CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Brahmin Tamil - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e88e8be4-94ea-4e86-8e44-8bae312cf4b0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Brahmin_Tamil","wgTitle":"Brahmin Tamil","wgCurRevisionId":1250484477,"wgRevisionId":1250484477,"wgArticleId":6138509,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Tamil-language text","Tamil dialects"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Brahmin_Tamil","wgRelevantArticleId":6138509,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams": {"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4955615","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Brahmin Tamil - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Brahmin_Tamil rootpage-Brahmin_Tamil skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brahmin+Tamil" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brahmin+Tamil" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brahmin+Tamil" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brahmin+Tamil" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_with_standard_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_standard_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Differences with standard Tamil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_with_standard_Tamil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences with standard Tamil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_standard_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Structure and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmin Tamil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राह्मण तमिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राह्मण तमिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="பிராமணத் தமிழ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராமணத் தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4955615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Brahmin_Tamil" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Brahmin_Tamil" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Brahmin_Tamil" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&oldid=1250484477" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Brahmin_Tamil&id=1250484477&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrahmin_Tamil"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrahmin_Tamil"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Brahmin_Tamil&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4955615" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Tamil</div> <p><b>Brahmin Tamil</b> is the name of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> traditionally spoken by <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Tamil Brahmins</a>. The dialect, largely, uses Classical Tamil along with a heavy proportion of Sanskrit derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-kasbekarp217_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasbekarp217-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rayp436_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayp436-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha alphabet</a></div> <p>During the early 1900s, Brahmin Tamil was used as the lingua-franca for inter-caste communication.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-standardization_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardization-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal characters in the Tamil films of the period (1930s and 1940s) also spoke the Brahmin dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-batep188_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batep188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baskaranp66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baskaranp66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Tamil_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Tamil Movement">Pure Tamil Movement</a> and the entry of Dravidian ideologues into Tamil cinema in the 1950s, Brahmin Tamil was gradually displaced from public spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-batep188_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batep188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Brahmin Tamil is used in films and television soaps centred on the Brahmin society.<sup id="cite_ref-batep188_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batep188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmin Tamil, has however, continued to flourish among the Brahmin community including the expatriates. Often non-Brahmins use this dialect in soaps and films for comic effect while engaging with Brahmins conversationally. And Brahmins effortlessly code switch by speaking the standard Tamil while engaging with non-Brahmins and revert to Brahmin Tamil when conversing among themselves. </p><p>The first systematic study of Brahmin Tamil was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bloch" title="Jules Bloch">Jules Bloch</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most detailed study was conducted by <a href="/wiki/A_K_Ramanujan" class="mw-redirect" title="A K Ramanujan">A K Ramanujan</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">William Bright</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent researches on Brahmin Tamil and other socio-dialects have been conducted by <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many forms of Brahmin Tamil spoken. Brahmin Tamil, in general, is less influenced by regional dialects than the dialects used by other Tamil communities.<sup id="cite_ref-shapirop155_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapirop155-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main regional variations are the Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects. Other sub-dialects include Ashtagrama Iyer Tamil, Mysore Vadama Iyer Tamil, Mandyam Tamil and Hebbar Tamil. </p><p>The differences between Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects are: </p> <ol><li>In the words ending in <i>m</i> and <i>n</i> preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, the vowel is nasalised, but the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stops">nasal stops</a> themselves are not pronounced except when followed by a word beginning with a vowel in the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> style. In the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> style, the nasal stops in these cases are always pronounced.</li> <li>The accent, style and vocabulary of Tamil used by Tamil Brahmins from Palakkad is greatly influenced by Malayalam apart from Sanskrit, while the sub-dialects used in Tamil Nadu borrow only from Sanskrit.</li></ol> <p>The Iyengars, particularly those outside Tamil Nadu, speak a dialect retaining ancient lexicon from religious texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_with_standard_Tamil">Differences with standard Tamil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differences with standard Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahmin Tamil varies slightly from standard Tamil. It retains minor adaptations of classical Tamil (<i>Sentamil</i>) words that are no longer in common usage. For instance, <i>ām</i>, a Brahmin Tamil word for "house", is derived from the classical Tamil word a<i>gam.