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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Barbier v. Connolly</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Submitted November 25, 1884<br />Decided January 5, 1885</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Barbier v. Connolly</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">113 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/113/27/case.html">27</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_113" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113">more</a></i>)<div>5 S. Ct. 357; 28 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed.">L. Ed.</a> 923; 1885 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 1647</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A municipal ordinance prohibiting from washing and ironing in public laundries and washhouses within defined territorial limits from ten o'clock at night to six in the morning is a purely police regulation within the competency of a municipality possessed of the ordinary powers. The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution does not impair the police power of a state.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel F. Miller</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John M. Harlan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">William B. Woods</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Matthews (lawyer)">Stanley Matthews</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Horace Gray</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Field, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Barbier v. Connolly</b></i>, 113 U.S. 27 (1885), was a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> in which the Court considered the application of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> to a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinance</a> regulating the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Laundry#Washhouses" title="Laundry">public laundries</a>. The Court held that the regulation of laundries for <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and public safety reasons were clearly within the police powers of the state, and the Fourteenth Amendment was not meant to interfere with the police powers of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbier_v._Connolly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Barbier v. Connolly,</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_113" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113">113</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 27 (1885) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11490888406111878517">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/113/27/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep113/usrep113027/usrep113027.pdf">Library of Congress</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laundry_navbox" title="Template talk:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laundry123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">Laundry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_laundry_topics" title="List of laundry topics">List of laundry topics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">Bleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_softener" title="Fabric softener">Fabric softener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent" title="Laundry detergent">Laundry detergent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent_pod" title="Laundry detergent pod">pods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combo_washer_dryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Combo washer dryer">Combo washer dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_washer" title="Tunnel washer">Tunnel washer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_cleaning" title="Wet cleaning">Wet cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboard_(laundry)" title="Washboard (laundry)">Washboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_copper" title="Wash copper">Wash copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_horse" title="Clothes horse">Clothes horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_line" title="Clothes line">Clothes line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_cabinet" title="Drying cabinet">Drying cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_Hoist" title="Hills Hoist">Hills Hoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangle_(machine)" title="Mangle (machine)">Mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryer_ball" title="Dryer ball">Dryer ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_machine#Clothes_folder" title="Folding machine">Clothes folder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FoldiMate" title="FoldiMate">FoldiMate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundroid" title="Laundroid">Laundroid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_mangle" title="Box mangle">Box mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_hanger" title="Clothes hanger">Clothes hanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironing" title="Ironing">Ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">Laundry starch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">Colour fastness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_(laundering_process)" title="Posting (laundering process)">Posting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">Stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hand_Laundry_Alliance" title="Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance">Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_and_Dry_Cleaning_International_Union" title="Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union">Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_Workers_Industrial_Union" title="Laundry Workers Industrial Union">Laundry Workers Industrial Union</a></li> <li>Project Laundry List</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Launderers" title="Worshipful Company of Launderers">Worshipful Company of Launderers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Housekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_laundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial laundry">Industrial laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_symbol" title="Laundry symbol">Laundry symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washerwoman" title="Washerwoman">Washerwoman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothespin" title="Clothespin">Clothespin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensing_ball" title="Dispensing ball">Dispensing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper" title="Hamper">Hamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posser" title="Posser">Posser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_paddle" title="Washing paddle">Washing paddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbier v. Connolly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Laundry_Co._v._United_States" title="Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States">Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearson_v._Chung" title="Pearson v. Chung">Pearson v. Chung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_and_wash_houses_in_Britain" title="Baths and wash houses in Britain">Baths and wash houses in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi_Ghat" title="Dhobi Ghat">Dhobi Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavoir" title="Lavoir">Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-service_laundry" title="Self-service