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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leroy Hood</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Hood,_MD,_PhD,_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg/220px-Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg/330px-Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg/440px-Lee_Hood%2C_MD%2C_PhD%2C_President_and_Co-found_of_the_Institute_for_Systems_Biology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Leroy Hood, in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1938-10-10) October 10, 1938 (age 86) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a>, Montana, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Scientific instrumentation for DNA sequencing & synthesis, <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a>, P4 medicine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Valerie Logan<a href="#cite_note-KyotoLecture2002-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> (2002) <a href="/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a> (2003) <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in Technology, the Economy & Employment (2006) <a href="/wiki/Pittcon_Heritage_Award" title="Pittcon Heritage Award">Pittcon Heritage Award</a> (2009) <a href="/wiki/Kistler_Prize" title="Kistler Prize">Kistler Prize</a> (2010) <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (2011) <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Innovations_in_Healthcare_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology">IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology</a> (2014) <a href="/wiki/IRI_Medal" title="IRI Medal">IRI Medal</a> (2019) </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Systems_Biology" title="Institute for Systems Biology">Institute for Systems Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/302305936">Immunoglobulins: Structure, Genetics, and Evolution</a> (1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Dreyer" title="William J. Dreyer">William J. Dreyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Davis" title="Mark M. Davis">Mark M. Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trey_Ideker" title="Trey Ideker">Trey Ideker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Roach" title="Jared Roach">Jared Roach</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hood-price.systemsbiology.org/bio/leroy-hood-md-phd/">hood-price.systemsbiology.org/bio/leroy-hood-md-phd/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Leroy "Lee" Edward Hood (born October 10, 1938) is an American <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> who has served on the faculties at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kyoto-2">[2]</a> Hood has developed ground-breaking <a href="/wiki/Scientific_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific instruments">scientific instruments</a> which made possible major advances in the biological sciences and the medical sciences. These include the first gas phase <a href="/wiki/Protein_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein sequencer">protein sequencer</a> (1982), for determining the sequence of amino acids in a given protein;<a href="#cite_note-Weingart-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-4">[4]</a> a <a href="/wiki/DNA_synthesis" title="DNA synthesis">DNA synthesizer</a> (1983), to synthesize short sections of DNA;<a href="#cite_note-Weingart-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-5">[5]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide synthesizer">peptide synthesizer</a> (1984), to combine amino acids into longer peptides and short proteins;<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Personal-6">[6]</a> the first automated <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencer" title="DNA sequencer">DNA sequencer</a> (1986), to identify the order of nucleotides in DNA;<a href="#cite_note-Kyoto-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutchison-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS2017-8">[8]</a> ink-jet <a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide" title="Oligonucleotide">oligonucleotide</a> technology for synthesizing DNA<a href="#cite_note-IEEEAward-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamadeh-10">[10]</a> and nanostring technology for analyzing single molecules of DNA and RNA.<a href="#cite_note-ISB-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-12">[12]</a> The protein sequencer, DNA synthesizer, peptide synthesizer, and DNA sequencer were commercialized through <a href="/wiki/Applied_Biosystems" title="Applied Biosystems">Applied Biosystems, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-Haugen-13">[13]</a>: 218  and the ink-jet technology was commercialized through <a href="/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEEEAward-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamadeh-10">[10]</a> The automated DNA sequencer was an enabling technology for the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchison-7">[7]</a> The peptide synthesizer was used in the synthesis of the <a href="/wiki/HIV-1_protease" title="HIV-1 protease">HIV protease</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(chemist)" title="Stephen Kent (chemist)">Stephen Kent</a> and others, and the development of a <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">protease inhibitor</a> for <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Personal-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-protease-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-15">[15]</a> Hood established the first cross-disciplinary biology department, the Department of Molecular Biotechnology (MBT), at the University of Washington in 1992,<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS2017-8">[8]</a> and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Systems_Biology" title="Institute for Systems Biology">Institute for Systems Biology</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-ISB-11">[11]</a> Hood is credited with introducing the term "<a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Rau-17">[17]</a> and advocates for "P4 medicine", medicine that is "predictive, <a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">personalized</a>, preventive, and participatory."<a href="#cite_note-Kistler-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> counted him among the 10 most influential people in the field of biotechnology in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-WorldView-20">[20]</a> Hood was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2007 for the invention and commercialization of key instruments, notably the automated DNA sequencer, that have enabled the biotechnology revolution. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tedxseattle.com/talks/future-of-medicine/">Leroy Hood: Future of Medicine</a>, TedX Rainier</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemsbiology.org/news/2012/11/08/profiles-of-innovation-lee-hood-at-northeastern-university/">Profiles of Innovation: Lee Hood at Northeastern University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeetv.ieee.org/ieee-products/2014-medal-for-innovations-in-healthcare-technology">2014 Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology</a>, IEEE.tv</td></tr></tbody></table> Hood was born on October 10, 1938, in <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>, to Thomas Edward Hood and Myrtle Evylan Wadsworth.