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terminivõistlus\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E!\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisukord" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Süstemaatika_ja_evolutsioon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Süstemaatika_ja_evolutsioon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Süstemaatika ja evolutsioon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Süstemaatika_ja_evolutsioon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatoomia_ja_füsioloogia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatoomia_ja_füsioloogia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatoomia ja füsioloogia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatoomia_ja_füsioloogia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Anatoomia ja füsioloogia"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatoomia_ja_füsioloogia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Üldist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Üldist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Üldist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Üldist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skelett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skelett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Skelett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skelett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihaskond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihaskond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lihaskond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihaskond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Närvisüsteem_ja_meeleelundid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Närvisüsteem_ja_meeleelundid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Närvisüsteem ja meeleelundid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Närvisüsteem_ja_meeleelundid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroendokriintelg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroendokriintelg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Neuroendokriintelg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroendokriintelg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seedeelundkond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seedeelundkond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Seedeelundkond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seedeelundkond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hingamiselundkond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hingamiselundkond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Hingamiselundkond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hingamiselundkond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vereringe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vereringe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Vereringe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vereringe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lümfisüsteem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lümfisüsteem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Lümfisüsteem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lümfisüsteem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erituselundkond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erituselundkond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Erituselundkond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erituselundkond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigimine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigimine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Sigimine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigimine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Füsioloogilised_eripärad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Füsioloogilised_eripärad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Füsioloogilised eripärad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Füsioloogilised_eripärad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eluviis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eluviis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eluviis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eluviis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ökoloogia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ökoloogia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ökoloogia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ökoloogia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linnud_ja_inimene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linnud_ja_inimene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linnud ja inimene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linnud_ja_inimene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linnud</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 238 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">238 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9m" title="Cicém – atšehi" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cicém" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atšehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бзыу – adõgee" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бзыу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adõgee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къуалэбзухэр – kabardi-tšerkessi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къуалэбзухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardi-tšerkessi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="ወፍ – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodeh" title="Lodeh – Inari saami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari saami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugol" title="Fugol – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fugol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="طائر – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܛܝܪܐ – aramea" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu" title="Puľiu – aromuuni" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromuuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%A9l" title="Usél – frankoprovansi" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Usél" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চৰাই – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirecic" title="Pirecic – atikameki" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pirecic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyra" title="Guyra – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХӀинчӀ – avaari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀинчӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamach%27i" title="Jamach'i – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jamach'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C5%9F" title="Quş – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4" title="قوش – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedis" title="Kedis – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kedis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="পাখি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – bandžari" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="bandžari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u" title="Chiáu – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡоштар – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88" title="चिरई – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिरई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamgam" title="Gamgam – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gamgam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijin" title="Pijin – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pijin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegl" title="Vegl – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vegl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱ། – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evn" title="Evn – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Evn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шубуун – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шубуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam" title="Langgam – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langgam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Вĕçенкайăк – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕçенкайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%A1ci" title="Ptáci – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ptáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyuni" title="Viyuni – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Viyuni" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn" title="Aderyn – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo%C5%8Ba" title="Nooŋa – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nooŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugle" title="Fugle – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddi" title="Loddi – põhjasaami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Loddi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="põhjasaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voggel" title="Voggel – Pennsylvania saksa" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Voggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii" title="Tsídii – navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pta%C5%A1ki" title="Ptaški – alamsorbi" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ptaški" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="alamsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Πτηνά – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нармунть – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нармунть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1xaru" title="Páxaru – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Páxaru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xewo" title="Xewo – eve" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Xewo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="eve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پرنده – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirriya" title="Chirriya – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chirriya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglur" title="Fuglur – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fuglur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oiseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBgels" title="Fûgels – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushag" title="Ushag – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun" title="Eun – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Оалхазараш – inguši" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оалхазараш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E4%BB%94" title="雀仔 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雀仔" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%80" title="પક્ષી – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પક્ષી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u" title="Tiâu – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Шовуд – kalmõki" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шовуд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmõki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88" title="새 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuntsu" title="Tsuntsu – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsuntsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թռչուններ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucelo" title="Ucelo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ucelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billit" title="Billit – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Billit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave" title="Ave – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie" title="Avie – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Avie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bmiaq" title="Tiŋmiaq – injupiaki" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tiŋmiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="injupiaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Мæргътæ – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæргътæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugl" title="Fugl – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עופות – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma%C9%A3" title="Sumaɣ – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sumaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფრინველები – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრინველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاناوار – kašmiiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاناوار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4ch%C3%AB" title="Ptôchë – kašuubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ptôchë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašuubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құстар – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edhen" title="Edhen – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88" title="Куш – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кек – mäemari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mäemari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndege_(mnyama)" title="Ndege (mnyama) – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndege (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zveri_(Aves)" title="Zveri (Aves) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zveri (Aves)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwazo" title="Zwazo – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zwazo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozo" title="Zozo – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zozo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinde" title="Balinde – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balinde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicel" title="Vicel – ladiini" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vicel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лелуххи – laki" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лелуххи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="laki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81" title="ສັດປີກ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດປີກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – latgali" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullen" title="Vullen – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%80" title="НуькӀ – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="НуькӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Paukščiai – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Ndɛkɛ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia" title="Avia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Avia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – livviko" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livviko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_cipni" title="lo cipni – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo cipni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarak" title="Madarak – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madarak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vorona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="പക്ഷി – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Għasfur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მაფურინჯეეფი – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაფურინჯეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مرغ – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرغ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruang" title="Buruang – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Buruang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93u" title="Cēu – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нармоттне – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нармоттне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Шувуу – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ငှက် – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu_vuka" title="Manumanu vuka – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu vuka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voegel" title="Voegel – Hollandi alamsaksa" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Voegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Hollandi alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="चरा – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="झंगः – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झंगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" title="鳥類 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auciello" title="Auciello – napoli" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Auciello" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Олхазарш – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Олхазарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik loend"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6gler" title="Fögler – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berd" title="Berd – norfuki" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Berd" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="norfuki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglar" title="Fuglar – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oua%C3%AEs%C3%A9" title="Ouaîsé – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouaîsé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus%C3%A8l" title="Ausèl – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ausèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кайык – niidumari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кайык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="niidumari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80" title="ପକ୍ଷୀ – oria" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପକ୍ଷୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaattiiwan" title="Allaattiiwan – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Allaattiiwan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qushlar" title="Qushlar – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੰਛੀ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="پنچھی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%87" title="مرغه – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرغه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod" title="Bod – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кайез – permikomi" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кайез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="permikomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="បក្សី – khmeeri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បក្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼူၵ်ႉ – šani" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼူၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="šani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oizo" title="Oizo – pikardi" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oizo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osej" title="Osej – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagels" title="Vagels – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vagels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus" title="Qus – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83re" title="Pasăre – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasăre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utschels" title="Utschels – romanši" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Utschels" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisqu" title="Pisqu – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pisqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Птахы – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Птахы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Птицы – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Птицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көтөрдөр – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көтөрдөр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paayam" title="paayam – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paayam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="पक्षिणः – sanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पक्षिणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuugele" title="Fuugele – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fuugele" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu" title="Zogu – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceddu" title="Aceddu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aceddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D" title="කුරුල්ලෝ – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුරුල්ලෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پکي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyoni" title="Tinyoni – svaasi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tinyoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svaasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt%C3%A1ky" title="Vtáky – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vtáky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptiči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C5%8Fki" title="Ptŏki – sileesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ptŏki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimbir" title="Shimbir – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shimbir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84" title="مەل – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Птице – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptica" title="Ptica – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ptica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%8D" title="Agḍiḍ – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agḍiḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibon" title="Ibon – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பறவை – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylal" title="Aylal – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aylal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошлар – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кошлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qbhniq" title="qbhniq – atajali" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qbhniq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atajali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="పక్షి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పక్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="สัตว์ปีก – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ปีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim" title="Chim – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Паранда – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паранда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86" title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ – tšerokii" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="tšerokii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%27kese" title="Ve'kese – šaieeni" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ve'kese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="šaieeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F" title="Kuş – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%9F" title="Guş – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Guş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnomaa" title="Nnomaa – tvii" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnomaa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="tvii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тылобурдо – udmurdi" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тылобурдо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Птахи – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Птахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="پرندہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قۇشلار – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇشلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzroeg" title="Duzroeg – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzroeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindud" title="Lindud – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lindud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ds" title="Böds – volapüki" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Böds" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapüki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirk" title="Tsirk – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujhea" title="Oujhea – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oujhea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5" title="鳥 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – lääneflaami" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="lääneflaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsi" title="Tamsi – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamsi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="פויגל – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8y%E1%BA%B9" title="Ẹyẹ – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹyẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80" title="雀 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1ri%C3%A7%C4%B1ki" title="Mıriçıki – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıriçıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugels" title="Veugels – zeelandi" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Veugels" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeelandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1t%C4%93" title="Paukštē – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paukštē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memanuk" title="Memanuk – lääneranniku badžau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Memanuk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="lääneranniku badžau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolog" title="Tombolog – keskdusuni" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tombolog" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="keskdusuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – ibani" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%90" title="ᥘᥨᥐ – tai-nõa" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥨᥐ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="tai-nõa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linnud"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=history"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Ümber suunatud leheküljelt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lind&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lind">Lind</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, 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.tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artiklis ei ole piisavalt <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine">viiteid</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita väiteid kontrollida ja <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit">viiteid lisada</a></small>. <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347534">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox 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.infobox.geography{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 200px; font-size: 100%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #D3D3A4; color: inherit; font-size:100%;">Linnud<br /><small>Fossiilide leiud: Hilis-<a href="/wiki/Juura_(geoloogia)" title="Juura (geoloogia)">Juura</a> – tänaseni</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Landsvale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suitsupääsuke (Hirundo rustica) on Eesti rahvuslind."><img alt="Suitsupääsuke (Hirundo rustica) on Eesti rahvuslind." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/250px-Landsvale.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/375px-Landsvale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/500px-Landsvale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Suitsup%C3%A4%C3%A4suke" title="Suitsupääsuke">Suitsupääsuke</a> (<i>Hirundo rustica</i>) on Eesti <a href="/wiki/Rahvuslind" title="Rahvuslind">rahvuslind</a>.</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: #D3D3A4; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Taksonoomia" title="Taksonoomia">Taksonoomia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Riik_(bioloogia)" title="Riik (bioloogia)">Riik</a></th><td> <a href="/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad">Loomad</a> <i>Animalia</i><br /><small></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B5imkond" title="Hõimkond">Hõimkond</a></th><td> <a href="/wiki/Keelikloomad" title="Keelikloomad">Keelikloomad</a> <i>Chordata</i><br /><small></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alamh%C3%B5imkond" title="Alamhõimkond">Alamhõimkond</a></th><td> <a href="/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed">Selgroogsed</a> <i>Vertebrata</i><br /><small></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;">(järguta)</th><td> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archosauria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archosauria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Archosauria</a></i><br /><small></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Klass_(bioloogia)" title="Klass (bioloogia)">Klass</a></th><td> Linnud <i>Aves</i><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Linnud</b> (<i>Aves</i>) on <a href="/wiki/Keelikloomad" title="Keelikloomad">keelikloomade</a> <a href="/wiki/Klass_(bioloogia)" title="Klass (bioloogia)">klass</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed">selgroogsete</a> alamhõimkonnast, kellele on iseloomulik võime aktiivselt <a href="/wiki/Lendamine" title="Lendamine">lennata</a>, nende keha on kaetud <a href="/wiki/Sulg" title="Sulg">sulgedega</a> ja esijäsemed on moondunud <a href="/wiki/Tiib" title="Tiib">tiibadeks</a>. Lindude <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninamik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninamik (pole veel kirjutatud)">ninamik</a> on arenenud <a href="/wiki/Nokk" title="Nokk">nokaks</a>, neil ei ole hambaid ja nad hingavad <a href="/wiki/Kops" class="mw-redirect" title="Kops">kopsudega</a>. Lindudel on parempoolne <a href="/wiki/Aordikaar" title="Aordikaar">aordikaar</a> ja neljakambriline <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCda" title="Süda">süda</a> ning nad paljunevad <a href="/wiki/Munakoor" title="Munakoor">koorega</a> <a href="/wiki/Muna" title="Muna">munade</a> abil. Linnud on <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCsisoojasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Püsisoojasus">püsisoojased</a>. </p><p>Linde uurivat teadust nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Ornitoloogia" title="Ornitoloogia">ornitoloogiaks</a> ja linnu-uurijaid <a href="/wiki/Ornitoloog" title="Ornitoloog">ornitoloogideks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Süstemaatika_ja_evolutsioon"><span id="S.C3.BCstemaatika_ja_evolutsioon"></span>Süstemaatika ja evolutsioon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Süstemaatika ja evolutsioon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Süstemaatika ja evolutsioon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/220px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/330px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/440px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>. Selle ürglinnu jäänuste leidmine ja lähem uurimine pani aluse arvamusele, et linnud on arenenud roomajaist</figcaption></figure> <p>Lindude eellased eraldusid <a href="/wiki/Keskaegkond" class="mw-redirect" title="Keskaegkond">keskaegkonna</a> esimesel poolel <a href="/wiki/Diapsiidid" title="Diapsiidid">diapsiidide</a> hulka kuulunud <a href="/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad">roomajatest</a>. Millisest diapsiidide rühmast ja millal linnud täpsemalt alguse said, pole selge, kuigi uusi <a href="/wiki/Fossiil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossiil">fossiile</a> leitakse pidevalt. Pikka aega valitsev seisukoht on olnud lindude pärinemine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromeasauridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dromeasauridae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dromeasauridae</a></i> hulka kuulunud <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurused" title="Dinosaurused">dinosaurustest</a>. Viimasel ajal on toetust kogunud ka alternatiivne hüpotees lindude ja dinosauruste pärinemisest samast eellasest (varastest diapsiididest). Selle kasuks räägivad eriti lindude ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisalvaagnalised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisalvaagnalised (pole veel kirjutatud)">sisalvaagnaliste</a> esijäsemete (ja oletatavasti hingamiselundite) ehituse erinevused ning teooria, et suled olid diapsiidide primaarne kate ja soomused nende derivaadid. Esimene selgelt tänapäevaste lindude tunnustega (ning ka paljude roomajalike tunnustega, nagu <a href="/wiki/Hambad" title="Hambad">hambad</a> ja <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5rm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sõrm">sõrmedega</a> esijäsemed) fossiil on <a href="/wiki/Arheopter%C3%BCks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arheopterüks">arheopterüks</a> umbes 160 miljoni aasta tagusest ajast (on ka teada palju talle lähedasi vorme, nt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahona (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rahona</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confuciornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confuciornis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Confuciornis</a></i>). Arheopterüksist vanemaid lindude fossiile ei ole teada (<a href="/wiki/Triias" title="Triias">triiasest</a> pärineva väga halvasti säilinud nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texase_lind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texase lind (pole veel kirjutatud)">Texase linnu</a> rekonstruktsiooni peetakse enamasti ebakorrektseks), küll aga pärineb hilisemast ajast mitu huvitavat leidu, kes meenutavad arheopterüksi ja dinosauruste vahevorme (tegu võib niisiis olla reliktidega, nt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unenlagia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unenlagia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Unenlagia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinosauropteryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinosauropteryx (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sinosauropteryx</a></i>). Juba väga lähedane tänapäevastele lindudele oli vaid veidi hilisem (~140 miljonit aastat tagasi) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaoningornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaoningornis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Liaoningornis</a></i>. Nende leidude põhjal on varased linnud jagatud kaheks rühmaks: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithurae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornithurae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ornithurae</a> (<i>Liaoningornis</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4%C3%A4nelinnulised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Läänelinnulised (pole veel kirjutatud)">läänelinnulised</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalalinnulised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalalinnulised (pole veel kirjutatud)">kalalinnulised</a> ja tänapäevased linnud <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4rislinnud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pärislinnud (pole veel kirjutatud)">Neornithes</a></i>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauriae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauriae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sauriae</a> (arheopterüks, <i>Confuciornis</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enanornithes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enanornithes (pole veel kirjutatud)">Enanornithes</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagopteryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patagopteryx (pole veel kirjutatud)">Patagopteryx</a></i> jt). Tänapäevased lindude seltsid tekkisid ilmselt juba <a href="/wiki/Kriidi_ajastu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriidi ajastu">kriidiajastul</a> (paljude <a href="/wiki/Molekulaarbioloogia" title="Molekulaarbioloogia">molekulaarbioloogiliste</a> andmete põhjal isegi varem) ja nad elasid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriidi_l%C3%B5pu_v%C3%A4ljasuremine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriidi lõpu väljasuremine (pole veel kirjutatud)">kriidi lõpu väljasuremise</a> hästi