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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAP3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>IMAP3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAP3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAP2bis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAP2bis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>IMAP2bis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAP2bis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAP4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAP4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>IMAP4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAP4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_over_POP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_over_POP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages over POP</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_over_POP-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages over POP subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_over_POP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connected_and_disconnected_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connected_and_disconnected_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Connected and disconnected modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connected_and_disconnected_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_of_external_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_of_external_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reporting of external changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_of_external_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_MIME_message_parts_and_partial_fetch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_MIME_message_parts_and_partial_fetch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Access to MIME message parts and partial fetch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_MIME_message_parts_and_partial_fetch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Message_state_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_state_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Message state information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_state_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_mailboxes_on_the_server" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_mailboxes_on_the_server"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Multiple mailboxes on the server</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_mailboxes_on_the_server-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server-side_searches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server-side_searches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Server-side searches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server-side_searches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Built-in_extension_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Built-in_extension_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Built-in extension mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Built-in_extension_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_push_notifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_push_notifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Server push notifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_push_notifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialog_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialog_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dialog example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialog_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Message Access Protocol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بروتوكول الوصول إلى رسائل الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الوصول إلى رسائل الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_acceso_a_mensajes_de_Internet" title="Protocolo de acceso a mensajes de Internet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de acceso a mensajes de Internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قرارداد پیام‌گزینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرارداد پیام‌گزینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%91%EC%86%8D_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="인터넷 메시지 접속 프로토콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 메시지 접속 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് മെസ്സേജ് ആക്സസ്സ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് മെസ്സേജ് ആക്സസ്സ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Capaian_Perutusan_Internet" title="Protokol Capaian Perutusan Internet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Capaian Perutusan Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இணையச் செய்தி அணுகு நெறிமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணையச் செய்தி அணுகு நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B" title="ไอแมป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอแมป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Internet Message Access Protocol" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP" title="IMAP – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="IMAP" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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For the NASA spacecraft, see <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Mapping_and_Acceleration_Probe" title="Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe">Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe</a>. For the antipsychotic, see <a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">MAPI</a>, an email client API.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In computing, the <b>Internet Message Access Protocol</b> (<b>IMAP</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">Internet standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email clients</a> to retrieve <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> messages from a <a href="/wiki/Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">mail server</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Network+_Guide_to_Networks_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Network+_Guide_to_Networks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMAP is defined by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9051">9051</a>. </p><p>IMAP was designed with the goal of permitting complete management of an <a href="/wiki/Email_box" title="Email box">email box</a> by multiple email clients, therefore clients generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. An IMAP server typically listens on <a href="/wiki/Port_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Port number">port number</a> 143. IMAP over <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">SSL/TLS</a> (<b>IMAPS</b>) is assigned the port number 993.