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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Parentage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Ciliegiolo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Ciliegiolo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Relationship with Ciliegiolo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Ciliegiolo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clones_and_offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clones_and_offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Clones and offspring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clones_and_offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wine regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuscany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuscany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tuscany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuscany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Tuscany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Tuscany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Outside Tuscany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Tuscany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Old_World_wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Old_World_wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other Old World wine regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Old_World_wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_New_World_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_New_World_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other New World regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_New_World_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>With food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Санджовезе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санджовезе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Санджовезе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Санджовезе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="سانچوویزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سانچوویزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%91%D7%96%D7%94" title="סנג'ובזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנג'ובזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="サンジョヴェーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンジョヴェーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Санджовезе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санджовезе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%C4%91oveze" title="Sanđoveze – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sanđoveze" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sangiovese" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Санджовезе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санджовезе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q509162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Riminese" redirects here. For a white Italian wine grape also known as Riminese, see <a href="/wiki/Albana_(grape)" title="Albana (grape)">Albana (grape)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Niella" redirects here. For the Corsican wine grape that is also known as Niella, see <a href="/wiki/Nielluccio" title="Nielluccio">Nielluccio</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sangioveto" redirects here. For another Tuscan wine grape that is also known as Sangioveto, see <a href="/wiki/Bonamico_(grape)" title="Bonamico (grape)">Bonamico (grape)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Sangiovese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg/220px-Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg/330px-Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg/440px-Sangiovese_close_up_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="669" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sangiovese grapes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Purple</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Brunello, Sangiovese Grosso (<a href="#Synonyms">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tuscany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">Rot-prone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=10680">10680</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sangiovese</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a red <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">grape variety</a> that derives its name from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sanguis Jovis</i></span>, "blood of <a href="/wiki/Jove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jove">Jupiter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pp_150-152_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pp_150-152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangiovese Grosso, used for traditionally powerful and slow maturing red wines, is primarily grown in the central regions of Italy, particularly in Tuscany, where it is the dominant grape variety. Here, Sangiovese thrives in various subregions, including <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montalcino" title="Montalcino">Montalcino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montepulciano" title="Montepulciano">Montepulciano</a>, whose diverse <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroirs</a>, winemakers put to good use to craft wines that reflect the land's unique nuances. </p><p>Sangiovese's ability to express terroir and age gracefully has earned it a revered status among wine enthusiasts worldwide, cementing its place as one of Italy's most cherished grape varieties. Because of its distinctive character and versatility, Sangiovese is the singular or primary grape variety used in iconic Italian wines from Tuscany such as bold and age-worthy <a href="/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcino" title="Brunello di Montalcino">Brunello di Montalcino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vino_Nobile_di_Montepulciano" title="Vino Nobile di Montepulciano">Vino Nobile di Montepulciano</a>, to vibrant and fruity wines like <a href="/wiki/Morellino_di_Scansano" title="Morellino di Scansano">Morellino di Scansano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmignano_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmignano (wine)">Carmignano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chianti_Classico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chianti Classico">Chianti Classico</a>. </p><p>Sangiovese is also cultivated in other parts of central Italy, such as <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>, where it is sometimes blended for the production of notable wines like <a href="/wiki/Montefalco_Sagrantino" title="Montefalco Sagrantino">Sagrantino di Montefalco</a> and Rosso Conero. And, while its stronghold is in the central region of the country, it is also grown in smaller quantities in regions like <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, and even as far south as <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> where it can be used to make <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> wines such as Sangiovese di <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> and some of the modern "<a href="/wiki/Italian_wine#Super_Tuscans" title="Italian wine">Super Tuscan</a>" wines like <a href="/wiki/Tignanello" class="mw-redirect" title="Tignanello">Tignanello</a>, a blend of 80% Sangiovese 15% Cabernet Sauvignon and 5% Cabernet Franc or 'Colore' <a href="/wiki/Azienda_Agricola_Testamatta" title="Azienda Agricola Testamatta">Bibi Graetz</a> made with 100% Sangiovese from old vines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangiovese was already well known by the 16th century. Recent <a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a> by José Vouillamoz of the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Agrario_di_San_Michele_all%E2%80%99Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige">Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige</a> suggests that Sangiovese's ancestors are <a href="/wiki/Ciliegiolo" title="Ciliegiolo">Ciliegiolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabrese_Montenuovo" title="Calabrese Montenuovo">Calabrese Montenuovo</a>. The former is well known as an ancient variety in Tuscany, the latter is an almost-extinct relic from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, the toe of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least fourteen Sangiovese <a href="/wiki/Clone_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clone (vine)">clones</a> exist, of which Brunello is one of the best regarded. An attempt to classify the clones into <i>Sangiovese grosso</i> (including Brunello) and <i>Sangiovese piccolo</i> families has gained little evidential support.<sup id="cite_ref-Winepros_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winepros-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young Sangiovese has fresh fruity flavours of strawberry and a little spiciness, but it readily takes on oaky, even tarry, flavours when aged in barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not as <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic (wine)">aromatic</a> as other red wine varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, Sangiovese often has a flavour profile of sour red cherries with earthy aromas and tea leaf notes. Wines made from Sangiovese usually have medium-plus <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/220px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/330px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/440px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The translation of Sangiovese's name <i>sanguis Jovis</i>, "the blood of <a href="/wiki/Jove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jove">Jove</a>", led to theories that the grape's origins dated from <a href="/wiki/Roman_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman times">Roman times</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early theories on the origin of Sangiovese dated the grape to the time of <a href="/wiki/Roman_winemaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman winemaking">Roman winemaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was even postulated that the grape was first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> from wild <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> vines. The literal translation of the grape's name, the <i>"blood of Jove"</i>, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman (mythology)">Roman god</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. According to legend, the name was coined by monks from the commune of <a href="/wiki/Santarcangelo_di_Romagna" title="Santarcangelo di Romagna">Santarcangelo di Romagna</a> in what became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rimini" title="Province of Rimini">province of Rimini</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> region of east-central Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first documented mention of Sangiovese was in the 1590 writings of <a href="/wiki/Giovanvettorio_Soderini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanvettorio Soderini">Giovanvettorio Soderini</a> (also known under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of <i>Ciriegiulo</i>). Identifying the grape as <i>"Sangiogheto"</i> Soderini notes that in Tuscany the grape makes very good wine but if the winemaker is not careful, it risks turning into <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. While there is no conclusive proof that <i>Sangiogheto</i> is Sangiovese, most wine historians generally consider this to be the first historical mention of the grape. Regardless, it would not be until the 18th century that Sangiovese would gain widespread attention throughout Tuscany, being with <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a> the most widely planted grapes in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1738, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosimo_Trinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosimo Trinci (page does not exist)">Cosimo Trinci</a> described wines made from Sangiovese as excellent when blended with other varieties but hard and <a href="/wiki/Acidic_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic (wine)">acidic</a> when made as a wine by itself. In 1883, the Italian writer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cosimo_Villifranchi" title="Giovanni Cosimo Villifranchi">Giovanni Cosimo Villifranchi</a> echoed a similar description about the quality of Sangiovese being dependent on the grapes with which it was blended. The winemaker and politician, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a> formulated one of the early recipes for Chianti when he blended his Sangiovese with a sizable amount of <a href="/wiki/Canaiolo" title="Canaiolo">Canaiolo</a>. In the wines of Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Sangiovese would experience a period of popularity in the late 19th and early 20th century. In the 1970s, Tuscan winemakers began a period of innovation by introducing modern <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak treatments</a> and blending the grape with non-Italian varietals such as <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> in the creation of wines that were given the collective marketing sobriquet "Super Tuscans".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parentage">Parentage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg/220px-Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg/330px-Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg/440px-Sangiovese_leaf_from_Red_Willow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese leaf from <a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_Vineyard" title="Red Willow Vineyard">Red Willow Vineyard</a> in Washington State.