<a href="#cite_note-Sleeman-21">[21]</a> and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Shelby,_Montana" title="Shelby, Montana">Shelby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> His father was an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a>, and his mother had a degree in <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">home economics</a>. Hood was one of four children, including a sister and two brothers, including a brother with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>. One of his grandfathers was a rancher and ran a summer geology camp for university students, which Hood attended as a high school student. Hood excelled in math and science, being one of forty students nationally to win a <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Science_Talent_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Science Talent Search">Westinghouse Science Talent Search</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KyotoLecture2002-1">[1]</a> In addition, Hood played several high school sports and debate, the latter of which he would credit for his success in science communication later in his career.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Hood received his undergraduate education from the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech), where his professors included notables such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a><a href="#cite_note-Rau-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-KyotoLecture2002-1">[1]</a> Hood received an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a> from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a> in 1964 and a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> from Caltech in 1968,<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-24">[24]</a> where he worked with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Dreyer" title="William J. Dreyer">William J. Dreyer</a> on antibody diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a> Dreyer is credited with giving Hood two important pieces of advice: “If you want to practice biology, do it on the leading edge, and if you want to be on the leading edge, invent new tools for deciphering biological information.”<a href="#cite_note-Hall-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leroy_Hood_1986.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leroy_Hood_1986.png/220px-Leroy_Hood_1986.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leroy_Hood_1986.png/330px-Leroy_Hood_1986.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leroy_Hood_1986.png/440px-Leroy_Hood_1986.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Hood in 1986</figcaption></figure> In 1967, Hood joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH), to work in the immunology branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> as a senior investigator.<a href="#cite_note-Yount-26">[26]</a> In 1970, he returned to Caltech as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Full_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Full professor">full professor</a> in 1975, and was named Bowles Professor of Biology in 1977. He served as chairman of the Division of Biology from 1980-1989 and director of Caltech's Special Cancer Center in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Sleeman-21">[21]</a> Hood has been a leader and a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">cross-disciplinary research</a> in chemistry and biology.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a> In 1989 he stepped down as chairman of the Division of Biology to create and become director of a newly funded <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> Science and Technology Center at Caltech.<a href="#cite_note-NSF9214821-27">[27]</a> The NSF Center for the Development of an Integrated Protein and Nucleic Acid Biotechnology became one of the founding research centers of the <a href="/wiki/Beckman_Institute_at_Caltech" title="Beckman Institute at Caltech">Beckman Institute at Caltech</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Beckman-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-hundred-29">[29]</a>: 339–344  By this time, Hood's laboratory included more than 100 researchers, a much larger group than was usual at Caltech. A relatively small school, Caltech was not well-suited to the creation of the type of large interdisciplinary research organization that Hood sought.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-30">[30]</a> In October 1991, Hood announced that he would move to the University of Washington at Seattle, to found and direct the first cross-disciplinary biology department, the Department of Molecular Biotechnology (MBT) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> Medical School.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS2017-8">[8]</a> The new department was financed by a US $12-million gift from <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, who shared Hood's interest in combining biological research and computer technology and applying them to medical research.<a href="#cite_note-Dietrich1992-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herring-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Perlmutter" title="Roger M. Perlmutter">Roger Perlmutter</a>, who had worked in Hood's lab at Caltech before moving to UW as chair of the immunology department, played a key role organizing his recruitment to UW.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> Hood and other scientists from Caltech's NSF center moved to the University of Washington during 1992-1994, where they received renewed support from the NSF as the Center for Molecular Biotechnology.<a href="#cite_note-NSF9214821-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-33">[33]</a> (Later, in 2001, the department of molecular biotechnology and the genetics department at UW reorganized to form the department of genome sciences.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>) In 2000 Hood resigned his position at the University of Washington to become co-founder and president of the non-profit Institute for Systems Biology (ISB),<a href="#cite_note-Pollack-35">[35]</a> possibly the first independent systems biology organization.<a href="#cite_note-Vermeulen-36">[36]</a> His co-founders were protein chemist <a href="/wiki/Ruedi_Aebersold" title="Ruedi Aebersold">Ruedi Aebersold</a> and immunologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Aderem" title="Alan Aderem">Alan Aderem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hsiao-Ching_Chou-37">[37]</a> Hood is still an affiliate professor at the University of Washington in Computer Science,<a href="#cite_note-CV-38">[38]</a> Bioengineering<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and Immunology.