<sup id="cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blum-email-sec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practical-unix-sec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually all modern e-mail clients and <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> support IMAP, which along with the earlier <a href="/wiki/POP3" class="mw-redirect" title="POP3">POP3</a> (Post Office Protocol) are the two most prevalent standard protocols for email retrieval.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Hat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Hat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> service providers such as <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a> also provide support for both IMAP and POP3. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Email_protocols">Email protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Email protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet Message Access Protocol is an <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> Internet protocol that allows an <a href="/wiki/E-mail_client" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail client">e-mail client</a> to access <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> on a remote <a href="/wiki/Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">mail server</a>. The current version is defined by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9051">9051</a>. An IMAP server typically listens on <a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">well-known port</a> 143, while IMAP over SSL/TLS (IMAPS) uses 993.<sup id="cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blum-email-sec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practical-unix-sec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incoming email messages are sent to an email server that stores messages in the recipient's email box. The user retrieves the messages with an email client that uses one of a number of email retrieval protocols. While some clients and servers preferentially use vendor-specific, <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocols</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost all support POP and IMAP for retrieving email – allowing many free choice between many <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-mail_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of e-mail clients">e-mail clients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a> to access these servers, and allows the clients to be used with <a href="/wiki/List_of_mail_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mail servers">other servers</a>. </p><p>Email clients using IMAP generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. This and other characteristics of IMAP operation allow multiple clients to manage the same mailbox. Most email clients support IMAP in addition to <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol (POP)</a> to retrieve messages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMAP offers access to the mail storage. Clients may store local copies of the messages, but these are considered to be a temporary cache. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IMAP was designed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Crispin" title="Mark Crispin">Mark Crispin</a> in 1986 as a remote access mailbox protocol, in contrast to the widely used POP, a protocol for simply retrieving the contents of a mailbox. </p><p>It went through a number of iterations before the current VERSION 4rev2 (IMAP4), as detailed below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_IMAP">Original IMAP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original IMAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <i>Interim Mail Access Protocol</i> was implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp Machine</a> client and a <a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a> server. </p><p>No copies of the original interim protocol specification or its software exist.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of its commands and responses were similar to IMAP2, the interim protocol lacked command/response tagging and thus its syntax was incompatible with all other versions of IMAP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAP2">IMAP2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: IMAP2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interim protocol was quickly replaced by the <i>Interactive Mail Access Protocol</i> (IMAP2), defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1064">1064</a> (in 1988) and later updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1176">1176</a> (in 1990). IMAP2 introduced the command/response tagging and was the first publicly distributed version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAP3">IMAP3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IMAP3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IMAP3 is an extremely rare variant of IMAP.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2061_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2061-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1203">1203</a> in 1991. It was written specifically as a counter proposal to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1176">1176</a>, which itself proposed modifications to IMAP2.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMAP3 was never accepted by the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IESG" class="mw-redirect" title="IESG">IESG</a> reclassified RFC1203 "Interactive Mail Access Protocol – Version 3" as a Historic protocol in 1993. The IMAP Working Group used RFC 1176 (IMAP2) rather than RFC 1203 (IMAP3) as its starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAP2bis">IMAP2bis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IMAP2bis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a>, IMAP2 was extended to support MIME body structures and add mailbox management functionality (create, delete, rename, message upload) that was absent from IMAP2. This experimental revision was called IMAP2bis; its specification was never published in non-draft form. An internet draft of IMAP2bis was published by the IETF IMAP Working Group in October 1993. This draft was based upon the following earlier specifications: unpublished <i>IMAP2bis.TXT</i> document, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1176">1176</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1064">1064</a> (IMAP2).