title="Vis debilis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vis debilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silpnoji_s%C4%85veika" title="Silpnoji sąveika – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Silpnoji sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81j%C4%81_mijiedarb%C4%ABba" title="Vājā mijiedarbība – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vājā mijiedarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слабо заемодејство – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слабо заемодејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ദുർബല അണുകേന്ദ്രബലം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുർബല അണുകേന്ദ്രബലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Сул Харилцан Үйлчлэл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сул Харилцан Үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_nukleus_lemah" title="Daya nukleus lemah – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya nukleus lemah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အားနည်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားနည်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swacke_Kraft" title="Swacke Kraft – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swacke Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwakke_kernkracht" title="Zwakke kernkracht – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwakke kernkracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svak_kjernekraft" title="Svak kjernekraft – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svak kjernekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svak_kjernekraft" title="Svak kjernekraft – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svak kjernekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a_nucleara_febla" title="Fòrça nucleara febla – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòrça nucleara febla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_s%C5%82abe" title="Oddziaływanie słabe – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddziaływanie słabe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%91%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="ماڑا میل جول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماڑا میل جول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_fraca" title="Interação fraca – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interação fraca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interac%C8%9Biune_slab%C4%83" title="Interacțiune slabă – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interacțiune slabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Слабое взаимодействие – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слабое взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waik_interaction" title="Waik interaction – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Waik interaction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaba_nuklearna_sila" title="Slaba nuklearna sila – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slaba nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weak interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab%C3%A1_interakcia_hmotn%C3%BDch_objektov" title="Slabá interakcia hmotných objektov – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slabá interakcia hmotných objektov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibka_jedrska_sila" title="Šibka jedrska sila – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šibka jedrska sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABveprimi_i_dob%C3%ABt" title="Bashkëveprimi i dobët – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkëveprimi i dobët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Слаба интеракција – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слаба интеракција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_lemah" title="Gaya nuklir lemah – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gaya nuklir lemah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svag_v%C3%A4xelverkan" title="Svag växelverkan – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svag växelverkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwingiliano_dhaifu" title="Mwingiliano dhaifu – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwingiliano dhaifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வலிகுறை இடைவினை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலிகுறை இடைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างอ่อน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างอ่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksiyong_mahina" title="Interaksiyong mahina – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Interaksiyong mahina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zay%C4%B1f_etkile%C5%9Fim" title="Zayıf etkileşim – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zayıf etkileşim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%8C_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Зәгыйфь тәэсир итешү – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәгыйфь тәэсир итешү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Бот-боттарынче кошкак кылдыныг – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бот-боттарынче кошкак кылдыныг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Слабка взаємодія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слабка взаємодія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84" title="نحیف تفاعل – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحیف تفاعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchsiz_o%CA%BBzaro_ta%CA%BCsir" title="Kuchsiz oʻzaro taʼsir – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuchsiz oʻzaro taʼsir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven_vastami%C5%BEpaineg" title="Ven vastamižpaineg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ven vastamižpaineg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_y%E1%BA%BFu" title="Tương tác yếu – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác yếu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluya_nga_pahilabotay" title="Maluya nga pahilabotay – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maluya nga pahilabotay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弱相互作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שוואכע קראפט – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואכע קראפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弱相互作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jio%CC%8Dk-la%CC%8Dt" title="Jio̍k-la̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jio̍k-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="弱相互作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</p><p><b>Elkarrekintza ahula</b>, <b>elkarrekintza nuklear ahula</b>, <b>indar ahula</b> edo <b>indar nuklear ahula</b> ere baderitzona, partikula subatomikoen arteko elkarrekintza-mekanismoa da. Gaur egun, <i><b>elkarrekintza ahula</b></i> teminoa hobesten da, inguruko hizkuntzetan egiten den antzera —"weak interaction" ingelesez, "interacción débil" gaztelaniaz, eta "inteaction faible" frantsesez—, zeren, efektu erakarle edo aldarazleak sortzeaz gain, elkarrekintza ahulak partikulen izaera-aldaketa ere sor baitezake. Bestalde, "ahul" deritzo beraren indarra <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza">elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz</a>ean agertzen den indarra baino <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{13}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{13}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf3295e5df223a0a3d04848d9a7a32e144947373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.201ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{13}}"></span> aldiz txikiagoa delako. Elkarrekintza ahula irismen oso laburrekoa da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> m</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64b74660431628fd29d481c4c048615edfc2d05d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}"></span>; nolanahi ere, distantzia txiki horietan, elkarrekintza grabitatorioa baino askoz intentsoagoa da. Indar nuklear ahulak garrantzi handia du <a href="/wiki/Fisio_nuklear" title="Fisio nuklear">fisio nuklear</a>rean, zeren <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">nukleo</a>aren eremu oso txikietan eragiten baitu, distantzia subatomikoetan hain zuzen ere. Naturan ageri diren lau oinarrizko elkarrekintzetako bat da <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetismoa">elektromagnetismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza">indar nuklear bortitz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Grabitazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitazioa">grabitazioarekin</a> batera. </p><p>Elkarrekintza ahularen efekturik ezagunenak <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">beta desintegrazioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibitatea">erradioaktibitatea</a> dira. Halaber, izarretan gertatzen den <a href="/wiki/Fusio_nuklear" title="Fusio nuklear">fusio nuklear</a>raren jatorrian ere badago. Elkarrekintza ahulak eragina du <a href="/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi">fermioi</a> ezagun guztietan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>etan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen Fisikako</a> <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarrean</a>, elkarrekintza ahula <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"></span> bosoien</a> partekatzearen ondorioa dela esaten da. Hauek energia oso altuetan gauzatzen direnez, <a href="/wiki/Heisenbergen_ziurgabetasunaren_printzipioa" title="Heisenbergen ziurgabetasunaren printzipioa">Heisenberg-en ziurgabetasun-printzipioari</a> jarraituz, hots, </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E\cdot \Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E\cdot \Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3c127077c67b088ab8df93152e82231b63fa0ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.054ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E\cdot \Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}},}"></span> </p><p>erreakzioak oso bizitza laburrekoak izaten dira. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elkarrekintza_ahularen_historia_laburra">Elkarrekintza ahularen historia laburra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintza ahularen historia laburra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintza ahularen historia laburra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/100px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/151px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/201px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption>Henry Becquerel</figcaption></figure><p>Elkarrekintza ahularekin erlazionaturiko fenomenoak ezezagunak ziren XIX. mendearen bukaera arte, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henry Becquerel</a>-ek (1852-1908) 1896an aurkitu baitzuen <i><a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibitatea">erradioaktibitatea</a></i> izeneko fenomeno berria. Hortik aurrera, arlo horretako garapena gertatu zen, eta hainbat ikerkuntza egin ziren fenomeno berri hori ulertzeko, <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear">fisika nuklearra</a> garatzeko eta fenomeno berriak azalduko zituen teoria egokia osatzeko. Atal honetan, elkarrekintza ahularen teoria osatzeko bidean emaniko pauso batzuk aipatuko dira. </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png/120px-Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png/180px-Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png/240px-Enrico_Fermi_ID_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Enrico Fermi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_erradioaktibitatea_azaltzeko_lehenengo_teoria">Beta erradioaktibitatea azaltzeko lehenengo teoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beta erradioaktibitatea azaltzeko lehenengo teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Beta erradioaktibitatea azaltzeko lehenengo teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esan bezala, erradioaktibitatea 1896an aurkitu zen, eta, handik gutxira, 1898an, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> (1871-1937) konturatu zen <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranio</a>dun mineral batean bi erradiazio desberdin emititzen zirela, <a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo"><i>alfa</i> (α) eta <i>beta</i> (β) motako erradioaktibitateak</a> deituko zirenak. Geroago, XX. mendearen lehen laurdenean, hainbat aurrerapen egin ziren prozesu erradioaktiboetan gertatzen ziren energia-galerak ezagutzeko. Horietan oinarriturik, 1930ean, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>-k (1900-1958) iradoki zuen partikula neutro oso arina baina ordura arte behatu gabea emititu behar zela, geroago <i><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>a</i> deituko zena. Datu horiek kontuan izanik, 1933an, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1901-1954) fisikari italiarrak β erradioaktibitatearen teoria proposatu zuen. Teoria horrek lau fermioirekin (neutroia, protoia, elektroia eta neutrinoa) gertaturiko elkarrekintzak aurreikusten zituen, nolabait elkarrekintza ahularen lehen bertsioa osatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chien-Shiung_Wu_(1912-1997)_in_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/120px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/180px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/239px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Chien Shiung Wu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simetria-hausketa">Simetria-hausketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Simetria-hausketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Simetria-hausketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ispilu arrunt baten begiratzen badugu, izadiaren legeek berdinak izaten jarraitzen dute. Hau da, edozein esperimentutan <a href="/wiki/Euklidear_espazio" title="Euklidear espazio">espazio euklidear</a> guztiak inbertituz gero, neurketak mantendu egiten dira normalean. Fenomeno horri, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paridad_(f%C3%ADsica)" class="extiw" title="es:Paridad (física)">paritatearen</a> kontserbazio-legea deritzo. Lege hori, grabitazio klasikoaren eta elektromagnetismoaren teorietan, errespetatu egiten da; beraz, lege unibertsala zela uste izan zen denbora luzez. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chien-Shiung_Wu_(1912-1997)_in_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg/220px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg/330px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg/440px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Chien-Shiung Wu 1963an Colombiako unibertsitatean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hala ere, 1950eko hamarkadan zehar, <a href="/wiki/Chen-Ning_Yang" title="Chen-Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a>-ek eta <a href="/wiki/Tsung_Dao_Lee" title="Tsung Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>-k, kalkulu matematikoan oinarrituz, elkarrekintza nuklear ahulean lege hori apur zitekeela esan zuten. Geroago, 1957an hain zuzen, <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien Shiung Wu</a>-k eta haren lankideek Lee-k eta Yang-ek aurresandakoa esperimentalki frogatzeko gai izan ziren. Horri esker, aipatutako ikerlartzile-taldeak <a href="/wiki/Fisikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Fisikako Nobel Saria">1957ko Fisikako Nobel Saria</a> irabazi zuen. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elkarrekintza ahula lau fermioiren arteko kontaktu-elkarrekintza moduan azaltzen bada ere (Fermiren teoria), paritatearen apurketaren frogapenak ikuspuntu berri bat eskatzen zuen. Horri erantzuna ematekotan, 1957. urtean, Robert Mershak-ek, George Sudarshan-ek eta, geroago, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>-ek eta <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>-ek <b>V-A</b> (Bektore bat ken bektore axial edo lebogiro bat) <a href="/wiki/Lagrangear_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lagrangear (argipena)">lagrangearra</a> proposatu zuten elkarrekintza ahulak azaltzeko. Proposamen horren arabera, elkarrekintza ahulak partikula lebogiroetan eta antipartikula destrogiroetan soilik dauka eragina. Partikula lebogiro baten ispilu-irudia partikula destrogiro bat denez (eta alderantziz), Fermiren teoria horrek paritatearen apurketa azaltzen du. </p><p>Hala ere, teoria horrek CP simetriaren kontserbazioa ahalbidetzen du. CP simetria bi simetria motaren konbinazioa da: P simetria (ispilu-inbertsioa) eta C simetria (partikula-antipartikula trukatzea). Baina ezusteko berri bat izan zuten fisikariek 1964. urtean. <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a>-ek eta Val Fitch-ek kaoi baten desintegrazioa burutu zutenean, argi ikusi zen CP simetria apurtu egin zitekeela. Horri esker, Nobel Saria irabazi zuten 1980an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elkarrekintza_ahula_azaltzeko_teoria_bateratua">Elkarrekintza ahula azaltzeko teoria bateratua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintza ahula azaltzeko teoria bateratua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintza ahula azaltzeko teoria bateratua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Simetria-hausturaren aurkikuntzak areagotu egin zuen arlo horretako ikerkuntza teorikoa, eta, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1918-1988) eta <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>-en (1929-2019) bultzadarekin, proposamenak egin ziren Fermiren teoria aldatzeko bi hamarkadatan zehar.  Azkenean, urte horietan eginiko lanaren emaitza modura, 1968an, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> (1932), <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1926-1996) eta <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1933) lankideek <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_elektromagnetiko" title="Elkarrekintza elektromagnetiko">indar elektromagnetikoaren</a> eta elkarrekintza ahularen teoriak bateratu zituzten. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steven Weinberg"><img alt="Steven Weinberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/160px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/240px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/320px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheldon Glashow"><img alt="Sheldon Glashow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/160px-Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheldon Glashow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdus Salam"><img alt="Abdus Salam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif/133px-Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif/200px-Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Professor_Abdus_Salam.gif 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abdus Salam</div> </li> </ul> <p>Frogatu zutenez, bi indarrok indar bakar baten bi aldaera dira, orain indar elektroahula deritzona, eta, horri esker, 1979an, hirurok batera Fisikako Nobel saria jaso zuten elkarreragin ahularen eta interakzio elektromagnetikoaren arteko bateratze teorikoari egindako ekarpenengatik. Hala, <i><b>elkarrekintza elektroahularen eredu estandarra</b></i> sortu zuten. Haren existentzia bi etapatan frogatu zen esperimentalki. Lehenik eta behin, 1973an korronte neutroak aurkitu ziren. Gero, 1 <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi">W eta Z bosoien</a> frogatu zen teorikoki, baina horien existentzia ez zen 1983. urtera arte berretsi esperimentu bidez.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hain zuzen ere,1984an, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>-k (1934) eta <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>-ek (1925-2011) Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuten esperientzia horiekin egindako ekarpenagatik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Weak_Decay_(flipped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg/280px-Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg/420px-Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg/560px-Weak_Decay_%28flipped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Kargatutako interakzio ahularen ondoriozko desintegrazio-bideak irudikatzen dituen diagrama eta haien probabilitatearen zantzuren bat. Lerroen intentsitatea CKM parametroak ematen du.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elektrikoki kargatutako interakzio ahula berezia da hainbat alderditan: </p> <ul><li>Quark eta leptoien <a href="/wiki/Zapore_(fisika)" title="Zapore (fisika)">zaporea</a> alda dezakeen elkarrekintza bakarra da (hau da, quark mota bat beste batean aldatzea)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b><big>P</big></b> edo pareko simetria urratzen duen elkarrekintza bakarra da. Gainera, karga-paritatearen <b><big>CP</big></b> simetria urratzen duen bakarra da.</li> <li>Bai elektrikoki kargatutako elkarrekintzak, bai elektrikoki neutrokoak masa esanguratsuak dituzten <a href="/wiki/Gauge_bosoi" title="Gauge bosoi">indar-eramaile partikulen</a> bitartez (hedatu) dira, <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarrean</a> Higgs mekanismoaren bidez azaltzen den ezaugarri ezohikoa.