üle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ramphastos_sulfuratus,_Panama,_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/220px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/330px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg/440px-Ramphastos_sulfuratus%2C_Panama%2C_Summit_Municipal_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5114" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4veltuukan" title="Vääveltuukan">Vääveltuukan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg/220px-Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg/330px-Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg/440px-Sagittarius_serpentarius_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurgkotkas" title="Kurgkotkas">Kurgkotkas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg/220px-R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg/330px-R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg/440px-R%C3%BC%C3%BCt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Rüüt">Rüüt</a> <a href="/wiki/Kakerdaja_raba" title="Kakerdaja raba">Kakerdaja rabas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Järgnev lindude süsteem ei sisalda segase süstemaatilise kuuluvusega ja vähetuntud väljasurnud lindude rühmi. </p> <ul><li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enanornithes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enanornithes (pole veel kirjutatud)">Enanornithes</a> – väljasurnud</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4%C3%A4nelinnulised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Läänelinnulised (pole veel kirjutatud)">läänelinnulised</a> (<i>Hesperornithes</i>) – väljasurnud</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalalinnulised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalalinnulised (pole veel kirjutatud)">kalalinnulised</a> (<i>Ichthyornithiformes</i>) – väljasurnud</li></ul> <p>Alamklass <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4rislinnud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pärislinnud (pole veel kirjutatud)">pärislinnud</a> (<i>Neornithes</i>) </p> <ul><li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Jaanalinnulised" title="Jaanalinnulised">jaanalinnulised</a> (<i>Struthioniformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Tinamulised" title="Tinamulised">tinamulised</a> (<i>Tinamiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Kanalised" title="Kanalised">kanalised</a> (<i>Galliformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Hanelised" title="Hanelised">hanelised</a> (<i>Anseriformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvulised" title="Värvulised">värvulised</a> (<i>Passeriformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4hnilised" title="Rähnilised">rähnilised</a> (<i>Piciformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Siniraalised" title="Siniraalised">siniraalised</a> (<i>Coraciiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Sarvlinnulised" title="Sarvlinnulised">sarvlinnulised</a> (Bucerotiformes)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4ranokalised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Järanokalised (pole veel kirjutatud)">järanokalised</a> (<i>Trogoniformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiirlinnulised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiirlinnulised (pole veel kirjutatud)">hiirlinnulised</a> (<i>Coliiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Piiritajalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Piiritajalised">piiritajalised</a> (<i>Apodiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6sorrilised" title="Öösorrilised">öösorrilised</a> (<i>Caprimulgiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Kakulised" title="Kakulised">kakulised</a> (<i>Strigiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4olised" title="Käolised">käolised</a> (<i>Cuculiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Papagoilised" title="Papagoilised">papagoilised</a> (<i>Psittaciformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Kurelised" title="Kurelised">kurelised</a> (<i>Gruiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Kurvitsalised" title="Kurvitsalised">kurvitsalised</a> (<i>Charadriiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvilised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuvilised (pole veel kirjutatud)">tuvilised</a> (<i>Columbiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Pistrikulised" title="Pistrikulised">pistrikulised</a> (<i>Falconiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toonekurelised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toonekurelised (pole veel kirjutatud)">toonekurelised</a> (<i>Ciconiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Pelikanilised" title="Pelikanilised">pelikanilised</a> (<i>Pelecaniformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Tormilinnulised" title="Tormilinnulised">tormilinnulised</a> (<i>Procellariiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCtilised" title="Pütilised">pütilised</a> (<i>Podicipediformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Pingviinilised" title="Pingviinilised">pingviinilised</a> (<i>Sphenischiformes</i>)</li> <li>Selts <a href="/wiki/Kaurilised" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaurilised">kaurilised</a> (<i>Gaviiformes</i>)</li></ul> <p>Maailmas on 2012. aasta seisuga kirjeldatud 10 064 nüüdisaegset <a href="/wiki/Liik_(bioloogia)" title="Liik (bioloogia)">linnuliiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp61z_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp61z-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatoomia_ja_füsioloogia"><span id="Anatoomia_ja_f.C3.BCsioloogia"></span>Anatoomia ja füsioloogia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Anatoomia ja füsioloogia"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Anatoomia ja füsioloogia" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Üldist"><span id=".C3.9Cldist"></span>Üldist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Üldist"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Üldist" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lind.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Lind.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Linnu välisehitus (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5ldl%C3%B5oke" title="Põldlõoke">põldlõoke</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lindude kehaehitus on suhteliselt ühetaoline, sest pea kõigil on lendamise kohastumus (mõned on selle võime sekundaarselt kaotanud) ja <a href="/wiki/Monof%C3%BCleetiline_takson" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofüleetiline takson">monofüleetiline</a> päritolu. Esijäsemetest on arenenud <a href="/wiki/Tiib" title="Tiib">tiivad</a>, keha on kaetud <a href="/wiki/Sulg_(bioloogia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulg (bioloogia)">sulgedega</a> ja on voolujooneline. Suled ei paikne mitte kogu kehal, vaid lähtuvad konkreetsetest <a href="/wiki/Nahk" title="Nahk">naha</a> piirkondadest (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulisv%C3%A4ljak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulisväljak (pole veel kirjutatud)">sulisväljakud</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sulestik" title="Sulestik">sulestik</a> vahetub enamasti regulaarselt (<a href="/wiki/Sulgimine" title="Sulgimine">sulgimine</a>). Ala- ja ülalõuga katab sarvainest <a href="/wiki/Nokk" title="Nokk">nokk</a>, tänapäeva lindudel <a href="/wiki/Hambad" title="Hambad">hambaid</a> ei ole. Maapinnal, puudel või mujal kulgemiseks kasutatakse vaid tagajäsemeid. <a href="/wiki/Varvas" title="Varvas">Varbaid</a> on enamasti neli (kinnituvad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jookse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jookse (pole veel kirjutatud)">jooksme</a> külge), neist viimane on tavaliselt suunatud taha. Varvaste otstes on <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%BCnis" title="Küünis">küünised</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skelett">Skelett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Skelett"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Skelett" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett">skeletile</a> on iseloomulik kergus ja jäikus. <a href="/wiki/Luu" title="Luu">Luud</a> on enamasti õõnsad (sisaldavad õhuruume). <a href="/wiki/Selgroog" title="Selgroog">Selgroolülid</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadull%C3%BClid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadullülid (pole veel kirjutatud)">sadullülid</a>, üksikutel liikidel ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalohksed_selgrool%C3%BClid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalohksed selgroolülid (pole veel kirjutatud)">tagalohksed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaelal%C3%BClid" title="Kaelalülid">Kaelalülisid</a> on 11–25, <a href="/wiki/Rinnal%C3%BClid" title="Rinnalülid">rinnalülisid</a> 3–10 (osalt kokku kasvanud). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimmel%C3%BClid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimmelülid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nimmelülid</a> (mõnikord ka viimased rinnalülid) koos <a href="/wiki/Ristluu" title="Ristluu">ristluulülidega</a> ja esimeste <a href="/wiki/Sabal%C3%BClid" title="Sabalülid">sabalülidega</a> on kokku kasvanud ühtseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liitristluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liitristluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">liitristluuks</a>. Sabalülid on lõpus liitunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4ranip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Päranip (pole veel kirjutatud)">päranipuks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kolju" title="Kolju">Kolju</a> on esimese kaelalüliga (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandel%C3%BCli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandelüli (pole veel kirjutatud)">kandelüli</a>) ühendatud ühe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuklap%C3%B5nt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuklapõnt (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuklapõnda</a> abil. Kolju sarnaneb mitmeti <a href="/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad">roomajate</a> koljuga: puudub <a href="/wiki/Silmakoobas" title="Silmakoobas">silmakoobaste</a> luuline vahesein, esineb osaliselt liikuv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruutluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruutluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">ruutluu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alal%C3%B5ualuu" title="Alalõualuu">alalõualuu</a> koosneb mitmest osast. Lindude koljud jaotatakse ehituse alusel kuude tüüpi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iidisl%C3%B5ugne_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iidislõugne kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">iidislõugne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B5hisl%C3%B5ugne_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lõhislõugne kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">lõhislõugne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidel%C3%B5ugne_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidelõugne kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">sidelõugne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkl%C3%B5ugne_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harklõugne kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">harklõugne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B5hiss%C3%B5%C3%B5rmene_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lõhissõõrmene kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">lõhissõõrmene</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cmars%C3%B5%C3%B5rmene_kolju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ümarsõõrmene kolju (pole veel kirjutatud)">ümarsõõrmene kolju</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roided" title="Roided">Roietel</a> esinevad nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konksj%C3%A4tke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konksjätke (pole veel kirjutatud)">konksjätked</a>, mis lisavad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinnakorv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinnakorv (pole veel kirjutatud)">rinnakorvile</a> jäikust. <a href="/wiki/Abaluu" title="Abaluu">Abaluu</a> on piklik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaarnaluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaarnaluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaarnaluu</a> suhteliselt