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>IMAP2bis.TXT</i> draft documented the state of extensions to IMAP2 as of December 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early versions of <a href="/wiki/Pine_(e-mail_client)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine (e-mail client)">Pine</a> were widely distributed with IMAP2bis support<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2061_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2061-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pine 4.00 and later supports IMAP4rev1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAP4">IMAP4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IMAP4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An IMAP Working Group formed in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> in the early 1990s took over responsibility for the IMAP2bis design. The IMAP WG decided to rename IMAP2bis to IMAP4 to avoid confusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_over_POP">Advantages over POP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages over POP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connected_and_disconnected_modes">Connected and disconnected modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Connected and disconnected modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When using POP, clients typically connect to the e-mail server briefly, only as long as it takes to download new messages. When using IMAP4, clients often stay connected as long as the user interface is active and download message content on demand. For users with many or large messages, this IMAP4 usage pattern can result in faster response times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reporting_of_external_changes">Reporting of external changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reporting of external changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After successful authentication, the POP protocol provides a completely <i>static</i> view of the current state of the mailbox, and does not provide a mechanism to show any external changes in state during the session. In contrast, the IMAP protocol provides a <i>dynamic</i> view, and requires that external changes in state, including newly arrived messages, as well as changes made to the mailbox by other concurrently connected clients, are detected and appropriate responses are sent between commands as well as during an <a href="/wiki/IMAP_IDLE" title="IMAP IDLE">IDLE</a> command, as described in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2177">2177</a>. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3501">3501</a> section 5.2 which specifically cites "simultaneous access to the same mailbox by multiple agents". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_MIME_message_parts_and_partial_fetch">Access to MIME message parts and partial fetch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Access to MIME message parts and partial fetch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually all Internet e-mail is transmitted in <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> format, allowing messages to have a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a> where the leaf nodes are any of a variety of single part content types and the non-leaf nodes are any of a variety of multipart types. The IMAP4 protocol allows clients to retrieve any of the individual MIME parts separately and also to retrieve portions of either individual parts or the entire message. These mechanisms allow clients to retrieve the text portion of a message without retrieving attached files or to <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">stream</a> content as it is being fetched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_state_information">Message state information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Message state information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the use of flags defined in the IMAP4 protocol, clients can keep track of message state: for example, whether or not the message has been read, replied to, or deleted. These flags are stored on the server, so different clients accessing the same mailbox at different times can detect state changes made by other clients. POP provides no mechanism for clients to store such state information on the server so if a single user accesses a mailbox with two different POP clients (at different times), state information—such as whether a message has been accessed—cannot be synchronized between the clients. The IMAP4 protocol supports both predefined system flags and client-defined keywords. System flags indicate state information such as whether a message has been read. Keywords, which are not supported by all IMAP servers, allow messages to be given one or more <a href="/wiki/Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">tags</a> whose meaning is up to the client. IMAP keywords should not be confused with proprietary labels of <a href="/wiki/Web-based_e-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Web-based e-mail">web-based e-mail</a> services which are sometimes translated into IMAP folders by the corresponding proprietary servers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_mailboxes_on_the_server">Multiple mailboxes on the server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multiple mailboxes on the server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IMAP4 clients can create, rename, and delete mailboxes (usually presented to the user as folders) on the server, and copy messages between mailboxes. Multiple mailbox support also allows servers to provide access to shared and public folders. The <i>IMAP4 Access Control List (ACL) Extension</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4314">4314</a>) may be used to regulate access rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server-side_searches">Server-side searches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Server-side searches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IMAP4 provides a mechanism for a client to ask the server to search for messages meeting a variety of criteria. This mechanism avoids requiring clients to download every message in the mailbox in order to perform these searches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Built-in_extension_mechanism">Built-in extension mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Built-in extension mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting the experience of earlier Internet protocols, IMAP4 defines an explicit mechanism by which it may be extended. Many