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, DNA profiling done by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Agrario_di_San_Michele_all%E2%80%99Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige">San Michele All'Adige</a> revealed the grape to be the product of a <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing (plant)">crossing</a> between <a href="/wiki/Ciliegiolo" title="Ciliegiolo">Ciliegiolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabrese_Montenuovo" title="Calabrese Montenuovo">Calabrese Montenuovo</a>. While Ciliegiolo has a long history tied to the Tuscan region, Calabrese Montenuovo (which is not related to the grape commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Calabrese, or Nero d'Avola</a>) has its origins in southern Italy, where it probably originated in the <a href="/wiki/Calabria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabria (wine)">Calabria</a> region before moving its way up to <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. This essentially means that the genetic heritage of Sangiovese is half Tuscan and half southern Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the crossing between Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo occurred is not known, with some believing the cross happened in Tuscany while other <a href="/wiki/Ampelographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographers">ampelographers</a> suggesting it may have happened in southern Italy. Evidence for this latter theory is the proliferation of seedless <a href="/wiki/Mutations_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations (vine)">mutations</a> of Sangiovese, known under various synonyms, throughout various regions of southern Italy including Campania, <i>Corinto nero</i> which is grown on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> just north of Sicily and <i>Tuccanese</i> from the Apulia region in the heel of the Italian boot. In Campania, among the many seedless mutations of Sangiovese still growing in the region are <i>Nerello</i> from the commune of <a href="/wiki/Savelli,_Calabria" title="Savelli, Calabria">Savelli</a>, <i>Nerello Campotu</i> from the commune of <a href="/wiki/Motta_San_Giovanni" title="Motta San Giovanni">Motta San Giovanni</a>, <i>Puttanella</i> from <a href="/wiki/Mandatoriccio" title="Mandatoriccio">Mandatoriccio</a> and <i>Vigna del Conte</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_Ciliegiolo">Relationship with Ciliegiolo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with Ciliegiolo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the parentage of Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo for Sangiovese was established based on 50 <a href="/wiki/Genetic_markers" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic markers">genetic markers</a> and is generally accepted by ampelographers, some wine texts publish contradictory information that Ciliegiolo is an offspring (rather than parent) of Sangiovese. This belief is based on a 2007 study of 38 genetic markers stating that suggested that Ciliegiolo was the product of Sangiovese crossing with an obscure <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese wine grape">Portuguese wine grape</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat_Rouge_de_Mad%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscat Rouge de Madère (page does not exist)">Muscat Rouge de Madère</a>, that was once grown on the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira (wine)">Madeira</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Douro_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro (wine)">Douro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisboa_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisboa wine">Lisboa wine</a> regions of Portugal. In addition to support of fewer genetic markers, this alternative theory is disputed by geneticists such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vouillamoz" class="mw-redirect" title="José Vouillamoz">José Vouillamoz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of Wine">Masters of Wine</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a> because Muscat Rouge de Madère has no history of ever being cultivated in Italy (where it could have crossed with Sangiovese). Furthermore, while many grapes with lineage involving members of the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_family_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat family of grapes">Muscat family of grapes</a> tend to have pronounced "grapey" flavours characteristic of Muscat grapes, Ciliegiolo exhibits none of those flavour profiles which makes it unlikely to be an offspring of Muscat Rouge de Madère.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clones_and_offspring">Clones and offspring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clones and offspring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Ampelographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographical">ampelographical</a> research into Sangiovese begun in 1906 with the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Molon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Molon (page does not exist)">Girolamo Molon</a>. Molon discovered that the Italian grape known as "Sangiovese" was actually several "varieties" of clones which he broadly classified as <b>Sangiovese Grosso</b> and <b>Sangiovese Piccolo</b>. The Sangiovese Grosso family included the clones growing in the Brunello region as well as the clones known as <i>Prugnolo Gentile</i> and <i>Sangiovese di Lamole</i> that was grown in the <a href="/wiki/Greve_in_Chianti" title="Greve in Chianti">Greve in Chianti</a> region. The Sangiovese Grosso, according to Molon, produced the highest quality wine, while the varieties in the Sangiovese Piccolo family, which included the majority of clones, produced wine of a lesser degree of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, research by the Italian government and Chianti Classico Consorizo discovered that some of the best producing clones, from a wine quality perspective, came from the <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> region where they are today being propagated under the names <i>R24</i> and <i>T19</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Italian study published in 2008 using DNA typing showed a close genetic relationship between Sangiovese on the one hand and ten other Italian grape varieties on the other hand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foglia_Tonda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foglia Tonda (page does not exist)">Foglia Tonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frappato" title="Frappato">Frappato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaglioppo" title="Gaglioppo">Gaglioppo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantonicone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantonicone (page does not