</i> It also notably incorporates a plethora of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words. This may be observed in the etymology of several words in the Brahmin Tamil lexicon such as <i>namaskaram</i> (greeting), <i>tirtham</i> (water), and <i>bhakshanam</i> (food offering). There are also unique words in the dialect for signifying time, such as <i>kartala</i> to indicate morning. While non-Brahmin Tamils generally tend to use Sanskrit derivatives in their Prakrit form, Brahmins tend to use original Sanskrit. According to Bright and Ramanujan (1964), </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the Brahmin dialect which has innovated by introducing the loan words. Brahmin Tamil frequently preserves non-native phonology, which non-Brahmin Tamil assimilates to native pattern<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <table class="wikitable" border="2" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><i><b>Differences with standard Tamil</b></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Brahmin Tamil</b></th> <th><b>Standard Tamil</b></th> <th><b>English</b></th> <th><b>Notes</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Avāl</i>, <i>Avā</i></td> <td><i>Avargal</i></td> <td>they</td> <td>Probably derived from 'Avarhal' where the r & h are silent. Alternatively derived from the Telugu word <i>Vālu</i> meaning "person"<sup id="cite_ref-pillaipxiv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillaipxiv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ivāl</i>, <i>Ivā</i></td> <td><i>Ivargal</i></td> <td>these people</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ām</i>/Aathu</td> <td><i>Veedu</i></td> <td>house</td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a> <i>Agam</i> (with the g pronounced more like silent 'h' -- 'a(h)am') <sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dravidicp154_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dravidicp154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tirtham</i>, <i>Jalam</i></td> <td><i>Taṇṇīr</i></td> <td>water</td> <td><i>Thūtham</i> is largely used in the Thanjavur sub-dialect and is derived from the Sanskrit <i>Tīrtham</i>. Iyengars, however, use the Sanskrit original.<sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brightp35_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightp35-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sittha</i></td> <td><i>Konjam</i></td> <td>some</td> <td>Probably derived from Tamil <i>Sattru</i> meaning "a little." </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Manni</i></td> <td><i>Anni</i></td> <td>elder brother's wife<sup id="cite_ref-linguisticsp20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguisticsp20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Derived from "Maru-annai" meaning "another mom" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Athimbēr</i></td> <td><i>Athai kozhunan</i></td> <td>paternal aunt's husband</td> <td>Derived from 'Ahathin Anbar' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kshēmam</i>/Sowkyam</td> <td><i>Nalam</i></td> <td>goodness (esp. with regard to health)</td> <td>Derived from Sanskrit </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Vāṅgō</i></td> <td><i>Vāruṅgal</i> (Literary), <i>Vāṅga</i> (Spoken)</td> <td>Come<sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pōṅgō</i></td> <td><i>Pōkuṅgal</i> (Literary), <i>Pōṅga</i> (Spoken)</td> <td>Go<sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Aathukaran</i></td> <td><i>Vītukkāran</i></td> <td>Husband</td> <td>Derived from <i>Agam-udayān</i> (house-holder)<sup id="cite_ref-dravidicp154_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dravidicp154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Ramanujan-Bright hypothesis which examined Brahmin Tamil in detail concluded - </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In general, the Brahmin dialect seems to show great innovation on the more conscious levels of linguistic change – those of borrowing and semantic extension—while the non-Brahmin dialect shows greater innovation in less conscious type of change—those involving phonemic and morphological replacements<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bright attributes these changes to the comparatively high literacy rate of the Brahmin community. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A possible hypothesis is that literacy, most common among Brahmins has acted as a brake on change in their dialects-that the ‘frozen’ phonology and grammar of the literary language have served to retard change in Brahmin speech<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Nicknames</dt></dl> <p>There are also a few nicknames and sobriquets used in Brahmin Tamil alone. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" border="2"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Nickname</b></th> <th><b>Source</b></th> <th><b>Meaning</b></th> <th><b>Usage</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ammānji</i></td> <td>Name for mother's brother's child (a cousin)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pillaiyāndān</i></td> <td><i>Pillai</i> and <i>Āndavan</i></td> <td></td> <td>Used to denote a dear child<sup id="cite_ref-guptap28_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guptap28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_pronunciation">Structure and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in standard spoken Tamil, the temporal verbal participles (as in <span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">-ccē/-sē</i></span> from '<span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">samayam</i></span>' (time)) in Brahmin Tamil, have been borrowed from relative participle constructions on the model <span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">varaccē < varuxiṟa samayam</i></span> ('while coming') and <span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">pōxasē < pōxiṟa samayam</i></span> ('while going').<sup id="cite_ref-andronovp258_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andronovp258-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmin Tamil also uses the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> |ɻ| used in Old Tamil, but no longer in use in most non-Brahmin dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-brightp35_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightp35-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though mainly used by Tamil Brahmins, the Brahmin dialect is also used occasionally, and to a lesser extent, by other forward caste Tamils such as Vellalars and Mudaliyars.<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Brahminism" title="Anti-Brahminism">Anti-Brahminism</a>, the usage of Brahmin Tamil was favoured as the common Tamil dialect<sup id="cite_ref-langvariation_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early decades of the 20th century, the Brahmin Tamil variant spoken in Madras city was considered to be standard spoken Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-batep188_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batep188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comriep182_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the 1950s and the gradual elimination of Sanskrit loan words from the spoken tongue, Brahmin Tamil has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai</a> Tamil dialects, by non Brahmin communities, as the preferred spoken dialects for day-to-day use.