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In April 2017, the ISB announced that Hood will be succeeded as president of ISB as of January 2018 by <a href="/wiki/James_R._Heath" title="James R. Heath">James Heath</a>, while continuing to lead his research group at ISB and serving on ISB's board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-Hsiao-Ching_Chou-37">[37]</a> Hood believes that a combination of big data and systems biology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and create a proactive medical approach focused on maximizing the <a href="/wiki/Wellness_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellness (medicine)">wellness</a> of the individual. He coined the term "P4 medicine" in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Guest-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flores-42">[42]</a> In 2010 ISB partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Wexner_Medical_Center" title="Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center">Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, to establish the nonprofit P4 Medicine Institute (P4MI). Its goal was stated as being "to lead the transformation of healthcare from a reactive system to one that predicts and prevents disease, tailors diagnosis and therapy to the individual consumer and engages patients in the active pursuit of a quantified understanding of wellness; i.e. one that is predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory (P4)."<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-43">[43]</a> In 2012, P4 Medical Institute established an agreement with its first community health partner, <a href="/wiki/PeaceHealth" title="PeaceHealth">PeaceHealth</a>. PeaceHealth is a not-for-profit Catholic health care system, operating in a variety of communities in Alaska, Washington and Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-PeaceHealth-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timmerman-45">[45]</a> In 2016, ISB affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Providence_Health_%26_Services" title="Providence Health & Services">Providence Health & Services</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Romano-46">[46]</a> and Hood became the senior vice president of Providence St. Joseph Health and its chief science officer.<a href="#cite_note-Hsiao-Ching_Chou-37">[37]</a> Hood has published more than 700 peer-reviewed papers, received 36 patents, and co-authored textbooks in biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, and genetics. In addition, he co-authored, with Daniel J. Kevles, The Code of Codes, a popular book on the sequencing of the human genome.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-47">[47]</a> He has been instrumental in founding 15 biotechnology companies,<a href="#cite_note-ISB-11">[11]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a>, Applied Biosystems, Systemix, Darwin, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Integrated Diagnostics, and Accelerator Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-Philippidis-48">[48]</a> In 2015, he co-founded a startup called Arivale offering a subscription-based 'scientific wellness' service<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> which shut down in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While praising the quality of its offering, industry commentators attributed Arivale's closure to a failure to capture sufficient <a href="/wiki/Customer_lifetime_value" title="Customer lifetime value">Customer lifetime value</a> to create a profit from providing the service, suggesting that insufficient numbers of customers stuck with the data-driven, personalized dietary and lifestyle coaching it provided for long enough at a price point which would make the <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> work.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics_and_proteomics">Genomics and proteomics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genomics and proteomics">edit</a>]</div> At Caltech, Hood and his colleagues created the technological foundation for the study of <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a> by developing five groundbreaking instruments - the protein sequencer (1982), the DNA synthesizer (1983), the peptide synthesizer (1984), the automated <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencer" title="DNA sequencer">DNA sequencer</a> (1986) and later the ink-jet DNA synthesizer.<a href="#cite_note-Weingart-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIT-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kyoto-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutchison-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS2017-8">[8]</a> Hood's instruments incorporated concepts of high throughput data accumulation through automation and parallelization. When applied to the study of protein and DNA chemistries, these ideas were essential to the rapid deciphering of biological information.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowen-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-revolution-54">[54]</a> Hood had a strong interest in commercial development, actively filing patents and seeking private funding.<a href="#cite_note-García-Sancho-55">[55]</a> Applied Biosystems, Inc. (initially named GeneCo.) was formed in 1981 in Foster City, California, to commercialize instruments developed by Hood, Hunkapiller, Caruthers, and others. The company was supported by venture capitalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_K._Bowes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William K. Bowes (page does not exist)">William K. Bowes</a>, who hired Sam H. Eletr and André Marion as president and vice-president of the new company. The company shipped the first gas phase protein sequencer, Model 4790A, in August 1982. The 380 DNA synthesizer was commercialized in 1983, the 430A peptide synthesizer in 1984, and the 370A DNA sequencing system in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-LSF-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-5">[5]</a> These new instruments had a major impact on the emerging fields of proteomics and genomics.<a href="#cite_note-Weingart-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-57">[57]</a> The gas-liquid phase protein sequencer was developed with Michael W. Hunkapiller, then a research fellow at Caltech.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinter-58">[58]</a> The instrument makes use of the chemical process known as the <a href="/wiki/Edman_degradation" title="Edman degradation">Edman degradation</a>, devised by <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Edman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehr Edman">Pehr Edman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kinter-58">[58]</a> Edman and Begg's 1967 design involves placing a protein or peptide sample into a spinning cup in a temperature controlled chamber. Reagents are added to cleave the protein one amino acid at the time, followed by solvents to allow extraction of reagents and byproducts. A series of analysis cycles is performed to identify a sequence, one cycle for each amino acid, and the cycle times were lengthy.