IMAP4 <a href="/wiki/Software_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Software extension">extensions</a> to the base protocol have been proposed and are in common use. IMAP2bis did not have an extension mechanism, and POP now has one defined by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2449">2449</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_push_notifications">Server push notifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Server push notifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IMAP_IDLE" title="IMAP IDLE">IMAP IDLE</a> provides a way for the mail server to notify connected clients that there were changes to a mailbox, for example because a new mail has arrived. POP provides no comparable feature, and email clients need to periodically connect to the POP server to check for new mail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While IMAP remedies many of the shortcomings of POP, this inherently introduces additional complexity. Much of this complexity (e.g., multiple clients accessing the same mailbox at the same time) is compensated for by <a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a> workarounds such as <a href="/wiki/Maildir" title="Maildir">Maildir</a> or database backends. </p><p>The IMAP specification has been criticised for being insufficiently strict and allowing behaviours that effectively negate its usefulness. For instance, the specification states that each message stored on the server has a "unique id" to allow the clients to identify messages they have already seen between sessions. However, the specification also allows these UIDs to be invalidated with almost no restrictions, practically defeating their purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an administrative and resource point of view, the IMAP protocol can be viewed as an early implementation of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, as the intent and purpose of IMAP is to maintain your mailbox structure (content, folder structure, individual message state, etc) on the mail server, whereas with POP, this is all maintained on the user's local device. Thus, IMAP requires far more server side resources, incurring a significantly higher cost per mailbox. </p><p>Unless the mail storage, indexing and searching algorithms on the server are carefully implemented, a client can potentially consume large amounts of server resources when searching massive mailboxes. </p><p>IMAP4 clients need to maintain a TCP/IP connection to the IMAP server in order to be notified of the arrival of new mail. Notification of mail arrival is done through <a href="/wiki/In-band_signaling" title="In-band signaling">in-band signaling</a>, which contributes to the complexity of client-side IMAP protocol handling somewhat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A private proposal, <a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">push IMAP</a>, would extend IMAP to implement <a href="/wiki/Push_e-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Push e-mail">push e-mail</a> by sending the entire message instead of just a notification. However, push IMAP has not been generally accepted and current IETF work has addressed the problem in other ways (see the <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_Profile" title="Lemonade Profile">Lemonade Profile</a> for more information). </p><p>Unlike some proprietary protocols which combine sending and retrieval operations, sending a message and saving a copy in a server-side folder with a base-level IMAP client requires transmitting the message content twice, once to SMTP for delivery and a second time to IMAP to store in a sent mail folder. This is addressed by a set of extensions defined by the IETF Lemonade Profile for mobile devices: URLAUTH (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4467">4467</a>) and CATENATE (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4469">4469</a>) in IMAP, and BURL (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4468">4468</a>) in SMTP-SUBMISSION. In addition to this, <a href="/wiki/Courier_Mail_Server" title="Courier Mail Server">Courier Mail Server</a> offers a non-standard method of sending using IMAP by copying an outgoing message to a dedicated outbox folder.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To cryptographically protect IMAP connections between the client and server, IMAPS on TCP port 993 can be used, which utilizes SSL/TLS.<sup id="cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blum-email-sec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practical-unix-sec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2018, TLS is the recommended mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/STARTTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="STARTTLS">STARTTLS</a> can be used to encrypt the connection when connecting to port 143 after initially communicating over <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialog_example">Dialog example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dialog example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an example IMAP connection as taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501#section-8">RFC 3501 section 8</a>: </p> <pre><span style="color:blue;">C: <open connection></span> S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Service Ready <span style="color:blue;">C: a001 login mrc secret</span> S: a001 OK LOGIN completed <span style="color:blue;">C: a002 select inbox</span> S: * 18 EXISTS S: * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Seen \Draft) S: * 2 RECENT S: * OK [UNSEEN 17] Message 17 is the first unseen message S: * OK [UIDVALIDITY 3857529045] UIDs valid S: a002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed <span style="color:blue;">C: a003 fetch 12 full</span> S: * 12 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen) INTERNALDATE "17-Jul-1996 02:44:25 -0700" RFC822.SIZE 4286 ENVELOPE ("Wed, 17 Jul 1996 02:23:25 -0700 (PDT)" "IMAP4rev1 WG mtg summary and minutes" (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) ((NIL NIL "imap" "cac.washington.edu")) ((NIL NIL "minutes" "CNRI.Reston.VA.US") ("John Klensin" NIL "KLENSIN" "MIT.EDU")) NIL NIL "<B27397-0100000@cac.washington.edu>") BODY ("TEXT" "PLAIN" ("CHARSET" "US-ASCII") NIL NIL "7BIT" 3028 92)) S: a003 OK FETCH completed <span style="color:blue;">C: a004 fetch 12 body[header]</span> S: * 12 FETCH (BODY[HEADER] {342} S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">Date:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">Wed, 17 Jul 1996 02:23:25 -0700</span><span class="w"> </span>(PDT)</code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">From:</span><span