suur ja ühendatud <a href="/wiki/Rinnaluu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinnaluu">rinnaluuga</a>. Rinnaluul on kõigile lennuvõimelistele liikidele iseloomulik suur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinnakiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinnakiil (pole veel kirjutatud)">rinnakiil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rangluu" title="Rangluu">Rangluud</a> on kokku kasvanud ühtseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">harkluuks</a>. Tiiva põhiraskust kannavad tugevad ja kerged <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%95lavarreluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Õlavarreluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">õlavarreluu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%BCnarluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küünarluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">küünarluu</a> ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodarluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodarluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">kodarluu</a>. Kahe viimase <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B5rmeluud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sõrmeluud (pole veel kirjutatud)">sõrme</a> luud on kadunud, <a href="/wiki/Randme_luud" title="Randme luud">randme luud</a> on osaliselt liitunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randme-k%C3%A4mblaluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randme-kämblaluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">randme-kämblaluuks</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaagnav%C3%B6%C3%B6de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaagnavööde (pole veel kirjutatud)">Vaagnavöötmes</a> paiknevad tugevad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puusaluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puusaluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">puusaluud</a>, mis on kokku kasvanud liitristluuga. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niudeluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niudeluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">Niudeluudele</a> kinnituvad poolliikuvalt <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süleluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">süleluud</a> (pole alt omavahel ühendatud) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4raluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Päraluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">päraluud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reieluu" title="Reieluu">Reieluud</a> on suhteliselt keha sisemuses ja osalevad kõndimisel vähe. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4reluu" title="Sääreluu">Sääreluu</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Pindluu" title="Pindluu">pindluu</a> on kokku kasvanud <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A4%C3%A4re-kannaluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sääre-kannaluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">sääre-kannaluuks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kannaluu" title="Kannaluu">Kanna-</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B6ialuud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pöialuud (pole veel kirjutatud)">pöialuud</a> liituvad samuti omavahel, andes ühtse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jooksmeluu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jooksmeluu (pole veel kirjutatud)">jooksmeluu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannaliiges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannaliiges (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kannaliiges</a> paikneb alles jooksmeluu ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varbaluud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varbaluud (pole veel kirjutatud)">varbaluude</a> vahel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lihaskond">Lihaskond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Lihaskond"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Lihaskond" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Merikotkas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Merikotkas.jpg/220px-Merikotkas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Merikotkas.jpg/330px-Merikotkas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Merikotkas.jpg/440px-Merikotkas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merikotkas" title="Merikotkas">Merikotkas</a> Tartumaal</figcaption></figure> <p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/Lihas" title="Lihas">lihased</a> jaotatakse mõnikord punasteks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarkoplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarkoplasma (pole veel kirjutatud)">sarkoplasmarikkad</a>, aeglaselt töötavad) ja valgeteks (sarkoplasmavaesed, kiiresti töötavad) lihasteks.<br /> Võimsaimad lihased enamiku lindude kehas on lendamisega seotud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suur_rinnalihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suur rinnalihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">suur rinnalihas</a> (tõmbab <a href="/wiki/Tiib" title="Tiib">tiiba</a> alla ja taha, suurem) ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangluulihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangluulihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">rangluulihas</a> (tõmbab tiiba ette ja üles, väiksem). Koos moodustavad need lihased kuni 20% linnu keha massist. Seljalihased on vähe arenenud. Keerulises hingamissüsteemis talitlevad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roietevahelised_lihased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roietevahelised lihased (pole veel kirjutatud)">roietevahelised lihased</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roiete_t%C3%B5sturlihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roiete tõsturlihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">roiete tõsturlihased</a> (suurendavad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinnakorv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinnakorv (pole veel kirjutatud)">rinnakorvi</a> mahtu) ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5hu_p%C3%B5iklihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kõhu põiklihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">kõhu põiklihased</a> (vähendavad rinnakorvi mahtu). </p><p>Lendamisvõime pärast on lindudel sageli tarvis istuda kõrgetel ja kitsastel kohtadel (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Puu" title="Puu">puude</a> <a href="/wiki/Oks" title="Oks">okstel</a>), selleks on jalalihastel arenenud omapärane <a href="/wiki/Kohastumus" title="Kohastumus">kohastumus</a>. Jalas paikneb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaarlihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaarlihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaarlihas</a>, mis allpool <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lv" title="Põlv">põlve</a> läheb üle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varbapainutaja-lihas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varbapainutaja-lihas (pole veel kirjutatud)">varbapainutaja-lihaseks</a>. Istudes paindub jalg, varbapainutaja-lihas tõmbub pingule ja tõmbab varbad konksu, ilma et lind peaks selleks energiat kulutama. Samasugust funktsiooni täidab <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvulised" title="Värvulised">värvulistel</a> üksinda varbapainutaja-lihas, mis surutakse oma kareda pinnaga istumisel vastu <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5%C3%B5lustupp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kõõlustupp (pole veel kirjutatud)">kõõlustupe</a> karedat pinda, fikseerides nii varvaste haarde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Närvisüsteem_ja_meeleelundid"><span id="N.C3.A4rvis.C3.BCsteem_ja_meeleelundid"></span>Närvisüsteem ja meeleelundid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Närvisüsteem ja meeleelundid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Närvisüsteem ja meeleelundid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean,_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg/220px-Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg/330px-Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg/440px-Diomedea_exulans_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Enamik linde on head lendajad</figcaption></figure> <p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rvis%C3%BCsteem" title="Närvisüsteem">närvisüsteemi</a> talitluses mängivad olulist rolli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingitud_refleks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingitud refleks (pole veel kirjutatud)">tingitud refleksid</a>, kuid <a href="/wiki/Instinkt" title="Instinkt">instinktiivne</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4itumine" title="Käitumine">käitumine</a> on enamasti siiski valitsev. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seljaaju" title="Seljaaju">Seljaajus</a> on lai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaelapaisumus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaelapaisumus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaela-</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimmepaisumus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimmepaisumus (pole veel kirjutatud)">nimmepaisumus</a> nagu <a href="/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad">roomajatelgi</a>. Suurim <a href="/wiki/Peaaju" title="Peaaju">peaaju</a> osa on <a href="/wiki/Otsaju" title="Otsaju">otsaju</a>, milles paiknevad suured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juttkeha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juttkeha (pole veel kirjutatud)">juttkehad</a> (instinktiivse käitumise keskused). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajumantel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajumantel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ajumantel</a> on õhuke ja ülaosas tihedas ühenduses juttkehaga. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haistesagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haistesagar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Haistesagarad</a> on väikesed (lindude haistmismeel on nõrk). <a href="/wiki/Vaheaju" title="Vaheaju">Vaheaju</a> paikneb otsaju all ning sisaldab hästi arenenud <a href="/wiki/Talamus" title="Talamus">talamust</a> ja <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCpof%C3%BC%C3%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüpofüüs">hüpofüüsi</a>, mille hormoonid on olulised käitumise mõjutajad. Kõrgelt on arenenud ka <a href="/wiki/Keskaju" title="Keskaju">keskaju</a>. Seal paiknevad suured <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4gemissagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nägemissagar (pole veel kirjutatud)">nägemissagarad</a>, samuti on keskaju tähtis liigutuste koordineerija ning võtab vastu ka kuulmisaistinguid. <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4gemine" title="Nägemine">Nägemine</a> on enamik lindudel ümbritseva tajumisel juhtiv meel. Paljud (eriti röövlinnud) on erakordselt terava nägemisega või kohastunud nägema pimedas. Lindude <a href="/wiki/Silm" title="Silm">silmi</a> kaitsevad <a href="/wiki/Silmalaug" title="Silmalaug">silmalaud</a>, millest liikuv on tavaliselt alumine, samuti silma siseküljelt algav <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilkkile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilkkile (pole veel kirjutatud)">pilkkile</a>. Ka kuulmine on enamasti hea, kuigi tajutavate helide sagedusvahemik pole lai. Teojuha <a href="/wiki/Keskk%C3%B5rv" title="Keskkõrv">keskkõrvas</a> on suhteliselt pikk, helivõnked <a href="/wiki/Trummikile" title="Trummikile">trummikilelt</a> annab sellele edasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuulmetulbake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuulmetulbake (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuulmetulbake</a>. </p><p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ikeaju" title="Väikeaju">väikeaju</a>, mis on tasakaalu ja liigutuste koordinatsiooni keskus (seega tähtis lendamisel), on väga suur. <a href="/wiki/Piklik_aju" class="mw-redirect" title="Piklik aju">Piklikust ajust</a> algab 12 paari <a