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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Black suffrage">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522">"Black suffrage"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Black%2Bsuffrage%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Black suffrage</b> refers to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black people">black people</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> and has long been an issue in countries established under conditions of black minorities as well as, in some cases (notoriously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apartheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apartheid">South Africa under apartheid</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) black majorities.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#British_Empire_and_United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">British Empire and United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cape_Colony"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cape Colony</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa_2"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Namibia"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Namibia</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Belgian_Congo"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Belgian Congo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/220px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/220px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/330px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/440px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> MLK and Malcolm X </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black suffrage in the United States">Black suffrage in the United States</a> </div> <p>Suffrage in the United States has had many advances and setbacks. Prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> some free Black men in the United States were given the right to vote. However, this right was often abridged, or taken away. Following Emancipation, Black people were theoretically equal before the law, including theoretical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">suffrage for Black women</a> from 1920. Black men were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">given voting rights in 1870, while black women were effectively banned</a> until the passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil rights movement (1896–1954)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> </div> <p>When the United States Constitution was ratified (1789), a small number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_negro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free blacks</a> were among the voting citizens (male property owners) in some states.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most black men in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> were, however, not able to exercise the right to vote until after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a>. In 1870, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> was ratified to prohibit states from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on “race, color or previous condition of servitude." This was before former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slave_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave</a> states implemented "Jim Crow" regulations that had the effect of denying the vote to many Blacks.</p> <p>"Black suffrage" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> explicitly referred to the voting rights of only black men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Female suffrage, regardless of race, was only gradually introduced following the Civil War, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">beginning with Wyoming</a> in 1869.</p> <p>The passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a>, which was ratified by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on August 18 and certified as law on August 26, 1920 granted women the right to vote in all states. In fall 1920, many Black women showed up at the polls, but many existing hurdles for African Americans were particularly cumbersome in repressing .<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only after the passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a> in 1964 and 1965 did the exercise of the vote become more or less equal for Black women.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples</a> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a> restricted the right of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> to vote in Australian federal elections. This Act was changed in 1962, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Electoral_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1962_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Electoral Act">Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="British_Empire_and_United_Kingdom">British Empire and United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: British Empire and United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British African-Caribbean people">British African-Caribbean people</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom § History</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_British_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of British nationality law">History of British nationality law</a> </div> <ul> <li>Beginning in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">1265</a>, a small number of landed aristocrats and gentry had the right to vote for members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and Knights of the Shire. From 1432, only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forty-shilling_freeholders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forty-shilling freeholders">forty-shilling freeholders</a> held the parliamentary franchise. Suffrage was restricted to males by custom rather than statute.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a> (founded 1792) argued for expanded suffrage. <i>Also see:</i> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radicalism (historical)</a>. The vote was restricted to adult males and also by property qualifications, but never by race. The first black person known to have voted in a British election was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignatius_Sancho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignatius Sancho">Ignatius Sancho</a> who qualified in Westminster in 1774 and 1780.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_Act_1832?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> extended the vote to landed middle class men. <ul> <li>Incremental reform continued with various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Act">Reform Acts</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> ended property qualification for male suffrage.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">Equal Suffrage Act 1928</a> ended property qualifications for female suffrage.</li> </ul></li> <li>Citizens of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown colony">Crown Colonies</a> did not have the right to vote for the government of the British Empire. <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Jamaica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#British_rule:_1655.E2.80.931962" title="History of Jamaica">Colonial Jamaica</a> sometimes had partial privileges to elect leaders. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of Jamaica">Constitution of Jamaica</a> provided for partial voting rights.</li> <li>The British monarchy appointed all leaders of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Leone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Colonial_era_(1800%E2%80%931961)" title="Sierra Leone">Colonial Sierra Leone</a> until 1953; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1962_Sierra_Leonean_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1962 Sierra Leonean general election">1962 Sierra Leonean general election</a> was the country's first election with universal suffrage.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Indies_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> (1958–1962) was slated to become autonomous but never did; a number of its member states have since achieved autonomy.</li> </ul></li> <li>Non-UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_citizens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth citizens">Commonwealth citizens</a> residing in the UK have full voting rights as they are recognised as citizens. Prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a> Commonwealth Citizens were officially called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Subjects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Subjects">British Subjects</a> and always counted as such in law. When the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> was passed it reconfirmed this right and also statutorily defined citizenship rights for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Protected_Persons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Persons">British Protected Persons</a> which before 1948 was granted solely by royal prerogative unlike for British Subject/Commonwealth Citizens.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Republic of Ireland citizens, although not Commonwealth Citizens still enjoy full voting rights in the UK, occupying the unique position of Foreigners with British subject hood.