class="w"> </span>Terry<span class="w"> </span>Gray<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl"><gray@cac.washington.edu></span></code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">Subject:</span><span class="w"> </span>IMAP4rev1<span class="w"> </span>WG<span class="w"> </span>mtg<span class="w"> </span>summary<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>minutes</code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">To:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">imap@cac.washington.edu</span></code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">Cc:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">minutes@CNRI.Reston.VA.US</span>,<span class="w"> </span>John<span class="w"> </span>Klensin<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl"><KLENSIN@MIT.EDU></span></code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">Message-Id:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl"><B27397-0100000@cac.washington.edu></span></code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">MIME-Version:</span><span class="w"> </span>1.0</code> S: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" style="background:none; border:none; color:inherit; padding: 0px 0px;" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">TEXT/PLAIN</span>;<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">CHARSET</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">US-ASCII</span></code> S: S: ) S: a004 OK FETCH completed <span style="color:blue;">C a005 store 12 +flags \deleted</span> S: * 12 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen \Deleted)) S: a005 OK +FLAGS completed <span style="color:blue;">C: a006 logout</span> S: * BYE IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection S: a006 OK LOGOUT completed </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mail_server_software" title="List of mail server software">List of mail server software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients" title="Comparison of email clients">Comparison of email clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mail_servers" title="Comparison of mail servers">Comparison of mail servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAP_IDLE" title="IMAP IDLE">IMAP IDLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol" title="JSON Meta Application Protocol">JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol</a> (POP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">Simple Mail Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Network+_Guide_to_Networks-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Network+_Guide_to_Networks_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2010" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Tamara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UD0h_GqgbHgC"><i>Network+ Guide to Networks</i></a>. Delmar. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42390245-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42390245-4"><bdi>978-1-42390245-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205073001/https://books.google.com/books?id=UD0h_GqgbHgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network%2B+Guide+to+Networks&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Delmar&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-42390245-4&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUD0h_GqgbHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blum-email-sec-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blum-email-sec_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2002" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Richard (December 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mFLB1NH8iUC&q=imaps+port&pg=PA406"><i>Open Source E-mail Security</i></a>. Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780672322372" title="Special:BookSources/9780672322372"><bdi>9780672322372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205080639/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mFLB1NH8iUC&q=imaps+port&pg=PA406">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+E-mail+Security&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2002-12-15&rft.isbn=9780672322372&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mFLB1NH8iUC%26q%3Dimaps%2Bport%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-practical-unix-sec-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practical-unix-sec_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkelSpaffordSchwartz2003" class="citation book cs1">Garfinkel, Simson; Spafford, Gene; Schwartz, Alan (December 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aIKj0lbADIC&q=imaps+port&pg=PT400"><i>Practical UNIX and Internet Security</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596003234" title="Special:BookSources/9780596003234"><bdi>9780596003234</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205072946/https://books.google.com/books?id=-aIKj0lbADIC&q=imaps+port&pg=PT400">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+UNIX+and+Internet+Security&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.isbn=9780596003234&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Simson&rft.au=Spafford%2C+Gene&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aIKj0lbADIC%26q%3Dimaps%2Bport%26pg%3DPT400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Red_Hat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Red_Hat_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomarinski2000" class="citation book cs1">Komarinski, Mark (2000). <i>Red Hat Linux System Administration Handbook</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Hat+Linux+System+Administration+Handbook&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Komarinski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a> client uses <a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">MAPI</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> proprietary protocol, to communicate with a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">Notes</a> client works in a similar fashion when communicating with a <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Domino">Domino</a> server.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullet2000" class="citation book cs1">Mullet, Diana (2000). <i>Managing IMAP</i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00012-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00012-X"><bdi>0-596-00012-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+IMAP&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-596-00012-X&rft.aulast=Mullet&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrispin2012" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Crispin" title="Mark Crispin">Crispin, Mark</a> (13 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/imap5/current/msg00317.html">"Re: [imap5] Designing a new replacement protocol for IMAP"</a>. <i>imap5</i> (Mailing list). alpine.OSX.2.00.1202131243200.38441@hsinghsing.panda.