href="/wiki/Kraniaaln%C3%A4rvid" title="Kraniaalnärvid">peaajunärve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroendokriintelg">Neuroendokriintelg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroendokriintelg"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroendokriintelg" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindudel on <a href="/wiki/Endokriins%C3%BCsteem" title="Endokriinsüsteem">endokriinsüsteemi</a> kaudu olemas kõik <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4%C3%A4re" class="mw-redirect" title="Nääre">näärmed</a>, mis <a href="/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad">roomajatel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maolised" title="Maolised">maolistel</a>, inimestel jpt, näiteks<sup id="cite_ref-XQInp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XQInp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilpn%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Kilpnääre">kilpnääre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B5rvalkilpn%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Kõrvalkilpnääre">kõrvalkilpnäärmed</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankreasesaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pankreasesaar (pole veel kirjutatud)">pankreasesaared</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neerupealised" class="mw-redirect" title="Neerupealised">neerupealised</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugun%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Sugunääre">sugunäärmed</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ranipun%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Päranipunääre">päranipunäärmed</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCpof%C3%BC%C3%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüpofüüs">hüpofüüs</a> (ees- ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagasagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagasagar (pole veel kirjutatud)">tagasagar</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4bikeha" title="Käbikeha">käbikeha</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabriciuse_paun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabriciuse paun (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fabriciuse paun</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seedeelundkond">Seedeelundkond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Seedeelundkond"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Seedeelundkond" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tänapäeva lindudel asendab hambaid <a href="/wiki/Nokk" title="Nokk">nokk</a>, millega <a href="/wiki/Toit" title="Toit">toitu</a> kinni hoitakse või toidu küljest tükke nokitakse. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCljen%C3%A4%C3%A4rmed" title="Süljenäärmed">Süljenäärmed</a> on üldiselt hästi arenenud, välja arvatud veelindudel. Keel on liikuv ja otsa poole sarvestunud. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gitoru" title="Söögitoru">Söögitoru</a> alaosas paikneb paljudel lindudel <a href="/wiki/Pugu" title="Pugu">pugu</a>. Pugus eelseeditakse toitu, aga sinna võivad koguneda ka seedimatud jäägid (röövlindudel), mis hiljem väljutatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A4ppetomp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Räppetomp (pole veel kirjutatud)">räppetompudena</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magu" title="Magu">Magu</a> jaguneb eespoolseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4%C3%A4rmemagu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Näärmemagu (pole veel kirjutatud)">näärmemaoks</a> ja tagapoolsemaks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lihasmagu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lihasmagu (pole veel kirjutatud)">lihasmaoks</a>. Näärmemaos seeditakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seedemahlad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seedemahlad (pole veel kirjutatud)">seedemahlade</a> toimel toidu pehmemaid osi. Lihasmagu on paksude ja lihaseliste seintega ning kokkutõmbumisvõimeline, seal peenestatakse toidu kõvemad osad. Paljud linnud neelavad ka <a href="/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi">kivikesi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Liiv" title="Liiv">liivaterasid</a>, mis lihasmaos toidu purustamisele kaasa aitavad. Röövlindude lihasmagu on vähearenenud. <a href="/wiki/Sooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooled">Soolestik</a> jaotub <a href="/wiki/Peensool" title="Peensool">peen-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mesool" title="Jämesool">jämesooleks</a>, nende vahel asub veel üks kuni kaks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbsool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbsool (pole veel kirjutatud)">umbsoolt</a>. Peensool on suhteliselt pikk, eriti taimtoidulistel liikidel. Jämesool on võrdlemisi lühike ja seda tühjendatakse sageli (vajalik võimalikult väikese kehakaalu säilitamiseks). Jämesool avaneb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloaaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloaaki (pole veel kirjutatud)">kloaaki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hingamiselundkond">Hingamiselundkond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Hingamiselundkond"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Hingamiselundkond" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindude hingamiselundkond on <a href="/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed">selgroogsete</a> seas efektiivseim. <a href="/wiki/Hingetoru" title="Hingetoru">Hingetoru</a> on pikk ja tugevdatud <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B5hrkude" title="Kõhrkude">kõhreliste</a> rõngastega. <a href="/wiki/Kops" class="mw-redirect" title="Kops">Kopsud</a> on suhteliselt väikesed, kuid suure pinnaga. Mõlema kopsuga on ühendatud viis õhukotti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaela-%C3%B5hukott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaela-õhukott (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaela-õhukott</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangluu-%C3%B5hukott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangluu-õhukott (pole veel kirjutatud)">rangluu-õhukott</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eesmine_rinna-%C3%B5hukott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eesmine rinna-õhukott (pole veel kirjutatud)">eesmine</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagumine_rinna-%C3%B5hukott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagumine rinna-õhukott (pole veel kirjutatud)">tagumine rinna-õhukott</a> ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5hu-%C3%B5hukott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kõhu-õhukott (pole veel kirjutatud)">kõhu-õhukott</a>. Rangluu-õhukotid on omavahel ühendatud. Tagumised õhukotid on otse ühendatud läbi kopsu kulgeva hingetoru haruga (<a href="/wiki/Peabronh" title="Peabronh">peabronhiga</a>). Sissehingamisel satub <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">õhk</a> kõigepealt tagumisse rinna-õhukotti ja kõhu-õhukotti, õhk kopsudest aga eesmistesse õhukottidesse. Väljahingamisel väljub kasutatud õhk eesmistest õhukottidest peabronhi kaudu, kopsudesse aga satub värske õhk tagumistest õhukottidest. </p><p>Enamikule lindudest on omane võime <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4%C3%A4litsemine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Häälitsemine (pole veel kirjutatud)">häälitseda</a>. Kohas, kus hingetoru kopsude suunas kaheks jaguneb, paikneb lindudel nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauluk%C3%B5ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laulukõri (pole veel kirjutatud)">laulukõri</a>. See koosneb kolmest <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4%C3%A4lekile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Häälekile (pole veel kirjutatud)">häälekilest</a>, mille asendit kontrollivad <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4%C3%A4lelihased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Häälelihased (pole veel kirjutatud)">häälelihased</a>. Eriti keeruliseks on laulukõri arenenud n-ö <a href="/wiki/Linnulaul" title="Linnulaul">laulvatel</a> lindudel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vereringe">Vereringe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Vereringe"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Vereringe" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindude <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4ike-vereringe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väike-vereringe (pole veel kirjutatud)">väike-vereringe</a> (toimub <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCda" title="Süda">südame</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kops" class="mw-redirect" title="Kops">kopsude</a> vahel) ja <a href="/wiki/Suur_vereringe" title="Suur vereringe">suur vereringe</a> (toimub ülejäänud keha ja südame vahel) on teineteisest täielikult eraldatud, <a href="/wiki/Arteriaalne_veri" title="Arteriaalne veri">arteriaalne</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venoosne_veri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venoosne veri (pole veel kirjutatud)">venoosne</a> <a href="/wiki/Veri" title="Veri">veri</a> ei segune. Süda on suur ja vereringlus on suhteliselt kiire. Süda koosneb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasak_koda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasak koda (pole veel kirjutatud)">vasakust</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCdame_koda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Südame koda (pole veel kirjutatud)">kojast</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parem_koda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parem koda (pole veel kirjutatud)">paremast</a> kojast, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasak_vatsake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasak vatsake (pole veel kirjutatud)">vasakust</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parem_vatsake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parem vatsake (pole veel kirjutatud)">paremast</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasak_vatsake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasak vatsake (pole veel kirjutatud)">vatsakesest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roomajad#Vereringe" title="Roomajad">Roomajate</a> kahest <a href="/wiki/Aordikaar" title="Aordikaar">aordikaarest</a> on säilinud vaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parem_aordikaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parem aordikaar (pole veel kirjutatud)">parempoolne</a>, mis saab alguse vasakust südame vatsakesest ja millest hargnevad enne paremale pöördumist veel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unearter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unearter (pole veel kirjutatud)">unearterid</a>, mis varustavad verega pead ja esijäsemetesse suunduvaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangluuarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangluuarter (pole veel kirjutatud)">rangluuartereid</a>. Aordikaar suundub ise <a href="/wiki/Aort" title="Aort">aordina</a> tahapoole ning hargneb paljudeks keha varustavateks <a href="/wiki/Arter" title="Arter">arteriteks</a>. Venoosne veri keha eesosast saabub kahe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eesmine_%C3%B5%C3%B5nesveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eesmine õõnesveen (pole veel kirjutatud)">eesmise õõnesveeni</a> kaudu paremasse südame kotta. Sinna suubub ka tagantpoolt tulev paaritu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagumine_%C3%B5%C3%B5nesveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagumine õõnesveen (pole veel kirjutatud)">tagumine õõnesveen</a>. Tagumine õõnesveen saab verd <a href="/wiki/Neer" class="mw-redirect" title="Neer">neerude</a> kaudu keha tagaosast ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reieveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reieveen (pole veel kirjutatud)">reieveeni</a> kaudu jalgadest. Neerudesse saab veri kahest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neeru_v%C3%A4rativeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neeru värativeen (pole veel kirjutatud)">neeru värativeenist</a>, mis algavad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudaalne_%C3%B5%C3%B5nesveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaudaalne õõnesveen (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaudaalsest õõnesveenist</a>. Paremasse kotta