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg/260px-1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="603"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 194px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg/260px-1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="194" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg/390px-1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg/520px-1854_opening_of_the_1st_Cape_Parliament_-_Cape_Archives.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Engraving of the first opening of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape Parliament</a> in 1854. The new constitution barred discrimination on the basis of race or colour and, in principle at least, the Parliament and other government institutions at the time were explicitly colour-blind. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cape_Colony">Cape Colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cape Colony" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a> restricted voting by property ownership but not explicitly by race. <ul> <li>In 1853, the Queen authorized a Cape Colony parliament, which drafted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Representative_Government_.281853.29" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Constitution</a> with no explicit racial restriction.</li> <li>Cape Colony's "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Responsible_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsible Government">Responsible Government</a>" Constitution, issued in 1872, explicitly prohibited racial discrimination.</li> <li>Under Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gordon_Sprigg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gordon Sprigg">Gordon Sprigg</a>, the Colony passed the 1877 "Registration Bill", disenfranchising Black communal land owners.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franchise_and_Ballot_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franchise and Ballot Act">Franchise and Ballot Act</a> of 1892 raised the threshold for suffrage from £25 to £75, accomplishing <i>de facto</i> disenfranchisement of most non-White subjects, and also of poor whites (particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikaners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>).</li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="South_Africa_2">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Representation_of_Natives_Act,_1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Representation of Natives Act, 1936">Representation of Natives Act, 1936</a> moved Black South Africans onto separate voter rolls</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">Apartheid in South Africa</a> refers to a period of heavily legislated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> during which Black suffrage was heavily restricted. <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">Coloured vote constitutional crisis</a> in the 1950s originated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Act,_1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951">Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951</a>, an attempt to revoke suffrage for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coloured?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a> voters. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Amendment_Act,_1968?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968">Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968</a> fully revoked Coloured representation in Parliament, creating the distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coloured_Persons_Representative_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coloured Persons Representative Council">Coloured Persons Representative Council</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Promotion_of_Bantu_Self-government_Act,_1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959">Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959</a> ended Black representation in Parliament through the creation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantustan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a>; Black citizenship was transferred fully to Bantustans by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantu_Homelands_Citizenship_Act,_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970">Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970</a></li> <li>South Africa's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South African Constitution of 1983">1983 Constitution</a>, approved by the White-only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_reform_referendum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 South African constitutional reform referendum">constitutional reform referendum</a>, created the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tricameral Parliament">Tricameral Parliament</a>, giving representation in separate Chambers to Coloured and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_South_Africans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> voters. Coloured voters were represented in the House of Representatives of South Africa.</li> </ul></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1993?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Constitution of 1993">South African Constitution of 1993</a>, also known as the Interim Constitution, provided for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1994 South African general election">1994 South African general election</a>: the first South African election with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> for adults. The date—27 April—is celebrated as a national holiday called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_Day_(South_Africa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom Day (South Africa)">Freedom Day</a>".</li> <li>The current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, adopted in 1997, protects all citizens' right to vote in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chapter_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa">Chapter Two</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Namibia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Germany took official control in 1884; it was known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_South_West_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>. German sovereignty was contested by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khaua-Mbandjeru_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaua-Mbandjeru Rebellion">Khaua-Mbandjeru Rebellion</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herero_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herero Wars">Herero Wars</a>, which were brutally suppressed.</li> <li>South Africa <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South-West_Africa_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa Campaign">gained control</a> of the area during World War I. It eventually governed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South-West_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a> under apartheid laws and divided the area into ten bantustans. <ul> <li>Many residents recognized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SWAPO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a>, not South Africa, as the legitimate authority. The United Nations recognized SWAPO as Namibia's legitimate representative in 1972.</li> <li>The 22-year <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibian_War_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian War of Independence">Namibian War of Independence</a> culminated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Accord (Angola)">New York Accords</a> of 1988, leading to Namibia's first free election in November 1989.</li> </ul></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of Namibia">Constitution of Namibia</a>, adopted in 1990, provides in Article 28 for "direct, universal and equal suffrage".</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>Before the Revolution, only some local elections were held, the first real national suffrage appeared in 1791.</li> <li>From 1791, France installed several male suffrage systems, alternating between census and universal suffrage. In mainland France, there was no racial criterion to be a voter so technically from this date, Black (male) voters existed and received the same rights as non-Blacks. They were still rare as segregation in France was not based directly on skin color or racialism but on the status as a slave or as a free human. Later it would be based on status as a mainland citizen or as a colony citizen.</li> <li>From there, through the first half of the 19th century, frequent changes in the national government caused the colonies (where most slaves were, as their presence was restricted in mainland France) to have different rules than mainland France, often illegally. Several uprising occurred in the colonies during this period and the colonial rules diverged considerably from mainland France.</li> <li>In mainland France: <ul> <li>In 1794 the government abolished slavery.</li> <li>In 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte re-established slavery and, possibly owing to his disagreements with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a>, a black general, forbade Blacks and people of mixed-ancestry (<i>mulâtres</i>) to enter mainland France.</li> <li>In 1815 slave trade was abolished, but not slavery</li> <li>In 1848 slavery is formally abolished in France and all slaves are freed.