</li></ul> <p>Beren masa handia dela eta (90 GeV/c<sup>2</sup> gutxi gorabehera<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) W eta Z bosoi izeneko partikula garraiatzaile horiek iraupen laburra dute 10-24 segundo baino gutxiagoko bizitzarekin<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Interakzio ahulak 10<sup>−7</sup> eta 10<sup>−6</sup> arteko akoplamendu-konstantea du (interakzioaren zenbateko maiztasunaren adierazlea), 10<sup>−2</sup> inguruko akoplamendu elektromagnetikoko konstantearekin eta 1-eko elkarrekintza sendoko akoplamendu-konstantearekin alderatuta<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; ondorioz, interakzio ahula, izan ere, <i>ahula</i> da intentsitate aldetik<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Elkarrekintza ahulak irismen eraginkor oso laburra du (10<sup>−17</sup> eta 10<sup>−16</sup> m inguru)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Oh 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 10<sup>−18</sup> metro inguruko distantziara, ahulak. elkarrekintzak indar elektromagnetikoaren antzeko intentsitatea du, baina, distantzia handituz gero, murrizten hasten da esponentzialki. Magnitude orden eta erdi eskalatuta, 3×10<sup>−17</sup> m inguruko distantziara, elkarrekintza ahula 10.000 aldiz ahulagoa da<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Interakzio ahulak <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarreko</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi">fermioi</a> guztiei eragiten die, baita <a href="/wiki/Higgs_bosoi" title="Higgs bosoi">Higgs bosoiari</a> ere; <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinoek</a> grabitatearen eta elkarrekintza ahulen bidez soilik elkarreragiten dute. Elkarrekintza ahulak ez du lotura-egoerarik sortzen, ezta <a href="/wiki/Lotze-energia" title="Lotze-energia">lotura-energiarik</a> ere; grabitateak, <a href="/wiki/Distantzia_kosmikoen_eskailera" title="Distantzia kosmikoen eskailera">eskala astronomikoan</a> egiten duen zerbait, indar elektromagnetikoak maila molekularrean eta atomikoan egiten du, eta indar nuklear indartsuak maila azpiatomikoan bakarrik egiten du, <a href="/wiki/Nukleo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nukleo">nukleoen</a> barruan<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Beraren efektu nabarmenena haren lehen ezaugarri bereziari zor zaio: interakzio ahulak eta kargatuak zapore aldaketa eragiten du. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroi</a> bat <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a> bat baino astunagoa da (bere kide <a href="/wiki/Nukleoi" title="Nukleoi">nukleoia</a>), eta <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a> batean desintegra daiteke bere behe quark baten <a href="/wiki/Zapore_(fisika)" title="Zapore (fisika)">zaporea</a> (mota) goi quark batera aldatuz. Ez <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz">elkarrekintza sendoak</a> ez <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoak</a> ez dute zaporea aldatzea ahalbidetzen, beraz, hori desintegrazio ahulean bakarrik egin daiteke; desintegrazio ahula izan gabe, quark propietateak, hala nola bitxikeria eta xarma (hurrenez hurren, quark arraroarekin eta xarma quarkarekin lotutakoak) elkarrekintza guztietan mantenduko lirateke. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesoi" title="Mesoi">Mesoi</a> guztiak ezegonkorrak dira desintegrazio ahulagatik<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Oh 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">Beta desintegrazio</a> gisa ezagutzen den prozesuan, neutroiaren behe quark bat goi quark bihur daiteke W<sup>−</sup> bosoi birtual bat igorriz, gero elektroi eta elektroi antineutrino batean desintegratzen dena<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste adibide bat <a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">elektroi-harrapaketa</a> da –<a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren</a> aldaera ohikoa– atomo baten barruan protoi bat eta elektroi bat elkarreragiten duten eta neutroi bihurtzen diren (goi quark bat behe quark bihurtzen da), eta elektroi neutrino bat igortzen da. </p><p>W bosoien masa handiak direla eta, elkarrekintza ahularen araberakoak diren partikulen eraldaketak edo desintegrazioak (adibidez, zapore-aldaketak), normalean, indar indartsu edo elektromagnetikoen menpe dauden eraldaketak edo desintegrazioak baino askoz motelago gertatzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Oh 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Pioi" title="Pioi">pioi</a> neutro bat elektromagnetikoki desintegratzen da, eta, beraz, 10<sup>-16</sup> segundo inguruko bizitza du. Aitzitik, kargatutako pioi bat elkarrekintza ahulen bidez bakarrik desintegra daiteke, eta, beraz, 10<sup>-8</sup> segundo inguru bizi da, edo pioi neutro bat baino ehun milioi aldiz gehiago bizi da<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adibide bereziki muturreko bat da neutroi aske baten desintegrazioa indar ahulagatik, zeinak 15 minutu inguru irauten duen<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarreko_funtsezko_kontzeptuak">Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarreko funtsezko kontzeptuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarreko funtsezko kontzeptuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarreko funtsezko kontzeptuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hemeretzigarren eta hogeigarren mendeetan. hainbeste aurkikuntza egin ziren materiaren izaerarekin eta elkarrekintzekin zerikusia duten partikulekin. Eta aurrerapausoak, banan-banan emanez, atomoaren barneko izaera ikertzean ordura arte ezezagunak ziren gero eta partikula gehiago aurkitu ziren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomoa,_partikula_azpiatomikoak_eta_fisika_nuklearra"><span id="Atomoa.2C_partikula_azpiatomikoak_eta_fisika_nuklearra"></span>Atomoa, partikula azpiatomikoak eta fisika nuklearra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Atomoa, partikula azpiatomikoak eta fisika nuklearra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Atomoa, partikula azpiatomikoak eta fisika nuklearra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Daltonek</a>, 1803. urtean, oinarri zientifikoak izan zituen nolabaiteko eredu atomiko proposatu zuen , baina <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>-ek egindako <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a>aren aurkikuntzari esker proposatu zuen bere izena daraman lehenengo <a href="/wiki/Eredu_atomikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eredu atomikoa">eredu atomikoa</a>, 1897an. Geroago, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a>ek osatu zuen eredu hura nukleoaren barnean <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a>ak (1918) eta <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroi</a>ak (1920) zeudela azalduz. Horrela, lehenengo aldiz aipatu ziren <a href="/wiki/Partikula_azpiatomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikula azpiatomiko">partikula azpiatomikoak</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png/400px-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png/600px-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png/800px-Oinarrizko_partikulen_eredu_estandarra.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Oinarrizko partikulen eredu estandarra. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eredu_estandarreko_oinarrizko_partikulak">Eredu estandarreko oinarrizko partikulak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eredu estandarreko oinarrizko partikulak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eredu estandarreko oinarrizko partikulak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hogeigarren mendearen bigarren erdialdean egindako hainbat lan teoriko eta esperimentalen ondorioz, hasierako hiru partikula azpiatomikoen oinarrian, beste hainbat partikula eta elkarrekintza agertu ziren. Horiek guztiak eskematikoki adierazita daude alboko taula eskematikoan. Bertan, partikula bakoitzari dagokion <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{eV/c}}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>eV/c</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{eV/c}}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e3343885e94dd0ca64bfbaf080e7b7749ec48a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.025ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{eV/c}}^{2}}"></span>unitatetan), <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga</a> (elektroiaren karga unitatetzat hartuta), <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spina</a> eta izena adierazita eta mota bakoitzekoak kolorez bereizita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fermioiak">Fermioiak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fermioiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Fermioiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi">Fermioi</a>ak materia-partikulak direla esan dezakegu, horien bidez osaturik baitaude elkarrakzioak jasaten ditu partikula materiadunak; materiaren osagaiak direla esan dezakegu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Quarkak">Quarkak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Quarkak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Quarkak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg/126px-Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg/188px-Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg/251px-Murray_Gell-Mann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Murray Gell-Mann.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarkak</a> materiaren funtsezko osagaiak dira leptoiekin batera. Are gehiago, quarkak dira lau funtsezko elkarrekintzak eragina jasaten duten partikula bakarrak. Masari eta tamainari dagokionez, gluoien antzekoak dira. Quark guztien spina ½ baliokoa da; hargatik dira fermioiak.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quarken ereduaren bitartez, azpiegitura duten <a href="/wiki/Barioi" title="Barioi">barioi</a>ak eta <a href="/wiki/Mesoi" title="Mesoi">mesoi</a>ak (edo, beste hitzetan esanda, <a href="/wiki/Hadroi" title="Hadroi">hadroi</a>en multzo osoa) era sinplean deskribatzen dira quarkak eta horien arteko elkarrekintzak erabiliz. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>-ek eta George Zweigek, nork bere aldetik, proposatu zuten quarken eredua 1964. urtean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Leptoiak">Leptoiak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Leptoiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Leptoiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leptoi" title="Leptoi">Leptoiak</a> fermioien familiako oinarrizko partikulen familia baten parte dira. Quark-ak bezala, fermioiak dira, baina, quarkak ez bezala, ez dute elkarrekintza bortitzik jasaten. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:SatyenBose1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/120px-SatyenBose1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/180px-SatyenBose1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/239px-SatyenBose1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Satyendra Nath Bose</figcaption></figure> <p>Leptoiek ez dute <a href="/wiki/Hadroi" title="Hadroi">karga hadronikorik</a> edo kolorezkorik. Sei motatako leptoi existitzen dira, eta bakoitzak bere <a href="/wiki/Antipartikula" title="Antipartikula">antipartikula</a> du: <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muoi" title="Muoi">muoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tau_(partikula)" title="Tau (partikula)">tau</a>a eta horietako bakoitzari lotutako hiru <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>. Elektroiak, muoiak, eta tauak karga elektrikoa dute, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm 1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm 1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9a9a4a68bb3a42767b813bd7e8802787d9e330a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm 1/2}"></span> balioko spina dute; neutrinoek ez dute kargarik, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e308a3a46b7fdce07cc09dcab9e8d8f73e37d935" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.487ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/2}"></span> balioko spina dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosoiak">Bosoiak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bosoiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bosoiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eredu estandarraren arabera, oinarrizko lau <a href="/wiki/Gauge_bosoi" title="Gauge bosoi">gauge-bosoi</a> daude: <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluoi" title="Gluoi">gluoiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Z</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99f643acd962d347b3e6e43f7154653d770a5b76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.42ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c2d00245e075824f4e403c08e4d8a4ab43bac58" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.389ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}"></span> bosoi</a> izenekoak. Horiez gain,berriki aurkitutako <a href="/wiki/Higgs_bosoi" title="Higgs bosoi">Higgs bosoia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Grabitoi" title="Grabitoi">grabitoia</a> (oraindik hipotesi modura proposatua) ere hartu behar dira kontuan. Bosoi izena <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> (1894-1974) fisikari bengalarraren omenez jarri zitzaien. Bosoi horiek dira oinarrizko lau elkarrekintzetan parte hartzen dutenak: fotoiek elkarrekintza elektromagnetikoan, gluoiek elkarrekintza nuklear bortitzean; Z eta W bosoiek ekarrekintza ahulean; oraindik detektatu gabeko grabitoiak elkarrekintza grabitatorioan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert_and_Peter_Higgs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>François Englert eta Peter Higgs</figcaption></figure> <p>Aipamen berezia merezi du Higgs bosoiak. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs-</a>en omenez jarri zitzaion izena; izan ere, beste batzuekin batera, 1964an, hark proposatu zuen gaur egun Higgs-en mekanismoa deritzona oinarrizko partikulen masaren jatorria azaltzeko. Askoz geroago, 2012ko uztailaren 4an, <a href="/wiki/Ikerketa_Nuklearrerako_Europako_Kontseilua" title="Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Kontseilua">Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Kontseilua (CERN)</a> izeneko erakundeak partikula berri baten behaketa lortua zela iragarri zuen, «<i>Higgs-en bosoiarekin bat zetorrena</i>».<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baina oraindik denbora eta datu gehiago behar ziren hori baieztatzeko. Azkenik, 2013ko martxoaren 14an, aurreko urteko uztaileko aurkikuntzan erabilitako datuak baino bi aldiz gehiago izanik, CERNek egiaztatu zuen partikula berria Higgs bosoiaren antz handia zuela. Eta, 2013ko urriaren 8an, Fisikako Nobel Saria eman zioten Peter Higgs-i, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>-ekin batera, «<i>partikula subatomikoen masaren jatorria ulertzen laguntzen digun mekanismo baten aurkikuntza teorikoagatik, eta duela gutxi Hadroien Talka-eragingailu handian ATLAS eta CMS esperimentuek iragarritako oinarrizko partikularen detekzioari esker</i>».