saabunud veri liigub edasi paremasse vatsakesse, kust see pumbatakse <a href="/wiki/Kopsuarter" title="Kopsuarter">kopsuarterite</a> kaudu kopsudesse. Kopsudest liigub veri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopsuveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopsuveen (pole veel kirjutatud)">kopsuveenide</a> kaudu tagasi vasakusse kotta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Er%C3%BCtrots%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Erütrotsüüt">Punased verelibled</a> on väikesed, <a href="/wiki/Rakutuum" title="Rakutuum">tuumaga</a> ja piklikud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lümfisüsteem"><span id="L.C3.BCmfis.C3.BCsteem"></span>Lümfisüsteem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Lümfisüsteem"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Lümfisüsteem" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehituselt, arengult ja kulgemiselt meenutab lindude <a href="/wiki/Immuuns%C3%BCsteem" title="Immuunsüsteem">immuunsüsteem</a> paljuski roomajate (ka <a href="/wiki/Maolised" title="Maolised">maoliste</a>) ning <a href="/wiki/Imetaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Imetaja">imetajate</a> (ka <a href="/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene">inimese</a>) immuunsüsteemi. </p><p>Lindude lümfisüsteem koosneb <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5rn" title="Põrn">põrnast</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabriciuse_paun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabriciuse paun (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fabriciuse paunast</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCmfisoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lümfisoon">lümfisoontest</a> ning <a href="/wiki/Kude" title="Kude">kudedest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakk" title="Rakk">rakkudest</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Hormoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormoon">hormoonidest</a>. Suured <a href="/wiki/Veresoon" title="Veresoon">veresooned</a> on pea kõikjal ümbritsetud <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCmfoidkude" title="Lümfoidkude">lümfoidkoega</a>, kuid lümfiklapid on peamiselt suuremate <a href="/wiki/Veen" title="Veen">veenide</a> suudmetes. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCmfis%C3%B5lm" title="Lümfisõlm">Lümfisõlmede</a> asemel on pulseerivad <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCmfis%C3%BCda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lümfisüda">lümfisüdamed</a> ehk <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCmfiklapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lümfiklapp">lümfiklapid</a>. Fabriciuse pauna (<i>Bursa cloacalis</i>), mis paikneb <a href="/wiki/Kloaak" title="Kloaak">kloaagi</a> piirkonnas naha all, imetajatel teadaolevalt ei ole.<sup id="cite_ref-aPxQ8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aPxQ8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YkFBs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YkFBs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plMB4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plMB4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-povRM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-povRM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1IM3j_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1IM3j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erituselundkond">Erituselundkond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Erituselundkond"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Erituselundkond" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/Neer" class="mw-redirect" title="Neer">neerud</a> on suhteliselt suured (eriti veelindudel) ja lamedad, harilikult kolmesagaralised. Tüübilt on need <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4relneer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Järelneer (pole veel kirjutatud)">järelneerud</a>. Looteeas on lindudel veel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keskneer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keskneer (pole veel kirjutatud)">keskneerud</a>, millest kujunevad täiskasvanute neerud ja isaste <a href="/wiki/Munandimanus" title="Munandimanus">raiamanused</a>. Kusejuhad väljuvad otse kloaaki, <a href="/wiki/Kusep%C3%B5is" title="Kusepõis">kusepõit</a> ei ole. Neerud talitlevad väga efektiivselt, vesi imetakse <a href="/wiki/Uriin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uriin">uriinist</a> peaaegu täielikult tagasi. Uriin on hulgaliselt <a href="/wiki/Kusihape" title="Kusihape">kusihapet</a> sisaldav valge püdel mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigimine">Sigimine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Sigimine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Sigimine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Straussenei_BMK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Straussenei_BMK.jpg/220px-Straussenei_BMK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Straussenei_BMK.jpg/330px-Straussenei_BMK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Straussenei_BMK.jpg/440px-Straussenei_BMK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Linnupojad arenevad munas</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnud siginevad kõva (<a href="/wiki/Kaltsiumkarbonaat" title="Kaltsiumkarbonaat">kaltsiumkarbonaadist</a>) <a href="/wiki/Munakoor" title="Munakoor">koorega</a> munade abil. </p><p>Isase suguaparaat koosneb kahest kõhuõõnes neerude juures paiknevast <a href="/wiki/Raig" class="mw-redirect" title="Raig">raiast</a>, mis sigimisperioodil oluliselt suurenevad. Raigades valminud <a href="/wiki/Spermatosoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatosoid">seemnerakud</a> liiguvad <a href="/wiki/Seemnejuha" title="Seemnejuha">seemnejuhades</a> <a href="/wiki/Kloaak" title="Kloaak">kloaagini</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hanelised" title="Hanelised">Hanelistel</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Jaanalinnulised" title="Jaanalinnulised">jaanalindudel</a> paikneb kloaagis veel väljasopistatav <a href="/wiki/Suguti" title="Suguti">suguti</a>, enamikul lindudest see aga puudub või peaaegu puudub. </p><p>Emaste sugurakke toodab (samuti kõhuõõnes paiknev) <a href="/wiki/Munasari" title="Munasari">munasari</a>. Enamikul lindudel esineb vaid üks (vasakpoolne) munasari, <a href="/wiki/Papagoilised" title="Papagoilised">papagoilistel</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Pistrikulised" title="Pistrikulised">pistrikulistel</a> aga kaks. Valmivad <a href="/wiki/Munarakk" title="Munarakk">munarakud</a> liiguvad munasarjast <a href="/wiki/Munajuha" title="Munajuha">munajuhasse</a>, mille esimeses pooles eritatakse munaraku ümber <a href="/wiki/Valk" class="mw-redirect" title="Valk">valguline</a> kest – <a href="/wiki/Munavalge" title="Munavalge">munavalge</a>. Järgnevas kitsamas munajuha osas tekib munavalgele ümber <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahkkest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahkkest (pole veel kirjutatud)">nahkkest</a>. Munajuha viimases osas (seda nimetatakse ka <a href="/wiki/Emakas" title="Emakas">emakaks</a>) moodustatakse munale mineraalne koor ja (sageli) pigmenteeritakse see pinnalt. Munajuha avaneb kloaaki. Muna ehituse ja lindude lootelise arengu kohta loe täpsemalt <a href="/wiki/Muna" title="Muna">muna</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnu_areng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnu areng (pole veel kirjutatud)">linnu arengu</a> artiklitest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Füsioloogilised_eripärad"><span id="F.C3.BCsioloogilised_erip.C3.A4rad"></span>Füsioloogilised eripärad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Füsioloogilised eripärad"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Füsioloogilised eripärad" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsioloogia" title="Füsioloogia">füsioloogilised</a> eripärad on paljuski seotud nende lennuvõime ja <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCsisoojasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Püsisoojasus">püsiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">kehatemperatuuriga</a>. Püsiva kehatemperatuuri hoidmiseks on vajalik intensiivne <a href="/wiki/Ainevahetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainevahetus">ainevahetus</a>. Suure <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energiakulu</a> tõttu kasvab lindude ainevahetuse kiirus lennates mitukümmend korda. Ka lindude südametegevus on kiire (eriti väiksematel liikidel), rahuldamaks keha suurt <a href="/wiki/Hapnik" title="Hapnik">hapniku</a>- ja toitainetarvidust. Keha temperatuur on üldiselt kõrge, tavaliselt 39–45 °C (emastel enamasti veidi kõrgem kui isastel). Püsivat kehatemperatuuri aitab säilitada halva <a href="/wiki/Soojusjuhtivus" title="Soojusjuhtivus">soojusjuhtivusega</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulestik" title="Sulestik">sulestik</a>, liigsest soojusest vabaneda aitab peamiselt soojusvahetus <a href="/wiki/Hingamine" title="Hingamine">hingamisel</a>. Mõned linnud võivad alajahtumisel ajutiselt <a href="/wiki/Letargia" class="mw-redirect" title="Letargia">letargiasse</a> langeda (<a href="/wiki/Koolibrilased" title="Koolibrilased">koolibrid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4sulased" title="Pääsulased">pääsukesed</a>), sel juhul võrdsustub kehatemperatuur välistemperatuuriga. </p><p>Lindude <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">lämmastiku</a> ainevahetuse lõppsaadus on <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vees</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahustumine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahustumine">lahustumatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kusihape" title="Kusihape">kusihape</a>. Kuna munas viibival <a href="/wiki/Loode" title="Loode">linnulootel</a> ei ole võimalik jääkaineid keskkonda eritada, saavad nad nii ohutult koguneda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eluviis">Eluviis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Eluviis"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Eluviis" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enamik linde on päevase eluviisiga, kuid mõned (<a href="/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6sorrilised" title="Öösorrilised">öösorrilised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakulised" title="Kakulised">kakulised</a>) on ka öise eluviisiga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ökoloogia"><span id=".C3.96koloogia"></span>Ökoloogia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Ökoloogia"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Ökoloogia" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg/220px-Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg/330px-Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg/440px-Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae_-Kapiti_Island-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Uusmeremaa tuvi</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnud on levinud väga erinevates <a href="/wiki/%C3%96koloogia" title="Ökoloogia">ökoloogilistes</a> tingimustes. Tänu lennuvõimele, kõrgelt arenenud <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsioloogia" title="Füsioloogia">füsioloogiale</a> ja närvisüsteemile on lindude levikut piirav peamine tegur toidu kättesaadavus, mitte madalad või kõrged <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuurid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veekogu" title="Veekogu">veekogud</a> või kõrgused. Kokku arvatakse linde olevat ligikaudu 100 <a href="/wiki/Miljard" title="Miljard">miljardit</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isend (pole veel kirjutatud)">isendit</a>. </p><p>Lindude eri rühmade toitumine on mitmekesine: kõige rohkem on taimtoidulisi linde, <a href="/wiki/Kakulised" title="Kakulised">kakulised</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Pistrikulised" title="Pistrikulised">pistrikulised</a> (vanem nimetus kullilised) on aga valdavalt röövtoidulised. </p><p>Lindude käitumine võib olla üsna keeruline. Sageli elavad linnud väiksemates <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seltsing_(bioloogia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seltsing (bioloogia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">seltsingutes</a> või suuremates parvedes. Lindude omavahelises <a