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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In non-mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_non-mammals-sublist" 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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocicepcija" title="Nocicepcija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nocicepcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocicepci%C3%B3" title="Nocicepció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nocicepció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocicepci%C3%B3n" title="Nocicepción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nocicepción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozizepzio" title="Nozizepzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nozizepzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88" title="درد نوسیسپتیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درد نوسیسپتیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nociception" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ноцицепция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ноцицепция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipuaisti" title="Kipuaisti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kipuaisti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โนซิเซ็ปชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โนซิเซ็ปชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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painful stimuli</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <b>nociception</b> (/ˌnəʊsɪˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/), also <b>nocioception</b>; from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> nocere</i> 'to <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a>/hurt') is the <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">sensory nervous system</a>'s process of encoding <a href="/wiki/Noxious_stimulus" title="Noxious stimulus">noxious stimuli</a>. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">painful</a> stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response. </p><p>In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> present in <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne pepper</a>), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a> produces a signal that travels along a chain of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber">nerve fibers</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to protect the organism against an aggression, and usually results in a subjective experience, or <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, of pain in <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayne_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_of_noxious_stimuli">Detection of noxious stimuli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Detection of noxious stimuli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nociceptive_pain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nociceptive_pain.jpg/440px-Nociceptive_pain.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nociceptive_pain.jpg/660px-Nociceptive_pain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nociceptive_pain.jpg/880px-Nociceptive_pain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Mechanism of nociception via <a href="/wiki/Sensory_afferents" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory afferents">sensory afferents</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, on internal surfaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> surfaces, and in some internal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>. Some nociceptors are unspecialized <a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">free nerve endings</a> that have their cell bodies outside the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">dorsal-root ganglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are specialised structures in the skin such as nociceptive <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwann cells">schwann cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nociceptors are categorized according to the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. After nerve injury it is possible for touch fibres that normally carry non-noxious stimuli to be perceived as noxious.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nociceptive pain consists of an adaptive alarm system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal. Once this threshold is reached, a signal is passed along the axon of the neuron into the spinal cord. </p><p>Nociceptive threshold testing deliberately applies a noxious stimulus to a human or animal subject to study pain. In animals, the technique is often used to study the efficacy of analgesic drugs and to establish dosing levels and period of effect. After establishing a baseline, the drug under test is given and the elevation in threshold recorded at specified times. When the drug wears off, the threshold should return to the baseline (pretreatment) value. In some conditions, excitation of pain fibers becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading to a condition called <a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">hyperalgesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pain_theories" title="Pain theories">Pain theories</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nociception can also cause generalized <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic responses</a> before or without reaching consciousness to cause <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">fainting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_overview">System overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: System overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive,_Proprioceptive,_Thermoceptive,_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png/260px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png/390px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png/520px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for_the_Nociceptive%2C_Proprioceptive%2C_Thermoceptive%2C_and_Chemoceptive_Systems.png 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for pain, proprioception, thermoception, and chemoception to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge. </figcaption></figure> <p>This overview discusses <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a>, chemoception, and nociception, as they are all integrally connected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a></div> <p>Proprioception is determined by using standard mechanoreceptors (especially <a href="/wiki/Ruffini_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruffini corpuscle">ruffini corpuscles</a> (stretch) and <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">transient receptor potential channels</a> (TRP channels). Proprioception is completely covered within the <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a>, as the brain processes them together. </p><p>Thermoception refers to stimuli of moderate temperatures 24–28 °C (75–82 °F), as anything beyond that range is considered pain and moderated by nociceptors. TRP and potassium channels [TRPM (1-8), TRPV (1-6), TRAAK, and TREK] each respond to different temperatures (among other stimuli), which create action potentials in nerves that join the mechano (touch) system in the posterolateral tract. Thermoception, like proprioception, is then covered by the somatosensory system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TRP channels that detect noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain) relay that information to nociceptors that generate an action potential. Mechanical TRP channels react to depression of their cells (like touch), thermal TRPs change shape in different temperatures, and chemical TRPs act like <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a>, signalling if their receptors bond to certain elements/chemicals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neural">Neural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_proprius_of_spinal_cord" title="Nucleus proprius of spinal cord">Laminae 3-5</a> make up <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_proprius" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus proprius">nucleus proprius</a> in spinal grey matter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_lamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexed lamina">Lamina 2</a> makes up <a href="/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa_of_Rolando" title="Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando">substantia gelatinosa of Rolando</a>, unmyelinated spinal grey matter. Substantia receives input from nucleus proprius and conveys intense, poorly localized pain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Lamina 1</a> primarily project to the <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">parabrachial area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal grey</a>, which begins the suppression of pain via neural and hormonal inhibition. Lamina 1 receive input from thermoreceptors via the <a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_tract" title="Posterolateral tract">posterolateral tract</a>. Marginal nucleus of the spinal cord are the only unsuppressible pain signals.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">parabrachial area</a> integrates taste and pain info, then relays it. Parabrachial checks if the pain is being received in normal temperatures and if the <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">gustatory system</a> is active; if both are so the pain is assumed to be due to poison.