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id="toc-Middle_ages_and_the_increasing_popularity_of_the_basket_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Press_fractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_fractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Press fractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_fractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Changing styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern presses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29-autunno,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/220px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/330px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/440px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>The first wine press was probably the human foot and the use of manual treading of grapes is a tradition that has lasted for thousands of years and is still used in some wine regions today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the wine press</b> and of <a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">pressing</a> is nearly as old as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">history of wine</a> itself with the remains of <a href="/wiki/Wine_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine presses">wine presses</a> providing some of the longest-serving evidence of organised <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest wine press was probably the human foot or hand, crushing and squeezing grapes into a bag or container where the contents would <a href="/wiki/Ferment_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferment (wine)">ferment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pressure applied by these manual means was limited and these early wines were probably pale in colour and <a href="/wiki/Phenols_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenols in wine">body</a>, and eventually ancient winemakers sought out alternative means of pressing their wine. By at least the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> were employing a "sack press" made of cloth that was squeezed with the aid of a giant tourniquet.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a wine press in winemaking is mentioned <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">frequently in the Bible</a> but these presses were more elaboration of treading <a href="/wiki/Lagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagar">lagars</a> where grapes that were tread by feet with the juice running off into special basins. </p><p>The more modern idea of a piece of a winemaking equipment used to extract the juice from the skins probably emerged during the Greco-Roman periods from which written accounts by <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and others described wooden wine presses that utilized large beams, <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlasses</a> to exert pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wines produced by these presses were usually darker, with more <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">color extracted from the skins</a> but could also be more harsh with bitter <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a> also extracted. That style of wine press would eventually evolve into the basket press used in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by wine estates of the nobility and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> leading to the modern tank batch and continuous presses used in wineries today.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg/220px-Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg/330px-Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg/440px-Ancient_Egyptian_wine_press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian pressing basin, in which grapes were probably trodden by human feet in the Marea region around present-day <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mariout" title="Lake Mariout">Lake Mariout</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The exact origins of winemaking (and, thus, of pressing grapes) are not known, but most archaeologists believe that it originated somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Seas</a> in the land that now includes the modern countries of <a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a>. There are stories in the <a href="/wiki/Imeretin_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Imeretin Valley">Imeretin Valley</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>, Russia) dating to between 7000 and 5000 BC of early winemaking using hollowed-out logs that they would fill with grapes, tread with their feet and then scoop the juice and crushed grape remains into jars to ferment. In the 17th century, French traveller Sir <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a> described a similar practice still in use thousands of years later in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of deliberate winemaking is from excavation at sites like <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">Areni-1 winery</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vayots Dzor Province</a> of Armenia. This site, dating back to around 4000 BC included a trough that measured about 3 by 3 1/2 feet and included a drain that went into a 2-foot-long vat that could contain about 14–15 gallons (52–57 liters) of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> of these sites (and earlier sites at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Neolithic B</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) are based on left over grape pips (seeds) and while they provide solid evidence of wine making, they do not necessarily provide evidence of how the wine was made and if the modern concept of pressing (i.e. extracting juice from the skins and separating it from the skins and seeds) was used.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Winepress_in_Old_City_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A 1st century AD wine pressing trough from the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Winemaking in ancient Egypt probably used people's feet for crushing and pressing the grapes, but tomb paintings excavated at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> showed that the ancient Egyptians developed some innovations to their wine presses-such as the use of long bars hanging over the treading basins and straps that the workers could hold onto while treading. <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyph</a> and paintings also showed the Egyptians by at least by the 18th Dynasty (c. 1550 – c. 1292 BC) were also using a type of cloth "sack press" in which grapes or skins left over from treading would be twisted and squeezed by a tourniquet to release the juice.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modified version of this sack press had the sack hung between two large poles with workers holding each pole. After the grapes were loaded into the sack, the workers would walk in opposite directions, squeezing the grapes in the bag and capturing the juice in a vat underneath the bag.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early wine press not only had the benefit of exerting more pressure on the skins and extracting more juice than treading but the cloth also acted an early form of <a href="/wiki/Filtering_the_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtering the wine">filtering the wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg/220px-Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg/330px-Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Marcus_Porcius_Cato.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>One of the first written accounts of a mechanical wine press was from the 2nd century BC Roman writer Marcus Cato.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest known Greek wine presses was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Palekastro" class="mw-redirect" title="Palekastro">Palekastro</a> in Crete and dated to the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a> (1600–1100 BC). Like most of the earlier presses, it was mainly a stone basin for treading the grapes by feet with a run-off drain for the juice to flow. However, there is evidence that some of the later Cretan winemakers would sometimes use a pressing method similar to how <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> was extracted from olives. This press would entail laying the grapes out underneath several planks of wood and then weighing the planks down with rocks to press the juice out from the grapes. The wine made from these rudimentary pressing wasn't held in high esteem by the Greeks, often tainted with impurities and having a short shelf life. Much more prized was the wine produced from "free run" juice that was released by the grapes under their own weight before any treading or pressing. This wine was believed to be the most pure and was often used for <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and health">medicinal purposes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_pg_29-34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_pg_29-34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century BC, Cato the Elder wrote a vivid and detailed account of the workings of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">early Roman wine presses</a> and how to build a press room in his work <i><a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura">De Agri Cultura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press Cato describes was known as a lever or beam press which was built on an elevated platform that contained and shallow basin that would slope and narrow to a run off point where the freed juice would exit. The press would consist of a large horizontal beam held up by two upright fixtures in the front and one upright fixture in the front. The grapes were placed under the beam with pressure was applied by a windlass that was affixed by rope to the front of the beam and a user winding down that end.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rope would also be used wound around the "cake" of the pressed grape skins to help keep it in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1st century AD, Roman statesman Pliny the Elder described a "Greek style" press in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> that saw the windlass replaced by a vertical screw that often included a counterweight to increase pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcus Terentius Varro, <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> would also include descriptions of the workings of wine presses in their agricultural treatises. Yet despite their frequent mentions in ancient writings and archaeological evidence showing the presence of wine presses throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a>, their use was actually relatively rare. This was because having a wine press was a very expensive and large piece of equipment that most Roman farmers, outside the estate holding <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> and the most wealthy <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>, could not afford. Instead, it was much more common for Roman estates to have large tanks or troughs where grapes were tread upon by feet or paddles.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg/220px-Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg/330px-Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg/440px-Grapes_02_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>A Roman architectural relief from the 1st century AD showing that grape treading was still widely used as a means of pressing wine grapes during Roman times</figcaption></figure> <p>Varro also described in his work <i>De re rustica</i> a type of "pressed wine" known as <i>lorca</i> that was produced by the left over grape skins being soaked in water that was served to slaves and farm workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 2nd century AD, the Romans began using a "screw press" that would be the predecessor to the basket press that would become popular in the Middle Ages. This press would include a large beam with a hole cut out of the middle through which a screw was fitted through. Attached the base of the beam was a cut piece of stone that fit the circumference of a vat that was lined with porous <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or cloth. Ropes and pulleys attached to the beam would raise the beam and stone above the vat that would be loaded with grapes. Then six to eight workers (usually slaves) would be divided on either side of the screw. The workers would walk clockwise, turning the screw as it the stone descended upon the grapes, providing added pressure with each turn. A hole or spout at the bottom of the vat would allow the juice to drain out where it was usually moved by bucket into <a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">amphorae</a> or other large fermentation vessels. A replica of this style of Roman screw press still exists at a winery in <a href="/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire, Gard</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc wine">Languedoc wine</a> region of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_ages_and_the_increasing_popularity_of_the_basket_press">Middle ages and the increasing popularity of the basket press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle ages and the increasing popularity of the basket press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_wine_press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ancient_wine_press.jpg/220px-Ancient_wine_press.