exist)">Mantonicone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morellino_del_Casentino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morellino del Casentino (page does not exist)">Morellino del Casentino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morellino_del_Valdarno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morellino del Valdarno (page does not exist)">Morellino del Valdarno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerello_Mascalese" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerello Mascalese">Nerello Mascalese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuccanese_di_Turi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuccanese di Turi (page does not exist)">Tuccanese di Turi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susumaniello" title="Susumaniello">Susumaniello</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernaccia_Nera_del_Valdarno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernaccia Nera del Valdarno (page does not exist)">Vernaccia Nera del Valdarno</a>. It is possible, and even likely, that Sangiovese is one of the parents of each of these grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Crespan_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespan_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these grape varieties are spread over different parts of Italy (Apulia, Calabria, Sicily and Tuscany), this confirmed by genetic methods that Sangiovese is a key variety in the pedigree of red Italian grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA analysis in 2001 also suggests a strong genetic relationship between Sangiovese and <a href="/wiki/Aleatico" title="Aleatico">Aleatico</a>, a grape variety predominantly growing in Apulia, though the exact nature of this relationship has yet to be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montalcino_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/220px-Montalcino_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/330px-Montalcino_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/440px-Montalcino_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese grapes in the Montalcino region of Tuscany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg/220px-Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg/330px-Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg/440px-Vineyards_Val_D%27Orcia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Amiata" title="Monte Amiata">Monte Amiata</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sangiovese has shown itself to be adaptable to many different types of <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soils">vineyard soils</a> but seems to thrive in soils with a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, having the potential to produce elegant wines with forceful aromas. In the Chianti Classico region, Sangiovese thrives on the highly <a href="/wiki/Friable" class="mw-redirect" title="Friable">friable</a> <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>-<a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> soil known as <i>galestro</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Montalcino" title="Montalcino">Montalcino</a> region, there is a high proportion of limestone-based <i>alberese</i> soils alternating with deposits of <i>galestro</i>. The lesser zones of the generic Chianti appellation are predominantly clay, which often produce as high quality of wine as <i>alberese</i> and <i>galestro</i> do.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape requires a long growing season, as it <a href="/wiki/Buds_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buds (vine)">buds</a> early and is slow to <a href="/wiki/Ripen_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripen (wine)">ripen</a>. The grape requires sufficient warmth to ripen fully, but too much warmth and its flavours can become diluted.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvests</a> in Italy have traditionally begun after September 29, with modern harvest often taking place in mid-late October. A longer growing season gives the grapes time to develop richness and potential <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a>. However, in cool <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintages</a> this can result in the grapes having high levels of <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a> and harsh, unripened <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a>. In regions (like some areas of Tuscany) that are prone to rainfall in October, there is a risk for <a href="/wiki/Grape_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape disease">rot</a> due to the Sangiovese grape's thin skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other areas, such as the dry conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley_AVA" title="Columbia Valley AVA">Columbia Valley AVA</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State (wine)">Washington State</a>, the grape has good resistance to <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> conditions and often requires little <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the best quality, <a href="/wiki/Yields_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yields (wine)">yields</a> need to be kept in check as the vine is notably vigorous and prone to overproduction. In Chianti, most quality conscious producers limit their yields to 3 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> (1.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>) of fruit per vine. Wine made from high-yielding vines tend to produce wines with light color, high acidity, and less <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, which are likely to <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a> ("brown") prematurely due to a lower concentration of <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> (anti-oxidants).<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fully developed grapes are typically 19 mm long x 17 mm wide, with an average weight of 3 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soils with low fertility are ideal and help control some of the vigor of the vine. Planting vines in high densities in order to curb vigor may have the adverse effect of increasing <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> and limiting the amount of direct sunlight that can reach the ripening grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in understanding the quality and characteristics of the different clones of Sangiovese has led to the identification and propagation of superior clones. While high-yielding clones have been favored in the past, more attention is being paid to matching the clone to the vineyard site and controlling the vine's vigor.