<a href="#cite_note-Lundblad-59">[59]</a> Hood and Hunkapiller made a number of modifications, further automating steps in the analysis and improving effectiveness and shortening cycle time. By applying reagents in the gas phase instead of the liquid phase, the retention of the sample during the analysis and the sensitivity of the instrument were increased.<a href="#cite_note-Kinter-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polybrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybrene">Polybrene</a> was used as a substrate coating to better anchor proteins and peptides,<a href="#cite_note-Hugli-60">[60]</a> and the purification of reagents was improved. <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a> analysis techniques were used to reduce analysis times and extend the technique's applicable range.<a href="#cite_note-Kinter-58">[58]</a> The amount of protein required for an analysis decreased, from 10-100 nanomoles for Edman and Begg's protein sequencer, to the low picomole range, a revolutionary increase in the sensitivity of the technology.<a href="#cite_note-Kinter-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-Liebold-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hewick-62">[62]</a> The new sequencer offered significant advantages in speed and sample size compared to commercial sequencers of the time, the most popular of which were built by <a href="/wiki/Beckman_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Beckman Instruments">Beckman Instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-García-Sancho-55">[55]</a> Commercialized as the Model 470A protein sequencer, it allowed scientists to determine partial amino acid sequences of proteins that had not previously been accessible, characterizing new proteins and better understanding their activity, function, and effects in therapeutics. These discoveries had significant ramifications in biology, medicine, and pharmacology. <a href="#cite_note-Marx-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer-64">[64]</a> The first automated DNA synthesizer resulted from a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, and was based on Caruthers' work elucidating the chemistry of phosphoramidite <a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide_synthesis" title="Oligonucleotide synthesis">oligonucleotide synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caruthers-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laikhter-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hogrefe-67">[67]</a> Caltech staff scientist Suzanna J. Horvath worked with Hood and Hunkapiller to learn Caruthers' techniques in order to design a prototype that automated the repetitive steps involved in Caruthers' method for DNA synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-anchem-69">[69]</a> The resulting prototype was capable of forming short pieces of DNA called oligonucleotides, which could be used in DNA mapping and gene identification.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-5">[5]</a> The first commercial phosphoramidite DNA synthesizer was developed from this prototype by Applied Biosystems,<a href="#cite_note-Hogrefe-67">[67]</a> who installed the first Model 380A in Caruthers' lab at the University of Colorado in December 1982, before beginning official commercial shipment of the new instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Caruthers-65">[65]</a> Revolutionizing the field of molecular biology, the DNA synthesizer enabled biologists to synthesize DNA fragments for cloning and other genetic manipulations. Molecular biologists were able to produce DNA probes and primers for use in DNA sequencing and mapping, gene cloning, and gene synthesis. The DNA synthesizer played a critical role in the identification of many important genes and in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR), the critical technique used to <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication#Gene_duplication_as_amplification" title="Gene duplication">amplify segments of DNA</a> a million-fold.<a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Personal-6">[6]</a> The first commercial automated peptide synthesizer, sometimes referred to as a protein synthesizer, was developed by Hood and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(chemist)" title="Stephen Kent (chemist)">Stephen B. H. Kent</a>, a senior research associate at Caltech from 1983 to 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Chicago-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-anchem-69">[69]</a> The automated, programmable peptide synthesizer had previously been invented and developed by Bruce Merrifield and colleagues at Rockefeller University, and Merrifield received the Novel Prize for this invention <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The peptide synthesizer assembles long peptides and short proteins from amino acid subunits,<a href="#cite_note-Personal-6">[6]</a> in quantities sufficient for subsequent analysis of their structure and function. The commercially available instrument from Applied Biosystems led to a number of significant results, including the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/HIV-1_protease" title="HIV-1 protease">HIV-1 protease</a> in a collaboration between Kent and <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a> and the analysis of its crystalline structure. Based on this research, Merck developed an important antiprotease drug for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>. Kent carried out a number of important synthesis and structure-function studies in Hood's lab at Caltech.<a href="#cite_note-anchem-69">[69]</a> Among the notable of the inventions from Hood's lab was the automated DNA sequencer. It made possible high-speed sequencing of the structure of DNA, including the human genome. It automated many of the tasks that researchers had previously done by hand.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkel-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Researchers Jane Z. Sanders and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_M._Smith" title="Lloyd M. Smith">Lloyd M. Smith</a> developed a way to color code the basic <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> units of DNA with fluorescent tags, green for <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> (A), yellow-green for <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> (G), orange for <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> (C) and red for <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> (T).<a href="#cite_note-Mathews-74">[74]</a> Four differently colored <a href="/wiki/Fluorophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorophores">fluorophores</a>, each one specific to a reaction with one of the bases, are covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer for the enzymatic DNA sequence analysis.