<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elkarrekintza_ahularen_azalpena_eredu_estandarrean">Elkarrekintza ahularen azalpena eredu estandarrean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintza ahularen azalpena eredu estandarrean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintza ahularen azalpena eredu estandarrean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen fisikaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarrean</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi">W<sup>+</sup>, W<sup>−</sup> eta Z bosoien</a> trukeak eragiten du elkarrekintza ahula. Eraginik ezagunena, β erradioaktibitatea da. Partikula gehienak elkarrekintza ahulak eragindako desintegrazioaren mende daude. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c2d00245e075824f4e403c08e4d8a4ab43bac58" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.389ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{W}}}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Z</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99f643acd962d347b3e6e43f7154653d770a5b76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.42ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Z}}}"></span> bosoiek oso masa handia dute, eta horregatik dute oso irismen laburra. Bestalde, elkarrekintza ahularen intentsitatea elkarrekintza elektromagnetikoarena eta elkarrekintza nuklear bortitzarena baino askoz txikiagoa izan da zenbait magnitude-ordenatan. Hortik datorkio "ahul" adjektiboa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen fisika</a> <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarrak</a> interakzio elektromagnetikoak, ahulak eta indartsuak, ulertzeko esparru uniforme bat eskaintzen du. Elkarreragin bat gertatzen da bi partikulek (normalean, baina ez derrigorrez, erdi oso diren <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> fermioiak) spin-oso indarra duten <a href="/wiki/Bosoi" title="Bosoi">bosoiak</a> trukatzen dituztenean. Truke horietan parte hartzen duten <a href="/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi">fermioiak</a> oinarrizkoak (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarkak</a>) edo konposatuak (esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoiak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroiak</a>) izan daitezke, nahiz eta, maila sakonenetan, elkarrekintza ahul guztiak oinarrizko partikulen artekoak izan azken finean. </p><p>Elkarrekintza ahulean, fermioiek hiru indar-eramaile truka ditzakete, hots, <a href="/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi">W<sup>+</sup>, W<sup>−</sup> eta Z bosoiak</a>. Bosoi horien masak protoi edo neutroi baten masa baino askoz handiagoak dira, indar ahularen tarte laburrarekin bat datorrena<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izan ere, indarrari ahula deritzo edozein distantziatan duen <a href="/wiki/Eremu-intentsitate" title="Eremu-intentsitate">eremu-intentsitatea</a>, normalean, indar elektromagnetikoarena baino magnitude-ordena txikiagoa duelako, hau da, indar nuklear indartsua baino magnitude ordena txikiagoa. </p><p>Elkarekintza ahula paritate-simetria hausten duen oinarrizko interakzio bakarra da, eta, modu berean (baina askoz ere gutxiagotan), karga-parekidetasunaren simetria hausteko elkarrekintza bakarra. </p><p>Partikula konposatuak osatzen dituztenak, hala nola Quarkak, neutroiak eta protoiak, sei <i>zapore</i> dituzte (goi, behe, arraro, xarma, goiko eta beheko), eta partikula konposatu horiei propietateak ematen dizkiete. Elkarreragin ahula berezia da, quark-ek beren zaporea beste batekin trukatzeko aukera ematen baitu. Propietate horien trukea indar-eramaileen bosoien bitartez egiten da. Esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">beta-minus desintegrazioan</a>, neutroi baten barruan dagoen behe quark bat goi quark bihurtzen da horrela neutroia protoi bihurtuz, eta, hala, elektroi baten eta elektroi antineutrino baten igorpena eragiten du. </p><p>Interakzio ahula garrantzitsua da izar batean ematen den hidrogenoa helioan fusioan. Hori da protoi bat (<a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenoa</a>) neutroi bihur dezakeelako <a href="/wiki/Deuterio" title="Deuterio">deuterioa</a> eratzeko, eta hori garrantzitsua da fusio nuklearraren jarraipenerako helioa sortzeko. Neutroien metaketak izar batean, nukleo astunak sortzea errazten du<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fermoi gehienak denboran zehar interakzio ahul baten ondorioz desintegratzen dira. Desintegrazio horrek <a href="/wiki/Karbono-14_bidezko_datazioa" title="Karbono-14 bidezko datazioa">erradiokarbonoaren</a> datazioa posible egiten du, <a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">karbono-14</a> nitrogeno-14arekiko elkarrekintza ahulean desintegratzen baita. Erradiolumineszentzia ere sor dezake, normalean, tritio-lumineszentzian eta <a href="/wiki/Sorgailu_betavoltaiko" title="Sorgailu betavoltaiko">betavoltaikoen</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erlazionatutako eremuan (baina ez antzeko erradio-lumineszentzia). </p><p>Indar elektroahula hasierako unibertsoko quark garaian indar elektromagnetiko eta ahuletan banatu zela uste da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elkarrekintza_ahularen_propietateak">Elkarrekintza ahularen propietateak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintza ahularen propietateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintza ahularen propietateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarkei</a> eta ezkerreko <a href="/wiki/Kiralitate_(fisika)" title="Kiralitate (fisika)">kiralitatea</a> duten <a href="/wiki/Leptoi" title="Leptoi">leptoiei</a> eragiten die elkarrekintza ahulak. Grabitateaz aparte, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinoen</a> gainean eragiten duen indar bakarra da. Horrez gain, badaude elkarrekintza nuklear ahulak soilik erakusten dituen propietate berezi batzuk: </p> <ol><li>Quarken <a href="/wiki/Zapore_(fisika)" title="Zapore (fisika)">zaporea</a> alda dezakeen elkarrekintza bakarra da.</li> <li>Paritate-simetria apurtzen duen elkarrekintza bakarra da, 1957. urtean <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">C.-S. Wu-k</a> kobaltoaren esperimentuan frogatu zuen moduan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Masa handiko <a href="/wiki/Gauge_bosoi" title="Gauge bosoi">partikula indar-eramaleen</a> (gauge bosoiak) bidez hedatzen da elkarrekintza ahula, eta hori nahiko ezaugarri ezohikoa da. Hori azaldu ahal izateko, <a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarrean</a> aurki dezakegun Higgsen Mekanismora jo behar dugu.