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033052/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/imap5/current/msg00317.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2014</span>. <q>Knowledge of the original IMAP (before IMAP2) exists primarily in my mind as all the original IMAP specifications and implementations were replaced with IMAP2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+%26%2391%3Bimap5%26%2393%3B+Designing+a+new+replacement+protocol+for+IMAP&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.aulast=Crispin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fimap5%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg00317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names">Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418145939/http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names">Archived</a> 2010-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Iana.org (2013-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2061-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2061_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2061_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2061">"RFC 2061 – IMAP4 compatibility with IMAP2BIS"</a>. IETF. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623211847/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2061">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+2061+%E2%80%93+IMAP4+compatibility+with+IMAP2BIS&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc2061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1203">"Interactive Mail Access Protocol – Version 3"</a>. IETF. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304142004/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1203">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Mail+Access+Protocol+%E2%80%93+Version+3&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stason.org/TULARC/networking/lans-mail-protocols/03-IMAP2-IMAP2bis-IMAP3-IMAP4-IMAP4rev1-LAN-Mail-Protoc.html">"IMAP2, IMAP2bis, IMAP3, IMAP4, IMAP4rev1 (LAN Mail Protocols)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615113631/http://stason.org/TULARC/networking/lans-mail-protocols/03-IMAP2-IMAP2bis-IMAP3-IMAP4-IMAP4rev1-LAN-Mail-Protoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP2%2C+IMAP2bis%2C+IMAP3%2C+IMAP4%2C+IMAP4rev1+%28LAN+Mail+Protocols%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstason.org%2FTULARC%2Fnetworking%2Flans-mail-protocols%2F03-IMAP2-IMAP2bis-IMAP3-IMAP4-IMAP4rev1-LAN-Mail-Protoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IMAPOverviewHistoryVersionsandStandards-3.htm">"IMAP Overview, History, Versions and Standards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129134529/http://tcpipguide.com/free/t_IMAPOverviewHistoryVersionsandStandards-3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP+Overview%2C+History%2C+Versions+and+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpipguide.com%2Ffree%2Ft_IMAPOverviewHistoryVersionsandStandards-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf/current/msg01656.html">"Protocol Action: Interactive Mail Access Protocol — Version 3 to Historic (IETF mail archive)"</a>. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811145302/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf/current/msg01656.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+Action%3A+Interactive+Mail+Access+Protocol+%E2%80%94+Version+3+to+Historic+%28IETF+mail+archive%29&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fietf%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg01656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmdf.process.com/ftp/info-pmdf/aug.1993?httpd=content&type=text%2Fplain%3B%20charset%3DISO-8859-1">"Innosoft and POP/IMAP protocols? (mail archive)"</a>. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715115948/http://www.pmdf.process.com/ftp/info-pmdf/aug.1993?httpd=content&type=text%2Fplain%3B%20charset%3DISO-8859-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innosoft+and+POP%2FIMAP+protocols%3F+%28mail+archive%29&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmdf.process.com%2Fftp%2Finfo-pmdf%2Faug.1993%3Fhttpd%3Dcontent%26type%3Dtext%252Fplain%253B%2520charset%253DISO-8859-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-imap-imap2bis-02">"Interactive Mail Access Protocol – Version 2bis (internet draft)"</a>. IETF. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008033619/http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-imap-imap2bis-02">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Mail+Access+Protocol+%E2%80%93+Version+2bis+%28internet+draft%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-imap-imap2bis-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718192409/http://ftp.zcu.cz/pub/network/imap/old/IMAP2bis.TXT">"IMAP2BIS – Extensions to the IMAP2 protocol (draft)"</a>. 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.zcu.cz/pub/network/imap/old/IMAP2bis.TXT">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP2BIS+%E2%80%93+Extensions+to+the+IMAP2+protocol+%28draft%29&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.zcu.cz%2Fpub%2Fnetwork%2Fimap%2Fold%2FIMAP2bis.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212234041/http://sup.rubyforge.org/svn/trunk/lib/sup/imap.rb">"IMAP implementation in Sup, an e-mail client written in Ruby"</a>. rubyforge.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sup.rubyforge.org/svn/trunk/lib/sup/imap.rb">the original</a> on 2007-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP+implementation+in+Sup%2C+an+e-mail+client+written+in+Ruby&rft.pub=rubyforge.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsup.rubyforge.org%2Fsvn%2Ftrunk%2Flib%2Fsup%2Fimap.rb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isode.com/whitepapers/imap-idle.html">"IMAP IDLE: The best approach for 'push' e-mail"</a>. Isode.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213757/http://www.isode.com/whitepapers/imap-idle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP+IDLE%3A+The+best+approach+for+%27push%27+e-mail&rft.pub=Isode.