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ancient_wine_press.jpg/330px-Ancient_wine_press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ancient_wine_press.jpg/440px-Ancient_wine_press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An old horizontal wine press that used wooden planks and a square base to exert pressure on the grape skins</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle Ages, most winemaking technology advances were made by <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a> (particularly in <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of German wine">Germany</a>) who owned vast amounts of vineyard land and produced large quantities of wines in their abbeys and <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishoprics</a>. It was here that the basket press became popular. The press included a large cylindrical basket made of wood staves bound together by wood or metal rings with a heavy horizontal disc fitted at the top. After the grapes were loaded into the basket, the disc would depress towards the bottom with juice seeping out between the staves into a waiting basin or tray. In some presses, added pressure would come from a giant lever or manual hand crank.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the basket press was becoming more widely used by Church-owned estates in France and Germany, winemaking in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and by small local farmers throughout Europe was still mostly down by treading in stone lagers. However, there are many church records that showed <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> land tenants were willing to pay a portion of their crop to use a landlord's wine press if it was available. This was probably due in part to the added volume of wine (anywhere from 15 to 20%) that pressing could produce versus treading. But safety could have also been a driving force since many parish records from the period reported wine cellar workers suffocating to death (from the released <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>) while treading fermenting wine grapes in a vat.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_fractions">Press fractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Press fractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg/220px-Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg/330px-Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg/440px-Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century basket press</figcaption></figure> <p>As the use of the basket press became more popular, wineries and wine writers started to make a distinction between the quality of wine that came from different levels of pressing. The highest quality was the <i>vin de goutte</i> or the "free run" juice that was released by the mere weight of the grapes squeezing each other as they were loaded into the press. This was usually the lightest in colour and body and was often kept separate from the <i>vin de presse</i> that came from pressing which was darker and had more tannins. In 1600, French wine writer <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres" title="Olivier de Serres">Olivier de Serres</a> noted in his work <i>Théâtre d'Agriculture</i> that it was a tradition associated only with the <a href="/wiki/Wines_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Wines of Anjou">wines of Anjou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> to blend in the <i>vin de goutte</i> with the <i>vin de presse</i>. Much like the ancient Roman pressed wine <i>lorca</i>, Middle Age peasants often drank <a href="/wiki/Piquette" title="Piquette">piquette</a> from the left over grape skins after pressing.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowhere was the analysis of the difference in press fractions more astute than in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_wine_region" title="Champagne wine region">Champagne wine region</a> where <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a> was recorded in 1718 by biographer <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canon</a> Godinot to have laid out these specifications for how the press fractions of juice destined to be <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> should be handled. First the pressing were to happen quickly, as soon after <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> as possible to keep the juice at its freshest and to avoid any coloring from the red wine grapes of <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a>. The free run <i>vin de goutte</i> was considered too delicate and lacking on its own to make fine Champagne and it was sometimes discarded or used for other wines. The first and second pressings (called <i>tailles</i> or cut since the pomace cake was literally cut with ropes, chains or paddles to remove it between pressings) were the most ideal for <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">sparkling wine production</a>. The juice of the third pressing was considered acceptable but the fourth pressing (called the <i>vin de taille</i>) was rarely used and all other pressings after that (the <i>vins de pressoirs</i> were considered too harsh and colored to be of any value in Champagne production.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changing_styles">Changing styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Changing styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_tg_0002622_Architektur_%5E_Wein_%5E_Presse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>A 1649 drawing of a German horizontal wine press</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th and 18th century, <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">the style of winemaking in France</a> was for heartier wines that <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">could age</a> and survive long transport voyages overseas. Winemaking texts such as the 1803 annotated and updated edition of de Serres' <i>Théâtre d'Agriculture</i> began recommending that all fine producers employ the use of a wine press and that sometimes blending in a bit of the <i>vin de presse</i> to enhance color and body was essential to create a wine that could last. Even in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (wine)">Bordeaux</a>, which was still using lagars long after <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (wine)">Burgundy</a>, Champagne and other French wine regions had adopted the basket press, saw the use of a wine press become more popular after darker, more <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full bodied</a> wines of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brion" title="Château Haut-Brion">Ho-Bryan</a> produced by Lord Arnaud III de Pontac began to receive wide acclaim from English writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>. By the end of the 18th century, nearly all prestigious Bordeaux wine estates were following de Pontac's method of giving the grapes more time to ferment in the vat and then using a basket press on the darker <i>vin vermeilh</i> and pressing it into <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">new oak barrels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG/220px-Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG/330px-Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG/440px-Pressoir_Marmonier_au_Ch%C3%A2teau_Turcan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>A basket press from the Provence region of southeast France</figcaption></figure> <p>The advancement of <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam power</a> machinery in the 19th century brought about a revolution in wine press technology as manual basket press gave way to steam-powered presses that greatly increased the efficiency of pressing and reduced the amount of labor needed to operate a press. Even the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> had a positive influence as the cost of transporting large wine presses from manufacturers to wine regions throughout the globe decreased and more wineries were able to afford to purchase a wine press.