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ao_fiber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ao fiber (page does not exist)">Ao fibers</a> synapse on laminae 1 and 5 while <a href="/wiki/Ab_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab fiber">Ab</a> synapses on 1, 3, 5, and C. <a href="/wiki/C_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="C fiber">C fibers</a> exclusively synapse on lamina 2.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> create and encode the memory and emotion due to pain stimuli.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> signals for the release of hormones that make pain suppression more effective; some of these are sex hormones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Periaqueductal grey">Periaqueductal grey</a> (with hypothalamic hormone aid) hormonally signals <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphe nucleus">raphe nuclei</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> that inhibits laminae pain nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">Lateral spinothalamic tract</a> aids in localization of pain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">spinotectal tracts</a> are merely relay tracts to the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> that aid in the perception of pain and alertness towards it. Fibers cross over (left becomes right) via the spinal <a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">anterior white commissure</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a> is the first point of integration of sound and pain information.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a> (IC) aids in sound orienting to pain stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> receives IC's input, integrates visual orienting info, and uses the balance topographical map to orient the body to the pain stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> integrates proprioceptive info and outputs to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulocerebellum">vestibulocerebellum</a>. The peduncle is not part of the lateral-spinothalamic-tract-pathway; the medulla receives the info and passes it onto the peduncle from elsewhere (see <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> is where pain is thought to be brought into <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>; it also aids in pain suppression and modulation, acting like a <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">bouncer</a>, allowing certain intensities through to the cerebrum and rejecting others.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">somatosensory cortex</a> decodes nociceptor info to determine the exact location of pain and is where proprioception is brought into consciousness; inferior cerebellar peduncle is all unconscious proprioception.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insula</a> judges the intensity of the pain and provides the ability to imagine pain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a> is presumed to be the memory hub for pain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-mammals">In non-mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In non-mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nociception has been documented in other animals, including fish<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">invertebrates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including leeches,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nematode worms,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sea slugs,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fruit flies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in mammals, nociceptive neurons in these species are typically characterized by responding preferentially to high temperature (40 °C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_term">History of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "nociception" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> to distinguish the physiological process (nervous activity) from pain (a subjective experience).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the Latin verb <i>nocēre</i>, which means "to harm". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a> – Biological electricity-related abilities<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a> – Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">Thermoception</a> – Sensation and perception of temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a> – Sense of self-movement, force, and body position</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociception&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPortenoyBrennan1994" class="citation book cs1">Portenoy, Russell K.; Brennan, Michael J. 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(May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Perception">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br />and <br />concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">nociception (pain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BPPV">BPPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Tactile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astereognosis" title="Astereognosis">Astereognosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">CMT disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_hallucination" title="Tactile hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_phantom_limb" title="Supernumerary phantom limb">Supernumerary phantom limb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochiria" title="Allochiria">Allochiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAN">HSAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biases and errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pain112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pain" title="Template:Pain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pain" title="Template talk:Pain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pain112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region/system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head and neck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">Eye strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_pain" title="Neck pain">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia <span style="font-size:85%;">(swallowing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_disease" title="Bornholm disease">Pleurodynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">Arthralgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(joint)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">Bone pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Myalgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(muscle)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_muscle_soreness" title="Acute muscle soreness">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness" title="Delayed onset muscle soreness">Delayed-onset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_asymbolia" title="Pain asymbolia">Pain asymbolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_disorder" title="Pain disorder">Pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder" title="Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder">Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">Allodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpathia" title="Hyperpathia">Hyperpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">Referred pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">Congenital insensitivity to pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_anhidrosis" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_partial_anhidrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">Pelvic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_scale" title="Pain scale">Pain scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_pressor_test" title="Cold pressor test">Cold pressor test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorimeter" title="Dolorimeter">Dolorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_scale" title="Grimace scale">Grimace scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_plate_test" title="Hot plate test">Hot plate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_flick_test" title="Tail flick test">Tail flick test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analogue_scale" title="Visual analogue scale">Visual analogue scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nociception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Posteromarginal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">Analgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordotomy" title="Cordotomy">Cordotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Pain eradication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_pain" title="Threshold of pain">Pain threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_tolerance" title="Pain tolerance">Pain tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCRATES_(pain_assessment)" title="SOCRATES (pain assessment)">SOCRATES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Philosophy of pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-seeking_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-seeking behavior">Drug-seeking behavior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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