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-75">[75]</a> During the analysis, fragments are passed downwards through a gel tube, the smallest and lightest fragments passing through the gel tube first. A laser light passed through a filter wheel causes the bases to fluoresce. The resulting fluorescent colors are detected by a photomultiplier and recorded by a computer. The first DNA fragment to be sequenced was a common <a href="/wiki/Cloning_vector" title="Cloning vector">cloning vector</a>, <a href="/wiki/M13_bacteriophage" title="M13 bacteriophage">M13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mathews-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fung-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-75">[75]</a> The DNA sequencer was a critical technology for the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchison-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-75">[75]</a> Hood was involved with the Human Genome Project from its first meeting, held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>, in 1985. Hood became an enthusiastic advocate for The Human Genome Project and its potential.<a href="#cite_note-KyotoLecture2002-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIT-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowen-53">[53]</a> Hood directed the Human Genome Center’s sequencing of portions of human chromosomes <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">14</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">15</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASAward-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brüls-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lander-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heilig-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zody-82">[82]</a> At the University of Washington in the 1990s, Hood, Alan Blanchard, and others developed ink-jet DNA synthesis technology for creating <a href="/wiki/DNA_microarrays" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA microarrays">DNA microarrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bumgarner-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-84">[84]</a> By 2004, their ink-jet DNA synthesizer supported high-throughput identification and quantification of nucleic acids through the creation of one of the first DNA array chips, with expression levels numbering tens of thousands of genes.<a href="#cite_note-IEEEAward-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lausted-85">[85]</a> Array analysis has become a standard technique for molecular biologists who wish to monitor gene expression.<a href="#cite_note-Lausted-85">[85]</a> DNA ink-jet printer technology has had a significant impact on genomics, biology, and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Kosuri-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hwang-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunology_and_neurobiology">Immunology and neurobiology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immunology and neurobiology">edit</a>]</div> Hood also made generative discoveries in the field of molecular <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>. His studies of the amino acid sequences of <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulins" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulins">immunoglobulins</a> (also known as antibodies) helped to fuel the 1970s’ debate regarding the generation of immune diversity and supported the hypothesis advanced by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Dreyer" title="William J. Dreyer">William J. Dreyer</a> that immunoglobulin (antibody) chains are encoded by two separate genes (a constant and a variable gene). He (and others) conducted pioneering studies on the structure and diversity of the antibody genes. This research led to verification of the "two genes, one polypeptide" hypothesis and insights into the mechanisms responsible for the diversification of the immunoglobulin variable genes.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rees-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-revolution-54">[54]</a> Hood shared the Lasker Award in 1987 for these studies.<a href="#cite_note-Lasker-92">[92]</a> Additionally, Hood was among the first to study, at the gene level, the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene family<a href="#cite_note-Goodenow-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinmetz-94">[94]</a> and the T-cell receptor gene families<a href="#cite_note-Glusman-95">[95]</a> as well as being among first to demonstrate that <a href="/wiki/Alternative_splicing" title="Alternative splicing">alternative RNA splicing</a> was a fundamental mechanism for generating alternative forms of antibodies. He showed that RNA splicing is the mechanism for generating the membrane bound and the secreted forms of antibodies.<a href="#cite_note-Zhiguo-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-97">[97]</a> In neurobiology, Hood and his colleagues were the first to clone and study the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene. The MBP is a central component in the sheath that wraps and protects neurons.<a href="#cite_note-Kamholz-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2414074-99">[99]</a> Hood demonstrated that the condition called "shiverer mouse" arose from a defect in the MBP gene. Hood's research group corrected the neurological defect in mice (the shiverer defect) by transferring a normal MBP gene into the fertilized egg of the shiverer mouse. These discoveries led to extensive studies of MBP and its biology.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_biology_and_systems_medicine">Systems biology and systems medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Systems biology and systems medicine">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in the 1990s, Hood focused more on cross-disciplinary biology and systems biology. He established in 1992 the first cross-disciplinary biology department, the Molecular Biotechnology Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dietrich1992-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herring-32">[32]</a> In 2000, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Systems_Biology" title="Institute for Systems Biology">Institute for Systems Biology</a> (ISB) in Seattle, Washington to develop strategies and technologies for systems approaches to biology and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-ISB-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pollack-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermeulen-36">[36]</a> Hood pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a> concept of considering human biology as a "network of networks."<a href="#cite_note-Rodbell-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-AYOGO-102">[102]</a> In this model, understanding how systems function requires knowledge of: (1) the components of each network (including genetic, molecular, cellular, organ networks), (2) how these networks inter- and intra-connect, (3) how the networks change over time and undergo perturbations, and (4) how function is achieved within these networks.<a href="#cite_note-Nass-103">[103]</a> At the ISB under Hood's direction, genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic technologies are used to understand the "network of networks" and are focused on diverse biological systems<a href="#cite_note-Wang-104">[104]</a> (e.g. yeast, mice and humans).