laundry">Self-service laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A4ttstuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvättstuga">Tvättstuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US14thAmendment" title="Template talk:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourteenth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Citizenship_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_v._Hare" title="Mackenzie v. Hare">Mackenzie v. Hare</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk" title="Afroyim v. Rusk">Afroyim v. Rusk</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saenz_v._Roe" title="Saenz v. Roe">Saenz v. Roe</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Due_Process_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Economic substantive<br />due process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas" title="Mugler v. Kansas">Mugler v. Kansas</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgeyer_v._Louisiana" title="Allgeyer v. Louisiana">Allgeyer v. Louisiana</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holden_v._Hardy" title="Holden v. Hardy">Holden v. Hardy</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coppage_v._Kansas" title="Coppage v. Kansas">Coppage v. Kansas</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Tanner" title="Adams v. Tanner">Adams v. Tanner</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Gorman_%26_Young,_Inc._v._Hartford_Fire_Insurance_Co." title="O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.">O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish" title="West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish">West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish</a></i> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vuitch" title="United States v. Vuitch">United States v. Vuitch</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Central_Missouri_v._Danforth" title="Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth">Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1976)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1976)">Bellotti v. Baird I</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colautti_v._Franklin" title="Colautti v. Franklin">Colautti v. Franklin</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1979)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1979)">Bellotti v. Baird II</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H._L._v._Matheson" title="H. L. v. Matheson">H. L. v. Matheson</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Akron_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health" title="City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health">City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_%26_Gynecologists" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v._Minnesota" title="Hodgson v. Minnesota">Hodgson v. Minnesota</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (page does not exist)">Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leavitt_v._Jane_L.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leavitt v. Jane L. (page does not exist)">Leavitt v. Jane L.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_v._Wicklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert v. Wicklund (page does not exist)">Lambert v. Wicklund</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazurek_v._Armstrong" title="Mazurek v. Armstrong">Mazurek v. Armstrong</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Northern_New_England" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Azar v. Garza</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Indiana_and_Kentucky,_Inc." title="Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.">Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation under<br /><a href="/wiki/Revised_Statutes_of_the_United_States" title="Revised Statutes of the United States">R.S. </a><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Enforcement Act of 1871">§ 1979 (42 U.S.C. 1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>McNeese v. Board of Education</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Pierson v. Ray</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Jenkins v. McKeithen</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Scheuer v. Rhodes</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Wood v. Strickland</i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Donaldson" title="O'Connor v. Donaldson">O'Connor v. Donaldson</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Davis" title="Paul v. Davis">Paul v. Davis</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imbler_v._Pachtman" title="Imbler v. Pachtman">Imbler v. Pachtman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York">Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Procunier v. Navarette</i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_v._City_of_Independence" title="Owen v. City of Independence">Owen v. City of Independence</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlow_v._Fitzgerald" title="Harlow v. Fitzgerald">Harlow v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felder_v._Casey" title="Felder v. Casey">Felder v. Casey</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_v._Michigan_Department_of_State_Police" title="Will v. Michigan Department of State Police">Will v. Michigan Department of State Police</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University_v._Doe" title="Gonzaga University v. Doe">Gonzaga University v. Doe</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rancho_Palos_Verdes_v._Abrams" title="City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams">City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_v._Barnstable_School_Committee" title="Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee">Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Iqbal" title="Ashcroft v. Iqbal">Ashcroft v. Iqbal</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_v._Humphries" title="Los Angeles County v. Humphries">Los Angeles County v. Humphries</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Thompson" title="Connick v. Thompson">Connick v. Thompson</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobson_v._Massachusetts" title="Jacobson v. Massachusetts">Jacobson v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zucht_v._King" title="Zucht v. King">Zucht v. King</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama" title="Powell v. Alabama">Powell v. Alabama</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullane_v._Central_Hanover_Bank_%26_Trust_Co." title="Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.">Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_v._Florida" title="Hoyt v. Florida">Hoyt v. Florida</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._LaFleur" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur">Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Louisiana" title="Taylor v. Louisiana">Taylor v. Louisiana</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goss_v._Lopez" title="Goss v. Lopez">Goss v. Lopez</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._City_of_East_Cleveland" title="Moore v. City of East Cleveland">Moore v. City of East Cleveland</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duren_v._Missouri" title="Duren v. Missouri">Duren v. Missouri</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._J.R." title="Parham v. J.R.">Parham v. J.R.