<sup id="cite_ref-standardization_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardization-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vaishnavite <a href="/wiki/Iyengars" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyengars">Iyengars</a> having a unique subdialect of Brahmin Tamil of their own, called the Sri Vaishnava Manipravalam which interested linguistics for its peculiar grammatical forms and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-srilatha_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srilatha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the development of a homogenised Brahmin identity during the medieval period, Vaishnavite Brahmins in the Tamil country have largely assimilated Brahmin Tamil with their own dialect, retaining several words of the Vaishnava Manipravalam in their vocabulary. The Hebbar and Mandyam Iyengars who reside outside the native Tamil land, however, continue to use Iyengar Tamil as their mother tongue. So do Ashtagrama Iyers and Mysore Vadama Iyers whose Tamil dialects while largely uses Brahmin Tamil has some Kannada influence. In contrast to peninsular India, the Brahmin dialect was never used by the Tamil Brahmins of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-veluppilaip175_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veluppilaip175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between the Smartha and Sri Vaishnava variants are currently limited to vocabulary, particularly to words related to ritual and familial ties, alone.<sup id="cite_ref-beteillep54_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beteillep54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="2" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><i><b>Words unique to the Sri Vaishnava variant</b></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Smartha Brahmin Variant</b></th> <th><b>Sri Vaishnava Variant</b></th> <th><b>English meaning</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rasam</i></td> <td><i>Sattru amudu</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">Rasam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beteillep54_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beteillep54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literally means the stew that is used to mix with rice. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chithappa</i></td> <td><i>Chithiya</i></td> <td>Father's younger brother (colloquial)<sup id="cite_ref-beteillep54_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beteillep54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Abhishekham</i></td> <td><i>Thirumanjanam</i></td> <td>Bath of temple idols in a ceremonial way.<sup id="cite_ref-beteillep54_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beteillep54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Payasam</i> </td> <td><i>Thirukanan amudhu</i> </td> <td>Sweet Porridge </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Samayal</i> </td> <td><i>Thaligai</i> </td> <td>Cooking </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Adukull</i> </td> <td><i>Thirumadapalli / Thaligai panra ull</i> </td> <td>Kitchen. Under Sri Vaishnava variant, the first one is to refer kitchen in temples, while the second one is used to refer kitchen in houses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kari</i> </td> <td><i>Kari amudhu</i> </td> <td>Vegetable Fry </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kozhambu, sambar</i> </td> <td><i>Kozhambu</i> </td> <td>Liquid gravy, with dhal or even without dhal (for Sri Vaishnava variant only). </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Narukurathu</i> </td> <td><i>Thirutharathu</i> </td> <td>To cut (generally vegetables) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Thootham/Jalam</i> </td> <td><i>Theertham</i> </td> <td>Water </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Thayir Saadham</i> </td> <td><i>Dodhyonam</i> </td> <td>Curd rice </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Thaalikkarathu</i> </td> <td><i>Thirupu maarapanrathu</i>/<i>Thirumaararthu</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Tempering</a>; the process of frying mustard, asafoetida in oil or ghee for aroma </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Vendikarathu</i> </td> <td><i>Sevikkarathu</i> </td> <td>To worship </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kumbabhishekam</i> </td> <td><i>Samprokshanam</i> </td> <td>Consecration of a temple. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Namam pottukarathu</i> </td> <td><i>Thiruman ittukarathu</i> </td> <td>To apply one or three stroke Namam (Iyengar tilakam) on forehead </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ecchal idardhu</i> </td> <td><i>Ecchapiratal</i> </td> <td>Cleaning the left overs after having food </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brahmin_Tamil" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Tamil" title="Iyengar Tamil">Iyengar Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Tamil Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_language" title="Sankethi language">Sankethi language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kasbekarp217-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kasbekarp217_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle</i>. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851096361" title="Special:BookSources/1851096361"><bdi>1851096361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+India%21%3A+Media%2C+Arts%2C+And+Lifestyle&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1851096361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rayp436-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rayp436_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohit_K._Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohit K. Ray, ed. (2007). <i>The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English</i>. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126908325" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126908325"><bdi>978-8126908325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Companion+to+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8126908325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langvariation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langvariation_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723185203/http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html">"Language variation in Tamil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+variation+in+Tamil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisindia.net%2FTamil%2FTamil_vari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standardization-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-standardization_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-standardization_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_F._Schiffman" class="citation web cs1">Harold F. Schiffman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/stantam/STANTAM.HTM">"Standardization or Restandardization: the case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standardization+or+Restandardization%3A+the+case+for+%27Standard%27+Spoken+Tamil&rft.au=Harold+F.+Schiffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~haroldfs%2Fpublic%2Fstantam%2FSTANTAM.