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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentalist_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentalist_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Fundamentalist leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamentalist_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <ul 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I. Scofield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="سايروس سكوفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سايروس سكوفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_I._Scofield" title="Cyrus I. Scofield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cyrus I. Scofield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Ingerson_Scofield" title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Scofield" title="Cyrus Scofield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyrus Scofield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._I._%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="C. I. 스코필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C. I. 스코필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I._Scofield" title="C.I. Scofield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="C.I. Scofield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Scofield" title="Cyrus Scofield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cyrus Scofield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="سايروس سكوفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سايروس سكوفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="サイラス・スコフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイラス・スコフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Ingerson_Scofield" title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Ingerson_Scofield" title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cyrus Ingerson Scofield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Скоуфилд, Сайрус Ингерсон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скоуфилд, Сайрус Ингерсон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C. I. Scofield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%8F%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="司可福 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="司可福" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q768465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/wiki/File:ScofieldCI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ScofieldCI.jpg/220px-ScofieldCI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ScofieldCI.jpg/330px-ScofieldCI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ScofieldCI.jpg/440px-ScofieldCI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>C. I. Scofield, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scofield_books.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scofield_books.png/220px-Scofield_books.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scofield_books.png/330px-Scofield_books.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scofield_books.png/440px-Scofield_books.png 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="3353" /></a><figcaption>The spines from a set of six volumes by Scofield</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cyrus Ingerson Scofield</b> (August 19, 1843 – July 24, 1921) was an American theologian, <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, and writer whose best-selling <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">annotated Bible</a> popularized <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">futurism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a> among <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist Christians</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyrus Scofield was born in <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Lenawee_County,_Michigan" title="Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan">Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan</a>, the seventh and last child of Elias and Abigail Goodrich Scofield. Elias Scofield's ancestors were of English and Puritan descent, but the family was nominally <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>. Abigail Scofield died three months after Cyrus's birth, and his father twice remarried during Cyrus's childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of his early education are unknown, but there is no reason to doubt his later testimony that he was an enthusiastic reader and that he had studied Shakespeare and Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_service">Civil War service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1861, Scofield was living with relatives in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee" title="Lebanon, Tennessee">Lebanon, Tennessee</a>. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the 17-year-old Scofield enlisted as a private in the 7th Tennessee Infantry, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">C.S.A.</a>, and his regiment fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cheat_Mountain" title="Battle of Cheat Mountain">Cheat Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>. In 1862, after spending a month in <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_Hospital" title="Chimborazo Hospital">Chimborazo Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, Scofield successfully petitioned for a discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield then returned to Lebanon and was <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> again into Confederate service. Ordered to <a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Tennessee" title="McMinnville, Tennessee">McMinnville, Tennessee</a>, Scofield deserted and escaped behind Union lines in <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky" title="Bowling Green, Kentucky">Bowling Green, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking the Union oath of allegiance, Scofield was allowed safe passage to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, where he settled.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyer_and_politician">Lawyer and politician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lawyer and politician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1866, he married Leontine LeBeau Cerrè, a member of a prominent French Catholic family in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield apprenticed in the law office of his brother-in-law and then worked in the St. Louis assessor's office before moving to <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Kansas" title="Atchison, Kansas">Atchison, Kansas</a>, in late 1869. In 1871, Scofield was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, first from Atchison for one year and then from <a href="/wiki/Nemaha_County,_Kansas" title="Nemaha County, Kansas">Nemaha County</a>, for a second. In 1873 he worked for the election of <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">John J. Ingalls</a> as senator from Kansas, and when Ingalls won, the new senator had Scofield appointed U. S. District Attorney for Kansas—at 29, the youngest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, that same year Scofield was forced to resign "under a cloud of scandal" because of questionable financial transactions, which may have included accepting bribes from railroads, stealing political contributions intended for Ingalls, and securing bank <a href="/wiki/Promissory_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory notes">promissory notes</a> by forging signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible Scofield was jailed on forgery charges, although there is no extant evidence in the public records.