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id="toc-Attacks_outside_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_outside_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Attacks outside Northern Ireland </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attacks_outside_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attacks outside Northern Ireland subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attacks_outside_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Early 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Irish arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_arms" 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id="toc-Campaign_up_to_and_after_the_1994_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_up_to_and_after_the_1994_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Campaign up to and after the 1994 ceasefire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_up_to_and_after_the_1994_ceasefire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign up to and after the 1994 ceasefire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_up_to_and_after_the_1994_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_1990s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1990s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Early 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1990s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ceasefires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ceasefires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 The ceasefires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ceasefires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Assessments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army_official_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army_official_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 British Army official report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army_official_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Other analyses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Other activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paramilitary_policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitary_policing"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">PIRA paramilitary campaign aimed at ending UK control of Northern Ireland (1969–97)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Provisional IRA campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mk-15-BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Mk-15-BB.jpg/220px-Mk-15-BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c7/Mk-15-BB.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="238" /></a> IRA members showing an <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">improvised mortar</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPG</a> (1992)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1969–1997</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and England but also launched attacks against British targets in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, Belgium and the Netherlands.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Military stalemate<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ceasefire</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tyrone_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></li></ul> <hr /> Supported by: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a></li></ul></div> (RUC)</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="187" /> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li></ul></div> (UVF) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg/23px-Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg/35px-Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg/46px-Ulster_loyalist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> (LVF) <a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hand_Commando,_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg/25px-Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg/38px-Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg/50px-Red_Hand_Commando%2C_East_Belfast_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> (RHC) Other <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> paramilitary groups <hr /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> IRA 293 killed over 10,000 imprisoned at different times during the conflict<a href="#cite_note-Mallie_Bishop,_p._12-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> British Armed Forces 643–697 killed RUC 270–273 killed</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Loyalist paramilitary groups 28–39 killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Others killed by IRA 508<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a>–644<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives_2004-5">[5]</a> civilians 1 Irish Army soldier 6 Gardaí 5 other republican 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Bogside</a>/<a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing" title="RTÉ Studio bombing">RTÉ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Newry_killings" title="1971 Newry killings">Newry killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion Pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall St bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungiven_landmine_and_gun_attack" title="Dungiven landmine and gun attack">Dungiven ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springhill_massacre" title="Springhill massacre">Springhill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaghanroe_landmine_attack" title="Sanaghanroe landmine attack">Sanaghanroe attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny%27s_Bar_bombing" title="Benny's Bar bombing">Benny's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Hill_bar_shooting" title="Top of the Hill bar shooting">Annie's Bar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belturbet_bombing" title="Belturbet bombing">Belturbet bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings" title="1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings">Dublin bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lodge_Six_shooting" title="New Lodge Six shooting">New Lodge Six shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_%26_Crown_Bar_bombing" title="Rose & Crown Bar bombing">Rose & Crown Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin & Monaghan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview Tavern attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleary_Darts_Club_shooting" title="Bleary Darts Club shooting">Bleary Darts Club shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Bar_bombing" title="Strand Bar bombing">Strand Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_beer_keg_bombing" title="Forkhill beer keg bombing">Forkhill beer keg bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1975_Northern_Ireland_attacks" title="October 1975 Northern Ireland attacks">October 1975 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing" title="Dublin Airport bombing">Dublin Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly%27s_Bar_and_Kay%27s_Tavern_attacks" title="Donnelly's Bar and Kay's Tavern attacks">Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bar_bombing" title="Central Bar bombing">Central Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleblayney_bombing" title="Castleblayney bombing">Castleblayney bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Bar_bombing" title="Hillcrest Bar bombing">Hillcrest Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Hill_incident" title="Flagstaff Hill incident">Flagstaff Hill incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemont_pub_attacks" title="Charlemont pub attacks">Charlemont pub attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store Bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorane_Bar_attack" title="Chlorane Bar attack">Chlorane Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramble_Inn_attack" title="Ramble Inn attack">Ramble Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Andersonstown_incident" title="1976 Andersonstown incident">Andersonstown incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1976 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">1976 Balmoral bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon land mine attack</a></li></ul> <hr /> 1980s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altnaveigh_landmine_attack" title="Altnaveigh landmine attack">Altnaveigh landmine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Divis_Flats_bombing" title="1982 Divis Flats bombing">Divis Flats bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkley_killings" title="Darkley killings">Darkley killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesh_ambush" title="Kesh ambush">Kesh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabane_ambush" title="Strabane ambush">Strabane ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clontibret_invasion" title="Clontibret invasion">Clontibret invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Bar_shooting" title="Avenue Bar shooting">Avenue Bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn van bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_at_Drumnakilly" title="Ambush at Drumnakilly">Drumnakilly ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard checkpoint attack</a></li></ul> <hr /> 1990s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downpatrick_landmine_attack" title="Downpatrick landmine attack">Downpatrick landmine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Armagh_City_roadside_bomb" title="1990 Armagh City roadside bomb">Armagh City roadside bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">Fort Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Lough_Neagh_ambush" title="1990 Lough Neagh ambush">Lough Neagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1991 British Army Lynx shootdown">Silverbridge Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">Cappagh killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigavon_mobile_shop_killings" title="Craigavon mobile shop killings">Craigavon mobile shop killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Craigavon_killings" title="1991 Craigavon killings">Craigavon Hyster killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Headquarters_shooting" title="1992 Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting"> Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge checkpoint attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Lab bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_James_Murray%27s_bookmakers" title="Attack on James Murray's bookmakers">James Murray's bookmakers attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Castlerock_killings" title="1993 Castlerock killings">Castlerock killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_killings" title="1994 Shankill Road killings">1994 Shankill Road killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeeshil_ambush" title="Killeeshil ambush">Killeeshil ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" title="Quinn brothers' killings">Quinn brothers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Banbridge_bombing" title="1998 Banbridge bombing">Banbridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and Europe">The Troubles in Britain & Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles">Assassinations during the Troubles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Troublesin_Britain_and_continental_Europe" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Template talk:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troublesin_Britain_and_continental_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in Britain and continental Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:97%;"> <dl><dt>1970 – 1981</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Aldershot_bombing" title="1972 Aldershot bombing">Aldershot bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 coach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">Pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mulligan%27s_pub_bombing" title="Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing">Biddy Mulligan's bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe St siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Airey Neave killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_pub_bombings" title="Glasgow pub bombings">Glasgow pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1982 – 1998</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Roermond killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield shooting</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bournemouth_bombing" title="1993 Bournemouth bombing">Bournemouth bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Rd bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow mortar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück attack</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles">The Troubles in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles">Assassinations during the Troubles</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_TroublesAssassinations_in_Ireland,_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> Assassinations in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and mainland Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <dl><dt>1970s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnhill_(politician)" title="John Barnhill (politician)">John Barnhill killed by OIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Herron" title="Tommy Herron">Tommy Herron killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCann" title="Joe McCann">Joe McCann killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_murders" title="Pitchfork murders"> Michael Naan and Andrew Murray killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Wilson_and_Irene_Andrews_killings" title="Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings">Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ann_Ogilby" title="Murder of Ann Ogilby">Ann Ogilby killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hanna" title="Billy Hanna">Billy Hanna killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hanna_(loyalist)" title="Jim Hanna (loyalist)">Jim Hanna killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McMillen" title="Billy McMillen">Billy McMillen killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Niedermayer" title="Thomas Niedermayer">Thomas Niedermayer killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Staunton" title="William J. Staunton">William J. Staunton killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Majella_O%27Hare" title="Killing of Majella O'Hare">Majella O'Hare killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Drumm" title="Máire Drumm">Máire Drumm killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Ludlow" title="Seamus Ludlow">Seamus Ludlow killed by RHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello killed by OIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Agate killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Airey Neave killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten killed by PIRA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Daly" title="Miriam Daly">Miriam Daly killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting" title="Ronnie Bunting">Ronnie Bunting killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCullough_(loyalist)" title="William McCullough (loyalist)">William McCullough killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKeague" title="John McKeague">John McKeague killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seawright" title="George Seawright">George Seawright killed by IPLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Graham" title="Edgar Graham">Edgar Graham killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham_(loyalist)" title="John Bingham (loyalist)">John Bingham killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power" title="Thomas "Ta" Power">Ta Power killed by IPLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Steenson" title="Gerard Steenson">Gerard Steenson killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McMichael" title="John McMichael">John McMichael killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_McAnespie" title="Aidan McAnespie">Aidan McAnespie killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(loyalist)" title="James Craig (loyalist)">James Craig killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane killed by UDA/UFF</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher killed by Royal Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fullerton" title="Eddie Fullerton">Eddie Fullerton killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Prey" title="Martin O'Prey">Martin O'Prey killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan killed by RUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_King" title="Trevor King">Trevor King killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Gallagher" title="Gino Gallagher">Gino Gallagher killed by INLA-GHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Torney (Irish republican)">Hugh Torney killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hemsworth" title="John Hemsworth">John Hemsworth killed by RUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Nelson" title="Rosemary Nelson">Rosemary Nelson killed by LVF</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>acronyms</dt></dl> <ul><li>Republicans INLA = <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> IPLO = <a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a> OIRA = <a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official Irish Republican Army</a> PIRA = <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Loyalists LVF = <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> RHC = <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> UDA/UFF = <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Freedom_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Freedom Fighters">Ulster Freedom Fighters</a> UVF = <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Security Forces RUC = <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a></li></ul> see also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles">The Troubles in Ireland</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and Europe">The Troubles in Britain and Europe</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> From 1969 until 1997,<a href="#cite_note-Moloney,_p._472-6">[6]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) conducted an armed <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> campaign primarily in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and England, aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland in order to create a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Provisional IRA emerged from a split in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> in 1969, partly as a result of that organisation's perceived failure to defend <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> neighbourhoods from attack in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a>. The Provisionals gained credibility from their efforts to physically defend such areas in 1970 and 1971. From 1971 to 1972, the IRA took to the offensive and conducted a relatively high-intensity campaign against the British and Northern Ireland security forces and the infrastructure of the state. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> characterised this period as the "insurgency phase" of the IRA's campaign. The IRA declared a brief ceasefire in 1972 and a more protracted one in 1975, when there was an internal debate over the feasibility of future operations. The armed group reorganised itself in the late 1970s into a smaller, <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">cell-based structure</a>, which was designed to be harder to penetrate. The IRA then carried out a smaller scale but more sustained campaign, which they characterised as the 'Long War', with the eventual aim of weakening the British government's resolve to remain in Ireland. The British Army called this the "terrorist phase" of the IRA's campaign. The IRA made attempts in the 1980s to escalate the conflict with the aid of weapons donated by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a>. In the 1990s they also resumed a campaign of bombing economic targets in London and other cities in England. On 31 August 1994, the IRA called a unilateral ceasefire with the aim of having their associated political party, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>. The organisation ended its ceasefire in February 1996 but declared another in July 1997. The IRA accepted the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in 1998 as a negotiated end to the Northern Ireland conflict. In 2005 the organisation declared a formal end to its campaign and had its weaponry decommissioned under international supervision. Other aspects of the Provisional IRA's campaign are covered in the following articles: <ul><li>For a chronology, see <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_IRA_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional IRA actions">Chronology of Provisional IRA actions</a></li> <li>For the Provisional IRA's armament, see <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_arms_importation" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA arms importation">Provisional IRA arms importation</a></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> (1969–72), the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> was poorly armed, with only a handful of old weapons left over from the IRA's <a href="/wiki/Border_Campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign of 1956–1962</a>. The IRA had split in December 1969 into the Provisional IRA and <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> factions. In the first two years of the conflict, the Provisionals' main activities were defending <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> areas from attacks by loyalist paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In contrast to the IRA's relative inaction during the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a>, in the summer of 1970, the Provisional IRA mounted determined armed defences of the nationalist areas of Belfast against <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> attackers, killing a number of Protestant civilians and loyalists in the process. On 27 June 1970, the IRA killed five Protestant civilians during street disturbances in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton1970-12">[12]</a> Three more were shot in <a href="/wiki/Ardoyne" title="Ardoyne">Ardoyne</a> in north <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> after gun battles broke out during an <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> parade. When loyalists retaliated by attacking the nationalist enclave of <a href="/wiki/Short_Strand" title="Short Strand">Short Strand</a> in east Belfast, <a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a>, the Provisionals' commander in Belfast, occupied St Matthew's Church and defended it in a five-hour gun battle with the loyalists, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a>. One of his men was killed, he was badly wounded, and three loyalists were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Provisional IRA gained much of its support from these activities, as they were widely perceived among nationalists as being defenders of nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> people against aggression.