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/270px-Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/405px-Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/540px-Clare_Valley_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>To add color and fruit to the wine, some winemakers will blend their Sangiovese with Cabernet Sauvignon <i>(pictured)</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The high acidity and light body characteristics of the Sangiovese grape can present a problem for winemaking. The grape also lacks some of the color-creating <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">phenolic compounds</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Acylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Acylated">acylated</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern winemakers have devised many techniques trying to find ways to add body and texture to Sangiovese — ranging from using grapes that come from extremely low yielding vines, to adjusting the temperature and length of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> and employing extensive <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> treatment. One historical technique is the blending of other grape varieties with Sangiovese, in order to complement its attractive qualities and fill in the gaps of some of its weaker points. The Sangiovese-based wines of Chianti have a long tradition of liberally employed blending partners—such as Canaiolo, Ciliegiolo, <a href="/wiki/Mammolo" title="Mammolo">Mammolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorino" title="Colorino">Colorino</a> and even the white wine grapes like Trebbiano and Malvasia. Since the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (wine)">Bordeaux</a> grapes, most notably Cabernet Sauvignon, have been a favored blending partner though in many Italian DOC/<a href="/wiki/DOCG" class="mw-redirect" title="DOCG">DOCG</a> regions there is often a maximum limit on the amount of other varietals that can be blended with Sangiovese; in Chianti the limit for Cabernet is 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other techniques used to improve the quality of Sangiovese include extending the <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> period from 7–12 days to 3–4 weeks to give the must more time to leach vital <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">phenols</a> out of the grape skins. Transferring the wine during fermentation into new <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak barrels</a> for <a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">malolactic fermentation</a> gives greater <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tannins_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins (wine)">tannins</a> and contributes to a softer, rounder <a href="/wiki/Mouthfeel" title="Mouthfeel">mouthfeel</a>. Additionally, Sangiovese has shown itself to be a "sponge" for soaking up sweet <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> and other oak compounds from the barrel. For <a href="/wiki/Aging_the_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging the wine">aging the wine</a>, some modern producers will utilize new French oak barrels but there is a tradition of using large, used oak <i>botti</i> barrels that hold five to six <a href="/wiki/Hectoliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliter">hectoliters</a> of wine. Some traditional producers still use the old <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> barrels in their cellars.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiovese_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sangiovese_wine.jpg/220px-Sangiovese_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sangiovese_wine.jpg/330px-Sangiovese_wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sangiovese_wine.jpg/440px-Sangiovese_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese wine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg/200px-CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg/300px-CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg/400px-CHIANTI_glass_%26_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A glass of Chianti made primarily from Sangiovese.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Sangiovese plantings are found worldwide, the grape's homeland is central Italy. From there the grape was taken to North and South America by Italian immigrants. It first achieved some popularity in <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a> where in the <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendoza Province (wine)">Mendoza</a> region it produced wines that had few similarities to its Tuscan counterparts. In <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a> the grape found a sudden surge of popularity in the late 1980s with the "Cal-Ital" movement of winemakers seeking red wine alternatives to the standard <a href="/wiki/French_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (wine)">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietals</a> of Cabernet Sauvignon, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there was over 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of Sangiovese planted in Italy in 1990, plantings of the grape began to decline. However, at the turn of the 21st century, Italy was still the leading source for Sangiovese, with 69,790 hectares (172,500 acres) planted in 2000, primarily in the Tuscany, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzo (wine)">Abruzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a> was next with 6,928 acres (2,804 ha), followed by <a href="/wiki/Romania_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania (wine)">Romania</a> with 1,700 hectares (4,200 acres), the <a href="/wiki/Corsica_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica (wine)">Corsica</a> region in <a href="/wiki/France_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="France (wine)">France</a> with 1,663 hectares (4,110 acres), California with 1,371 hectares (3,390 acres) and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a> with 440 hectares (1,100 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, Sangiovese is the most widely planted red <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">grape variety</a>. It is an officially recommended variety in 53 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a> and an authorized planting in an additional 13.