</li> </ul></li> <li>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Colonial_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial Empire">French Colonial Empire</a>, however, most indigenous people were not recognized as full French citizens and therefore often did not have the right to vote: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_Og%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent Ogé">Vincent Ogé</a>, who had been working in Paris during the Revolution, returned to the island slave colony of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Domingue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> and demanded voting rights. Ogé led an insurrection in 1790 and was executed in 1791. Enslaved people took control of the island in the subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haitian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haitian Revolution">Revolution</a> and established the Republic of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. (Elections were held but <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Haiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Independence:_The_early_years_.281804.E2.80.931843.29" title="History of Haiti">the democracy was not stable</a>.)</li> <li>France promoted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assimilation_(French_colonial)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (French colonial)">model of assimilation</a> according to which Blacks and indigenous people could gain voting (and other) rights by successfully conforming to French culture. These high-status Blacks were known as <i>les <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89volu%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évolué">Évoluées</a></i>.</li> <li>People living in French colonies primarily fell under the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_de_l%27indig%C3%A9nat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Code de l'indigénat">Code de l'indigénat</a></i>. <i>Les</i> <i>indigènes</i> had some voting privileges, but these could be modified without their consent.</li> <li>Following the Revolution of 1848, France granted limited representation to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Communes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a> of Senegal. Ordinary residents of these cities gained full voting rights in 1916 after the election of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blaise_Diagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blaise Diagne">Blaise Diagne</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amadou_Lamine-Gu%C3%A8ye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amadou Lamine-Guèye">Lamine Guèye</a> (another Senegalese politician) also achieved expanded voting rights ("<i>Loi Lamine Guèye</i>") for people in the colonies.</li> <li>Residents of African colonies were permitted to vote in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">1958 French constitutional referendum</a>, which established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Community">French Community</a>. Most colonies voted for independence, resulting in the creation of 17 Black nations in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Year_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">Mouvement National Congolais</a> </div> <ul> <li>Black men and women in the Belgian Congo voted for the first time in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgian_Congo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Political_Organization" title="Belgian Congo">municipal elections of 1957</a>.</li> <li>The first nationwide election was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960 Belgian Congo general election">1960 Belgian Congo general election</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">Decolonization of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal,_1919?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Equality Proposal, 1919">Racial Equality Proposal, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote">Right of foreigners to vote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Australian_Aborigines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Australian Aborigines">Voting rights of Australian Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalton_JrPuckettDeskins2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Walton Jr, Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Donald R., eds. (2012). <i>The African American Electorate: A Statistical History</i>. Vol. I Chap. 4. CQ Press. p. 84. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-087289508-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-087289508-9"><bdi>978-087289508-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Electorate%3A+A+Statistical+History&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-087289508-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223164135/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/black-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment">"For Black women, the 19th Amendment didn't end their fight to vote"</a>. <i>History</i>. 2020-08-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/black-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment">the original</a> on February 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=For+Black+women%2C+the+19th+Amendment+didn%27t+end+their+fight+to+vote&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fblack-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134414/https://www.aec.gov.au/indigenous/milestones.htm">"Electoral milestones for Indigenous Australians"</a>. Australian Electorla Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aec.gov.au/indigenous/milestones.htm">the original</a> on 2018-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+milestones+for+Indigenous+Australians&rft.pub=Australian+Electorla+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2Findigenous%2Fmilestones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP13-14">"The History of the Parliamentary Franchise"</a>. House of Commons Library. 1 March 2013: 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>Ancient voting rights</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Parliamentary+Franchise&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FRP13-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223164135/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/black-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment">"In fall 1920, many Black women showed up at the polls"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. 7 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/black-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment">the original</a> on February 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=In+fall+1920%2C+many+Black+women+showed+up+at+the+polls.&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fblack-women-continued-fighting-for-vote-after-19th-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/teaching-with-vanguard/">Teaching With <i>Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All</i>.</a> Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman, Ludvig (2008). "Who Should Vote? Conceptualizing Universal Suffrage in Studies of Democracy". <i>Democratization</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F13510340701768091">10.1080/13510340701768091</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144732902">144732902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Who+Should+Vote%3F+Conceptualizing+Universal+Suffrage+in+Studies+of+Democracy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510340701768091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144732902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Ludvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2003" class="citation journal cs1">Paxton, Pamela; et al. (2003). "A half-century of suffrage: New data and a comparative analysis". <i>Studies in Comparative International Development</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>122. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252FBF02686324">10.1007/BF02686324</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154786777">154786777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+International+Development&rft.atitle=A+half-century+of+suffrage%3A+New+data+and+a+comparative+analysis&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02686324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154786777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1995" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, George M. Fredrickson Edgar E. (1995). <i>Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Liberation%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+Black+Ideologies+in+the+United+States+and+South+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=George+M.+Fredrickson+Edgar+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneider2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sneider, Allison (2010). "The New Suffrage History: Voting Rights in International Perspective". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">692–</span>703. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1478-0542.2010.00689.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00689.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+New+Suffrage+History%3A+Voting+Rights+in+International+Perspective&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00689.x&rft.aulast=Sneider&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+suffrage" 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