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Initially, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, deployed into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in August 1969 to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC) and restore government control, was welcomed in Catholic nationalist areas as a neutral force compared to the Protestant- and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>-dominated RUC and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, this good relationship with nationalists did not last long. The Army was soon discredited in the eyes of many nationalists by incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a> of July 1970, when 3,000 British troops imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> conditions on the nationalist lower Falls area of west Belfast. After a gun and grenade attack on troops by Provisional IRA members, the British fired over 1,500 rounds of ammunition in gun battles with both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA in the area, killing six civilians.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Thereafter, the Provisionals continued targeting British soldiers. The first soldier to die was gunner <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curtis_(British_Army_soldier)" title="Robert Curtis (British Army soldier)">Robert Curtis</a>, killed by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Reid_(Irish_republican)" title="Billy Reid (Irish republican)">Billy Reid</a> in a gun battle in February 1971.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> 1970 and 1971 also saw feuding between the Provisional and Official IRAs in Belfast, as both organisations vied for supremacy in nationalist areas. Charlie Hughes, commander of the Provisionals' D Company in the Lower Falls, was killed before a truce was brokered between the two factions.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_campaign_1970–72">Early campaign 1970–72</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early campaign 1970–72">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garand.jpg/220px-Garand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garand.jpg/330px-Garand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garand.jpg/440px-Garand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a> rifle, typical of the World War II-era weaponry the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> had in the early 1970s</figcaption></figure> In the early 1970s, the IRA imported large quantities of modern weapons and explosives, primarily from supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> communities within the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> as well as the government of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Leader of the Opposition <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> in 1971 secretly met with IRA leaders with the help of <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connell_(Dublin_politician)" title="John O'Connell (Dublin politician)">John O'Connell</a>, angering the Irish government; <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> wrote 30 years later that "the strength of the feelings of our democratic leaders ... was not, however, publicly ventilated at the time" because Wilson was a former and possible future British prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-21">[21]</a> As the conflict escalated in the early 1970s, the numbers recruited by the IRA mushroomed, in response to the nationalist community's anger at events such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> without trial and <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Parachute_Regiment" title="1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment">1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment</a> of the British Army shot dead 14 unarmed civil rights marchers in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The early 1970s were the most intense period of the Provisional IRA campaign. About half the total of 650 British soldiers to die in the conflict<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> were killed in the years 1971–73.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien,_p._135-24">[24]</a> In 1972 alone, the IRA killed 100 British soldiers and wounded 500 more. In the same year, they carried out 1,300 bomb attacks and 90 IRA members were killed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Up to 1972, the IRA controlled large urban areas in Belfast and Derry, but these were eventually re-taken by a major British operation known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a>. Thereafter, fortified police and military posts were built in republican areas throughout Northern Ireland. During the early 1970s, a typical IRA operation involved <a href="/wiki/Sniping" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniping">sniping</a> at British patrols and engaging them in firefights in urban areas of Belfast and Derry. They also killed RUC and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> (UDR) soldiers, both on and off-duty, and a number of retired policemen and UDR soldiers. These tactics produced casualties for both sides and for many civilian bystanders. The British Army study of the conflict later described this period (1970–72), as the 'insurgency phase' of the IRA's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-soldiermagazine.co.uk-26">[26]</a> Another element of their campaign was the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> targets such as shops and businesses. The most effective tactic the IRA developed for its bombing campaign was the <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a>, where large amounts of explosives were packed into a car, which was driven to its target and then detonated. <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">Chief of Staff of the Provisional IRA</a>, described the car bomb both as a tactical and strategic weapon. From the tactical point of view, it tied down a great number of British troops in Belfast and other cities and major towns across Northern Ireland. Strategically, it hampered the British administration and government of the country, striking simultaneously at its economic structure.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> While most of the IRA's attacks on commercial targets were not intended to cause casualties,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> on many occasions they killed civilians. Examples include the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn restaurant</a> in Belfast in March 1972, in which two young Catholic women were killed and 130 people injured, attributed to the IRA, which never acknowledged responsibility, as well as the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> in February 1978, which resulted in the deaths of twelve Protestant civilian customers, and others maimed and injured.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In rural areas such as South <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a> (which is a majority Catholic area near the <a href="/wiki/Irish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border">Irish border</a>), the IRA unit's most effective weapon was the "culvert bomb", where bombs were planted under drains in country roads. This proved so dangerous for British Army patrols that virtually all troops in the area had to be transported by helicopter,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> a policy which continued until 2007,[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] when the last British Army base was closed in South Armagh.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceasefires_–_1972_and_1975">Ceasefires – 1972 and 1975</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ceasefires – 1972 and 1975">edit</a>]</div> The Provisional IRA declared two ceasefires in the 1970s, temporarily suspending its armed operations. In 1972, the IRA leadership believed that Britain was on the verge of leaving Northern Ireland. The British government held secret talks with the Provisional IRA leadership in 1972 to try to secure a ceasefire based on a compromise settlement within Northern Ireland. The Provisional IRA agreed to a temporary ceasefire from 26 June to 9 July. In July 1972, Provisional leaders Seán Mac Stíofáin, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> met a British delegation led by <a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a>. The IRA leaders refused to consider a peace settlement that did not include a commitment to British withdrawal to be completed by 1975, a retreat of the British Army to barracks and a release of republican prisoners. The British refused and the talks ended.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a> in July 1972 in Belfast 22 bombs exploded, killing nine people and injuring 130.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Bloody Friday was intended to be a demonstration of IRA strength following the ceasefire, but was a disaster for the IRA due to the authorities being unable to deal with so many simultaneous bomb alerts in a small area.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By the mid-1970s, it was clear that the hopes of the Provisional IRA leadership for a quick military victory were receding. Secret meetings between IRA leaders <a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a> with British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a> secured an IRA ceasefire from February 1975 until January of the next year. The republicans believed initially that this was the start of a long-term process of British withdrawal. However, after several months, many in the IRA came to believe that the British were trying to bring the Provisional movement into peaceful politics without giving them any guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Critics of the IRA leadership, most notably Gerry Adams, felt that the ceasefire was disastrous for the IRA, leading to infiltration by British informers, the arrest of many activists and a breakdown in IRA discipline, which in turn led to tit-for-tat killings with loyalist groups fearful of a British sell-out and a feud with fellow republicans in the Official IRA. By early 1976, the IRA leadership, short of money, weapons and members, was on the brink of calling off the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Instead, the ceasefire broke down in January 1976.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1970s_and_the_"Long_War"">Late 1970s and the "Long War"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 1970s and the "Long War"">edit</a>]</div> The years 1976 to 1979 under <a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a>' replacement as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, were characterised by a falling death rate for many reasons, including a drop in loyalist violence (attributed to the absence of political initiatives under Mason),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and a change in IRA tactics after its weakening during the previous year's ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Mason developed a policy that rejected a political or military solution in favour of treating paramilitary violence "as a security problem". In addition, RUC Chief Constable <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Newman" title="Kenneth Newman">Kenneth Newman</a> took advantage of Emergency Powers legislation to subject suspected IRA members to "intensive and frequently rough" seven-day interrogations.<a href="#cite_note-b321-40">[40]</a> British concentration on intelligence-gathering and recruiting of informers, accelerated during the 1975 ceasefire and continued under Mason, meant that arrests of IRA members rose steeply in this period. Between 1976 and 1979, 3,000 people were charged with "terrorist offences".<a href="#cite_note-b321-40">[40]</a> There were 800 republican prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Long_Kesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Kesh">Long Kesh</a> alone by 1980.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1972, there were over 12,000 shooting and bombing attacks in Northern Ireland; by 1977, this was down to 2,800.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1976, there were 297 deaths in Northern Ireland; in the next three years the figures were 112, 81, and 113. An IRA man contended that "we were almost beaten by Mason", and Martin McGuinness commented: "Mason beat the shit out of us".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mason's policy of 'criminalisation' led to the <a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">blanket protest</a> in the prisons.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> When Mason left office in 1979, he predicted the IRA were "weeks away from defeat".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> After the early years of the conflict, it became less common for the IRA to use large numbers of men in its armed actions. Instead, smaller but more specialised groups carried out sustained attritional attacks. In response to the 1975 ceasefire and the arrest of many IRA volunteers in its aftermath, the IRA re-organised their structures in 1977 into small cell-based units. While these were harder to infiltrate, the greater secrecy also caused a distance to develop between the IRA and sympathetic civilians. They also embarked on a strategy known as the "Long War" – a process of attrition based on the indefinite continuation of an armed campaign until the British government grew tired of the political, military and financial costs involved in staying in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The British Army characterised this change in the IRA campaign as a move from "insurgency" to a "terrorist phase".<a href="#cite_note-soldiermagazine.co.uk-26">[26]</a> The highest military death toll from an IRA attack came on 27 August 1979, with the <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, when 18 British soldiers from the Parachute Regiment were killed by two culvert bombs placed by the <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a>, a unit that didn't feel the need to adopt the cell structure because of its history of successfully avoiding intelligence failures. On the same day, the IRA killed one of their most famous victims, The <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a>, assassinated along with two teenagers (aged 14 and 15) and The <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Dowager Lady Brabourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>, by a bomb placed in his boat. Another effective IRA tactic devised in the late 1970s was the use of home-made <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> mounted on the back of trucks which were fired at police and army bases. These mortars were first tested in 1974 but did not kill anyone until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectarian_attacks">Sectarian attacks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sectarian attacks">edit</a>]</div> The IRA argued that its campaign was aimed not at Protestant and unionist people, but at the British presence in Northern Ireland, manifested in the state security forces. However, many unionists argue that the IRA's campaign was <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> and there are many incidents where the organisation targeted Protestant civilians. The 1970s were the most violent years of the Troubles. As well as its campaign against the security forces, the IRA became involved, in the middle of the decade, in a "tit for tat" cycle of sectarian killings with loyalist paramilitaries. The worst examples of this occurred in 1975 and 1976. In September 1975, for example, IRA members machine-gunned an <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newtownhamilton" title="Newtownhamilton">Newtownhamilton</a>, killing five Protestants. On 5 January 1976, in Armagh, IRA members operating under the proxy name <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a> shot dead ten Protestant building workers in the <a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In similar incidents, the IRA deliberately killed 91 Protestant civilians in 1974–76.<a href="#cite_note-English173-49">[49]</a> The IRA did not officially claim the killings, but justified them in a statement on 17 January 1976, "The Irish Republican Army has never initiated sectarian killings ... [but] if loyalist elements responsible for over 300 sectarian assassinations in the past four years stop such killing now, then the question of retaliation from whatever source does not arise".<a href="#cite_note-English173-49">[49]</a> In late 1976, the IRA leadership met with representatives of the loyalist paramilitary groups and agreed to halt random sectarian killings and car bombings of civilian targets. The loyalists revoked the agreement in 1979, after the IRA killing of Lord Mountbatten, but the pact nevertheless halted the cycle of sectarian revenge killings until the late 1980s, when the loyalist groups began killing Catholics again in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the British introduced their policy of "<a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a>" from the mid-1970s, IRA victims came increasingly from the ranks of the RUC and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a>, including off-duty and retired personnel. Most of these were Protestant and unionist, thus the killings were portrayed and perceived by many as a campaign of sectarian assassination. Historian Henry Patterson said about <a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> "that the killings struck at the Protestant community's morale, sense of security and belonging in the area was undeniable."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> claimed that the IRA campaign in Fermanagh was "genocidal".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Rachel Kowalsaki argues that the IRA did not generally engage in sectarian activities but instead targeted those they deemed responsible for British rule in Northern Ireland and that they generally only targeted members of the military and police and made efforts to avoid civilian deaths. However, Kowalsaki notes that the IRA did not recognise that while they may have thought of themselves as fighting for a united Ireland, their actions were often perceived by the Northern Irish Unionists as sectarian attacks against Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A similar argument was made by Lewis et al., who argue that the IRA's ideology – which held that Irish Protestants and Unionists were part of the <a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">imagined community</a> of the Irish nation and were simply deluded into thinking themselves British by colonial oppression – meant that the organisation had an ideological restraint against mass sectarianism. However, the authors note that this same belief could also blind them to the actual effects of their campaign, as they did not acknowledge that Northern Irish Unionists regarded themselves as a distinct community and thus would perceive the IRA's activities as sectarian.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Timothy Shanahan argues that while the IRA did launch attacks against legitimate targets (defined as members of the security services), many members of the security services, such as the RUC and UDR, would themselves be Protestant, and would be presumed to be Protestant by the IRA. Thus any attacks on these legitimate targets would suffice in killing members of the Protestant community, negating any need for sectarian attacks on Protestant civilians. Shanahan thus argues that while the IRA may not have been sectarian as some loyalist paramilitaries, it may not have been as anti-sectarian as popularly claimed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Similar arguments were made by Steve Bruce, who also argued that Catholic RUC members were disproportionately targeted, which Bruce argues is because they were viewed as betraying their community, which only makes sense in the nature of a sectarian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> James Dingley argues that the IRA's focus on the idea of a united and independent Ireland made it de facto sectarian, as it did not recognise Ulster Unionists as a legitimate group and wanted to use violence to pursue goals that were opposed by the majority of the Northern Irish population.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Protestants in the rural border areas of counties <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a>, where the number of members of the security forces killed was high, viewed the IRA's campaign as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-58">[58]</a> These views have been challenged. Boyle and Hadden argue that the allegations do not stand up to serious scrutiny,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> while nationalists object to the term on the grounds that it is not used by unionists to describe similar killings or expulsions of Catholics in areas where they form a minority.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Henry Patterson, professor of politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Although the IRA did not specifically target these people because of their religious affiliation, more Protestants joined the security forces so many people from that community believed the attacks were sectarian.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-58">[58]</a> IRA volunteer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a> argues that due to the British government's <a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a> policy increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and UDR, the IRA had no choice but to target them because of their local knowledge, but acknowledges that Protestants viewed this as a sectarian attack on their community.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, in a 1988 interview, claimed it was, "vastly preferable" to target the regular British Army as it "removes the worst of the agony from Ireland" and "diffuses the sectarian aspects of the conflict because loyalists do not see it as an attack on their community".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Towards the end of the Troubles, the IRA widened their campaign even further, to include the killing of people who worked in a civilian capacity with the RUC and British Army. These workers were mostly, but not exclusively, Protestant, although Catholic judges, magistrates, and contractors were also assassinated by the IRA. In 1992, in Teebane, near Cookstown, an <a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">IRA bomb killed eight Protestant building workers</a> who were working on a British Army base at Omagh.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_outside_Northern_Ireland">Attacks outside Northern Ireland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attacks outside Northern Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s">1970s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> The Provisional IRA was chiefly active in Northern Ireland, but from the early 1970s, it also took its bombing campaign to England. At a meeting of the Provisional IRA Army Council in June 1972, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a> proposed bombing targets in England to "take the heat off Belfast and Derry". However, the Army Council did not consent to a bombing campaign in England until early 1973, after talks with the British government the previous year had broken down.