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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sino-Korean vocabulary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المفردات الصينية الكورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المفردات الصينية الكورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinokoreanisch" title="Sinokoreanisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinokoreanisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario_sinocoreano" title="Vocabulario sinocoreano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocabulario sinocoreano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-cor%C3%A9en" title="Sino-coréen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sino-coréen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90%EC%96%B4" title="한국어의 한자어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국어의 한자어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Չինաբանությունները կորեերենում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաբանությունները կորեերենում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="चीनी-कोरियाई शब्दावली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी-कोरियाई शब्दावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosakata_Tionghoa-Korea" title="Kosakata Tionghoa-Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosakata Tionghoa-Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E)" title="漢字語 (朝鮮語) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漢字語 (朝鮮語)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Китаизмы в корейском языке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китаизмы в корейском языке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sino-Korean vocabulary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talasalitaang_Sino-Koreano" title="Talasalitaang Sino-Koreano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talasalitaang Sino-Koreano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_H%C3%A1n-Tri%E1%BB%81u" title="Từ Hán-Triều – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ Hán-Triều" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E" title="漢字語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漢字語" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Korean words of Chinese origin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Korean words of Chinese origin. For the Korean use of Chinese characters, see <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>.</div> <p><b>Sino-Korean</b> <b>vocabulary</b> or <b>Hanja-eo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한자어</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢字">漢字</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:語">語</a></span></span>) refers to <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> words of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> origin. Sino-Korean vocabulary includes words borrowed directly from Chinese, as well as new Korean words created from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, and words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a>. Many of these terms were borrowed during the height of <a href="/wiki/Chinese-language_literature_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-language literature of Korea">Chinese-language literature</a> on Korean culture. Subsequently, many of these words have also been truncated or altered for the Korean language. </p><p>Estimates of the percentage of Sino-Korean ranges from as low as 30%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to as high as 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a></i> published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a> (NIKL), Sino-Korean represents approximately 57% of the Korean vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Chinese and Chinese characters in Korea dates back to at least 194 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. While Sino-Korean words were widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> period, they became even more popular during the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> period. During this time, male aristocrats changed their <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">given names</a> to Sino-Korean names. Additionally, the government changed all official titles and place names in the country to Sino-Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sino-Korean words remained popular during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the majority of Sino-Korean words were introduced before 1945, including <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese</a> words themselves that were introduced to Korea during <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese Occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the contemporary era, Sino-Korean vocabulary has continued to grow in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, where the meanings of Chinese characters are used to produce new words in Korean that do not exist in Chinese. By contrast, North Korean policy has called for many Sino-Korean words to be replaced by native Korean terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sino-Korean words constitute a large portion of South Korean vocabulary, the remainder being native Korean words and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> to a lesser extent. Sino-Korean words are typically used in formal or literary contexts,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to express abstract or complex ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_surnames" title="List of Korean surnames">Korean surnames</a> and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_given_names" title="List of Korean given names">Korean given names</a> are Sino-Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean numerals</a> can be expressed with Sino-Korean and native Korean words, though each set of numerals has different purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sino-Korean words may be written either in the Korean alphabet, known as <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, or in Chinese characters, known as <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_borrowed_from_Chinese">Words borrowed from Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Words borrowed from Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sino-Korean words borrowed directly from Chinese come mainly from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Korean (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>) </th> <th>Hanja </th> <th>Hanja meaning </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>parents </td> <td>부모 (bumo) </td> <td>父母 </td> <td>"father mother" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>student </td> <td>학생 (haksaeng) </td> <td>學生 </td> <td>"study student" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun </td> <td>태양 (taeyang) </td> <td>太陽 </td> <td>"great light" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>question </td> <td>질문 (jilmun) </td> <td>質問 </td> <td>"background ask" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_created_in_Korea_using_Chinese_characters">Words created in Korea using Chinese characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Words created in Korea using Chinese characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These words below were created in Korea using Chinese characters. They are not used in China, Japan, nor Vietnam. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Definition </th> <th>Korean </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> </th> <th>Hanja </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td>false; rumor; canard </td> <td>낭설 </td> <td>nangseol </td> <td>浪說 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>marital compatibility; well-suited; well-matched </td> <td>궁합 </td> <td>gunghap </td> <td>宮合 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>common cold </td> <td>감기 </td> <td>gamgi </td> <td>感氣 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>deceptive; trickster </td> <td>고단수 </td> <td>godansu </td> <td>高段數 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hardship; trouble; suffering </td> <td>고생 </td> <td>gosaeng </td> <td>苦生 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>notebook </td> <td>공책 </td> <td>gongchaek </td> <td>空冊 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>amazing </td> <td>굉장 </td> <td>goengjang </td> <td>宏壯 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>determiner (grammar); prenoun </td> <td>관형사 </td> <td>gwanhyeongsa </td> <td>冠形詞 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>prison; penitentiary </td> <td>교도소 </td> <td>gyodoso </td> <td>矯導所 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>assortment (of goods) </td> <td>구색 </td> <td>gusaek </td> <td>具色 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a joke </td> <td>농담 </td> <td>nongdam </td> <td>弄談 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unity; join; combine </td> <td>단합 </td> <td>danhap </td> <td>團合 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>reply; response; answer </td> <td>답장 </td> <td>dapjang </td> <td>答狀 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fortune; lucky </td> <td>다행 </td> <td>dahaeng </td> <td>多幸 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cod(fish) </td> <td>대구 </td> <td>daegu </td> <td>大口 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mass transportation; public transit </td> <td>대중교통 </td> <td>daejung-gyotong </td> <td>大衆交通 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>site; land mass </td> <td>대지 </td> <td>daeji </td> <td>垈地 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>indebtedness </td> <td>덕분 </td> <td>deokbun </td> <td>德分 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>subcontract </td> <td>도급 </td> <td>dogeup </td> <td>都給 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unmarried young man; bachelor; youngster </td> <td>도령 </td> <td>doryeong </td> <td>道令 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flu; influenza </td> <td>독감 </td> <td>dokgam </td> <td>毒感 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>same age </td> <td>동갑 </td> <td>donggap </td> <td>同甲 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sense of kinship </td> <td>동질감 </td> <td>dongjilgam </td> <td>同質感 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beer </td> <td>맥주 </td> <td>maekju </td> <td>麥酒 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pollock </td> <td>명태 </td> <td>myeongtae </td> <td>明太 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(national) holiday </td> <td>명절 </td> <td>myeongjeol </td> <td>名節 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>business card containing name </td> <td>명함 </td> <td>myeongham </td> <td>名銜 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>carpenter </td> <td>목수 </td> <td>moksu </td> <td>木手 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>extinction; annihilation </td> <td>몰사 </td> <td>molsa </td> <td>沒死 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>massacre; slaughter; extermination </td> <td>몰살 </td> <td>molsal </td> <td>沒殺 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hibiscus </td> <td>무궁화 </td> <td>mugunghwa </td> <td>無窮花 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>visit to sick person </td> <td>문병 </td> <td>munbyeong </td> <td>問病 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>questioning; interrogating </td> <td>문초 </td> <td>muncho </td> <td>問招 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uneasy; uncomfortable; to be apologetic </td> <td>미안 </td> <td>mian </td> <td>未安 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>public harm </td> <td>민폐 </td> <td>minpye </td> <td>民弊 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>just </td> <td>방금 </td> <td>banggeum </td> <td>方今 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sitting cushion; sitting mat </td> <td>방석 </td> <td>bangseok </td> <td>方席 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lottery ticket </td> <td>복권 </td> <td>bokgwon </td> <td>福券 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>real estate agency </td> <td>복덕방 </td> <td>bokdeokbang </td> <td>福德房 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>off-season; slow season </td> <td>비수기 </td> <td>bisugi </td> <td>非需期 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ice rink </td> <td>빙상장 </td> <td>bingsangjang </td> <td>氷上場 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>subscribe </td> <td>구독 </td> <td>gudog </td> <td>購讀 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cemetery; grave; tomb </td> <td>산소 </td> <td>sanso </td> <td>山所 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish (specifically prepared as food) </td> <td>생선 </td> <td>saengseon </td> <td>生鮮 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stonemason </td> <td>석수 </td> <td>seoksu </td> <td>石手 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>present; gift </td> <td>선물 </td> <td>seonmul </td> <td>膳物 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>peak season; busy season </td> <td>성수기 </td> <td>seongsugi </td> <td>盛需期 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(your) name </td> <td>성함 </td> <td>seongham </td> <td>姓銜 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>effort </td> <td>수고 </td> <td>sugo </td> <td>受苦 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sexual harassment </td> <td>성희롱 </td> <td>seonghuirong </td> <td>性戲弄 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duty; responsibility; task </td> <td>소임 </td> <td>soim </td> <td>所任 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>precious; valuable </td> <td>소중 </td> <td>sojung </td> <td>所重 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>trip; picnic; excursion </td> <td>소풍 </td> <td>sopung </td> <td>逍風 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cheque </td> <td>수표 </td> <td>supyo </td> <td>手票 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beginning of; start of; embark upon </td> <td>시작 </td> <td>sijak </td> <td>始作 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>earnestly request </td> <td>신신당부 </td> <td>sinsindangbu </td> <td>申申當付 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>child actor or actress </td> <td>아역 </td> <td>ayeok </td> <td>兒役 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seize; distrainment; sequestration </td> <td>압류 </td> <td>amnyu (apryu) </td> <td>押留 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bad term; grudge </td> <td>앙숙 </td> <td>angsuk </td> <td>怏宿 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uproar; clamor; commotion </td> <td>야단 </td> <td>yadan </td> <td>惹端 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>socks </td> <td>양말 </td> <td>yangmal </td> <td>洋襪 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heartlessness; mercilessness </td> <td>야박 </td> <td>yabak </td> <td>野薄 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>as expected; also </td> <td>역시 </td> <td>yeoksi </td> <td>亦是 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yellow-green; light green </td> <td>연두 </td> <td>yeondu </td> <td>軟豆 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>alien; extraterrestrial </td> <td>외계인 </td> <td>oegyein </td> <td>外界人 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>native speaker </td> <td>원어민 </td> <td>woneomin </td> <td>原語民 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>exclave </td> <td>월경지 </td> <td>wolgyeongji </td> <td>越境地 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beginning; commencing </td> <td>위시 </td> <td>wisi </td> <td>爲始 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lean on; depend on; rely on </td> <td>의지 </td> <td>uiji </td> <td>依支 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>move; relocate </td> <td>이사 </td> <td>isa </td> <td>移徙 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rice-planting machine </td> <td>이앙기 </td> <td>ianggi </td> <td>移秧機 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>behalf </td> <td>자기편 </td> <td>jagipyeon </td> <td>自己便 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>determination; decision; plan </td> <td>작정 </td> <td>jakjeong </td> <td>作定 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gloves; mittens </td> <td>장갑 </td> <td>janggap </td> <td>掌匣 / 掌甲 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lease; charter </td> <td>전세 </td> <td>jeonse </td> <td>專貰 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>procedure (for); process (of); steps; proceedings </td> <td>절차 </td> <td>jeolcha </td> <td>節次 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lovers' talk </td> <td>정담 </td> <td>jeongdam </td> <td>情談 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>identity </td> <td>정체성 </td> <td>jeongcheseong </td> <td>正體性 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bakery; bakeshop </td> <td>제과점 </td> <td>jegwajeom </td> <td>製菓店 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gas station </td> <td>주유소 </td> <td>juyuso </td> <td>注油所 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kettle </td> <td>주전자 </td> <td>jujeonja </td> <td>酒煎子 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sorry; pardon; regrettable </td> <td>죄송 </td> <td>joesong </td> <td>罪悚 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>purse; wallet </td> <td>지갑 </td> <td>jigap </td> <td>紙匣 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>order; turn; table of contents </td> <td>차례 </td> <td>charye </td> <td>次例 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bookstore </td> <td>책방 </td> <td>chaekbang </td> <td>冊房 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>window </td> <td>창문 </td> <td>changmun </td> <td>窓門 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ceiling </td> <td>천장 </td> <td>cheonjang </td> <td>天障 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wedding invitation </td> <td>청첩장 </td> <td>cheongcheopjang </td> <td>請牒狀 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elementary school </td> <td>초등학교 </td> <td>chodeung-hakgyo </td> <td>初等學校 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elementary school student </td> <td>초등학생 </td> <td>chodeung-haksaeng </td> <td>初等學生 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spring fatigue </td> <td>춘곤증 </td> <td>chungonjeung </td> <td>春困症 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>release; launch </td> <td>출시 </td> <td>chulsi </td> <td>出市 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stairs; stairway; staircase </td> <td>층계 </td> <td>cheunggye </td> <td>層階 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>friend </td> <td>친구 </td> <td>chingu </td> <td>親舊 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>release </td> <td>출시 </td> <td>chulsi </td> <td>出市 </td> <td>video game related </td></tr> <tr> <td>block </td> <td>차단 </td> <td>chadang </td> <td>遮斷 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spring of clock; clockwork </td> <td>태엽 </td> <td>taeyeop </td> <td>胎葉 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>consilience </td> <td>통섭 </td> <td>tongseop </td> <td>統攝 