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_presses">Modern presses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern presses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg/220px-Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg/330px-Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg/440px-Wine_press_in_Bordeaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A modern pneumatic batch press</figcaption></figure> <p>With relatively modest changes, the basket press has continued to be widely used for centuries since its introduction by both small <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> winemakers to large <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> houses. In Europe, basket presses with <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulic machinery</a> can be found throughout <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (wine)">Burgundy</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, wine presses advanced from the vertical style pressing of the basket press and ancient wine press to horizontal pressing with pressure either being applied at one or both ends or from the side through the use of an airbag or bladder. These new presses were categorized as "batch", which like the basket press had to have the pomace emptied and grapes reloaded, and as "continuous" where a belt or <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a> would subject the grapes/pomace to increasing pressure from one end of the press to the other with new grapes being added and the pomace being continuously removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg/220px-Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg/330px-Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg/440px-Wine_presses_at_winery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Large "tank" presses that are fully enclosed can be used for anaerobic winemaking.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another advancement in the horizontal batch press was the complete enclosure of the press (sometimes called "tank press") that reduced the exposure of the grape must to air. Some advance presses can even be flushed with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> to create a complete <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism#Metabolism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> environment that can be desired for wine making with white wine grapes. Additionally, many of today's modern presses are computerized which allows the operator to control exactly how much pressure is being applied to the grape skins and for how many cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_545-546-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_545-546_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pp. 545–546 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2006 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198609906" title="Special:BookSources/0198609906">0198609906</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pg_14-31-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_14-31_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Johnson <i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i> pp. 14–31 Simon and Schuster 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6">0-671-68702-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_70,_et_al_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Johnson <i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i> pp. 70, 124–125, 147, 202–214 Simon and Schuster 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6">0-671-68702-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_28,_et_al_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Pellechia <i>Wine: The 8,000-Year-Old Story of the Wine Trade</i> pg 28, 50-51 and 149 Running Press, London 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-871-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-871-3">1-56025-871-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas H. Maugh II <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-ancient-winery-20110111,0,1469486.story?track=rss">Ancient winery found in Armenia</a>."</i> <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. January 11, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">wine dispenser</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_pg_29-34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_pg_29-34_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Phillips <i>A Short History of Wine</i> p. 38 Harper Collins 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621282-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621282-0">0-06-621282-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Cato <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/A*.html">De Agri Cultura</a></i> (18-19) LacusCurtius, English Translation by W. D. Hooper and H. B. Ash, University of Chicago. Accessed: May 8th, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D74">The Natural History</a></i> Book 18 CHAP. 74. (31.), translation by John Bostock and H.T. Riley, Perseus, Tufts University. Accessed: May 10th, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Terentius Varro <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html#54">De re rustica</a>"</i> (I. 54) published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1934. LacusCurtius, University of Chicago. Accessed: May 11, 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_history">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&oldid=1243531806">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_wine_press&oldid=1243531806</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_wine" title="Category:History of wine">History of wine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oenology" title="Category:Oenology">Oenology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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