</li></ol> <p>Elkarrekintza ahula garraiatzen duten partikulen masa hain handia denez <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ccb001e791b6a7340825e0e0b1a60e4e03f3d78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{90 GeV/}}c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>90 GeV/</mtext> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{90 GeV/}}c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/249fe50f750909c049a8f314c5d7f7812569186c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.729ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{90 GeV/}}c^{2}}"></span>-tik gertu<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/775c8f99fbc2db4ef20dd618a468f110bae7bd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )}"></span>, haien <a href="/wiki/Batez_besteko_bizitza_(fisika)" title="Batez besteko bizitza (fisika)">batez besteko bizitza</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3\cdot 10^{-27}{\text{ s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> s</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3\cdot 10^{-27}{\text{ s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/537a273c89930d74d70168940de9a9c679b70610" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.818ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3\cdot 10^{-27}{\text{ s}}}"></span> ingurukoa da gehienez, <a href="/wiki/Heisenbergen_ziurgabetasunaren_printzipioa" title="Heisenbergen ziurgabetasunaren printzipioa">ziurgabetasun-printzipioaren</a> ondorioz. <a href="/wiki/Batez_besteko_bizitza_(fisika)" title="Batez besteko bizitza (fisika)">Bizitza-erdi</a> labur horrek elkarrekintza ahularen irismena <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> m</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64b74660431628fd29d481c4c048615edfc2d05d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-18}{\text{ m}}}"></span>-ra mugatzen du, hau da, <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">atomoaren nukleoaren</a> diametroa baino mila aldiz distantzia txikiagora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiru_motatako_elkarrekintza_ahulak">Hiru motatako elkarrekintza ahulak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hiru motatako elkarrekintza ahulak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Hiru motatako elkarrekintza ahulak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oinarrizko hiru motatako elkarrekintza ahul ditugu. Horietako bitan, bosoi kargatuek hartzen dute parte, eta "<i>korronte kargatuko elkarrekintzak</i>" direla esaten da. Hirugarren motari "<i>korronte neutroko elkarrekintza</i>" deritzo. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptoi" title="Leptoi">Leptoi</a> kargatu batek (adibidez <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a> bat edo <a href="/wiki/Muoi" title="Muoi">muoi</a> bat) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> bosoi bat hartu edo eman dezake, eta, horrela, bosoi hori dagokion neutrino bihurtu. Esate baterako,</li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}+W^{+}\longrightarrow \nu _{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}+W^{+}\longrightarrow \nu _{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/116821ef8a5114aa9c127c703116e59ae0de6d67" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.239ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}+W^{+}\longrightarrow \nu _{\mu }}"></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behe_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Behe quark">Behe-quark</a> batek (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span> balioko karga duena) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> bosoi bat hartu edo eman dezake, eta, horrela, bosoia <a href="/wiki/Goi_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Goi quark">goi-quark</a> bihurtu. Alderantziz ere gerta daiteke, eta goi-quark batek behe-quark bat ematen du orduan.<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d+W^{+}\longrightarrow u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d+W^{+}\longrightarrow u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/369524b46f58c39156e58ffba1edd4a6fa724f6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.5ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d+W^{+}\longrightarrow u}"></span>Bestelako aldaketak ere gerta daitezke quarketan:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c+W^{-}\longrightarrow s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c+W^{-}\longrightarrow s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0e15d91584203d10bb42877c106e9c04aaf1534" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.052ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c+W^{-}\longrightarrow s}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d\longrightarrow u+W^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\longrightarrow u+W^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ab05031428d03d854e237c48392d418022faab7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.5ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\longrightarrow u+W^{-}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\longrightarrow s+W^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\longrightarrow s+W^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d618f5e7dfb76243ff29c360871b0a018bd0b229" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.052ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\longrightarrow s+W^{+}}"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Leptoi batek edo (quark batek) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z^{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z^{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55d38fc33d7f7d43b807ba8e0f54ba56741be5cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.763ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z^{0}}"></span> bosoi bat hartu edo eman dezake:</li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{-}\longrightarrow e^{-}+Z^{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{-}\longrightarrow e^{-}+Z^{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac879ad11ac880ef8e7e5ee43f1f42d482e17496" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.887ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{-}\longrightarrow e^{-}+Z^{0}}"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Beta-minus_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/220px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/330px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/440px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b53cf601b551f4a21f29eaa9aff222b901988e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.848ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"></span> desintegrazioaren eskema.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/220px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/330px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/440px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Feynman-en diagrama honetan <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroi</a> baten desintegrazioa adierazten da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3348daa98275ffdd7f1f43fd4e169df4419260" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.019ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"></span> bosoia igortzean, protoia, elektroia (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b53cf601b551f4a21f29eaa9aff222b901988e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.848ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"></span>) eta neutrinoa sortzen dira.