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps in part because of his self-confessed heavy drinking,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield abandoned his wife and two daughters during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leontine Cerrè Scofield divorced him on grounds of desertion in 1883, and the same year Scofield married Hettie Hall von Wartz, with whom he eventually had a son.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_and_ministerial_career">Conversion and ministerial career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conversion and ministerial career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pastorates">Pastorates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pastorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Scofield, he was converted to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical Christianity</a> through the testimony of a lawyer acquaintance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly by the late fall of 1879, Scofield was assisting in the St. Louis evangelistic campaign conducted by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a>, and he served as the secretary of the St. Louis <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>. Significantly, Scofield came under the mentorship of <a href="/wiki/James_H._Brookes" class="mw-redirect" title="James H. Brookes">James H. Brookes</a>, pastor of Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1883, Scofield was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> minister—while his divorce was proceeding but not yet final—and he accepted the pastorate of a small mission church founded by that denomination, which became the First Congregational Church of <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a> (now Scofield Memorial Church).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church grew from fourteen to over five hundred members before he resigned its pastorate in 1895. In 1895, Scofield was called as pastor of Moody's church, the Trinitarian Congregational Church of <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Massachusetts" title="Northfield, Massachusetts">East Northfield, Massachusetts</a>. Scofield also attempted with limited success to take charge of Moody's Northfield Bible Training School.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interest_in_missions">Interest in missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interest in missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, Scofield attended the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference" title="Niagara Bible Conference">Niagara Bible Conference</a> where he met pioneer missionary to China, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a>. Taylor's approach to Christian missions influenced Scofield to found the Central American Mission in 1890 (now Camino Global).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield also served as superintendent of the American Home Missionary Society of Texas and Louisiana. In 1890, he founded <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles_College" title="Lake Charles College">Lake Charles College</a> (1890–1899) in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundamentalist_leader">Fundamentalist leader</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fundamentalist leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the author of the pamphlet "Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth" (1888), Scofield soon became a leader in <a href="/wiki/Dispensational_premillennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensational premillennialism">dispensational premillennialism</a>, a forerunner of twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, in theory, Scofield returned to his Dallas pastorate in 1903, his projected reference Bible consumed much of his energy, and he was also mostly either unwell or in Europe. When the <i><a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a></i> was published in 1909, it quickly became the most influential statement of dispensational premillennialism, and Scofield's popularity as Bible conference speaker increased as his health continued to decline. Royalties from the work were substantial, and Scofield bought real estate in Dallas, <a href="/wiki/Ashuelot,_New_Hampshire" title="Ashuelot, New Hampshire">Ashuelot, New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglaston,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglaston, Queens">Douglaston, Long Island</a>. He also joined the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Lotos_Club" title="Lotos Club">Lotos Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scofield left the liberalizing Congregational Church to become a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Southern Presbyterian</a> and moved to the New York City area where he supervised a correspondence and lay institute, the New York Night School of the Bible. In 1914, he founded the Philadelphia School of the Bible in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania (now <a href="/wiki/Cairn_University" title="Cairn University">Cairn University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 1890s, Scofield began styling himself Rev. C. I. Scofield, D.D.; but there are no extant records of any academic institution having granted him the honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield's second wife proved a faithful companion and editing assistant, but his relationships with his children, including librarian <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Scofield_Kellogg" title="Abigail Scofield Kellogg">Abigail Scofield Kellogg</a>, were distant at best.