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>convenience store </td> <td>편의점 </td> <td>pyeoneuijeom </td> <td>便宜店 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>letter; epistle </td> <td>편지 </td> <td>pyeonji </td> <td>便紙 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a visit; a trip; travelling </td> <td>행차 </td> <td>haengcha </td> <td>行次 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>brag; bluff; boast </td> <td>허풍 </td> <td>heopung </td> <td>虛風 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cash </td> <td>현찰 </td> <td>hyeonchal </td> <td>現札 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>circumstances; conditions </td> <td>형편 </td> <td>hyeongpyeon </td> <td>形便 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>go crazy; be out of one's mind </td> <td>환장 </td> <td>hwanjang </td> <td>換腸 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>change of seasons; in-between seasons </td> <td>환절기 </td> <td>hwanjeolgi </td> <td>換節期 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_(South_Korea)" title="Memorial Day (South Korea)">Hyeonchungil</a> </td> <td>현충일 </td> <td>hyeonchungil </td> <td>顯忠日 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>device </td> <td>기기 </td> <td>gigi </td> <td>機器/器機 </td> <td>Does not share the same meaning in Chinese, which means machine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>name card </td> <td>명함 </td> <td>myeongham </td> <td>名銜 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_borrowed_from_Sino-Japanese">Words borrowed from Sino-Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Words borrowed from Sino-Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sino-Korean words borrowed from Sino-Japanese are used only in Korean and Japanese, not in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Hangul (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>) </th> <th>Hanja </th> <th>Hanja meaning<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>airplane </td> <td>비행기 (bihaenggi) </td> <td>飛行機 </td> <td>"fly go machine" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>movie </td> <td>영화 (yeonghwa) </td> <td>映畵 </td> <td>"shine picture" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>item of personal preference </td> <td>기호품 (gihopum) </td> <td>嗜好品 </td> <td>"like items" </td></tr> <tr> <td>actor </td> <td>배우 (baeu) </td> <td>俳優 </td> <td>"show actor" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>broadcast </td> <td>방송 (bangsong) </td> <td>放送 </td> <td>"put send" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>passport </td> <td>여권 (yeogwon) </td> <td>旅券 </td> <td>"travel certificate" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>station </td> <td>역 (yeok) </td> <td>驛 </td> <td>"station" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>photo </td> <td>사진 (sajin) </td> <td>寫眞 </td> <td>"write real" </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetic_correspondences">Phonetic correspondences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonetic correspondences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_consonants">Initial consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Correspondences of initial consonants</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Middle Chinese </th> <th>Sino-Korean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004119–122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004119–122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQian2018104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQian2018104-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Labials </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">幫</span></span> p </td> <td rowspan="3">p/pʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">滂</span></span> pʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">並</span></span> b </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">明</span></span> m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Dentals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">端</span></span> t </td> <td rowspan="3">t/tʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK-dental_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-dental-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">透</span></span> tʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">定</span></span> d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">泥</span></span> n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">來</span></span> l </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Retroflex stops </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">知</span></span> ʈ </td> <td rowspan="3">t/tʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK-dental_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-dental-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">徹</span></span> ʈʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">澄</span></span> ɖ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Dental sibilants </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">精</span></span> ts </td> <td rowspan="3">tɕ/tɕʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">清</span></span> tsʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">從</span></span> dz </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">心</span></span> s </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">邪</span></span> z </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Retroflex sibilants </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">莊</span></span> ʈʂ </td> <td rowspan="2">tɕ/tɕʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">初</span></span> ʈʂʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">崇</span></span> ɖʐ </td> <td>s/tɕ/tɕʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">生</span></span> ʂ </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Palatals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">章</span></span> tɕ </td> <td rowspan="2">tɕ/tɕʰ<sup id="cite_ref-SK-h_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">昌</span></span> tɕʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">禪</span></span> dʑ </td> <td rowspan="3">s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">書</span></span> ɕ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">船</span></span> ʑ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">日</span></span> ɲ </td> <td>z > ∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Velars </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">見</span></span> k </td> <td rowspan="2">k/h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">溪</span></span> kʰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">群</span></span> ɡ </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">疑</span></span> ŋ </td> <td>ŋ > ∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Laryngeals </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">影</span></span> ʔ </td> <td>ʔ > ∅ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">曉</span></span> x </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">匣</span></span> ɣ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_consonants">Final consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Middle Chinese final consonants were semivowels (or <a href="/wiki/Glides_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glides (linguistics)">glides</a>) /j/ and /w/, nasals /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, and stops /p/, /t/ and /k/. Sino-Korean preserves all the distinctions between final nasals and stops. Although <a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a> had a /t/ coda, words with the Middle Chinese coda /t/ have /l/ in Sino-Korean, reflecting a northern variety of Late Middle Chinese in which final /t/ had weakened to /r/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Correspondences of final consonants</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Middle Chinese </th> <th>Sino-Korean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113,_116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113,_116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>-m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>-n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ng </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-p </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>-t </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>-k </td> <td>k </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Korean_culture" title="Chinese influence on Korean culture">Chinese influence on Korean culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Korean_vocabulary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKim2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Jin-su (2009-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/376204.html"><bdi lang="ko">우리말 70%가 한자말? 일제가 왜곡한 거라네</bdi></a> [Our language is 70% hanja? Japanese Empire distortion]. <i>The Hankyoreh</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%90+70%25%EA%B0%80+%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%90%3F+%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%80+%EC%99%9C%EA%B3%A1%ED%95%9C+%EA%B1%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jin-su&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fculture%2Freligion%2F376204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span> The dictionary mentioned is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="ko">우리말 큰 사전</bdi>. Seoul: Hangul Hakhoe. 1992. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27072560">27072560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%90+%ED%81%B0+%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hangul+Hakhoe&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27072560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF허2010" class="citation journal cs1">허, 철 (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART001460592">"Examination how many using compound of chinese character words and investigate the frequency of use by using analysis of Modern Korean words 1, 2"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Characters Education in Korea</i>. <b>null</b> (34): 221–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17963%2Fccek.2010..34.221">10.17963/ccek.2010..34.221</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1225-1321">1225-1321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Characters+Education+in+Korea&rft.atitle=Examination+how+many+using+compound+of+chinese+character+words+and+investigate+the+frequency+of+use+by+using+analysis+of+Modern+Korean+words+1%2C+2&rft.volume=null&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=221-244&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17963%2Fccek.2010..34.221&rft.issn=1225-1321&rft.aulast=%ED%97%88&rft.aufirst=%EC%B2%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kci.go.kr%2Fkciportal%2Flanding%2Farticle.kci%3Farti_id%3DART001460592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChooO'Grady1996" class="citation book cs1">Choo, Miho; O'Grady, William (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psO_Oli22m8C&q=sino-korean+words&pg=PR9"><i>Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: An Approach to Word Recognition and Comprehension</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824818156" title="Special:BookSources/0824818156"><bdi>0824818156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Korean+Vocabulary%3A+An+Approach+to+Word+Recognition+and+Comprehension&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0824818156&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=Miho&rft.au=O%27Grady%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsO_Oli22m8C%26q%3Dsino-korean%2Bwords%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4CsWDEi52IC&q=sino-korean%20words&pg=PA44"><i>Korean Language in Culture And Society</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 44–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824826949" title="Special:BookSources/0824826949"><bdi>0824826949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Language+in+Culture+And+Society&rft.pages=44-55&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0824826949&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4CsWDEi52IC%26q%3Dsino-korean%2520words%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoo2008" class="citation book cs1">Choo, Miho (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ggVsnUCbiAC&q=sino-korean+words&pg=PA83"><i>Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139471398" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139471398"><bdi>978-1139471398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Korean%3A+A+Guide+to+Contemporary+Usage&rft.pages=85-92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1139471398&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=Miho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ggVsnUCbiAC%26q%3Dsino-korean%2Bwords%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1139440861" title="Special:BookSources/1139440861"><bdi>1139440861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korean+Literature&rft.pages=21-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1139440861&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpfb2QHJtw54C%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bsino-korean%2Bwords%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByon2017" class="citation book cs1">Byon, Andrew Sangpil (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8nDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-korean+words&pg=PA4"><i>Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide</i></a>. 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University of Hawaii Press. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824818156" title="Special:BookSources/0824818156"><bdi>0824818156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Korean+Vocabulary%3A+An+Approach+to+Word+Recognition+and+Comprehension&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0824818156&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=Miho&rft.au=O%27Grady%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsO_Oli22m8C%26q%3Dsino-korean%2Bwords%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"父母"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E7%2588%25B6%25E6%25AF%258D%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"學生"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E7%2594%259F%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"太陽"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E9%2599%25BD%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"質問"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E8%25B3%25AA%25E5%2595%258F%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A9%9F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"飛行機"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A9%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E9%25A3%259B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%25A9%259F%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E6%98%A0%E7%95%AB&cp_code=0&sound_id=0">"映畫"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E6%98%A0%E7%95%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanja.naver.com%2Fword%3Fq%3D%25E6%2598%25A0%25E7%2595%25AB%26cp_code%3D0%26sound_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/58a357a275234dd3958653ec0897598c">"嗜好品"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E5%97%9C%E5%A5%BD%E5%93%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2F58a357a275234dd3958653ec0897598c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/3ba9123de74540a0b272bd43a882b756">"俳優"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%B3%E5%84%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2F3ba9123de74540a0b272bd43a882b756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/8af935267f2f47a2bd8e09ffa72396b2">"放送"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2F8af935267f2f47a2bd8e09ffa72396b2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/d575a896ccbe4a48bfe2af1bf3e0094b">"旅券"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E6%97%85%E5%88%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2Fd575a896ccbe4a48bfe2af1bf3e0094b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/ccda59f4f2fe48299fc1f9f18ca0fd2a">"驛"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2Fccda59f4f2fe48299fc1f9f18ca0fd2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanja.dict.naver.com/#/entry/ccko/4cd525d731d141189b6105e02d8944d2">"寫眞"</a>. <i>Naver Hanja Dictionary</i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver+Hanja+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%E5%AF%AB%E7%9C%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanja.dict.naver.com%2F%23%2Fentry%2Fccko%2F4cd525d731d141189b6105e02d8944d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Korean+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004119–122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004119–122_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2004">Miyake (2004)</a>, pp. 119–122.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQian2018104-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQian2018104_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQian2018">Qian (2018)</a>, pp. 104.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFQian2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004115-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004115_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2004">Miyake (2004)</a>, p. 115.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201169_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeRamsey2011">Lee & Ramsey (2011)</a>, p. 69.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLeeRamsey2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2004">Miyake (2004)</a>, p. 113.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113,_116-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004113,_116_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2004">Miyake (2004)</a>, pp. 113, 116.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SK-h-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-h_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In early prescriptive dictionaries, Middle Chinese aspirates always yield Sino-Korean aspirates, but in actual pronunciation aspiration is unpredictable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004115_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2004115-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SK-dental-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SK-dental_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK-dental_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Modern Sino-Korean, dentals [t]/[tʰ] preceding a palatal approximant [j] become palatalized as [tɕ]/[tɕʰ], respectively, e.g. 田: <i>ttyen</i> > <i>cen</i>, 定: <i>ttyeng</i> > <i>ceng</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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