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> They believed that such bombing would help create a demand among the British public for their government to withdraw from Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The first IRA team sent to England included eleven members of the Belfast Brigade, who hijacked four cars in Belfast, fitted them with explosives and drove them to London via <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. The team were reported[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] to the <a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Police">London Metropolitan Police</a> and all but one of them were arrested. Nevertheless, two of the bombs exploded, killing one man and injuring 180 people.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Thereafter, control over IRA bombings in England was given to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a> from Belfast. Keenan directed Peter McMullen, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Parachute_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parachute Regiment">British Parachute Regiment</a>, to carry out a series of bombings in 1973. A bomb planted by McMullen exploded at a barracks in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, injuring a female canteen worker.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 23 September 1973, a British soldier died of wounds six days after being injured while attempting to defuse an IRA bomb outside an office block in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some of the most indiscriminate bombing attacks and killings of the IRA's bombing campaign were carried out by a unit of eight IRA members, which included the <a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a>, who were sent to London in early 1974.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> They avoided contact with the Irish community there in order to remain inconspicuous and aimed to carry out one attack a week. In addition to bombings, they carried out several assassination attempts. <a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter</a>, a right wing politician who had offered a £50,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the bombers, was shot dead at his home. The group later made an assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> They were eventually arrested after a machine-gun attack on an exclusive restaurant on <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>. Pursued by police, they took two hostages (a married couple) and barricaded themselves for six days in a flat on Balcombe Street before they surrendered, an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Balcombe Street Siege">Balcombe Street Siege</a>. They were sentenced to thirty years each for a total of six murders.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> At their trial, the group admitted responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a> of 5 October 1974, which killed five people (four of whom were off-duty soldiers) and injured 54, as well as the bombing of a pub in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, which killed another two people and injured 28.<a href="#cite_note-c74-74">[74]</a> On 21 November 1974, two pubs were bombed in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a> (an act widely attributed to the IRA, but not claimed by them), which killed 21 civilians and injured 162. An inadequate warning was given for one bomb and no warning for the other.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There were no military targets associated with either of the pubs. The <a href="/wiki/Guildford_Four_and_Maguire_Seven" title="Guildford Four and Maguire Seven">Guildford Four and Maguire Seven</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Six" title="Birmingham Six">Birmingham Six</a>, were imprisoned for the Guildford and Birmingham bombings, respectively, but each group protested their innocence. They were eventually exonerated and released after serving lengthy prison sentences, even though the Balcombe Street group had admitted responsibility long before.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s">1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> After the campaign of the mid-1970s, the IRA did not undertake a major bombing campaign again in England until the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, throughout the intervening period, they did carry out a number of high-profile bombing attacks in England. In October 1981 the IRA carried out the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a>, the nail bomb was aimed at soldiers returning to <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks" title="Chelsea Barracks">Chelsea Barracks</a>, but the blast killed two civilians passing by, 40 people were injured in the attack including 23 British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The same month a British bomb disposal expert <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robert_Howorth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Robert Howorth">Kenneth Robert Howorth</a>, was killed trying to defuse an IRA bomb on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1982 the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a> killed 11 soldiers and wounded some 50 soldiers and civilians at a British Army ceremonial parade at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, and a British Army band performance in <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1984, in the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a>, the IRA tried to assassinate British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and her cabinet. She survived, but five people including Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, Eric Taylor, the northwest party chairman, and three wives (Muriel Maclean, Jeanne Shattock, and Roberta Wakeham) of party officials were killed. Margaret Tebbit, wife of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Norman Tebbit</a>, was left permanently <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 1985 the IRA planned a sustained bombing campaign in London and English <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaside resorts">seaside resorts</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend">Southend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dillon1985-84">[84]</a> The IRA planned for bombs to explode on sixteen consecutive days beginning in July, excluding Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery1985-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-mallie1985-86">[86]</a> As well as damaging the <a href="/wiki/Tourist_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist industry">tourist industry</a>, the IRA hoped to take advantage of police resources being stretched and launch an assassination campaign against political and military targets including General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kitson" title="Frank Kitson">Frank Kitson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery1985-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a>, who was wanted in connection with the Brighton hotel bombing after his <a href="/wiki/Palm_print" title="Palm print">palm print</a> was found on the hotel register, was under police surveillance, with police hoping he would lead them to other IRA members.<a href="#cite_note-dillon1985-84">[84]</a> He met with an IRA member at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station" title="Carlisle railway station">Carlisle railway station</a>, and they were followed to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, where they were arrested on 24 June 1985 at a <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a> along with three other people, including <a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a> and Gerry McDonnell, who had <a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">escaped from the Maze Prison in 1983</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dillon1985-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery1985-85">[85]</a> On 11 June 1986 they were sentenced for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">conspiring</a> to cause explosions and received <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentences</a>, Magee was also convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and received a life sentence with a minimum recommended sentence of 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1985-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On several more occasions, the Provisional IRA attacked British troops stationed in England, the most lethal of which was the <a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a>, in which 11 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Band_Service" title="Royal Marines Band Service">Royal Marines Band Service</a> bandsmen were killed in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Republicans argued that these bombings "concentrated minds" in the British government far more than the violence in Northern Ireland. The IRA made a point of only striking at targets in England (not Scotland or Wales),<a href="#cite_note-jbb243-90">[90]</a> although they once planted a small bomb on an <a href="/wiki/Oil_terminal" title="Oil terminal">oil terminal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Isles">Shetland Isles</a> in May 1981 on the same day that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> was attending a nearby function to mark the opening of the terminal. The bomb detonated, damaging a boiler but no one was injured and the ceremony continued.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During the IRA's 25-year campaign in England, 115 deaths and 2,134 injuries were reported, from a total of almost 500 incidents.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_1990s">Early 1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early 1990s">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s the IRA intensified the bombing campaign in England, planting 15 bombs in 1990, 36 in 1991, and 57 in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In February 1991 <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">three mortar rounds were fired at the British Prime minister's office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> in London during a Cabinet meeting, which was a propaganda boost for the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> During this period, the IRA also launched a highly damaging economic bombing campaign in English cities, particularly London, which caused a huge amount of physical and economic damage to property. Among their targets were the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a> in London, with the <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a> causing damage initially estimated at £1 billion and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a> £800 million of damage.<a href="#cite_note-dillon-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A particularly notorious bombing was the <a href="/wiki/Warrington_bomb_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrington bomb attacks">Warrington bomb attack</a> in 1993, which killed two young children, Tim Parry and Johnathan Ball. In early March 1994, there were three mortar attacks on <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> in London, which forced the authorities to shut it down.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It has been argued that this bombing campaign convinced the British government (who had hoped to contain the conflict to Northern Ireland with its <a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a> policy) to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> after the IRA ceasefires of August 1994 and July 1997.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> The Provisional IRA also carried out attacks in other countries such as West Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, where British soldiers were based.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Between 1979 and 1990, eight soldiers and six civilians died in these attacks, including the British Ambassador to the Netherlands Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes</a> and his valet, Karel Straub.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In May 1988 the IRA killed three RAF men & injured three others <a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">in two separate attacks in the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On one occasion, the IRA <a href="/wiki/Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">shot dead two Australian tourists</a> in the Netherlands, claiming its members mistook them for off-duty British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On another occasion an IRA gunman shot dead <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Hazell_(IRA_murder_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidi Hazell (IRA murder victim)">Heidi Hazell</a>, a German woman, as she sat alone in her car.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> She was parked near a British Army married quarter in <a href="/wiki/Unna" title="Unna">Unna</a>. They claimed she had been shot "in the belief that she was a member of the British Army garrison at <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>". Her husband was a British Army staff sergeant. <a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard" title="Hans A. Engelhard">Hans Engelhard</a>, West Germany's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection">justice minister</a> called it "the insane act of a blind fanatic."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The IRA also sent members on arms importation, logistical support and intelligence operations at different times to continental Europe, Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, Western Asia and Latin America. On at least one occasion IRA members traveled to <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_arms">Irish arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish arms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland">Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelingnite_general_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gelingnite_general_view.jpg/200px-Gelingnite_general_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gelingnite_general_view.jpg/300px-Gelingnite_general_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gelingnite_general_view.jpg/400px-Gelingnite_general_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="5065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">Gelignite</a> was a common explosive obtained by the IRA in the Republic of Ireland for use in Northern Ireland. For example, it was behind the 48,000lbs of explosives detonated in Northern Ireland in the first six months of 1973 alone.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1970s, the IRA gained control of a majority of the stockpiled weaponry still held from previous IRA campaigns. The stockpiles consisted mostly of pre-World War II small firearms from British and Irish armories ranging from Lee–Enfield, plus Bren light machine guns (LMG), a Thompson submachine gun (SMG), and Webley revolvers from British and Irish armories. In May 1970, Irish politicians <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Blaney" title="Neil Blaney">Neil Blaney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Kelly_(Irish_Army_officer)" title="James Kelly (Irish Army officer)">James Kelly</a>, and Belgian businessman <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luykx" title="Albert Luykx">Albert Luykx</a> were acquitted during the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Arms Crisis</a> of smuggling weapons to the IRA during the beginning of the conflict. The primary and prominent source of arms in the Republic of Ireland for the IRA was explosives.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Mines, quarries, farms, and construction sites were where the explosive, <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a>, as well as detonators and safe fuses located.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratton_Mills" title="Stratton Mills">Stratton Mills</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast North</a>, said that "there is virtually a gelignite trail across the [Irish] border", comparing it with the famous <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Mills stated that: <blockquote> [S]ome 60 percent of the gelignite used in Northern Ireland has come from Southern Ireland, and the security authorities believe that the figure might well be higher than that because of the difficulty of definite identification in all cases. In Northern Ireland steps are taken to control the use and distribution of gelignite. Certain steps have been taken recently in the South, but there is a great need for much tighter measures.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </blockquote> After the Irish government began cracking down on commercial explosives, IRA engineers began moving "to develop alternative supplies of explosives" in the Republic of what the media termed "bomb factories", the source for the vast majority of the explosions in the north and against England for the remainder of the conflict. By spring 1972, they successfully manufactured quantities of two types of <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">homemade explosives</a> (HMEs), using mostly commercially available <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>). The British Army estimated by the summer of that year, 90% of the bombings involving HMEs originated from the South. These earliest crude devices were unreliable and many IRA volunteers were killed due to premature explosions. As a result, the IRA centralised manufacture of the chief components, and IRA engineers were required to have the training necessary to complete the devices properly. <a href="/wiki/The_Hibernia_Magazine" title="The Hibernia Magazine">The Hibernia Magazine</a> reported that over 48,000 lbs of explosives had been detonated in Northern Ireland in the first six months of 1973, most of them IRA bombs.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the 1980s, HMEs of Southern Irish origin continued to flow into Northern Ireland and England. In 1981, a British Home Office report said that 88.7% of explosives used in Northern Ireland originated from the Republic of Ireland: 88% from fertilizers and 0.7% from commercial explosives. As with the previous decade, the IRA relied mostly on fertilizer bombs for the vast majority of its bombing campaign throughout the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libyan_arms">Libyan arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libyan arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/220px-AK47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/330px-AK47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/440px-AK47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>An AK-47 rifle, over 1,000 of which were smuggled by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> to the Provisional IRA in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, the Provisional IRA received large quantities of modern weaponry, including heavy weaponry such as heavy machine guns, over 1,000 rifles, several hundred handguns, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamethrowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamethrowers">flamethrowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>, from the Libyan regime of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. There were four successful shipments between 1985 and 1986; three of these trips were carried out by the trawler Casamara and a fourth by the oil-rig replenisher Villa. All told, they brought in 110 tons of weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A fifth arms cargo on board the coaster Eksund was intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This brought the Provisional IRA's new capability to the attention of the authorities on either side of the Irish border. Five men were captured with the boat; three IRA members, including <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cleary" title="Gabriel Cleary">Gabriel Cleary</a>, received jail sentences.<a href="#cite_note-tet-120">[120]</a> Reportedly, Gaddafi donated enough weapons to arm the equivalent of two infantry battalions.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The IRA therefore came to be very well armed in the latter part of the Troubles. Most of the losses it inflicted on the British Army, however, occurred in the early 1970s, although they continued to cause substantial casualties to the British military, the RUC and UDR throughout the conflict. According to author <a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Ed Moloney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a> had plans for a dramatic escalation of the conflict in the late 1980s, which they likened to the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, with the aid of the arms obtained from Libya.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The plan had been to take and hold several areas along the border, forcing the British Army to either withdraw from border areas or use maximum force to re-take them – thus escalating the conflict beyond the point which the Provisional IRA thought that British public opinion would accept.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, this offensive failed to materialise. IRA sources quoted in the Secret History of the IRA by Ed Moloney say that the interception of the Eksund shipment eliminated the element of surprise which they had hoped to have for this offensive. The role of informers within the IRA seems to have also played a role in the failure of the "Tet Offensive" to get off the ground.<a href="#cite_note-tet-120">[120]</a> Nevertheless, the shipments which got through enabled the IRA to begin a vigorous campaign in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The success of the arms smuggling was a defeat for British intelligence and marked a turning point in the conflict in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Libyan weaponry allowed the IRA to wage war indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semtex_H_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg/220px-Semtex_H_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg/330px-Semtex_H_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Samples of <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>-H and <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C4</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosives</a></figcaption></figure> In the event, much of the IRA's new heavy weaponry, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAMs) and <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>, were never, or very rarely, used. The only recorded use of flamethrowers took place in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">attack in Derryard, County Fermanagh</a>, when two soldiers were killed when a permanent checkpoint manned by the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Scottish_Borderers" title="King's Own Scottish Borderers">King's Own Scottish Borderers</a> was the target of a multiple weapons attack on 13 December 1989.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The SAMs turned out to be out of date models, unable to shoot down British helicopters equipped with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-missile_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-missile technology (page does not exist)">anti-missile technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The missiles were eventually rendered useless when their batteries wore out.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a> proved the most valuable addition to the IRA's armoury.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> As it was, the numbers of members of the British and Northern Ireland military personnel killed by the IRA increased in the years 1988–1990, from 12 in 1986 to 39 in 1988, but dropped to 27 in 1989 and decreased again to 18 in 1990. The death toll by 1991 was similar to that of the mid-1980s, with 14 fatalities. 