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield died at his home on Long Island in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scofield's correspondence Bible study course was the basis for his <i>Reference Bible</i>, an annotated, and widely circulated, study Bible first published in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scofield's notes teach <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">futurism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a>, a theology advanced in the early nineteenth century by the Anglo-Irish clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>, who like Scofield had been trained as a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispensationalism emphasizes the distinctions between the New Testament Church and ancient Israel of the Old Testament. Scofield believed that between creation and the final judgment there are seven distinct eras of God's dealing with humanity and that these eras are a framework around which the message of the Bible can be explained. It was largely through the influence of Scofield's notes that <a href="/wiki/Dispensational_premillennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensational premillennialism">dispensational premillennialism</a> became influential among <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist Christians</a> in the United States, and these notes became a significant source for popular religious writers such as <a href="/wiki/Hal_Lindsey" title="Hal Lindsey">Hal Lindsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 61–62. Scofield told his first biographer that his personal reading had inspired him to begin making a chart of universal history when he was twelve.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 63–65. Scofield argued that he was native of Michigan, had never exercised the rights of citizenship in the Confederacy, had enlisted as a minor, was suffering from bad health, and intended to "enter Guerilla service in East Tenn." He was discharged on September 26, 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rushing, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rushing, 26. In 1903, Scofield was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a>, Dallas Chapter #6. Rushing, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 74; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(historian)" title="Michael Phillips (historian)">Michael Phillips</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/White_Metropolis:_Race,_Ethnicity,_and_Religion_in_Dallas,_1841%E2%80%932001" class="mw-redirect" title="White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001">White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001</a></i> (Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, 2006), 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ks/history.html">History of the United States Attorney District of Kansas</a>. The apologetic Mangum & Sweetnam note that "there are discrepancies in these reports as to where his time was served or what the crime was he allegedly committed." Even Canfield, after scouring public records, looking for corroboration of the jail-time stories, concludes that such reports are only "unsubstantiated rumors."(37)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum & Sweetnam, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scofield also had a son by Leontine, Guy Sylvestre (1872–74), who died of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> at the age of two. Mangum & Sweetnam, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Paul Scofield (1888–1962) consistently refused to give interviews about his father. Lutzweiler, 198. C. I. Scofield almost certainly provided deliberately inaccurate personal information to <i>Who's Who</i> and to his official biographer, Charles Trumball. As another biographer has written, Scofield "was secretive about his past and not above distorting the facts of his shadowy years." John D. Hannah, "Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-01906.html"><i>American National Biography Online</i></a> February 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trumbull, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum & Sweetnam, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Moody died in 1899, Scofield presided at his funeral service. Mangum & Sweetnam, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/52001452/scofield-memorial-church-selected-records-turpin-library">"Guide to Scofield Memorial Church Selected Records"</a>. <i>Yumpu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yumpu&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Scofield+Memorial+Church+Selected+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F52001452%2Fscofield-memorial-church-selected-records-turpin-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+I.+Scofield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum & Sweetnam, 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2019" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Sarah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/c-i-scofield-true-believer.htm">"C. I. Scofield: True Believer"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=C.+I.+Scofield%3A+True+Believer&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fc-i-scofield-true-believer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+I.+Scofield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum & Sweetnam, 46. Scofield did not include the "D.D." in the information he provided <i>Who's Who</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutzweiler, 192-98. Both daughters lived in Atchison, Kansas, and became school teachers. Mangum & Sweetnam, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum & Sweetnam, 18. The funeral was held in the large sanctuary of the First Baptist Church, Flushing, New York, and Scofield was buried in Flushing Cemetery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title page listed seven "consulting editors": Henry G. Weston, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="James M. Gray">James M. Gray</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.J._Erdman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.J. Erdman (page does not exist)">W.J. Erdman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan_Pierson" title="Arthur Tappan Pierson">A.T. Pierson</a>, W. G. Moorehead, <a href="/wiki/Elmore_Harris" title="Elmore Harris">Elmore Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arno_Clemens_Gaebelein" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Clemens Gaebelein">A. C. Gaebelein</a>. "Just what role these consulting editors played in the project has been the subject of some confusion. Apparently Scofield only meant to acknowledge their assistance, though some have speculated that he hoped to gain support for his publication from both sides of the millenarian movement with this device." Ernest Sandeen, <i>The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevertheless, dispensationalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_Ryrie" title="Charles Caldwell Ryrie">Charles Caldwell Ryrie</a> argues that Scofield was actually following the dispensationalist scheme of hymn writer and theologian <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> (1674–1748) rather than that of Darby, although Watts had rejected the Millennium as a dispensation. Charles C. Ryrie, <i>Dispensationalism</i> (Chicago: Moody Press, 1995), 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2019" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Sarah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/c-i-scofield-true-believer.htm">"C. I. Scofield: True Believer"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=C.+I.+Scofield%3A+True+Believer&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fc-i-scofield-true-believer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+I.