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isode.com%2Fwhitepapers%2Fimap-idle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courier-mta.org/imap/INSTALL.html#imapsend">"Courier-IMAP: Sending mail via an IMAP connection"</a>. Double Precision, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927034859/http://www.courier-mta.org/imap/INSTALL.html#imapsend">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Courier-IMAP%3A+Sending+mail+via+an+IMAP+connection&rft.pub=Double+Precision%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-mta.org%2Fimap%2FINSTALL.html%23imapsend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8314"><i>RFC 8314</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8314">10.17487/RFC8314</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+8314&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Crispin" title="Mark Crispin">Crispin, Mark</a> (1988–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829131559/http://www.washington.edu/imap/documentation/commndmt.txt.html">"Ten Commandments of How to Write an IMAP client"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/imap/documentation/commndmt.txt.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Commandments+of+How+to+Write+an+IMAP+client&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=1988%2F2016&rft.aulast=Crispin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fimap%2Fdocumentation%2Fcommndmt.txt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, P; Hartleben, P (2008). <i>The Book of IMAP: Building a Mail Server with Courier and Cyrus</i>. No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-177-0"><bdi>978-1-59327-177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+IMAP%3A+Building+a+Mail+Server+with+Courier+and+Cyrus&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-177-0&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Hartleben%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hughes, L (1998). <i>Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation</i>. Artech House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89006-939-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89006-939-5"><bdi>0-89006-939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+e-mail+Protocols%2C+Standards+and+Implementation&rft.pub=Artech+House+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-89006-939-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Johnson, K (2000). <i>Internet E-mail Protocols: A Developer's Guide</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-43288-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-43288-9"><bdi>0-201-43288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+E-mail+Protocols%3A+A+Developer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-43288-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Loshin, P (1999). "Essential E-mail Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofcaptivere00petz"><i>Programming Internet Mail</i></a></span>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-479-7"><bdi>1-56592-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essential+E-mail+Standards%3A+RFCs+and+Protocols+Made+Practical&rft.btitle=Programming+Internet+Mail&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56592-479-7&rft.aulast=Loshin&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofcaptivere00petz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Message_Access_Protocol&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/IMAP" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:IMAP">IMAP</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imapwiki.org/ImapProtocolList">"IMAP Protocol Mailing List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMAP+Protocol+Mailing+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imapwiki.org%2FImapProtocolList&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Message+Access+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9051">9051</a> — Specification of IMAP version 4, revision 2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2683">2683</a> — IMAP implementation suggestions RFC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2177">2177</a> — IMAP4 IDLE command</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Email_clients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Email_clients" title="Template:Email clients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Email_clients" title="Template talk:Email clients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Email_clients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Email clients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Email_clients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_(email_client)" title="Alpine (email client)">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(email_client)" title="Balsa (email client)">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel/UX" title="Citadel/UX">Citadel/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleancode_eMail" title="Cleancode eMail">Cleancode eMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Evolution" title="GNOME Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetchmail" title="Fetchmail">fetchmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fdm_(software)" title="Fdm (software)">fdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_(e-mail_client)" title="Geary (e-mail client)">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getmail" title="Getmail">getmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUMail" title="GNUMail">GNUMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">Gnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Messaging_Program" title="Internet Messaging Program">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-9_Mail" title="K-9 Mail">K-9 Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">KMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(email_client)" title="Mahogany (email client)">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailx" title="Mailx">Mailx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Project" title="Heirloom Project">Mailx (Heirloom Project)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_(email_client)" title="Modest (email client)">Modest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(email_client)" title="Mulberry (email client)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)" title="Mutt (email client)">Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MH_Message_Handling_System" title="MH Message Handling System">nmh / MH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OfflineIMAP" title="OfflineIMAP">OfflineIMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundcube" title="Roundcube">Roundcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquirrelMail" title="SquirrelMail">SquirrelMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojit%C3%A1" title="Trojitá">Trojitá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbra" title="Zimbra">Zimbra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlitzMail" title="BlitzMail">BlitzMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_MM" title="Columbia