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parratt_v._Taylor" title="Parratt v. Taylor">Parratt v. Taylor</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logan_v._Zimmerman_Brush_Co." title="Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.">Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kolender_v._Lawson" title="Kolender v. Lawson">Kolender v. Lawson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._Loudermill" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill">Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeShaney_v._Winnebago_County" title="DeShaney v. Winnebago County">DeShaney v. Winnebago County</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._v._Gerald_D." title="Michael H. v. Gerald D.">Michael H. v. Gerald D.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troxel_v._Granville" title="Troxel v. Granville">Troxel v. Granville</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co." title="Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.">Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pennsylvania" title="Williams v. Pennsylvania">Williams v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Equal_Protection_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Race</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pace_v._Alabama" title="Pace v. Alabama">Pace v. Alabama</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumming_v._Richmond_County_Board_of_Education" title="Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education">Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Texas_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Texas (1940) (page does not exist)">Smith v. Texas</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirabayashi_v._United_States" title="Hirabayashi v. United States">Hirabayashi v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu v. United States</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipuel_v._Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Oklahoma" title="Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma">Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a></i> (Cal. 1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams" title="Lucy v. Adams">Lucy v. Adams</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (M.D. Ala. 1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Martin" title="Anderson v. Martin">Anderson v. Martin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida" title="McLaughlin v. Florida">McLaughlin v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reitman_v._Mulkey" title="Reitman v. Mulkey">Reitman v. Mulkey</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Washington" title="Lee v. Washington">Lee v. Washington</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Erickson" title="Hunter v. Erickson">Hunter v. Erickson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadnott_v._Amos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadnott v. Amos (page does not exist)">Hadnott v. Amos</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montgomery_County_Board_of_Education" title="United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education">United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_v._Barresi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel v. Barresi (page does not exist)">McDaniel v. Barresi</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmer_v._Thompson" title="Palmer v. Thompson">Palmer v. Thompson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coit_v._Green" title="Coit v. Green">Coit v. Green</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guey_Heung_Lee_v._Johnson" title="Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson">Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_v._Hackney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson v. Hackney (page does not exist)">Jefferson v. Hackney</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyes_v._School_District_No._1,_Denver" title="Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver">Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwood_v._Harrison" title="Norwood v. Harrison">Norwood v. Harrison</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Arlington_Heights_v._Metropolitan_Housing_Development_Corp." title="Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.">Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Bd._of_Ed._v._Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman (page does not exist)">Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_v._Seattle_School_Dist._No._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (page does not exist)">Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crawford_v._Los_Angeles_Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (page does not exist)">Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmore_v._Sidoti" title="Palmore v. Sidoti">Palmore v. Sidoti</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Underwood" title="Hunter v. Underwood">Hunter v. Underwood</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wygant_v._Jackson_Board_of_Education" title="Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Oklahoma_City_v._Dowell" title="Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell">Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_v._Pitts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeman v. Pitts (page does not exist)">Freeman v. Pitts</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Fordice" title="United States v. Fordice">United States v. Fordice</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_Fla._Chapter,_Associated_Gen._Contractors_of_America_v._Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville (page does not exist)">Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Lesage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas v. Lesage (page does not exist)">Texas v. Lesage</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_v._California_(2005)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson v. California (2005) (page does not exist)">Johnson v. California</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2013)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)">Fisher v. University of Texas I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2016)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)">Fisher v. University of Texas II</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College">Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goesaert_v._Cleary" title="Goesaert v. Cleary">Goesaert v. Cleary</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moritz_v._Commissioner" title="Moritz v. Commissioner">Moritz v. Commissioner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahn_v._Shevin" title="Kahn v. Shevin">Kahn v. Shevin</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geduldig_v._Aiello" title="Geduldig v. Aiello">Geduldig v. Aiello</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanton_v._Stanton" title="Stanton v. Stanton">Stanton v. Stanton</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards v. Healy">Edwards v. Healy</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Craig_v._Boren" title="Craig v. Boren">Craig v. Boren</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orr_v._Orr" title="Orr v. Orr">Orr v. Orr</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._Hughes" title="Parham v. Hughes">Parham v. Hughes</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caban_v._Mohammed" title="Caban v. Mohammed">Caban v. Mohammed</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Administrator_of_Massachusetts_v._Feeney" title="Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney">Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wengler_v._Druggists_Mut._Ins._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. (page