+Scofield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Joseph M. Canfield, <i>The Incredible Scofield and His Book</i>, (Vallecito, California: Ross House Books, 1988).</li> <li>William E. Cox <i>Why I Left Scofieldism</i> (Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87552-154-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87552-154-1">0-87552-154-1</a>.</li> <li>John Gerstner, <i>Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth</i>, (Brentwood, Tennessee: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, 1991).</li> <li>John D. Hannah, "Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson," <i>American National Biography</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2023" class="citation book cs1">Hummel, Daniel G. (2023). <i>The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism: How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-87922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-87922-6"><bdi>978-0-802-87922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Dispensationalism%3A+How+the+Evangelical+Battle+over+the+End+Times+Shaped+a+Nation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-802-87922-6&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+I.+Scofield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>David Lutzweiler, <i>The Praise of Folly: The Enigmatic Life and Theology of C. I. Scofield</i> (Draper, VA: Apologetics Group Media, 2009).</li> <li>R. Todd Mangum and Mark S. Sweetnam, <i>The Scofield Bible: Its History and Impact on the Evangelical Church</i> (Colorado Springs: Paternoster, 2009).</li> <li>D. Jean Rushing, "From Confederate Deserter to Decorated Veteran Bible Scholar: Exploring the Enigmatic Life of C. I. Scofield, 1861–1921," MA Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2011.</li> <li>Ernest R. Sandeen, <i>The Roots of Fundamentalism, British and American Millenarianism</i>, 1800–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).</li> <li>Charles G. Trumbull, <i>The Life Story of C. I. Scofield</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1920).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._I._Scofield&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130915102057/http://www.knowing-jesus.com/topics/ebooks/c-i-scofield/">C. I. Scofield books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115014944/http://www.biblebelievers.com/scofield_reference_bible/index.html">The Scofield Reference Bible Notes 1917</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=&hl=en&pageSize=10&Submit=Find&q1=c.i.+scofield&o1=EXACT&q2=&o2=JUSTONE&q3=&o3=NOTANY&q4=&t4=institution&q5=&t5=collection&q6=&t6=dc.language&q7=&t7=dc.type&nlow=&nhi=&t8=psource">Cyrus Scofield letters</a>, hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblebelievers.com/scofield/index.html">Rightly Dividing The Word of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Reisinger" title="Ernest Reisinger">Ernest Reisinger</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205015142/http://www.founders.org/journal/fj09/article1.html">"A History of Dispensationalism in America."</a> Criticism of dispensationalism by a Southern Baptist with a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> perspective.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Francescon">Louis Francescon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Francis_Gardiner" title="Allen Francis Gardiner">Allen Francis Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan_Guinness" title="Henry Grattan Guinness">Henry Grattan Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parish_Kidder" title="Daniel Parish Kidder">Daniel Parish Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Henry_Nelson" title="Justus Henry Nelson">Justus Henry Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Ridderhof" title="Joy Ridderhof">Joy Ridderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Saint" title="Rachel Saint">Rachel Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_Green_Simonton" title="Ashbel Green Simonton">Ashbel Green Simonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Stirling" title="Waite Stirling">Waite Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Townsend" title="William Cameron Townsend">William Cameron Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnos360" title="Ethnos360">Ethnos360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Mission_Society" title="South American Mission Society">South American Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible_Translators" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible Translators">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evangelical_Alliance_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evangelical Alliance Mission">TEAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCJB" title="HCJB">HCJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_Beyond_Missionary_Union" title="Regions Beyond Missionary Union">Regions Beyond Missionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Aviation_Fellowship" title="Mission Aviation Fellowship">Mission Aviation Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Andean_Indian_Mission" title="United Andean Indian Mission">United Andean Indian Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Auca" title="Operation Auca">Operation Auca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q768465#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q768465#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q768465#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080999758">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20482704">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/141259/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcxtdPM6JKhxxrcxDwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119088010">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84182188">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10536648r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10536648r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526015">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scofield, C. I."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV144006">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005174&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX990704">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p081499566">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90398910">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M6147">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650154405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/113643">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280073105171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301089005171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04736748?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119088010">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/226659097">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60p464h">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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