<a href="#cite_note-Koop-105">[105]</a> Hood applies the notion of systems biology to the study of medicine,<a href="#cite_note-Wolkenhauer-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auffray-107">[107]</a> specifically to cancer<a href="#cite_note-Tian-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhou-109">[109]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Research_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Research article">research article</a> on a systems approach to <a href="/wiki/Transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy">prion diseases</a> in 2009 was one of the first to thoroughly explore the use of systems biology to interrogate the dynamic network changes in disease models. These studies are the first to explain the dynamics of diseased-perturbed networks and have expanded to include frontal temporal <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Omenn-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daehee-111">[111]</a> Hood is also studying <a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastoma</a> in mice and humans from the systems viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-112">[112]</a> Hood advocates several practices in the burgeoning field of <a href="/wiki/Systems_medicine" title="Systems medicine">systems medicine</a>, including: (1) The use of family genome sequencing, integrating genetics and genomics, to identify genetic variants associated with health and disease<a href="#cite_note-Roach-113">[113]</a> (2) The use of targeted proteomics and biomarkers as a window into health and disease.<a href="#cite_note-Mustafa-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veenstra-115">[115]</a> He has pioneered the discovery of biomarker panels for <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress syndrome">posttraumatic stress syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Australian-117">[117]</a> (3) The use of systems biology to stratify disease into its different subtypes allowing for more effective treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Brogaard-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-revolution-54">[54]</a> (4) The use of systems strategies to identify new types of drug targets to facilitate and accelerate the drug discovery process.<a href="#cite_note-Tian-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P4_medicine">P4 medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: P4 medicine">edit</a>]</div> Since 2002 Hood has progressively expanded his vision of the future of medicine: first focusing on predictive and preventive (2P) Medicine; then predictive, preventive and personalized (3P) Medicine; and finally predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory, also known as P4 Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Chase-119">[119]</a> Hood states that P4 Medicine is the convergence of systems medicine, big data and patient (consumer) driven healthcare and social networks.<a href="#cite_note-Brogaard-118">[118]</a> Hood envisions that by the mid-2020s each individual will be surrounded by a virtual cloud of billions of data points and will have the computational tools to analyze this data and produce simple approaches to optimize wellness and minimize disease for each individual.<a href="#cite_note-Flores-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowen-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-revolution-54">[54]</a> According to this view, the patient's demand for better healthcare will be the real driving force for the acceptance of P4 Medicine by the medical community. This driving force is exemplified by the movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">quantified self</a>, which uses digital devices to monitor self-parameters such as weight, activity, sleep, diet, etc. His view is that P4 Medicine will transform the practice of medicine over the next decade, moving it from a largely reactive, disease-care approach to a proactive P4 approach that is predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory.<a href="#cite_note-Brogaard-118">[118]</a> In 2010, Hood co-founded the P4 Medicine institute (P4Mi), for the development of Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participatory (P4) Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-43">[43]</a> In 2021 Hood founded Phenome Health, a non profit focused on implementing his vision. He argues that P4 Medicine will improve healthcare, decrease its cost and promote innovation.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG/220px-Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG/330px-Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG/440px-Leroy_Hood_podium_PITT2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> Leroy Hood, 2008 Pittcon Heritage Award recipient</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dr. Lee Hood receiving the National Medal of Science from President Obama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg/220px-Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg/330px-Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg/440px-Dr._Lee_Hood_receiving_the_National_Medal_of_Science_from_President_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Lee Hood receiving the National Medal of Science from President Obama</figcaption></figure> Leroy Hood is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (NAS, 1982),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (2007),<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (formerly the Institute of Medicine, 2003),<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Inventors" title="National Academy of Inventors">National Academy of Inventors</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> He is one of only 15 scientists ever elected to all three national academies.<a href="#cite_note-ISB2004-125">[125]</a> He is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1982),<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (2000),<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and a charter fellow of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Inventors" title="National Academy of Inventors">National Academy of Inventors</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="#cite_note-USF-130">[130]</a> He has received 17 honorary degrees<a href="#cite_note-ISB-11">[11]</a> from institutions including Johns Hopkins<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 1987 Hood shared the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a> for studies of the mechanism of immune diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Lasker-92">[92]</a> He subsequently was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dickson_Prize" title="Dickson Prize">Dickson Prize</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson-133">[133]</a> In 1987, Hood also received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> He won the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> for Advanced Technology for developing automated technologies for analyzing proteins and genes;<a