32 members of the RUC were killed in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> By the late 1980s, the Provisional IRA, in the judgement of journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(Irish_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brendan O'Brien (Irish journalist)">Brendan O'Brien</a>, "could not be beaten, it could be contained". Politically and militarily, that was the most significant factor.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> By the late 1980s and early 1990s, roughly nine out of every ten IRA attacks were aborted or failed to cause casualties.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien,_p._157-134">[134]</a> Republican sources such as <a href="/wiki/Mitchel_McLaughlin" title="Mitchel McLaughlin">Mitchel McLaughlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a> argued that by the early 1990s, the Provisional IRA could not attain their objectives by purely military means.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A campaign to pressure Libya to pay compensation to IRA victims was derailed by the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents_with_British_special_forces">Incidents with British special forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Incidents with British special forces">edit</a>]</div> The IRA suffered some heavy losses at the hands of British special forces like the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS), the heaviest being the killing of eight IRA members in the <a href="/wiki/Loughgall_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Loughgall Ambush">Loughgall Ambush</a> in 1987, as they attempted to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Loughgall" title="Loughgall">Loughgall</a> RUC station.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_East_Tyrone_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a> was hit particularly hard by British killings of their members in this period, losing 28 members killed by British forces in the period 1987–1992, out of 53 dead in the whole conflict.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In many of these cases, Provisional IRA members were killed after being ambushed by British special forces. Some authors alleged that this amounted to a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> on the part of state forces (see <a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Another high-profile incident took place in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in March 1988, when three unarmed IRA members were shot dead by an SAS unit while scouting out a bombing target (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a>).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The subsequent funerals of these IRA members in Belfast were attacked by loyalist gunman <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist_paramilitary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Stone (loyalist paramilitary)">Michael Stone</a>. At a funeral of one of Stone's victims, two plainsclothes British Army corporals were abducted, beaten and shot dead by the IRA after driving into the funeral procession (see <a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a>).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> There were, however, a number of incidents in which undercover operations ended in failure, such as a shoot-out at the village of <a href="/wiki/Cappagh,_County_Tyrone" title="Cappagh, County Tyrone">Cappagh</a> on 24 March 1990, where plain-clothes members of the security forces were ambushed by an IRA unit, and, just two month later, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a>, which was thwarted by the IRA's South Armagh Brigade, A British soldier in an undercover position was shot dead in a counter-ambush.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 2 May 1980, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Doherty" title="Joe Doherty">Joe Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Fusco" title="Angelo Fusco">Angelo Fusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Magee" title="Paul Magee">Paul Magee</a> and another IRA member were arrested after being cornered by the SAS in a house in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-jbb488-143">[143]</a> SAS commander Captain <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Westmacott" title="Herbert Westmacott">Herbert Westmacott</a> was hit by fire from an <a href="/wiki/M60_machine_gun" title="M60 machine gun">M60 machine gun</a> and killed instantly.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loyalists_and_the_IRA_–_killing_and_reprisals">Loyalists and the IRA – killing and reprisals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loyalists and the IRA – killing and reprisals">edit</a>]</div> The IRA and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> suffered from a campaign of assassination launched against their members by <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist paramilitaries">loyalist paramilitaries</a> from the late 1980s. These attacks killed about 12 IRA and 15 Sinn Féin members between 1987 and 1994.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> This tactic was unusual as the vast majority of loyalist victims were Catholic civilians.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In addition, loyalists killed family members of known republicans; John (or Jack) McKearney and his nephew, Kevin McKearney, and Kevin's parents-in-law, Charles and Teresa Fox (whose son, Peter, was an IRA volunteer) were all targeted by the UVF. Two of Kevin's brothers, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_McKearney" title="Pádraig McKearney">Pádraig</a> and Sean, were IRA volunteers killed during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> According to recently released documents, British military intelligence stated in a secret 1973 draft report that within the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> (UDR) it was likely there were soldiers who were also loyalist paramilitaries. Despite knowing this, the British Government stepped up the role of the UDR in "maintaining order" within Northern Ireland. British Government documents released on 3 May 2006 show that overlapping membership between British Army units like the UDR and loyalist paramilitary groups was a wider problem than a "<a href="/wiki/Few_bad_apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Few bad apples">few bad apples</a>" as was often claimed. The documents include a draft report titled "Subversion in the UDR" which detailed the problem. In 1973; an estimated 5–15% of UDR soldiers were directly linked to loyalist paramilitary groups, it was believed that the "best single source of weapons, and the only significant source of modern weapons, for Protestant extremist groups was the UDR", it was feared UDR troops were loyal to "Ulster" alone rather than to "Her Majesty's Government", the British Government knew that UDR weapons were being used in the assassination and attempted assassination of Roman Catholic civilians by loyalist paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-Subversion_in_the_UDR-149">[149]</a> Loyalists were aided in this campaign by elements of the security forces, including the British Army and <a href="/wiki/RUC_Special_Branch" title="RUC Special Branch">RUC Special Branch</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens Report">Stevens Report</a>). Loyalist sources have since confirmed that they received intelligence files on republicans from members of British Army and police intelligence in this period. A British Army agent within the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA), <a href="/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(double_agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Nelson (double agent)">Brian Nelson</a>, was convicted in 1992 of the killings of Catholic civilians. It was later revealed that Nelson, while working as a British Army agent, was also involved in the importation of arms for loyalists from South Africa in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 1993, for the first time since the 1960s, loyalist paramilitaries killed two more people than republican paramilitaries. In 1994, loyalists killed eleven more people than republicans, and in 1995, they killed twelve more. In the latter case (1995 period), the Provisional IRA 1994's cease-fire was still in place.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In response to these attacks, the IRA began a reactive assassination campaign against leading members of the UDA and UVF. By the late 1980s, the IRA Army Council would not sanction attacks on Protestant areas with a high likelihood of civilian casualties, but only on named, identified loyalist targets. The main reason for this was the negative impact of attacks on civilians on the republican movement's electoral appeal. The IRA issued a statement in 1986 saying: "At no time will we involve ourselves in the execution of ordinary Protestants, but at all times we reserve the right to take armed action against those who attempt to terrorise or intimidate our people into accepting British/unionist rule".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> stressed his party's point of view in 1989; "Sinn Féin does not condone the deaths of people who are non-combatants".<a href="#cite_note-m321-152">[152]</a> To maximise the impact of the tactic, the IRA targeted senior loyalist paramilitary figures. Among the leading loyalists killed were <a href="/wiki/John_McMichael" title="John McMichael">John McMichael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a> of the UDA and <a href="/wiki/John_Bingham_(loyalist)" title="John Bingham (loyalist)">John Bingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour</a> of the UVF.<a href="#cite_note-m321-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Mechanic Leslie Dallas, shot dead by the IRA along with two elderly Protestants in 1989, was also claimed by the IRA to be a member of the UVF<a href="#cite_note-Moloney-154">[154]</a> but his family and the UVF denied this. He is listed in the Sutton Index as a civilian.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">IRA bomb</a> on 23 October 1993 caused civilian casualties, when a bomb was planted at a <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill Road</a> fish shop. The bomb was intended to kill the entire senior leadership of the UDA, including <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Adair" title="Johnny Adair">Johnny Adair</a>, who sometimes met in a room above the shop. Instead, the bomb killed eight Protestant civilians, a low-level UDA member and also one of the bombers, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Begley" title="Thomas Begley">Thomas Begley</a>, when the device exploded prematurely. In addition, 58 more people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> This provoked a series of retaliatory killings by the UVF and UDA of Catholic civilians with no political or paramilitary connections.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> According to the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a> statistics, the Provisional IRA killed 30 loyalist paramilitaries in total. Lost Lives gives a figure of 28<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1536-159">[159]</a> out of a total number of loyalists killed in the Troubles of 126.<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1531-160">[160]</a> According to The Irish War by Tony Geraghty, the IRA killed 45 loyalists.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> These killings intensified just before the IRA ceasefire of 1994, with UDA members Ray Smallwoods being killed on 11 July, Joe Bratty & Raymond Elder on 31 July & a UVF commander <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a> had been seriously injured by the IRA in June. As well as these IRA killings the other Republican paramilitary the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> killed three UVF men during the same period including UVF Belfast commander <a href="/wiki/Trevor_King" title="Trevor King">Trevor King</a>. The loyalist groups called their ceasefire six weeks after the IRA ceasefire of that year and they argued that it was the killing of Catholic civilians and republicans that had forced the IRA ceasefire by placing intolerable pressure on nationalists, a view echoed by former deputy leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor,_Baron_Kilclooney" title="John Taylor, Baron Kilclooney">John Taylor, Baron Kilclooney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_up_to_and_after_the_1994_ceasefire">Campaign up to and after the 1994 ceasefire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Campaign up to and after the 1994 ceasefire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1990s_2">Early 1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MortarTest-1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/MortarTest-1994.jpg/220px-MortarTest-1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/MortarTest-1994.jpg/330px-MortarTest-1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/MortarTest-1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>The improvised mortar was the weapon of choice for the Provisional IRA during the 1990s.</figcaption></figure> By the early 1990s, although the death toll had dropped significantly from the worst years of the 1970s, the IRA campaign continued to severely disrupt normal life in Northern Ireland. <ul><li>In 1987, the IRA carried out almost 300 shooting and bombing attacks, killing 31 RUC, UDR and British Army personnel and 20 civilians, while injuring 100 security forces and 150 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien,_p._157-134">[134]</a></li> <li>In 1990, IRA attacks killed 30 soldiers and RUC members and injured 340.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>In 1992, the figure for IRA attacks was 426.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li></ul> The IRA was capable of carrying on with a significant level of violence for the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the goal of the British government in the 1980s was to destroy the IRA, rather than find a political solution.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Moreover, in addition to those killed and injured, the conflict had a substantial economic cost. The UK had to devote an enormous budget to keep their security system in Northern Ireland running indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> From 1985 onward, the IRA carried out a five-year campaign against RUC and Army bases that resulted in 33 British security facilities destroyed and nearly a hundred seriously damaged.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The attacks and bombings in the early 1990s forced the UK government to dismantle several bases and security posts, whose maintenance or reconstruction was not affordable.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The presence of the British Army in the region increased from its lowest ebb of 9,000 men in 1985 to 10,500 by 1992 after an escalation of the IRA's mortar attacks.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In South Armagh, in contrast to other brigade areas, IRA activity increased in the early 1990s. Travelling by road in South Armagh became so dangerous for the British Army that by 1975 they began using helicopters to transport troops and supply its bases, a practice continued until the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] The IRA there shot down five helicopters (one in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> another one in 1988 and 1991<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> and two in 1994), and damaged at least another three in this period, using <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a> heavy machine guns and improvised mortars.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Another one was brought down in early 1990 in County Tyrone by the IRA's <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrone_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a>, wounding three crew members.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> One of several methods the IRA used to counter British body armour was the use of high velocity <a href="/wiki/M82_Barrett_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M82 Barrett rifle">Barrett Light 50</a> and <a href="/wiki/FN_Special_Police_Rifle" title="FN Special Police Rifle">Belgian FN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniper rifles">sniper rifles</a>, several of which the IRA imported from the USA. Two <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">snipers teams</a> of the South Armagh Brigade killed nine members of the security forces in this way. To avoid the jamming of wireless-triggered detonators, the organisation began to employ radar beacons to prime their explosive devices, improving dramatically the effectiveness of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> By 1992, the use of long-range weapons like mortars and heavy machine guns by the IRA had forced the British Army to build its checkpoints one to five miles from the border in order to avoid attacks launched from the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Another IRA technique used on several occasions<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> between October 1990 and late 1991 was the "<a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">proxy bomb</a>", where a victim was kidnapped and forced to drive a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> to its target. In the first series of attacks in October 1990, all three victims were Catholic men employed by the security forces. Their families were held hostage to ensure the proxies did as they were directed. The first proxy, at Coshquin (near Derry), died, along with six soldiers. The second proxy, at Cloghoge (or Cloghogue; near Newry), escaped but a soldier was killed. The third incident, at <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a>, produced no casualties due to a faulty detonator. Proxy bomb attacks continued for months afterwards; very large bombs (8,000 lb (3,600 kg)) were used in two attacks in November 1990 and September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The proxy-bomb tactic was dropped, reportedly due to the revulsion it caused among nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In the early 1990s the IRA intensified its campaign against commercial and economic targets in Northern Ireland. For example, in May 1993 over four days the IRA detonated car bombs in Belfast, <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magherafelt" title="Magherafelt">Magherafelt</a>, County Londonderry, causing millions of pounds worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 1 January 1994, the IRA planted eleven incendiary devices in shops and other premises in the Greater Belfast area in a "firebomb blitz" that caused millions of pounds worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 1991, the IRA used a total of 142 cassette-type incendiary devices against shops and warehouses in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ceasefires">The ceasefires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The ceasefires">edit</a>]</div> In August 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a "complete cessation of military operations". This was the culmination of several years of negotiations between the Republican leadership, led by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a>, various figures in the local political parties, the Irish government and British government. It was informed by the view that neither the UK forces, nor the IRA could win the conflict and that greater progress towards Republican objectives might be achieved by negotiation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_bomb-devastation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Manchester_bomb-devastation.jpg/220px-Manchester_bomb-devastation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Manchester_bomb-devastation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>The devastation on Corporation Street in Manchester after the IRA bombing of 1996</figcaption></figure> While many Provisional IRA volunteers were reportedly unhappy with the end of armed struggle short of the achievement of a united Ireland, the peace strategy has since resulted in substantial electoral and political gains for <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, the movement's political wing. It may now be argued that the Sinn Féin political party has eclipsed the Provisional IRA as the most important part of the republican movement. The ceasefire of 1994 therefore, while not a definitive end to Provisional IRA operations, marked the effective end of its full scale armed campaign.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Provisional IRA called off its 1994 ceasefire on 9 February 1996 because of its dissatisfaction with the state of negotiations. They signaled the end of the ceasefire by detonating a truck bomb at <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> in London, which caused the deaths of two civilians and massive damage to property. In the summer of 1996, another truck bomb devastated <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester city centre</a>. However, the Provisional IRA campaign after the ceasefire was suspended during this period and never reached the intensity of previous years. In total, the IRA killed 2 British soldiers, 2 RUC officers, 2 British civilians, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda</a> in 1996–1997 according to the CAIN project.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> They resumed their ceasefire on 19 July 1997.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> These Provisional IRA military activities of 1996–97 were widely believed to have been used to gain leverage in negotiations with the British government during the period.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Whereas in 1994–95, the British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> government had refused to enter public talks with <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> until the IRA had given up its weapons, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> government in power by 1997 was prepared to include Sinn Féin in peace talks before IRA decommissioning. This precondition was officially dropped in June 1997.<a href="#cite_note-ines-194">[194]</a> Another widespread interpretation of the temporary breakdown in the first IRA ceasefire is that the leadership of Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness tolerated a limited return to violence in order to avoid a split between hardliners and moderates in the IRA Army Council. Nevertheless, they emphasized in every public statement since the fall of 1996 the need for a second truce. Once they had won over or removed the militarists from the council, they re-instated the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney,_p._472-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN), a research project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, the IRA was responsible for 1,705 deaths, about 48% of the total conflict deaths.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Of that figure: <ul><li>1,009 (59.2%) were members or former members of the British security forces, including: <ul><li>697 British military personnel: 644 from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1992)">Royal Irish Regiment</a>), 4 from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, 1 from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, and 43 former British military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li> <li>312 British law enforcement personnel: 270 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC) officers, 14 former RUC officers, 20 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland Prison Service</a> (NIPS) officers, 2 former NIPS officers, and 6 English police officers.