does not exist)">Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_v._Feenstra" title="Kirchberg v. Feenstra">Kirchberg v. Feenstra</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._v._Superior_Court_of_Sonoma_County" title="Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County">Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan" title="Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan">Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehr_v._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehr v. Robertson (page does not exist)">Lehr v. Robertson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._v._Alabama_ex_rel._T.B." title="J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.">J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Skrmetti" title="United States v. Skrmetti">United States v. Skrmetti</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alienage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patsone_v._Pennsylvania" title="Patsone v. Pennsylvania">Patsone v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truax_v._Raich" title="Truax v. Raich">Truax v. Raich</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heim_v._McCall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heim v. McCall (page does not exist)">Heim v. McCall</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crane v. New York (page does not exist)">Crane v. New York</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terrace_v._Thompson" title="Terrace v. Thompson">Terrace v. Thompson</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porterfield_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porterfield v. Webb (page does not exist)">Porterfield v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webb_v._O%27Brien" title="Webb v. O'Brien">Webb v. O'Brien</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frick_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frick v. Webb (page does not exist)">Frick v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_ex_rel._Clark_v._Deckebach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach (page does not exist)">Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_v._Fish_and_Game_Comm%27n" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n">Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Richardson" title="Graham v. Richardson">Graham v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugarman_v._Dougall" title="Sugarman v. Dougall">Sugarman v. Dougall</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re Griffiths (page does not exist)">In re Griffiths</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero" title="Examining Board v. Flores de Otero">Examining Board v. Flores de Otero</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyquist_v._Mauclet" title="Nyquist v. Mauclet">Nyquist v. Mauclet</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foley_v._Connelie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foley v. Connelie (page does not exist)">Foley v. Connelie</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambach_v._Norwick" title="Ambach v. Norwick">Ambach v. Norwick</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabell_v._Chavez-Salido" title="Cabell v. Chavez-Salido">Cabell v. Chavez-Salido</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_v._Thompson" title="Shapiro v. Thompson">Shapiro v. Thompson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County_Board_v._Richards" title="Arlington County Board v. Richards">Arlington County Board v. Richards</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Co._v._Ward" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward">Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_v._Southern_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.">Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_City_Cab_Co._v._Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth (page does not exist)">Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyama_v._California" title="Oyama v. California">Oyama v. California</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinaldi_v._Yeager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinaldi v. Yeager (page does not exist)">Rinaldi v. Yeager</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levy_v._Louisiana" title="Levy v. Louisiana">Levy v. Louisiana</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boddie_v._Connecticut" title="Boddie v. Connecticut">Boddie v. Connecticut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehnhausen_v._Lake_Shore_Auto_Parts_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. (page does not exist)">Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_v._Ramirez" title="Richardson v. Ramirez">Richardson v. Ramirez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Belle_Terre_v._Boraas" title="Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas">Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Board_of_Retirement_v._Murgia" title="Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia">Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimble_v._Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimble v. Gordon (page does not exist)">Trimble v. Gordon</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zablocki_v._Redhail" title="Zablocki v. Redhail">Zablocki v. Redhail</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority_v._Beazer" title="New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer">New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mills_v._Habluetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mills v. Habluetzel (page does not exist)">Mills v. Habluetzel</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cleburne_v._Cleburne_Living_Center,_Inc." title="City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.">City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Jeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Jeter (page does not exist)">Clark v. Jeter</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadrmas_v._Dickinson_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools (page does not exist)">Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._Ashcroft" title="Gregory v. Ashcroft">Gregory v. Ashcroft</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour_v._Indianapolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armour v. Indianapolis (page does not exist)">Armour v. Indianapolis</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enforcement_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Enforcement Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._Morgan" title="Katzenbach v. Morgan">Katzenbach v. Morgan</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_v._Bitzer" title="Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer">Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dellmuth_v._Muth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dellmuth v. Muth (page does not exist)">Dellmuth v. Muth</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimel_v._Florida_Board_of_Regents" title="Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents">Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs" title="Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs">Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Georgia" title="United States v. Georgia">United States v. Georgia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/34px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/51px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/68px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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