href="#cite_note-Kyoto-2">[2]</a> the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Lemelson-MIT_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemelson-MIT Prize">Lemelson-MIT Prize</a> for Innovation and Invention for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Lemelson-135">[135]</a> the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_Heritage_Award" title="Biotechnology Heritage Award">Biotechnology Heritage Award</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CHFBio-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biotech-137">[137]</a> the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology" title="Association for Molecular Pathology">Association for Molecular Pathology</a> Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in Technology, the Economy and Employment,<a href="#cite_note-Heinz-139">[139]</a> for breakthroughs in biomedical science on the genetic level; inclusion in the 2007 Inventors Hall of Fame for the automated DNA sequencer;<a href="#cite_note-NIHF-140">[140]</a> the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Pittcon_Heritage_Award" title="Pittcon Heritage Award">Pittcon Heritage Award</a> for helping to transform the biotechnology industry;<a href="#cite_note-CHFPittcon-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-CENPittcon-142">[142]</a> and the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Kistler_Prize" title="Kistler Prize">Kistler Prize</a> for contributions to genetics that have increased knowledge of the human genome and its relationship to society.<a href="#cite_note-Kistler-18">[18]</a> Leroy Hood won the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Russ_Prize" title="Russ Prize">Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize</a> "for automating DNA sequencing that revolutionized biomedicine and forensic science";<a href="#cite_note-NAERuss-143">[143]</a> the 2011 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, presented at a White House ceremony by President Obama in early 2013;<a href="#cite_note-NSF2011-144">[144]</a> the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Innovations_in_Healthcare_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology">IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-IEEEAward-9">[9]</a> and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island_Medal_of_Honor" title="Ellis Island Medal of Honor">Ellis Island Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISB2004-125">[125]</a> In 2017 he received the <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_Chemistry_in_Service_to_Society" title="NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society">NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAS2017-8">[8]</a> In 2019 Hood was awarded the <a href="/wiki/IRI_Medal" title="IRI Medal">IRI Medal</a>, established by the Industrial Research Institute (IRI).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100K_Wellness_Project" title="100K Wellness Project">100K Wellness Project</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Framingham_Heart_Study" title="Framingham Heart Study">Framingham</a> like clinical study set up by Hood which utilizes technological health data & measurement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KyotoLecture2002-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KyotoLecture2002_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KyotoLecture2002_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KyotoLecture2002_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KyotoLecture2002_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHood" class="citation web cs1">Hood, Leroy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716225254/https://www.systemsbiology.org/download/2002Kyoto.pdf">"My Life and Adventures Integrating Biology and Technology: A Commemorative Lecture for the 2002 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technologies"</a> (PDF). 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Cell. 20 (2): 313–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2880%2990617-0">10.1016/0092-8674(80)90617-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6771020">6771020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39580237">39580237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Two+mRNAs+can+be+produced+from+a+single+immunoglobulin+%3F+gene+by+alternative+RNA+processing+pathways&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-319&rft.date=1980-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39580237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6771020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2880%2990617-0&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J&rft.au=Davis%2C+M&rft.au=Calame%2C+K&rft.au=Bond%2C+M&rft.au=Wall%2C+R&rft.au=Hood%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamholz-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamholz_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamholzSpielmanGogolinModi1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kamholz, J; Spielman, R; Gogolin, K; Modi, W; O'Brien, S; Lazzarini, R (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684086">"The human myelin-basic-protein gene: chromosomal localization and RFLP analysis"</a>. Am J Hum Genet. 40 (4): 365–373. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684086">1684086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2437795">2437795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&rft.atitle=The+human+myelin-basic-protein+gene%3A+chromosomal+localization+and+RFLP+analysis&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-373&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1684086%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2437795&rft.aulast=Kamholz&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Spielman%2C+R&rft.au=Gogolin%2C+K&rft.au=Modi%2C+W&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S&rft.au=Lazzarini%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1684086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2414074-99"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2414074_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxeTakahashiHoodSimon1985" class="citation journal cs1">Saxe DF, Takahashi N, Hood L, Simon MI (1985). 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Trends in Biotechnology. 28 (6): 281–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2010.03.002">10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876223">2876223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20434785">20434785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Single+cell+analysis%3A+the+new+frontier+in+%3Fomics%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=281-290&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2876223%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20434785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2010.03.002&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Daojing&rft.au=Bodovitz%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2876223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koop-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Koop_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoodKoopGovermanHunkapiller1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hood, Leroy; Koop, Ben; Goverman, Joan; Hunkapiller, Tim (1992). 