MM">Columbia MM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(email_client)" title="Elm (email client)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)#FossaMail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">FossaMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_(software)" title="Hula (software)">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailody" title="Mailody">Mailody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups">Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylas_N1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylas N1">Nylas N1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freeware/Freemium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EM_Client" title="EM Client">eM Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmailTray" title="EmailTray">EmailTray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxmail" title="Foxmail">Foxmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">i.Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbird" title="Mailbird">Mailbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (application)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(application)" title="Spike (application)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchMail" title="TouchMail">TouchMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_(email_client)" title="Hiri (email client)">Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomba" title="Bloomba">Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (app)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Domino">HCL Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">InScribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail (Windows)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_for_Windows" title="Outlook for Windows">Outlook for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupWise" title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_(email_client)" title="Airmail (email client)">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postbox_(email_client)" title="Postbox (email client)">Postbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becky!" title="Becky!">Becky!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%A9_Agent" title="Forté Agent">Forté Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GyazMail" title="GyazMail">GyazMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bat!" title="The Bat!">The Bat!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Email" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Email">Samsung Email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donationware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cc:Mail" title="Cc:Mail">cc:Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris_Emailer" title="Claris Emailer">Claris Emailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_(email_client)" title="Courier (email client)">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdog" title="Cyberdog">Cyberdog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberjack" title="Cyberjack">Cyberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embrowser" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrowser">Embrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_(email_client)" title="Eudora (email client)">Eudora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_(application)" title="Mailbox (application)">Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage" title="Microsoft Entourage">Microsoft Entourage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Mail_and_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Mail and News">Microsoft Internet Mail and News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mail" title="Microsoft Mail">Microsoft Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Internet_Users_Essential_Tool" title="Minnesota Internet Users Essential Tool">MINUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Netscape Mail & Newsgroups">Netscape Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Messenger_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Messenger 9">Netscape Messenger 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTMail" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXTMail">NeXTMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mail" title="Opera Mail">Opera Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_(email_client)" title="Pine (email client)">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomail" title="Pocomail">Pocomail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POPmail" class="mw-redirect" title="POPmail">POPmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_(software)" title="Turnpike (software)">Turnpike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSpyder" class="mw-redirect" title="WebSpyder">WebSpyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Mail" title="Windows Live Mail">Windows Live Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Windows Messaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol" title="JSON Meta Application Protocol">JMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Local Mail Transfer Protocol">LMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">SMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Email_clients" title="Category:Email clients">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients" title="Comparison of email clients">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:URI_schemes" title="Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:URI_schemes" title="Template talk:URI schemes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:URI_schemes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acct_URI_scheme" title="Acct URI scheme">acct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_reference_identifier" title="Content reference identifier">crid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Technical_overview" title="HTTP">http</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">nfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">nntp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_URI_scheme" title="SIP URI scheme">sip / sips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_URI_scheme" title="Tag URI scheme">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket#Overview" title="WebSocket">ws / wss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">xmpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">ed2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc / irc6 / ircs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" 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