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_desintegrazioa,_elkarrekintza_ahularen_ondorio"><span id="Beta_desintegrazioa.2C_elkarrekintza_ahularen_ondorio"></span>Beta desintegrazioa, elkarrekintza ahularen ondorio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beta desintegrazioa, elkarrekintza ahularen ondorio»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Beta desintegrazioa, elkarrekintza ahularen ondorio"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta desintegrazioa, adibidez, aldi berean gertatutako bi korronte kargatuen arteko elkarrekintzen ondorio zuzena da. Korronte neutroko elkarrekintza 1974an ikusi zen lehen aldiz neutrinoen sakabanatzea gauzatzen zuen esperimentu batean. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b53cf601b551f4a21f29eaa9aff222b901988e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.848ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"></span> desintegrazioan, <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_ahul" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza ahul">elkarrekintza ahularen</a> ondorioz, neutroi batetik (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce441f14dfb13510b4a0d05da510cc23184fd95b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{0}}"></span>) hiru partikula sortzen dira: protoi bat, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e702d92da0122e7e1ff59eb4f7c8167dfb087d7b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p^{+}}"></span>, elektroi bat, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a972f527de5406fb3c965ac407c64b9aa3957ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.594ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{-}}"></span>, eta <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" title="Antineutrino">antineutrino</a> bat, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/572d127df4795701cee37524b3b168f9a5db99d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.315ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"></span>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{0}\rightarrow p^{+}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{0}\rightarrow p^{+}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a251452d96d9c379bc8f08c1caa373a9d7f4253d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.98ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{0}\rightarrow p^{+}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}.}"></span> </p><p>Alboko irudian ageri den Feynman-en diagraman erakusten den moduan, prozesu horretan <a href="/wiki/Behe_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Behe quark">down quark</a> bat <a href="/wiki/Goi_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Goi quark">up quark</a> bihurtzen da <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3348daa98275ffdd7f1f43fd4e169df4419260" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.019ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"></span> bosoi bat igortzean, eta, horrela, neutroia protoi bihurtzen da; segidan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3348daa98275ffdd7f1f43fd4e169df4419260" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.019ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W^{-}}"></span> bosoia desintegratu egiten da elektroi bat (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b53cf601b551f4a21f29eaa9aff222b901988e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.848ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ^{-}}"></span> erradiazioa) eta antineutrino elektroniko bat sortuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; 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I»</a> <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i> 88 (3-4): 161–177.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01351864">10.1007/BF01351864</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0044-3328">0044-3328</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-03-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_experiment"><i>Wu-ren esperimentua. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 15/03/2018)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Cottingham & Greenwood (1986, 2001), p.8. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Partikulen zaporea aldatzeko duen gaitasun berezia dela eta, elkarrekintza ahularen analisiari noizean behin zapore kuantikoen dinamika deitzen zaio, batzuetan indar indartsuarentzat erabiltzen den kromodinamika kuantiko izenarekin analogian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFal)2006-07">al), (W-M. 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(2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720004912/http://physnet2.pa.msu.edu/home/modules/pdf_modules/m281.pdf">The Weak Interaction</a>" (PDF). <i>Physnet</i>. Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.particleadventure.org/electroweak.html">Electroweak</a>". <i>The Particle Adventure</i>. Particle Data Group. Retrieved 3 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGreinerM?ller2009">Greiner, Walter; M?ller, Berndt.  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N.; Greenwood, D. A..  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Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521313926</li> <li>Richard Feynman (1967) <i>The Character of Physical Law</i>. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56003-8</li> <li>Schumm, Bruce A. (2004) <i>Deep Down Things</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN13 9780801879715</li> <li>Steven Weinberg (1993) <i>The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02437-8</li> <li>Steven Weinberg (1994) <i>Dreams of a Final Theory</i>. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-74408-8</li> <li>J.R. Etxebarria (1994) <i>Teoria fisikoen oinarriak</i>. Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea (UEU) ISBN: 84-86967-57-0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra">Eredu Estandarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_elkarrekintzak" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinarrizko elkarrekintzak">Oinarrizko elkarrekintzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza">Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11418" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11418">Q11418</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Weak_nuclear_force">Weak nuclear force</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11418%22">Q11418</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX529197">XX529197</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958802q">11958802q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958802q">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129644-8">4129644-8</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85145822">sh85145822</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027577767">027577767</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/weak-force">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11418" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11418">Q11418</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Weak_nuclear_force">Weak nuclear force</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11418%22">Q11418</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="eu" dir="ltr">Aipuaren errorea: <code><ref></code> tags exist for a group named "Oh", but no corresponding <code><references group="Oh"/></code> tag was found</span> </p>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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