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Trends in Biotechnology. 10 (1–2): 19–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-7799%2892%2990161-N">10.1016/0167-7799(92)90161-N</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1367926">1367926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Model+genomes%3A+The+benefits+of+analysing+homologous+human+and+mouse+sequences&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=19-22&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-7799%2892%2990161-N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1367926&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Leroy&rft.au=Koop%2C+Ben&rft.au=Goverman%2C+Joan&rft.au=Hunkapiller%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolkenhauer-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolkenhauer_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolkenhauerAuffrayJasterSteinhoff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wolkenhauer, Olaf; Auffray, Charles; Jaster, Robert; Steinhoff, Gustav; Dammann, Olaf (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fpr.2013.4">"The road from systems biology to systems medicine"</a>. Pediatric Research. 73 (4–2): 502–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fpr.2013.4">10.1038/pr.2013.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23314297">23314297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Research&rft.atitle=The+road+from+systems+biology+to+systems+medicine&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4%E2%80%932&rft.pages=502-507&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fpr.2013.4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23314297&rft.aulast=Wolkenhauer&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Auffray%2C+Charles&rft.au=Jaster%2C+Robert&rft.au=Steinhoff%2C+Gustav&rft.au=Dammann%2C+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fpr.2013.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auffray-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Auffray_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuffrayChenHood2009" class="citation journal cs1">Auffray, Charles; Chen, Zhu; Hood, Leroy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2651587">"Systems medicine: the future of medical genomics and healthcare"</a>. Genome Medicine. 1 (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgm2">10.1186/gm2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2651587">2651587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19348689">19348689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&rft.atitle=Systems+medicine%3A+the+future+of+medical+genomics+and+healthcare&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2651587%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19348689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgm2&rft.aulast=Auffray&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhu&rft.au=Hood%2C+Leroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2651587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tian-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tian_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tian_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianPriceHood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Q.; Price, N. 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Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heinz+Awards&rft.atitle=Dr.+Leroy+Hood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinzawards.net%2Frecipients%2Fleroy-hood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIHF-140"><a href="#cite_ref-NIHF_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame2007" class="citation news cs1">National Inventors Hall of Fame (February 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-02/niho-nih020807.php">"National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2007 inductees"</a>. Eureka Alert. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka+Alert&rft.atitle=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame+announces+2007+inductees&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2007-02%2Fniho-nih020807.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHFPittcon-141"><a href="#cite_ref-CHFPittcon_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/pittcon-heritage-award">"Pittcon Heritage Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a>. 2016-05-31. Retrieved 21 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Pittcon+Heritage+Award&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fpittcon-heritage-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CENPittcon-142"><a href="#cite_ref-CENPittcon_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Linda (March 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/i12/Pittcon-Awards-2008.html">"Pittcon Awards 2008"</a>. Chemical & Engineering News. 86 (12): 67–68. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Pittcon+Awards+2008&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=67-68&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F86%2Fi12%2FPittcon-Awards-2008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAERuss-143"><a href="#cite_ref-NAERuss_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/Projects/Awards/RussPrize/RussWinners/55323.aspx">"Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize"</a>. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=Fritz+J.+and+Dolores+H.+Russ+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2FProjects%2FAwards%2FRussPrize%2FRussWinners%2F55323.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF2011-144"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF2011_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp;jsessionid=39236BA4D97AC00CC07044696EE22CE6?recip_id=5300000000480">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details"</a>. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+National+Medal+of+Science%3A+Recipient+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsf.gov%2Fod%2Fnms%2Frecip_details.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3D39236BA4D97AC00CC07044696EE22CE6%3Frecip_id%3D5300000000480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iriweb.org/about/awards/">"Awards - Best Practices in Digital Innovation"</a>. Innovation Research Interchange. Retrieved 2023-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Innovation+Research+Interchange&rft.atitle=Awards+-+Best+Practices+in+Digital+Innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iriweb.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeroy+Hood" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_Hood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Articles for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemsbiology.org/?s=Leroy+Hood&submit=Go">Leroy Hood</a>, at the Institute for Systems Biology</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820381#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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