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-batep188-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-batep188_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-batep188_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-batep188_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-batep188_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBate2009" class="citation book cs1">Bate, Bernard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT212">"Notes - 12"</a>. <i>Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231147569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231147569"><bdi>978-0231147569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+-+12&rft.btitle=Tamil+Oratory+and+the+Dravidian+Aesthetic%3A+Democratic+Practice+in+South+India&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231147569&rft.aulast=Bate&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uP7LHS3cDMC%26pg%3DPT212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baskaranp66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baskaranp66_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskaran1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Theodore_Baskaran" title="S. Theodore Baskaran">Baskaran, S. Theodore</a> (1996). <i>The eye of the serpent: An Introduction to Tamil cinema</i>. East West Books. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eye+of+the+serpent%3A+An+Introduction+to+Tamil+cinema&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=East+West+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Baskaran&rft.aufirst=S.+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comriep182-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comriep182_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (1990). <i>The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415057728" title="Special:BookSources/0415057728"><bdi>0415057728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Languages+of+South+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0415057728&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapirop155-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shapirop155_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._ShapiroF._Schiffman1981" class="citation book cs1">C. Shapiro, Michael; F. Schiffman, Harold (1981). <i>Language and society in South Asia</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+society+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=C.+Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=F.+Schiffman%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pillaipxiv-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pillaipxiv_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillaiMeenakshisundaram1968" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, J. M. Somasundaram; Meenakshisundaram, T. P. (1968). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyw0AAAAMAAJ"><i>A history of Tamil literature with texts and translations from the earliest times to 600 A.D.</i></a> p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Tamil+literature+with+texts+and+translations+from+the+earliest+times+to+600+A.D.&rft.pages=xiv&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+Somasundaram&rft.au=Meenakshisundaram%2C+T.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcyw0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dravidicp154-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dravidicp154_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dravidicp154_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1974" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, S. Anavartavinayakam (1974). "The Sanskritic Elements in the vocabulary of Dravidian languages". In Mark Collins (ed.). <i>Dravidic Studies</i>. University of Madras. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sanskritic+Elements+in+the+vocabulary+of+Dravidian+languages&rft.btitle=Dravidic+Studies&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=S.+Anavartavinayakam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brightp35-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brightp35_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brightp35_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1976" class="citation book cs1">Bright, William (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000brig/page/35">"Social dialect and language history"</a></span>. <i>Variation and change in language: Essays</i>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000brig/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804709262" title="Special:BookSources/0804709262"><bdi>0804709262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+dialect+and+language+history&rft.btitle=Variation+and+change+in+language%3A+Essays&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0804709262&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariationchangei0000brig%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linguisticsp20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linguisticsp20_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSree_Krishnan" class="citation book cs1">Sree Krishnan (ed.). <i>Linguistic traits across language boundaries</i>. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+traits+across+language+boundaries&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guptap28-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guptap28_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1990" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Baldev Raj (1990). <i>Indian Linguistics</i>. Ariana Publishing House. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Linguistics&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ariana+Publishing+House&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Baldev+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andronovp258-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andronovp258_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Andronov">Andronov</a>, p 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srilatha-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srilatha_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2007" class="citation book cs1">Raman, Srilatha (2007). <i>Self-surrender (prapatti) to God in Śrīvaiṣṇavism: Tamil Cats and Sanskrit Monkeys</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415391856" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415391856"><bdi>978-0415391856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-surrender+%28prapatti%29+to+God+in+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABvai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Tamil+Cats+and+Sanskrit+Monkeys&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415391856&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Srilatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veluppilaip175-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veluppilaip175_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeluppillai1980" class="citation book cs1">Veluppillai, A. (1980). <i>Epigraphical evidences for Tamil studies</i>. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphical+evidences+for+Tamil+studies&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Veluppillai&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beteillep54-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beteillep54_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beteillep54_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beteillep54_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beteillep54_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeteille1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Beteille" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Beteille">Beteille, Andre</a> (1965). <i>Caste, Class, and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village</i>. University of California Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520020537" title="Special:BookSources/0520020537"><bdi>0520020537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Class%2C+and+Power%3A+Changing+Patterns+of+Stratification+in+a+Tanjore+Village&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0520020537&rft.aulast=Beteille&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Andronov" class="citation book cs1">S. Andronov, Michail (2003). <i>A comparative grammar of Dravidian languages</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3447044551" title="Special:BookSources/3447044551"><bdi>3447044551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comparative+grammar+of+Dravidian+languages&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3447044551&rft.aulast=S.