href="/wiki/Kommunikatsioon" title="Kommunikatsioon">kommunikatsioonis</a> on põhiroll <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4%C3%A4litsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Häälitsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">häälitsusel</a>, kuid ka visuaalsetel <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rk" title="Märk">märkidel</a>. </p><p>Sigimisel (<a href="/wiki/Pesitsemine" title="Pesitsemine">pesitsemine</a>) moodustavad linnud sageli püsivaid paare. Munade kaitseks ehitatakse enamasti <a href="/wiki/Linnupesa" title="Linnupesa">pesa</a>. Munadele arenemiseks vajaliku püsivalt kõrge temperatuuri tagamiseks soojendavad linnud neid oma kehaga – <a href="/wiki/Haudumine" title="Haudumine">hauvad</a>. Suur osa liike hoolitseb poegade eest ka pärast nende koorumist, mõni kauem (nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesahoidjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesahoidjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">pesahoidjad</a> linnud), mõni lühemat aega (nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesah%C3%BClgajad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesahülgajad (pole veel kirjutatud)">pesahülgajad</a> linnud). </p><p>Enamik <a href="/wiki/Parasv%C3%B6%C3%B6de" title="Parasvööde">parasvöötme</a> ja külmemate alade linde võtavad ebasoodsa aastaaja üleelamiseks ette pikemaid või lühemaid rändeid (nn <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ndlinnud" title="Rändlinnud">rändlinnud</a>; mitte rändavaid linde nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Paigalinnud" class="mw-redirect" title="Paigalinnud">paigalindudeks</a>), põhjalikumalt vt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindude_r%C3%A4nne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindude ränne (pole veel kirjutatud)">lindude ränne</a>. </p><p>Paljud linnud aitavad kaasa <a href="/wiki/Taimed" title="Taimed">taimede</a> levimisele, kandes laiali nende <a href="/wiki/Seeme" title="Seeme">seemneid</a>. </p><p>Linnud on väga tundlikud puuliikide ja metsa vanuse suhtes.<sup id="cite_ref-mu7Oo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mu7Oo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linnud_ja_inimene">Linnud ja inimene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Linnud ja inimene"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Linnud ja inimene" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg/220px-Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg/330px-Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg/440px-Lindude_toitmisega_kaasneb_mitmeid_probleeme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Lindude toitmisega kaasneb mitmeid probleeme</figcaption></figure> <p>Inimene on ammustest aegadest tegelnud lindude küttimisega, tarvitamaks nende <a href="/wiki/Liha" title="Liha">liha</a> toiduks või <a href="/wiki/Sulg_(bioloogia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulg (bioloogia)">sulgi</a> ehetena ja soojust hoidva voodrina. Palju linnuliike on <a href="/wiki/Koduloomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Koduloomad">kodustatud</a>, toiduks tarvitatakse ka lindude mune. Mitu linnuliiki on muutunud <a href="/wiki/Inimkaasleja" class="mw-redirect" title="Inimkaasleja">inimesekaaslejateks</a> (nt <a href="/wiki/Kodutuvi" title="Kodutuvi">kodutuvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koduvarblane" title="Koduvarblane">koduvarblane</a>), mõnesid peetakse nende kauni välimuse tõttu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puurilind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puurilind (pole veel kirjutatud)">puurilindudena</a>. </p><p>Tänu oma <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5llumajandus" title="Põllumajandus">põllumajanduslikule</a> tähtsusele on <a href="/wiki/Kodukana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodukana">kodukana</a> valitud üheks <a href="/wiki/Molekulaarbioloogia" title="Molekulaarbioloogia">molekulaarbioloogia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudelorganism" title="Mudelorganism">mudelorganismiks</a>, mugavaks uurimisobjektiks on ta ka <a href="/wiki/Embr%C3%BColoogia" title="Embrüoloogia">embrüoloogidele</a>. </p><p>Inimesele on veel kasulik merelindude väljaheide <a href="/wiki/Guaano" title="Guaano">guaano</a>, mida kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4etis" title="Väetis">väetisena</a>. </p><p>Lind reageerib rongile, kui see on 60–125 meetri kaugusel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=18" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindude_loend" title="Lindude loend">Lindude loend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_linnud" title="Eesti linnud">Eesti linnud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_lindude_s%C3%BCstemaatiline_nimestik" title="Eesti lindude süstemaatiline nimestik">Eesti lindude süstemaatiline nimestik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aasta_lind" title="Aasta lind">Aasta lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_aasta_lind" class="mw-redirect" title="Eesti aasta lind">Eesti aasta lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnuslind" title="Tunnuslind">Tunnuslind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnuatlas" title="Linnuatlas">Linnuatlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnustik" title="Linnustik">Linnustik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnuvaatlus" title="Linnuvaatlus">Linnuvaatlus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=19" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnud paigutatakse klaadi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avialae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avialae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Avialae</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp61z-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pp61z_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_3a.pdf">http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_3a.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XQInp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-XQInp_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>inglise keeles</i>, B.W. Ritchie, G.J. Harrison, L.R. Harrison <i>Avian medicine: principles and applications</i>, Chap 23, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0963699601" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9636996-01</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307022613/http://www.harrisonsbirdfoods.com/avmed/ampa.html">http://www.harrisonsbirdfoods.com/avmed/ampa/con1.pdf raamat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aPxQ8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aPxQ8_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N.L.Warner, A.Szenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.mi.18.100164.001345?journalCode=micro">The Immunological Function of the Bursa of Fabricius in the Chicken</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (oktoober 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, Annual Review of Microbiology, 18. köide: 253–266 (Volume publication date October 1964), DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.18.100164.001345 veebiversioon (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YkFBs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YkFBs_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/avian-atlas/search/lesion/375">Atlas of Avian Diseases</a>, veebiversioon (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plMB4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-plMB4_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingwise.com/immune.htm">Systems: The Avian Immune System</a>, veebiversioon (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-povRM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-povRM_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael P. Dieter R. P. Breitenbach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ps.fass.org/content/47/5/1463.abstract">The Growth of Chicken Lymphoid Organs, Testes, and Adrenals in Relation to the Oxidation State and Concentration of Adrenal and Lymphoid Organ Vitamin C1</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuni 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, veebiversioon (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1IM3j-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1IM3j_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Thomas Caceci, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001951/http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab13/Lab13.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001951/http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab13/Lab13.htm</a> Lymphatic System: Spleen and Other Organs, VM8054 Veterinary Histology, Exercise 13, veebiversioon (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mu7Oo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mu7Oo_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12717">Opportunities for biodiversity gains under the world’s largest reforestation programme</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEladio_L._García_de_la_Morena,_Juan_E._Malo,_Israel_Hervás,_Cristina_Mata,_Sebastián_González,_Ramón_Morales,_Jesús_Herranz2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eladio_L._Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Morena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eladio L. García de la Morena (pole veel kirjutatud)">Eladio L. García de la Morena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_E._Malo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan E. Malo (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juan E. Malo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Herv%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Hervás (pole veel kirjutatud)">Israel Hervás</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristina_Mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristina Mata (pole veel kirjutatud)">Cristina Mata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastián González (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sebastián González</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Morales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Morales (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ramón Morales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Herranz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesús Herranz (pole veel kirjutatud)">Jesús Herranz</a> (5. oktoober 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108154526/https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2017.00117/full">"On-Board Video Recording Unravels Bird Behavior and Mortality Produced by High-Speed Trains"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontiers_in_Ecology_and_Evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</a></i> (inglise). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontiers_Media_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontiers Media S.A. (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frontiers Media S.A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2017.00117/full">Originaali</a> arhiivikoopia seisuga 8. jaanuar 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=On-Board+Video+Recording+Unravels+Bird+Behavior+and+Mortality+Produced+by+High-Speed+Trains&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.au=Eladio+L.+Garc%C3%ADa+de+la+Morena%2C+Juan+E.+Malo%2C+Israel+Herv%C3%A1s%2C+Cristina+Mata%2C+Sebasti%C3%A1n+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Ram%C3%B3n+Morales%2C+Jes%C3%BAs+Herranz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffevo.2017.00117%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ALinnud" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnud&action=edit&section=20" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Pildid, videod ja helifailid Commonsis: <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aves?uselang=et">Linnud</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6724296"><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Tsitaadid Vikitsitaatides: <b><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lind" class="extiw" title="q:Lind">Lind</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoy.ee/birdnames/">Maailma lindude nimetuste andmebaas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avionary.info">Linnunimed 44 keeles</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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