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li></ul></li> <li>508 (29%) were classed as civilians, including 17 <a href="/wiki/Political_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activists">political activists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li> <li>133 (7.8%) were members of the IRA, killed as informers or in premature explosions of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li> <li>39 (2.2%) were <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> paramilitary members: 26 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA) members, 12 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF) members and 1 <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> member.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li> <li>8 (0.4%) were members of the Irish security forces, including 6 <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Prison_Service" title="Irish Prison Service">Irish Prison Service</a> officer, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> soldier.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li> <li>5 (0.2%) were members of other republican paramilitary groups: 4 <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> members and 1 <a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">IPLO</a> member.<a href="#cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Another detailed study, Lost Lives,<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives_2004-5">[5]</a> states the Provisional IRA was responsible for the deaths of 1,781 people up to 2004. It says that, of this figure: <ul><li>944 (53%) were members of the British security forces, including: 638 British military (including the UDR), 273 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (including RUC reserve), 23 Northern Ireland Prison Service officers, five British police officers and five former British soldiers.</li> <li>644 (36%) were civilians.</li> <li>163 (9%) were Republican paramilitary members (including IRA members, most caused their own deaths when bombs they were transporting exploded prematurely).</li> <li>28 (1.5%) were loyalist paramilitary members.</li> <li>7 (0.3%) were members of the Irish security forces (6 Gardaí and one Irish Army).</li></ul> Lost Lives states that 294 Provisional IRA members died in the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1531-160">[160]</a> The IRA lost 276 members during the Troubles according to the CAIN figures. In addition, a number of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> activists or councillors were killed, some of whom were also IRA members. <a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a> gives a figure of 341 IRA and Sinn Féin members killed in the Troubles, indicating between 50 and 60 Sinn Féin deaths if the IRA deaths are subtracted.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> About 120 Provisional IRA members caused their own deaths, almost all when they were killed by their own explosives in premature bombing accidents – 103 deaths according to CAIN, 105 according to an RUC report of 1993. Nine IRA members died on <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Lost Lives gives a figure of 163 killings of republican paramilitary members (this includes bombing accidents and feuds with republicans from other organisations).<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1536-159">[159]</a> Of the remaining 200 or so IRA dead, around 150 were killed by the British Army, with the remainder killed by loyalist paramilitaries, the RUC and the UDR. Far more common than the killing of IRA volunteers however, was their imprisonment. Journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop estimate in The Provisional IRA (1988), that between 8–10,000 Provisional IRA members were, up until that point, imprisoned during the course of the conflict, a number they also give as the total number of IRA members during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-Mallie_Bishop,_p._12-3">[3]</a> The total number of Provisional IRA members imprisoned must be higher, once the figures from 1988 onwards are included. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Assessments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undefeated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Undefeated.jpg/220px-Undefeated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Undefeated.jpg/330px-Undefeated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Undefeated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>IRA poster</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Army_official_report">British Army official report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: British Army official report">edit</a>]</div> An internal British Army document released under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a> in 2007 stated an expert opinion that the British Army had failed to defeat the IRA by force of arms but also claims to have "shown the IRA that it could not achieve its ends through violence".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The report examined 37 years of British troop deployment and was compiled following a six-month study by a team of three officers carried out in early 2006 for General Sir <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Mike Jackson</a>, the British Army's Chief of the General Staff. The military assessment describes the IRA as "professional, dedicated, highly skilled and resilient".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The paper divides the IRA activity and tactics in two main periods: The "insurgency" phase (1971–1972), and the "terrorist" phase (1972–1997).<a href="#cite_note-ban-201">[201]</a> The British Army claims to have curbed the IRA <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> by 1972, after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a>, but IRA members fled to the nearby Republic of Ireland safe from British capture where they continued to carry out cross-border attacks into Northern Ireland with weapons made in the South or sourced overseas.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> As a result, the IRA remerged as a cell-structured group.<a href="#cite_note-ban-201">[201]</a> The report also asserts that the government efforts by the 1980s were aimed to destroy the IRA, rather than negotiate a political solution,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> and that the British campaign produced no final victory "in any recognisable way".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> One of the conclusions from the paper reveals the failure of the British Army to engage the IRA at strategic level and the lack of a single campaign authority and plan.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_analyses">Other analyses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other analyses">edit</a>]</div> Some authors, including Brendan O'Brien, Patrick McCarthy, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Peter Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Finlay" title="Fergus Finlay">Fergus Finlay</a> and Timothy J. White, also concluded that, unlike previous IRA campaigns, the Provisionals had not been defeated but had arrived at the conclusion of a bloody stalemate in which neither side could destroy the other.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> According to O'Brien, the IRA "could end its armed campaign from a avowed position of strength, discipline and military capacity. They had not been defeated."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Political analysts Brian Barton and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Roche_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Patrick Roche (Northern Ireland politician)">Patrick Roche</a> maintain that while the IRA, although undefeated, fell short of their ultimate goal of a united Ireland, the IRA campaign was eventually legitimised by the peace process and the Good Friday Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> Apart from its armed campaign, the Provisional IRA was also involved in many other activities, including "policing" of nationalist communities, <a href="/wiki/Robberies" class="mw-redirect" title="Robberies">robberies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> for the purposes of raising funds, fund raising in other countries, involvement in community events and parades, and intelligence gathering. The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a> (IMC), a body supervising the ceasefire and activities of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland has judged the Provisional IRA to have ceased all of the above activities. The IMC issues a bi-yearly public report on the activities of all paramilitary groups operating and known of in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramilitary_policing">Paramilitary policing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Paramilitary policing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland</a></div> Activities deemed punishable by the Provisional IRA (often described as "anti-social activities"), included collaboration with the RUC and/or British Army i.e. <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informing</a>, drug dealing, criminal activity outside of the Provisional IRA, <a href="/wiki/Joyride_(crime)" title="Joyride (crime)">joy riding</a>, spreading of dissent, and any other activities which might either damage the Provisional IRA or interests of the community as defined by the Provisional IRA. For the most part, the list of activities deemed punishable by the Provisional IRA coincided with those deemed punishable by the community at large. Punishments ranged in severity from verbal warnings to physical attacks, through to wounding by gunshot, progressing to forcing the suspect to flee Ireland for their lives and death. This process was often described as "<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo Court">summary justice</a>" by the political establishment and media. In the majority of cases the Provisional IRA claimed that there had been a full investigation and that guilt had been established before their sentence was carried out. The process, which was widely known of in nationalist communities, worked on a sliding scale of severity – in the case of a petty thief a warning to stop may initially be issued, escalating to a physical attack known as a "punishment beating" usually with baseball bats or similar tools. If the behaviour continued then a more serious physical assault known as a "<a href="/wiki/Knee-capping" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee-capping">knee-capping</a>" (gunshot wounds to limbs, hands, joints) would occur. The final level would be a threat of death against the suspect if they did not leave the island of Ireland, and if this order was not adhered to, death. The IMC has noted that the Provisional IRA has repeatedly come under pressure from nationalist community members since its cessation of violence to resume such policing but has resisted such requests.<a href="#cite_note-imc13-215">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Suspected <a href="/wiki/Informers" class="mw-redirect" title="Informers">informers</a> and those who cooperated with the RUC and British Army (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaborators</a>) were generally dealt with by a <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> unit titled the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a> (ISU), sometimes referred to as the "nutting squad". Typically, the ISU would abduct and interrogate suspects frequently using torture to extract confessions. The interrogations would often be recorded and played back to senior Provisional IRA members at a secretly held board of inquiry. This board would then pronounce judgement, usually a fatal gunshot to the head. A judgement as severe as death was frequently made public in the form of a communique released to the media but in some cases, for reasons of political expediency, the Provisional IRA did not announce responsibility. The bodies of killed informers were usually found shot dead by roadsides in isolated areas. On occasion recordings of their confessions were released to the media.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This style of summary justice, often meted out based on evidence of dubious quality, by untrained investigators and self-appointed judges frequently led to what the Provisional IRA has acknowledged as horrific mistakes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of February 2007, the IMC has stated that the Provisional IRA has issued "instructions to members not to use physical force" and noted what it describes as "the leadership's maintenance of a firm stance against the involvement of members in criminality." Where criminality has been engaged in by Provisional IRA, members of the IMC note that "we were satisfied these individual activities were contrary to the express injunctions of the leadership".<a href="#cite_note-imc13-215">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_republican_feuds">Internal republican feuds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Internal republican feuds">edit</a>]</div> The Provisional IRA has also targeted other republican paramilitary groups and dissenting members of the Provisional IRA who refuse or disregard orders. In 1972, 1975 and 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> and Provisional IRA engaged in attacks on the opposing organisation leaving several dead on either side. In 1992, The Provisional IRA attacked and eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a> (IPLO), which was widely perceived as being involved in drug dealing and other criminality in West Belfast. One IPLO member was killed, several knee-capped and more ordered to disband. The last known example of this practise as of February 2007 took place in 2000 and involved the shooting dead of a <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a> member for his opposition to the Provisionals' ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_in_Republic_of_Ireland">Activities in Republic of Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Activities in Republic of Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland">Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> Although the Provisional IRA's General Order No.8 forbids military action "against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">26 County</a> forces under any circumstances whatsoever",<a href="#cite_note-o121-217">[217]</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (the Republic of Ireland's police force) have also been killed, including Detective Garda Jerry McCabe. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jerry_McCabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Jerry McCabe">McCabe was killed</a> by machine-gun fire as he sat in his patrol car in <a href="/wiki/Adare" title="Adare">Adare</a> <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a> during the escort of a <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> delivery in 1996. Sinn Féin has called for the release of his killers under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>. In total, the Provisional IRA killed six Gardaí and one <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> soldier, mostly during robberies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robberies_and_criminal_enterprise">Robberies and criminal enterprise</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Robberies and criminal enterprise">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Paramilitary finances in the Troubles</a></div> The Provisional IRA has carried out numerous bank and post office robberies across Ireland throughout its existence. An RUC estimate from 1982 to 1983, puts the amount stolen in such raids by the Provisional IRA at around £700,000 (sterling).<a href="#cite_note-o121-217">[217]</a> Also in the 1980s, the Provisional IRA were involved in the kidnapping and ransom of businessmen Gaelen Weston, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Dunne_(businessman,_born_1949)" title="Ben Dunne (businessman, born 1949)">Ben Dunne</a> and Don Tidey. Activities such as these were linked to the IRA's fund-raising. Gardaí estimate that the Provisional IRA got up to £1.5 million from these activities.<a href="#cite_note-o121-217">[217]</a> Activities include <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, sale of stolen items and <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> including cigarettes, <a href="/wiki/Red_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Red diesel">red diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, protection rackets, and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>. Most recently, the Provisional IRA have been blamed for carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank_Robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bank Robbery">Northern Bank Robbery</a> in December 2004, although no proof was ever forwarded and this crime remains unsolved. The IMC note that in their view the Provisional IRA has not had any "organisational involvement in robbery or other such organised crime".<a href="#cite_note-imc13-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas Murphy</a>, a prominent Provisional IRA leader from South Armagh, has been the subject of repeated rumours of organised crime including diesel smuggling and tax evasion. In 2006 both Irish and British security forces mounted a major joint raid on his farm, and in December 2015 he was arrested and put on trial in Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court" title="Special Criminal Court">Special Criminal Court</a> charged with tax evasion.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> He was found guilty of tax evasion on 17 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_British_aircraft_during_The_Troubles" title="List of attacks on British aircraft during The Troubles">List of attacks on British aircraft during The Troubles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a>,Behind the mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin, Chapter 21: Stalemate, pp. 246–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6276416.stm">"Army paper says IRA not defeated"</a>. BBC News. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Army+paper+says+IRA+not+defeated&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F6276416.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallie_Bishop,_p._12-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallie_Bishop,_p._12_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallie_Bishop,_p._12_3-1">b</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-crosstabs2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-crosstabs2_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Crosstabulations+%28two-way+tables%29&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> (choose "organization" and "status" as the variables) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_Lives_2004-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives_2004_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives_2004_5-1">b</a> Lost Lives (2004. Ed's David McKitrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, Chris Thornton, David McVea, page 1536) </li> <li id="cite_note-Moloney,_p._472-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney,_p._472_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moloney,_p._472_6-1">b</a> Moloney, p. 472 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History Volume 2 by Robert B. Asprey (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22594-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22594-1">978-0-595-22594-1</a>), page 1125 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction by Klaus Dodds (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-68609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-68609-5">978-0-273-68609-5</a>), page 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> British Civilization by John Oakland (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26150-0">978-0-415-26150-0</a>), page 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Northern Ireland by Jonathan Tonge (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3141-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3141-7">978-0-7456-3141-7</a>), page 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1989" class="citation journal cs1">White, Robert W. (May 1989). "From Peaceful Protest to Guerrilla War: Micromobilization of the Provisional Irish Republican Army". American Journal of Sociology. 94 (6): 1284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F229155">10.1086/229155</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=From+Peaceful+Protest+to+Guerrilla+War%3A+Micromobilization+of+the+Provisional+Irish+Republican+Army&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1284&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F229155&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton1970-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Sutton1970_12-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1970.html">Sutton Index of Deaths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422085347/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1970.html">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Mallie, Bishop, The Provisional IRA p157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2003" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books. pp. 134–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4"><bdi>0-330-49388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Struggle%3A+The+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pages=134-35&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-330-49388-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Taylor, pp. 56–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2"><bdi>0-7475-3818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provos+The+IRA+%26+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7475-3818-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Taylor, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Taylor, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The IRA, 1968–2000 By J. Bowyer Bell </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fitzgerald2006-21"><a href="#cite_ref-fitzgerald2006_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald,_Garret2006" class="citation journal cs1">FitzGerald, Garret (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091138/http://www.ria.ie/cgi-bin/ria/papers/100573.pdf">"The 1974–5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). Irish Studies in International Affairs. 17: 141–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318%2FISIA.2006.17.1.141">10.3318/ISIA.2006.17.1.141</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ria.ie/cgi-bin/ria/papers/100573.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+in+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+1974%E2%80%935+Threat+of+a+British+Withdrawal+from+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=141-50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3318%2FISIA.2006.17.1.141&rft.au=FitzGerald%2C+Garret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ria.ie%2Fcgi-bin%2Fria%2Fpapers%2F100573.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Andrew (2012). Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War For Legitimacy. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+The+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+and+the+War+For+Legitimacy&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4696-8&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html#prof">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldiermagazine.co.uk/op_banner/pages/41-43_soldier.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldiermagazine.co.uk%2Fop_banner%2Fpages%2F41-43_soldier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcStiofáin1975" class="citation book cs1">McStiofáin, Seán (1975). Revolutionary in Ireland. G. Cremonesi. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+in+Ireland&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=G.+Cremonesi&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=McStiof%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowyer_Bell1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bowyer Bell, J.</a> (1990). IRA Tactics and Targets: An Analysis of Tactical Aspects of the Armed Struggle 1969–1989. Poolbeg Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85371-086-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85371-086-5"><bdi>1-85371-086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRA+Tactics+and+Targets%3A+An+Analysis+of+Tactical+Aspects+of+the+Armed+Struggle+1969%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Poolbeg+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85371-086-5&rft.aulast=Bowyer+Bell&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 215, p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnden1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Harnden" title="Toby Harnden">Harnden, Toby</a> (1999). Bandit Country. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X"><bdi>0-340-71736-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandit+Country&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-340-71736-X&rft.aulast=Harnden&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231015/http://www.sinnfein.ie/news/detail/18130">"Sinn Féin: Welcome for end of British Army occupation in South Armagh"</a>. 27 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinnfein.ie/news/detail/18130">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in%3A+Welcome+for+end+of+British+Army+occupation+in+South+Armagh&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinnfein.ie%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F18130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Taylor, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Moloney, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Moloney, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(Journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Taylor (Journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/184">Brits</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/184">184–85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-5806-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-5806-X"><bdi>0-7475-5806-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brits&rft.pages=184-85&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7475-5806-X&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrits00pete%2Fpage%2F184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Taylor, pp. 232–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Taylor, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McKittrickDavid_McVea2002" class="citation book cs1">David McKittrick; David McVea (18 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SS_AAAAQBAJ&q=roy+mason+troubles&pg=PA118">Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland</a>. New Amsterdam Books. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461663331" title="Special:BookSources/9781461663331"><bdi>9781461663331</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Troubles%3A+The+Story+of+the+Conflict+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam+Books&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft.isbn=9781461663331&rft.au=David+McKittrick&rft.au=David+McVea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SS_AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Droy%2Bmason%2Btroubles%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Feeney2014" class="citation book cs1">Brian Feeney (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpwHBAAAQBAJ&q=roy+mason+troubles&pg=PT45">A Short History of the Troubles</a>. The O'Brien Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847176585" title="Special:BookSources/9781847176585"><bdi>9781847176585</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Troubles&rft.pub=The+O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.isbn=9781847176585&rft.au=Brian+Feeney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpwHBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Droy%2Bmason%2Btroubles%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b321-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b321_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b321_40-1">b</a> Bishop, Mallie, p321 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> English, Armed Struggle, p191 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Mallie, Bishop, p320-321 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_McHardy" class="citation news cs1">Anne McHardy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/20/lord-mason-of-barnsley">"Lord Mason of Barnsley obituary | Politics"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lord+Mason+of+Barnsley+obituary+%26%23124%3B+Politics&rft.au=Anne+McHardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fapr%2F20%2Flord-mason-of-barnsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2015" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Ian (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/04/rest-peace-roy-mason-and-good-riddance">"Rest in peace, Roy Mason, and good riddance"</a>. Newstatesman.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=Rest+in+peace%2C+Roy+Mason%2C+and+good+riddance&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F04%2Frest-peace-roy-mason-and-good-riddance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Moloney, pp. 149–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1993" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Mark (1993). Big Boys' Rules: SAS and the Secret Struggle Against the IRA. Faber and Faber. pp. 206–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-16809-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-16809-4"><bdi>0-571-16809-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Boys%27+Rules%3A+SAS+and+the+Secret+Struggle+Against+the+IRA&rft.pages=206-08&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-571-16809-4&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Sutton" class="citation web cs1">Malcolm Sutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1983.html">"An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland"</a>. CAIN. Retrieved 9 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Index+of+Deaths+from+the+Conflict+in+Ireland&rft.pub=CAIN&rft.au=Malcolm+Sutton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1983.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> English, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-English173-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English173_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English173_49-1">b</a> English, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 390 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195508/http://news.ulster.ac.uk/releases/2006/2223.html">"University of Ulster News Release – Border Killings – Liberation Struggle or Ethnic Cleansing?"</a>. News.ulster.ac.uk. 29 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ulster.ac.uk/releases/2006/2223.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=University+of+Ulster+News+Release+%E2%80%93+Border+Killings+%E2%80%93+Liberation+Struggle+or+Ethnic+Cleansing%3F&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ulster.ac.uk%2Freleases%2F2006%2F2223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bowden, Brett and Davis, Michael T. (2008). Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism. University of Queensland Press, p. 239; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-3599-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-3599-7">0-7022-3599-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Kowalski, Rachel Caroline. "The role of sectarianism in the Provisional IRA campaign, 1969–1997." Terrorism and political violence 30, no. 4 (2018): 658–683. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lewis, Matthew, and Shaun McDaid. "Bosnia on the border? Republican Violence in Northern Ireland during the 1920s and 1970s." Terrorism and political violence 29, no. 4 (2017): 635–655. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Shanahan, Timothy. Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press, 2008, pp.32–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Bruce, Steve. The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision. Oxford University Press, UK, 1994, p.124-126 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Dingley, James. "A reply to white's non‐sectarian thesis of PIRA targeting." (1998): 106–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-leahysect-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leahysect_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leahysect_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leahysect_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahy2020" class="citation book cs1">Leahy, Thomas (2020). The Intelligence War against the IRA. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108487504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108487504"><bdi>978-1108487504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intelligence+War+against+the+IRA&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108487504&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(lawyer)" title="Kevin Boyle (lawyer)">Kevin Boyle</a> and Tom Hadden, Northern Ireland: The Choice, Harmondsworth:UK, Penguin Books, 1994, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Bowden and Davis, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Henry (2010). "Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 22 (3): 337–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546551003659335">10.1080/09546551003659335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145671577">145671577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Sectarianism+Revisited%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+Campaign+in+a+Border+Region+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-356&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546551003659335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145671577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKearney2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">McKearney, Tommy</a> (2011). The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament. Pluto Press. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3074-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-3074-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA%3A+From+Insurrection+to+Parliament&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3074-7&rft.aulast=McKearney&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Taylor, p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1619733.stm">"Remembering Teebane"</a>. BBC.co.uk. 25 October 2001. Retrieved 21 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+Teebane&rft.date=2001-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F1619733.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> English, pp. 163–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1973.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The Enemy Within by Martin Dillon (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-40506-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-40506-5">0-385-40506-5</a>), page 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Bowyer Bell, page 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The Road To Balcombe Street: The IRA Reign of Terror in London by Steven Moysey (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2913-3">978-0-7890-2913-3</a>), pages 116–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Mallie Bishop, p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-c74-74"><a href="#cite_ref-c74_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch74.htm">"A Chronology of the Conflict – 1974"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freedom+for+the+Brighton+bomber&rft.date=1999-06-23&rft.au=John+Mullin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FNorthern_Ireland%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C204987%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McKittrick2000" class="citation news cs1">David McKittrick (28 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714071315/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article270724.ece">"I regret the deaths but military campaign was necessary, says the Brighton bomber"</a>. The Independent. London, UK. 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Bantam Books. pp. 220–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-40773-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-40773-2"><bdi>0-553-40773-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Years+of+Terror%3A+The+IRA%27s+war+against+the+British&rft.pages=220-223&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-553-40773-2&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgladdery1985-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgladdery1985_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgladdery1985_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgladdery1985_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGladdery2006" class="citation book cs1">McGladdery, Gary (2006). The Provisional IRA in England: The Bombing Campaign 1973–1997. Irish Academic Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716533733" title="Special:BookSources/9780716533733"><bdi>9780716533733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA+in+England%3A+The+Bombing+Campaign+1973%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780716533733&rft.aulast=McGladdery&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mallie1985-86"><a href="#cite_ref-mallie1985_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallieBishop1988" class="citation book cs1">Mallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988). 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Merrion Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785370939" title="Special:BookSources/9781785370939"><bdi>9781785370939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Ashes%3A+An+Oral+History+of+the+Provisional+Irish+Republican+Movement&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785370939&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_StephenMichael_White1991" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Stephen & Michael White (8 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://century.guardian.co.uk/1990-1999/Story/0,,112630,00.html">"IRA shells the War Cabinet"</a>. 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BBC. 23 March 1987. Retrieved 25 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1987%3A+30+hurt+as+car+bomb+hits+Army+base&rft.date=1987-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F23%2Fnewsid_4287000%2F4287075.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths – menu page"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 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BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+occupiers+and+protectors+to+guests&rft.date=2004-07-20&rft.au=Chris+Summers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3842031.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Thatcher, Margaret (1997). The collected speeches of Margaret Thatcher. HarperCollins Publishers, p. 357; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060187344" title="Special:BookSources/0060187344">0060187344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFERDINAND_PROTZMAN1989" class="citation news cs1">FERDINAND PROTZMAN (9 September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/09/world/ira-gunman-kills-wife-of-a-briton.html">"I.R.A. Gunman Kills Wife of a Briton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. West Germany; Ireland, Northern. 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A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2023" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (8 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yui3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">A Broad Church 2: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1980–1989</a>. Merrion Press. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7817-8537-4456" title="Special:BookSources/9-7817-8537-4456"><bdi>9-7817-8537-4456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church+2%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1980%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft.isbn=9-7817-8537-4456&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYui3EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Harnden, pp. 239–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Geraghty, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> O'Brien, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/paramilitaries/162714.stm">"Provisional IRA's history of violence"</a>. BBC. 1 September 1998. Retrieved 9 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Provisional+IRA%27s+history+of+violence&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Fnorthern_ireland%2Fparamilitaries%2F162714.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tet-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tet_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tet_120-1">b</a> Moloney, pp. 18–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_McDonald" class="citation news cs1">Henry McDonald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/apr/23/uk.northernireland">"Gadaffi sued by 160 victims of IRA"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gadaffi+sued+by+160+victims+of+IRA&rft.au=Henry+McDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2006%2Fapr%2F23%2Fuk.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Moloney, pages 20 to 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Welch, Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). The Oxford companion to Irish literature. Oxford University Press, p. 396; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4">0-19-866158-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Geraghty, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Taylor, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Palmer2004" class="citation news cs1">Anne Palmer (14 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225202231/http://www.newsletter.co.uk/story/17138">"Tribute Paid To Soldiers Killed in IRA Attack"</a>. The News Letter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsletter.co.uk/story/17138">the original</a> on 25 December 2004. Retrieved 30 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Letter&rft.atitle=Tribute+Paid+To+Soldiers+Killed+in+IRA+Attack&rft.date=2004-12-14&rft.au=Anne+Palmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fstory%2F17138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer" title="Andy Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, A.R.</a> (2008). IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Irish Academic Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716528951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716528951"><bdi>978-0716528951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRA%3A+The+Bombs+and+the+Bullets%3A+A+History+of+Deadly+Ingenuity&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0716528951&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Taylor, pp. 277–278 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Moloney, p. 569 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Moloney, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/index.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths – menu page"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths+%E2%80%93+menu+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths – crosstabulations"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths+%E2%80%93+crosstabulations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> O'Brien, p. 158. 'Sickening' is derived from a speech <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> made in 1988, when he said, "I believe the...Irish Republican Army has got the capability, the ways and the means of bringing about the defeat of the British forces, both militarily and politically in the Six Counties. But in saying that I am not saying that the IRA have the ability to drive every last British soldier out of Belfast, Derry...or anywhere else. But they have the ability to sicken the British forces of occupation", cited in O'Brien, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien,_p._157-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien,_p._157_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien,_p._157_134-1">b</a> O'Brien, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Interviewer "Did you actually say that to the IRA-that they weren't going to drive the British out of Ireland?" McLaughlin "I probably didn't use that language but certainly I used that rationale on more than one occasion, yes." Taylor, pp. 365–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2012" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Liam (14 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/libya-unlikely-to-pay-compensation-to-victims-of-ira-28921798.html">"Libya unlikely to pay compensation to victims of IRA"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Libya+unlikely+to+pay+compensation+to+victims+of+IRA&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Flibya-unlikely-to-pay-compensation-to-victims-of-ira-28921798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/site-of-iras-biggest-loss-blossoms-as-bestkept-village-1821605.html">"Site of IRA's biggest loss blossoms as best-kept village | Crime | News"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Site+of+IRA%27s+biggest+loss+blossoms+as+best-kept+village+%26%23124%3B+Crime+%26%23124%3B+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fsite-of-iras-biggest-loss-blossoms-as-bestkept-village-1821605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Moloney, p. 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTooVE-mv-EC&q=shoot%20to%20kill%20policy&pg=PA48">Human Rights in Northern Ireland</a>. Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300056235" title="Special:BookSources/9780300056235"><bdi>9780300056235</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780300056235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTooVE-mv-EC%26q%3Dshoot%2520to%2520kill%2520policy%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Moloney, p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> O'Brien, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1990/may/03/cappagh-incident">"Cappagh (Incident) (Hansard, 3 May 1990)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 3 May 1990. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Cappagh+%28Incident%29+%28Hansard%2C+3+May+1990%29&rft.date=1990-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fwritten-answers%2F1990%2Fmay%2F03%2Fcappagh-incident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbb488-143"><a href="#cite_ref-jbb488_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowyer_Bell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bowyer Bell, J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/488">The Secret Army: The IRA</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/488">488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-901-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Army%3A+The+IRA&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-901-6&rft.aulast=Bowyer+Bell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretarmyira00bell%2Fpage%2F488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Raymond (2004). The SAS in Ireland. Mercier Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85635-437-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85635-437-7"><bdi>1-85635-437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAS+in+Ireland&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85635-437-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Geraghty, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/cts/tables.htm">"CAIN: Violence – 'Mapping Troubles-Related Deaths in Northern Ireland 1969–1994', Tables"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Violence+%E2%80%93+%27Mapping+Troubles-Related+Deaths+in+Northern+Ireland+1969%E2%80%931994%27%2C+Tables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fviolence%2Fcts%2Ftables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-19741103">"McKearney murders – RUC 'did not do enough to stop shootings'"</a>. BBC News. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=McKearney+murders+%E2%80%93+RUC+%27did+not+do+enough+to+stop+shootings%27&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-19741103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Taylor, Peter (2000). Loyalists. p. 213. Bloomsbury; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747545197" title="Special:BookSources/0747545197">0747545197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Subversion_in_the_UDR-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Subversion_in_the_UDR_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/publicrecords/1973/subversion_in_the_udr.htm">"Subversion in the UDR"</a>. CAIN. Retrieved 14 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subversion+in+the+UDR&rft.pub=CAIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fpublicrecords%2F1973%2Fsubversion_in_the_udr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> O'Brien, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> English, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-m321-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m321_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m321_152-1">b</a> Moloney, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> O'Brien, p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-Moloney-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Moloney_154-0">^</a> Moloney, p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1989.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Coogan, p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Moloney, p. 415 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070928081540/http://www.irishecho.com/search/searchstory.cfm?id=2897&issueid=69">"A View North Collusion? Maybe, but at a low level"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishecho.com/search/searchstory.cfm/">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+View+North+Collusion%3F+Maybe%2C+but+at+a+low+level&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishecho.com%2Fsearch%2Fsearchstory.cfm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1536-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives,_p._1536_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives,_p._1536_159-1">b</a> Lost Lives, p. 1536 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_Lives,_p._1531-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives,_p._1531_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Lives,_p._1531_160-1">b</a> Lost Lives, p. 1531 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Geraghty, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Taylor, Peter (2000). Loyalists. p.231-232, p.234. Bloomsbury; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747545197" title="Special:BookSources/0747545197">0747545197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> O'Brien, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Sutton index. See the following link for the 1990 fatalities and produce tabulation by introducing Status and Year: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">CAIN Sutton Index of deaths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">Archived</a> 24 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> O'Brien, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091152/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/misc/opbanner.pdf">"Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland. Prepared under the direction of the Chief of the General Staff, Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), July 2006, Chapter II, page 15: "The British Government's main military objective in the 1980s was the destruction of PIRA, rather than resolving the conflict.""</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/misc/opbanner.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Banner%3A+An+analysis+of+military+operations+in+Northern+Ireland.+Prepared+under+the+direction+of+the+Chief+of+the+General+Staff%2C+Ministry+of+Defence+%28United+Kingdom%29%2C+July+2006%2C+Chapter+II%2C+page+15%3A+%22The+British+Government%27s+main+military+objective+in+the+1980s+was+the+destruction+of+PIRA%2C+rather+than+resolving+the+conflict.%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patfinucanecentre.org%2Fmisc%2Fopbanner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2016" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Stephen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mI9GDQAAQBAJ&q=%22a+military+solution%22+&pg=PP121">A Failed Political Entity: Charles Haughey and the Northern Ireland Question, 1945–1992</a>. Merrion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78537-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78537-102-8"><bdi>978-1-78537-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Failed+Political+Entity%3A+Charles+Haughey+and+the+Northern+Ireland+Question%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78537-102-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmI9GDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522a%2Bmilitary%2Bsolution%2522%2B%26pg%3DPP121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Time to Stop Using the I-Word". Fortnight. 302–312: 28. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortnight&rft.atitle=Time+to+Stop+Using+the+I-Word&rft.volume=302-312&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToolis1997" class="citation book cs1">Toolis, Kevin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelheartsjourn00tool/page/56">Rebel Hearts: Journeys Within the IRA's Soul</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelheartsjourn00tool/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-15632-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-15632-4"><bdi>0-312-15632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Hearts%3A+Journeys+Within+the+IRA%27s+Soul&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-312-15632-4&rft.aulast=Toolis&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frebelheartsjourn00tool%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> "These statistics [about the declining violence] do not trivialize the seriousness of the problem, but instead indicate that terrorist violence was contained at manageable levels. What these statistics fail to indicate was the expense of the conflict. Perpetually deploying large, well-trained security forces was very expensive in simple monetary terms." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, Michael (2002). When reason fails: portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6"><bdi>0-275-97378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+reason+fails%3A+portraits+of+armies+at+war%3A+America%2C+Britain%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+future&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-275-97378-6&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Toolis, Kevin (1995). Rebel Hearts: journeys within the IRA's soul. Picador, p. 53; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-34243-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-34243-6">0-330-34243-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> The list included: <ul><li>Three permanent checkpoints: <ul><li>Boa Island (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard</a> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emigrant.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36958&Itemid=200">The Irish Emigrant, March 1991 issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200547/http://www.emigrant.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36958&Itemid=200">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghogue_checkpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on Cloghogue checkpoint">Cloghogue</a> (1991) (Harnden, p. 263-264)</li></ul></li> <li>The UDR base at <a href="/wiki/Glenane_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenane barracks bombing">Glenane</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewardrobe.org.uk/research/history-regiments/duke-edinburghs-royal-regiment-berkshire-and-wiltshire">"The Duke of Edinburghs Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire) :: The Wardrobe"</a>. www.thewardrobe.org.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thewardrobe.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Duke+of+Edinburghs+Royal+Regiment+%28Berkshire+and+Wiltshire%29+%3A%3A+The+Wardrobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewardrobe.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fhistory-regiments%2Fduke-edinburghs-royal-regiment-berkshire-and-wiltshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Ripley, Tim and Chappel, Mike: Security forces in Northern Ireland (1969–92). Osprey, 1993, p. 20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-278-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-278-1">1-85532-278-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Harnden, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Dewar, Michael (1985). The British Army in Northern Ireland. Arms and Armour Press, p. 156; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853687161" title="Special:BookSources/0853687161">0853687161</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steven (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQPMDwAAQBAJ&q=%22noticed+a+flash%22&pg=PT114">Air War Northern Ireland: Britain's Air Arms and the 'Bandit Country' of South Armagh, Operation Banner 1969–2007</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-2155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-2155-6"><bdi>978-1-5267-2155-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Northern+Ireland%3A+Britain%27s+Air+Arms+and+the+%27Bandit+Country%27+of+South+Armagh%2C+Operation+Banner+1969%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-2155-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQPMDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522noticed%2Ba%2Bflash%2522%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Harnden, pp. 361, 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steven (2018). Air War Northern Ireland: Britain's Air Arms and the 'Bandit Country' of South Armagh, Operation Banner 1969–2007. Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526721549" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526721549"><bdi>978-1526721549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Northern+Ireland%3A+Britain%27s+Air+Arms+and+the+%27Bandit+Country%27+of+South+Armagh%2C+Operation+Banner+1969%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1526721549&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010090220/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/copter-forced-down-in-ulster.html#prof">"Copter forced down in Ulster"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 12 February 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Harnden, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Geraghty. p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711224130/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O1ZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u0wNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6780,6577778&dq=checkpoint+northern-ireland&hl=en">"Official Describes British–Ireland Border As '300-Mile Difficulty'"</a>. Waycross Journal-Herald. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O1ZaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6780,6577778&dq=checkpoint+northern-ireland&hl=en">the original</a> on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011 – via Google News Archive Search.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waycross+Journal-Herald&rft.atitle=Official+Describes+British%E2%80%93Ireland+Border+As+%27300-Mile+Difficulty%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DO1ZaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6780%2C6577778%26dq%3Dcheckpoint%2Bnorthern-ireland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Irish Independent, 30 November 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1998" class="citation book cs1">Stone, David (1 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TP_RAwAAQBAJ&q=Annaghmartin">Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire), 1959–1994</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1325-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-1325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Warriors%3A+The+Story+of+the+Duke+of+Edinburgh%27s+Royal+Regiment+%28Berkshire+and+Wiltshire%29%2C+1959%E2%80%931994&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-1325-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTP_RAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnnaghmartin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortnight_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortnight Magazine">Fortnight Magazine</a>, No. 291, p. 20-22. Fortnight Publications, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> English, pp. 347–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortnight_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortnight Magazine">Fortnight Magazine</a>, Issue 319–323, p. 33. Fortnight Publications, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLos_Angeles_Times1994" class="citation web cs1">Los Angeles Times (2 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-02-mn-7756-story.html">"IRA Firebombs Hit 11 Belfast-Area Stores"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=IRA+Firebombs+Hit+11+Belfast-Area+Stores&rft.date=1994-01-02&rft.au=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-01-02-mn-7756-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Sunday Life, 26 January 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Moloney, p. 459 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/19/newsid_2450000/2450845.stm">"IRA declares ceasefire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. 19 July 1997. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=IRA+declares+ceasefire&rft.date=1997-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F19%2Fnewsid_2450000%2F2450845.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> O'Brien, pp. 370–371 </li> <li id="cite_note-ines-194"><a href="#cite_ref-ines_194-0">^</a> Maillot Agnès (2005). New Sinn Féin: Irish republicanism in the twenty-first century. Routledge, p. 32; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32197-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32197-2">0-415-32197-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Responsible.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Organisation+responsible+for+the+death&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FOrganisation_Responsible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> O'Brien, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Lost Lives, p. 1479 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Jackson, Mike (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215447/http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">MoD</a>, Army Code 71842 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/6276416.stm">"UK | Northern Ireland | Army paper says IRA not defeated"</a>. BBC News. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+%26%23124%3B+Northern+Ireland+%26%23124%3B+Army+paper+says+IRA+not+defeated&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F6276416.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Chapter I, page 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-ban-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ban_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ban_201-1">b</a> Operation Banner, Chapter I, page 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonArt2007" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Louise; Art, Robert (2007). Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7819-2922-3947" title="Special:BookSources/9-7819-2922-3947"><bdi>9-7819-2922-3947</bdi></a>. <q>The nearby Republic of Ireland not only provided legal and illegal venues for raising funds and a place to train and organize but also allowed IRA members to flee across the border, where British security forces could not follow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Counterterrorism%3A+Lessons+from+the+Past&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9-7819-2922-3947&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.au=Art%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Operation Banner, Chapter II, page 15: "The British Government's main military objective in the 1980s was the destruction of PIRA, rather than resolving the conflict." </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Operation Banner, Chapter VIII, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Operation Banner, Chapter VIII, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Taylor (1997), p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> McCarthy, Patrick (2002). Language, Politics and Writing: Stolentelling in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 120; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403960240" title="Special:BookSources/1403960240">1403960240</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Hayden, Tom (2003). Irish on the Inside: In Search of the Soul of Irish America. Verso, p. 179; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859844774" title="Special:BookSources/1859844774">1859844774</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2011" class="citation web cs1">Hayden, Tom (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomhayden.com/home/the-fate-of-revolutionaries-northern-ireland.html">"The Fate of Revolutionaries: Northern Ireland"</a>. The Peace and Justice Resource Center. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Revolutionaries%3A+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=The+Peace+and+Justice+Resource+Center&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftomhayden.com%2Fhome%2Fthe-fate-of-revolutionaries-northern-ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaillot2005" class="citation book cs1">Maillot, Agnès (2005). New Sinn Fein: Irish Republicanism in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134355009" title="Special:BookSources/1134355009"><bdi>1134355009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Sinn+Fein%3A+Irish+Republicanism+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1134355009&rft.aulast=Maillot&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Timothy J. (2017). Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526113955" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526113955"><bdi>978-1526113955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+International+Relations+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1526113955&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> O'Brien, p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonRoche2009" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Brian; Roche, Patrick (2009). The Northern Ireland Question: The Peace Process and the Belfast Agreement. Springer. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230594807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230594807"><bdi>978-0230594807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Ireland+Question%3A+The+Peace+Process+and+the+Belfast+Agreement&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230594807&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Roche%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202034106/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/">"Independent Monitoring Commission"</a>. 2 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/">the original</a> on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Monitoring+Commission&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentmonitoringcommission.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imc13-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imc13_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imc13_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imc13_215-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/231414/0260.pdf">"Thirteenth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a>. 30 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thirteenth+report+of+the+Independent+Monitoring+Commission&rft.pub=Independent+Monitoring+Commission&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F231414%2F0260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050312003253/http://www.birw.org/Deaths%20since%20ceasefire/deaths%2000.html">"Deaths since ceasefire"</a>. British Irish Rights Watch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birw.org/Deaths%20since%20ceasefire/deaths%2000.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Irish+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Deaths+since+ceasefire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birw.org%2FDeaths%2520since%2520ceasefire%2Fdeaths%252000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o121-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o121_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o121_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o121_217-2">c</a> O'Brien, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColm_Keena2015" class="citation web cs1">Colm Keena (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/slab-murphy-and-gang-betrayed-by-prosecution-says-source-1.2474317">"'Slab' Murphy and gang 'betrayed' by prosecution, says source"</a>. Irish Times. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=%27Slab%27+Murphy+and+gang+%27betrayed%27+by+prosecution%2C+says+source&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.au=Colm+Keena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fcrime-and-law%2Fslab-murphy-and-gang-betrayed-by-prosecution-says-source-1.2474317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/thomas-slab-murphy-guilty-of-tax-evasion-after-32-day-trial-1.2470415">"Thomas 'Slab' Murphy guilty of tax evasion after 32-day trial"</a>. Irish Times. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+%27Slab%27+Murphy+guilty+of+tax+evasion+after+32-day+trial&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fthomas-slab-murphy-guilty-of-tax-evasion-after-32-day-trial-1.2470415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">J. Bowyer Bell</a>, The Secret Army: the IRA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0597-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0597-8">0-8156-0597-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dillon" title="Martin Dillon">Martin Dillon</a>, 25 Years of Terror – the IRA's War against the British. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-40773-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-40773-2">0-553-40773-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">Richard English</a>, Armed Struggle – the History of the IRA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4">0-330-49388-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Peter Taylor</a>, Behind the Mask – the IRA and Sinn Féin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57500-061-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57500-061-X">1-57500-061-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Ed Moloney</a>, The Secret History of the IRA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05194-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05194-3">0-393-05194-3</a></li> <li>Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop, The Provisional IRA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-13337-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-13337-X">0-552-13337-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Harnden" title="Toby Harnden">Toby Harnden</a>, Bandit Country – The IRA and South Armagh. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X">0-340-71736-X</a></li> <li>Brendan O'Brien, The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0319-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0319-3">0-8156-0319-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a>, The Troubles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29418-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29418-2">0-312-29418-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Geraghty" title="Tony Geraghty">Tony Geraghty</a>, The Irish War. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6456-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6456-9">0-8018-6456-9</a></li> <li>Kevin Toolis, Rebel Hearts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-15632-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-15632-4">0-312-15632-4</a></li> <li>David McKitrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, Chris Thornton, David McVea, Lost Lives. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-227-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84018-227-X">1-84018-227-X</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northern_Ireland_Troubles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northern Ireland Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PIRA" title="Template:PIRA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PIRA" title="Template talk:PIRA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA)" title="The Green Book (IRA)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Haughey arms crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_IRA_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional IRA actions">Chronology of Provisional IRA actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation">Arms importation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_used_by_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">Barrack buster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">Blanket protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">Dirty protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Southern_Command" title="IRA Southern Command">IRA Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">Active service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_East_Tyrone_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">1970 Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Honey_Trap_killings" title="Provisional IRA Honey Trap killings">Honey Trap killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">1973 Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Houses of Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow School bombing">Harrow School bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s_Club_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks's Club bombing">Brooks's Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Airways_bombing_attempt" title="1974 British Airways bombing attempt">British Airways bombing attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">London pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone exchange bombings">Telephone exchange bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Oxford_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Oxford Street bombing">1974 Oxford Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_land_mine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhill land mine attack">Forkhill attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">London Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trattoria_Fiore_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trattoria Fiore bombing">Trattoria Fiore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Oyster_Bar_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott's Oyster Bar bombing">Scott's Oyster Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Crossmaglen_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Crossmaglen ambush">Crossmaglen ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessbrook_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessbrook landmine attack">1981 Bessbrook attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Royal_Artillery_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Royal Artillery Barracks bombing">Royal Artillery Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_attack_on_Enniskillen_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar attack on Enniskillen barracks">Enniskillen mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">RUC Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglis Barracks bombing">Inglis Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Barracks bombing">Clive Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayobridge_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayobridge landmine attack">Mayobridge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1990–1991)">1990–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Downpatrick_roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Downpatrick roadside bomb">Downpatrick roadside bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">1990 Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable Artillery Company bombing">Honourable Artillery Company bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield gun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">RFA Fort Victoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria station bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road_Prison_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumlin Road Prison bombing">Crumlin Road Prison bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1992%E2%80%931999)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1992–1999)">1992–1997</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Science Laboratory bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington Road bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of the Long Knives (1992)">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Road bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">1993 Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Hammersmith_Bridge_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Hammersmith Bridge bombing">Hammersmith Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 Northern Ireland riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of members of the Irish Republican Army">Personalities</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">(Volunteers)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Agnew_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Agnew (Irish republican)">Paddy Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declan_Arthurs" title="Declan Arthurs">Declan Arthurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Begley" title="Thomas Begley">Thomas Begley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Black_(Irish_republican)" title="Patricia Black (Irish republican)">Patricia Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Breslin" title="Charles Breslin">Charles Breslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward Butler (Irish republican)">Edward Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(politician)" title="Paul Butler (politician)">Paul Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Campbell" title="Liam Campbell">Liam Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Carey" title="Malachy Carey">Malachy Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(Irish_republican)" title="Gerard Casey (Irish republican)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A1l_N%C3%AD_Chuil%C3%ADn" title="Carál Ní Chuilín">Carál Ní Chuilín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cleary" title="Gabriel Cleary">Gabriel Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cleary" title="Peter Cleary">Peter Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Coen" title="Kevin Coen">Kevin Coen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Copeland" title="Eddie Copeland">Eddie Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Coyle" title="Marion Coyle">Marion Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Davison" title="Gerard Davison">Gerard Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Devlin_(Irish_republican)" title="Matt Devlin (Irish republican)">Matt Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Doherty (Irish republican)">Hugh Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Doherty" title="Joe Doherty">Joe Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Doherty_(hunger_striker)" title="Kieran Doherty (hunger striker)">Kieran Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Doherty (Irish republican)">Martin Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Doherty_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Pat Doherty (Northern Ireland politician)">Pat Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duffy" title="Colin Duffy">Colin Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Dugdale" title="Rose Dugdale">Rose Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Ellis" title="Dessie Ellis">Dessie Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Farrell" title="Mairéad Farrell">Mairéad Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(Irish_republican)" title="William Fleming (Irish republican)">William Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Fleming" title="Kieran Fleming">Kieran Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fox_(Irish_republican)" title="Bernard Fox (Irish republican)">Bernard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Fusco" title="Angelo Fusco">Angelo Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Grew" title="Dessie Grew">Dessie Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Hughes" title="Brendan Hughes">Brendan Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hughes" title="Francis Hughes">Francis Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hurson" title="Martin Hurson">Martin Hurson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kelly" title="Gerry Kelly">Gerry Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Kelly" title="Patrick Joseph Kelly">Patrick Joseph Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Irish_republican)" title="Sean Kelly (Irish republican)">Sean Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lynagh" title="Jim Lynagh">Jim Lynagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_Airt" title="Proinsias Mac Airt">Proinsias Mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_Mac_Cionnaith" title="Breandán Mac Cionnaith">Breandán Mac Cionnaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mac_Giolla_Bhrighde" title="Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde">Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_MacManus" title="Joseph MacManus">Joseph MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magee" title="Paul Magee">Paul Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Maguire" title="Donna Maguire">Donna Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marlowe_(Irish_republican)" title="Paul Marlowe (Irish republican)">Paul Marlowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Maskey" title="Alex Maskey">Alex Maskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_McAuley" title="Pearse McAuley">Pearse McAuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">Daniel McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_McCann" title="Fra McCann">Fra McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_McCann" title="Jennifer McCann">Jennifer McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCartney" title="Raymond McCartney">Raymond McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCaughey" title="Martin McCaughey">Martin McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCreesh" title="Raymond McCreesh">Raymond McCreesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McDonnell_(hunger_striker)" title="Joe McDonnell (hunger striker)">Joe McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_McElwaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Séamus McElwaine">Séamus McElwaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McElwee" title="Thomas McElwee">Thomas McElwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_McFarlane" title="Brendan McFarlane">Brendan McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McFeely" title="Tom McFeely">Tom McFeely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_McGeough" title="Gerry McGeough">Gerry McGeough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McGeown" title="Pat McGeown">Pat McGeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_McGirl" title="John Joe McGirl">John Joe McGirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_McKearney" title="Pádraig McKearney">Pádraig McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McKenna_(Irish_republican)" title="Kevin McKenna (Irish republican)">Kevin McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_McKeown" title="Laurence McKeown">Laurence McKeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMahon_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)">Thomas McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_McMullan" title="Jackie McMullan">Jackie McMullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Meehan (Irish republican)">Martin Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Milne" title="Ian Milne">Ian Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_(Irish_politician)" title="Arthur Morgan (Irish politician)">Arthur Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Murphy" title="Conor Murphy">Conor Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas "Slab" Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Nugent" title="Kieran Nugent">Kieran Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward O'Brien (Irish republican)">Ed O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (Irish republican)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_B._O%27Hagan" title="Joe B. O'Hagan">Joe B. O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_O%27Hanlon" title="Siobhán O'Hanlon">Siobhán O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_O%27Hare" title="Rita O'Hare">Rita O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_O%27Neill" title="Diarmuid O'Neill">Diarmuid O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolours_Price" title="Dolours Price">Dolours Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Quinn" title="Liam Quinn">Liam Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Quinn_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Quinn (Irish republican)">Paddy Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Reid_(Irish_republican)" title="Billy Reid (Irish republican)">Billy Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Savage" title="Seán Savage">Seán Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Sheehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Pat Sheehan (Irish republican)">Pat Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Stagg (Irish republican)">Frank Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(Irish_republican)" title="Jimmy Steele (Irish republican)">Jimmy Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Storey" title="Bobby Storey">Bobby Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Tuite" title="Gerard Tuite">Gerard Tuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Walsh" title="Roy Walsh">Roy Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Espionage and <a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)" title="Supergrass (informant)">Supergrasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fulton" title="Kevin Fulton">Kevin Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGartland" title="Martin McGartland">Martin McGartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan" title="Sean O'Callaghan">Sean O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a> (allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Stakeknife" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeknife">Stakeknife</a>")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Johnathan Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Matthew_Burns" title="Murder of Matthew Burns">Matthew Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cahill" title="Martin Cahill">Martin Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Evans" title="Gerard Evans">Gerard Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Heidi_Hazell" title="Killing of Heidi Hazell">Heidi Hazell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kaberry,_Baron_Kaberry_of_Adel" title="Donald Kaberry, Baron Kaberry of Adel">Donald Kaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Kearney" title="Murder of Andrew Kearney">Andrew Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Baroness Brabourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe" title="Killing of Jerry McCabe">Jerry McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville" title="Murder of Jean McConville">Jean McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_McVeigh" title="Columba McVeigh">Columba McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Stephen Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver" title="Murder of Thomas Oliver">Thomas Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Tim Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn" title="Murder of Paul Quinn">Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">Robert McCartney</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joseph_Rafferty" title="Murder of Joseph Rafferty">Joseph Rafferty</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Sammy Smyth (loyalist)">Sammy Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Nick Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Tibble" title="Murder of Stephen Tibble">Stephen Tibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Willetts" title="Michael Willetts">Michael Willetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Troubles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Troubles" title="Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Troubles" title="Template talk:The Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troubles" class="hlist wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">State security forces</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">United Kingdom</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Ireland</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Republicanism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%9375)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saor Éire (1967–75)">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare#Kidnapping_and_second_imprisonment" title="Dessie O'Hare">Irish Revolutionary Brigade</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Third Force (Northern Ireland)">Ulster Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Volunteer Service Corps">Ulster Volunteer Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Orange_Welfare" title="Down Orange Welfare">Down Orange Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force" title="Protestant Action Force">Protestant Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodvale_Defence_Association" title="Woodvale Defence Association">Woodvale Defence Association</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Action" title="Ulster Protestant Action">Ulster Protestant Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Service Corps">Ulster Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Volunteers_(1972)" title="Orange Volunteers (1972)">Orange Volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Major events</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1967–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></li> <li>1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li>1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Direct rule (Northern Ireland)">Beginning of direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 coach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin & Monaghan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li>1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li>1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li>1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li>1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li>1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Republican hunger strike</a></li> <li>1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li>1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li>1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a></li> <li>1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a></li> <li>1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Start of peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">IRA attacks in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li>1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Attack on Derryard checkpoint</a></li> <li>1990–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper campaign</a></li> <li>1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Augher Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li>1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">Cappagh killings</a></li> <li>1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Falls_Road_Office_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Falls Road Office shooting"> Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a></li> <li>1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li> <li>1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles#First_ceasefire" title="The Troubles">Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC</a></li> <li>1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing</a></li> <li>1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles#Second_ceasefire" title="The Troubles">Second IRA ceasefire</a></li> <li>1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Political parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Political_parties" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Official Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">Communist Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Unity (Northern Ireland)">Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Political_parties" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party" title="Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party">Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Other parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace lines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Troubles_films" title="List of The Troubles films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Status" title="Special Category Status">Special Category Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">Shoot-to-kill policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">Five techniques</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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