+Andronov&rft.aufirst=Michail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Karunakaran,_C._Sivashanmugman1981" class="citation book cs1">K. Karunakaran, C. Sivashanmugman (1981). <i>Study of social dialects in Tamil</i>. All India Tamil Linguistics Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+social+dialects+in+Tamil&rft.pub=All+India+Tamil+Linguistics+Association&rft.date=1981&rft.au=K.+Karunakaran%2C+C.+Sivashanmugman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin+Tamil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tamil_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_language" title="Template:Tamil language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_language" title="Template talk:Tamil language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tamil_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Tamil">Modern Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian_language" title="Proto-South Dravidian language">Proto-South Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sangam">First Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sangam">Second Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sangam">Third Sangam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bangalore Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Tamil books of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Great_Epics_of_Tamil_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangam_poets" title="List of Sangam poets">List of Sangam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition" title="Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition">Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Devotional<br />literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar#Literary_works" title="Umaru Pulavar">Cīrappurānam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kampa Irāmāyaṉam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembavani" title="Thembavani">Tēmpāvaṉi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_literature_works_about_Ganesha" title="List of Tamil literature works about Ganesha">Tamil Ganaptya texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthana_Kolahalam" title="Asthana Kolahalam">Asthana Kolahalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87akkatik%C4%81ram" title="Kaṇakkatikāram">Kaṇakkatikāram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87ita_T%C4%ABpikai" title="Kaṇita Tīpikai">Kaṇita Tīpikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerambam" title="Yerambam">Yerambam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil and<br /> other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Tamil origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_loanwords_in_Tamil" title="Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">Megalithic graffiti symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Koleḻuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava grantha">Pallava grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Modern script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lexis and<br /> grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_honorifics" title="Tamil honorifics">Tamil honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_onomatopoeia" title="Tamil onomatopoeia">Tamil onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_prosody" title="Tamil prosody">Tamil prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Moḻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardisation_of_Tamil_script" title="Standardisation of Tamil script">Standardisation of Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Tamil_script" title="Simplified Tamil script">Simplified Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_in_Tamil_language" title="Printing in Tamil language">Printing in Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Heritage_Foundation" title="Tamil Heritage Foundation">Ancient manuscript digitalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Formation of CICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Madurai" title="Project Madurai">Project Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_of_Tamil_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dialects_of_Tamil" title="Template:Dialects of Tamil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dialects_of_Tamil" title="Template talk:Dialects of Tamil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dialects_of_Tamil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dialects of Tamil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_of_Tamil_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Tamil" title="Iyengar Tamil">Iyengar Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bangalore Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_dialect_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka">Srilankan upcountry Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Srilankan Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&oldid=1250484477">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&oldid=1250484477</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_dialects" title="Category:Tamil dialects">Tamil dialects</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 October 2024, at 18:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmin_Tamil&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-x2g2p","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.544","walltime":"0.642","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1792,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":71991,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1542,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84310,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 569.128 1 -total"," 29.74% 169.256 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.41% 144.599 16 Template:Cite_book"," 21.41% 121.867 4 Template:Lang"," 19.50% 110.958 5 Template:Navbox"," 17.59% 100.116 1 Template:Tamil_language"," 13.00% 73.963 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.98% 45.414 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.73% 26.908 1 Template:Wikibooks"," 4.35% 24.761 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.372","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14381356,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-bsrzt","timestamp":"20241130020207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Brahmin Tamil","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmin_Tamil","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4955615","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4955615","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-27T08:44:37Z","dateModified":"2024-10-10T18:07:49Z","headline":"dialect of Tamil"}</script> </body> </html>