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accounts for approximately 10% of all vineyard plantings in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more than 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) planted to one of the many clonal variation of the grape. Throughout Italy it is known under a variety of names including <i>Brunello, Morellino, Nielluccio</i> and <i>Prugnolo Gentile</i>. It is the main grape used in the popular red wines of Tuscany, where it is the solitary grape of <a href="/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcino" title="Brunello di Montalcino">Brunello di Montalcino</a> and the primary component of the wines of <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vino_Nobile_di_Montepulciano" title="Vino Nobile di Montepulciano">Vino Nobile di Montepulciano</a> and many "Super Tuscans". Outside Tuscany, it is found throughout central Italy where it places an important role in the <i><a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_Origine_Controllata_e_Garantita" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita">Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita</a></i> (DOCG) wines of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torgiano_Rosso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torgiano Rosso (page does not exist)">Torgiano Rosso</a> Riserva in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conero_(DOCG)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conero (DOCG) (page does not exist)">Conero</a> in Marche and the <i>Denominazione di Origine Controllata</i> (DOC) wines of Montefalco Rosso in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosso_Piceno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosso Piceno (page does not exist)">Rosso Piceno</a> in Marche. Significant Sangiovese plantings can also be found outside central Italy in <a href="/wiki/Lombardia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia (wine)">Lombardia</a>, Emilia-Romagna, <a href="/wiki/Valpolicella" title="Valpolicella">Valpolicella</a> and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intense fruit and deep color of Cabernet was shown to be well suited for blending with Sangiovese but banned in many Italian DOCs. In the 1970s, the rise of "Super Tuscans"-wines that eschew DOC regulation in favor of the lower classification of <i><a href="/wiki/Vino_da_tavola" class="mw-redirect" title="Vino da tavola">vino da tavola</a></i>-increased the demand for more flexibility in the DOC laws. While the first DOC to be permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese was approved for <a href="/wiki/Carmignano_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmignano (wine)">Carmignano</a> in 1975, most of Tuscany's premier wine regions were not permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese till the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuscany">Tuscany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tuscany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bello_Brunello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bello_Brunello.jpg/230px-Bello_Brunello.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bello_Brunello.jpg/345px-Bello_Brunello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bello_Brunello.jpg/460px-Bello_Brunello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A glass of Brunello di Montalcino.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the early to mid-20th century, the quality of Chianti was in low regard. DOC regulation that stipulate the relatively bland Trebbiano and Malvasia grapes needed to account for at least 10% of the finished blend, with consequent higher acidity and diluted flavours. Some wineries trucked in <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full bodied</a> and jammy red wines from Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> to add color and alcohol to the blend—an illegal practice that did little to improve the quality of Chianti. From the 1970s through the 1980s, a revolution of sorts spread through Tuscany as the quality of the Sangiovese grape was rediscovered. Winemakers became more ambitious and willing to step outside DOC regulations to make 100% <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> Sangiovese or a "Super Tuscan" blend with Bordeaux varietals like Cabernet and Merlot.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today there is a broad range of style of Chianti reflecting the Sangiovese influence and winemaker's touch. Traditional Sangiovese emphasize herbal and <a href="/wiki/Bitter_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter cherry">bitter cherry</a> notes, while more modern, Bordeaux-influenced wines have more <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> fruit with vanilla oak and spice. Stylistic and <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> based differences also emerge among the various sub-zones of the <a href="/wiki/Chianti_(region)" title="Chianti (region)">Chianti region</a>. The ideal vineyard locations are found on south and southwest-facing slopes at altitudes between 490–1,800 ft (150–550 m). In general, Sangiovese has a more difficult time fully ripening in the Chianti region than it does in the Montalcino and <a href="/wiki/Maremma" title="Maremma">Maremma</a> regions to the south. This is due to cooler nighttime temperatures and high propensity for rainfall in September and October that can affect harvest time.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-19th century, a local farmer named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemente_Santi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemente Santi (page does not exist)">Clemente Santi</a> isolated certain plantings of Sangiovese vines in order to produce a 100% <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> wine that could be aged for a considerable period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dummies_pp_159-163_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pp_159-163-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, his grandson <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Biondi-Santi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferruccio Biondi-Santi (page does not exist)">Ferruccio Biondi-Santi</a>—a veteran soldier who fought under <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> during the <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Risorgimento</a></i>—released the first "modern version" of <i>Brunello di Montalcino</i>, which was aged for over a decade in large wood <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">barrels</a>. By the mid-20th century, this 100% varietal Sangiovese was eagerly being sought out by critics and wine drinkers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_423_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_423-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Montalcino region seems to have ideal conditions for ripening Sangiovese with the potential for full ripeness achievable even on north-facing slopes. These slopes tend to produce lighter and more elegant wines that then those made from vineyards on south and southwest facing slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th and early 21st century, the Maremma region located in the southwest corner of Tuscany has seen vast expansion and a surge of investment from outside the region. The area is reliably warm with a shorter growing season. Sangiovese grown in the Maremma is capable of developing broad character but does have the potential of developing too much alcohol and not enough <a href="/wiki/Aroma_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma (wine)">aroma</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_Tuscany">Outside Tuscany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outside Tuscany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin_Santo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vin_Santo.JPG/220px-Vin_Santo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vin_Santo.JPG/330px-Vin_Santo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vin_Santo.JPG/440px-Vin_Santo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese can be made in a variety of styles, including the dessert wine <i>Vin Santo</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sangiovese is considered the "workhorse" grape of central Italy, producing everything from everyday drinking to premium wines in a variety of styles-from red still wines, to <i><a href="/wiki/Rosato_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosato (wine)">rosato</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Sweet_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet (wine)">sweet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Passito" class="mw-redirect" title="Passito">passito</a></i>, semi-sparkling <i><a href="/wiki/Frizzante" class="mw-redirect" title="Frizzante">frizzante</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Vin_Santo" title="Vin Santo">Vin Santo</a>. In northern Italy, the grape is a minor variety with it having difficulties ripening north of Emilia-Romagna. In the south, it is mainly used as a blending partner with the region's local grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Primitivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitivo">Primitivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> region of Emilia-Romagna, the same grape is called <i>Sangiovese di Romagna</i> and is widely planted across the region. Like its neighboring Tuscan brother, Sangiovese di Romagna has shown itself to spring off a variety of clones that can produce a wide range of quality—from very poor to very fine. Viticulturists have worked with Romagna vines to produce new clonal varieties of high quality (most notably the clones R24 & T19). </p><p>Sangiovese di Romagna adapts to different soil types, producing richer, more full bodied and tannic wines in the central provinces of <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and lighter, fruitier wines in the western and eastern extremes of the regions near the border with <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and Marche. The grape seems to produce the highest quality wine in the <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> rich hills south of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Emilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Emilia">Via Emilia</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> which is covered by much of the Sangiovese di Romagna DOC zone. The higher summer time temperatures of this area gives more opportunity for Sangiovese to sufficiently ripen.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese_di_Romagna_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangiovese di Romagna DOC (page does not exist)">Sangiovese di Romagna DOC</a> zone includes over 17,500 acres (7,100 ha) of Sangiovese that produces on average 3.4 million <a href="/wiki/U.S._gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. gallon">U.S. gallons</a> (130,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectoliters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliters">hl</a>) of wine a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Old_World_wine_regions">Other Old World wine regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Old World wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="France (wine)">France</a>, while some producers in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc (wine)">Languedoc</a> are now experimenting with the variety, Sangiovese has a long history on the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica (wine)">Corsica</a> where it is known as <i>Nielluccio</i>. The grape was likely brought to the island sometime between 14th and 18th century when it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Here it is often blended with <a href="/wiki/Sciaccarello" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciaccarello">Sciaccarello</a> and is a permitted grape in several <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée">Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée</a></i> (AOC)s, most notable in <a href="/wiki/Patrimonio" title="Patrimonio">Patrimonio</a>, where it is used for both red and <i><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a></i> wine production. In 2008, there were 1,319 hectares (3,260 acres) of Sangiovese/Nielluccio on Corsica.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece (wine)">Greece</a>, producers in the northeastern wine region of <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="East Macedonia and Thrace">East Macedonia and Thrace</a> are experimenting with oak-aged "Super Tuscan" style blends of Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon. Additional plantings of Sangiovese can be found in <a href="/wiki/Israel_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel (wine)">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta (wine)">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey (wine)">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland (wine)">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiovese_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sangiovese_grapes.jpg/220px-Sangiovese_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sangiovese_grapes.jpg/330px-Sangiovese_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sangiovese_grapes.jpg/440px-Sangiovese_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Sangiovese grapes ripening during the period of <i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">veraison</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador County, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian immigrants brought Sangiovese to <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a> in the late 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Winepros_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winepros-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seghesio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seghesio (page does not exist)">Seghesio</a> Family's "Chianti Station," near <a href="/wiki/Geyserville" class="mw-redirect" title="Geyserville">Geyserville</a>. But it was never considered very important until the success of the Super Tuscans in the 1980s spurred new interest in the grape. In 1991, there were nearly 200 acres (81 ha) planted with Sangiovese. By 2003, that number rose to nearly 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) with plantings across the state, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley (wine)">Napa Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_county_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma county (wine)">Sonoma county</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo">San Luis Obispo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Foothills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Foothills (AVA)">Sierra Foothills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in recent years plantings of the variety have declined to 1,950 acres (790 ha) by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early results in the late 20th century, were not very promising for California winemakers. Poor site and clonal selection had the grape planted in <a href="/wiki/Sonoita_AVA" title="Sonoita AVA">vineyards</a> that gave it too much exposure to the sun, producing wines that had little in common with the wines of Tuscany. The <a href="/wiki/Antinori" title="Antinori">Antinori</a> family, which once owned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_Peak_Vineyards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas Peak Vineyards (page does not exist)">Atlas Peak Vineyards</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Peak_AVA" title="Atlas Peak AVA">Atlas Peak AVA</a> in the foothills of Napa Valley found that the greater intensity of sunlight in California may have been one possible factor for the poorer quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the style of these Californian Sangiovese tend to be more fruit-driven than their Tuscan counterparts with some floral notes. Recent years have focused on improving vineyard site and clonal selection as well as giving the vines time to age and develop in quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amador_Sangiovese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amador_Sangiovese.jpg/220px-Amador_Sangiovese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amador_Sangiovese.jpg/330px-Amador_Sangiovese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amador_Sangiovese.jpg/440px-Amador_Sangiovese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A California Sangiovese from Amador County in the Sierra Foothills.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State (wine)">Washington State</a>, one of the first commercial plantings of Sangiovese was at <a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_Vineyard" title="Red Willow Vineyard">Red Willow Vineyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_AVA" title="Yakima Valley AVA">Yakima Valley AVA</a>. Today, winemakers are seeking out locations that can highlight the varietal character of Sangiovese. These young plantings in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla Walla (AVA)">Walla Walla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naches_Heights_AVA" title="Naches Heights AVA">Naches Heights AVA</a> and Yakima Valley have so far produced wines with a spicy and tart cherry flavours, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribes_rubrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribes rubrum">red currants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> leaf notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_74_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pp_74-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in California, plantings of Sangiovese in Washington have declined in recent years to 185 acres (75 ha) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other areas in the United States with sizable plantings of Sangiovese include the <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue Valley (AVA)">Rogue Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_AVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpqua AVA">Umpqua AVA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon (wine)">Oregon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monticello_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monticello (AVA)">Monticello</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (wine)">Virginia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sonoita_AVA" title="Sonoita AVA">Sonoita AVA</a> with 45 acres planted in Arizona, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country_AVA" title="Texas Hill Country AVA">Texas Hill Country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas (wine)">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada (wine)">Canada</a>, there are less than 10 acres (4.0 ha) of Sangiovese planted, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ontario_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario (wine)">Ontario</a> where some producers in <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a> are experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a> versions of the grape. A small amount of the grape can also be found in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia (wine)">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_New_World_regions">Other New World regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other New World regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg/220px-Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg/330px-Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg/440px-Washington_Sangiovese_blend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A "Super Tuscan-style" Sangiovese blend from Washington State.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian immigrants introduced the Sangiovese vine to <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a> in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early site and clonal selection was less than ideal and, like California and Australia, recent endeavors have focused on finding the best clones to use and the right vineyard locations. The grape is not widely planted in Argentina and the focus is mostly on the export market. In 2008 there were 2,319 hectares (5,730 acres) of Sangiovese planted, most of it in the <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_wine" title="Mendoza wine">Mendoza wine</a> region with other isolated plantings in <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_Province,_Argentina" title="La Rioja Province, Argentina">La Rioja</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Province,_Argentina" title="San Juan Province, Argentina">San Juan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> range, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean winemakers</a> have been experimenting with plantings with 124 hectares (310 acres) in 2008. <a href="/wiki/Brazil_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil (wine)">Brazil</a> reported 25 hectares (62 acres) of Sangiovese in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexican wine</a> industry has also recently begun planting the vine.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangiovese is becoming increasingly popular as a red wine grape in <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>, having been introduced by the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years, this single clone (H6V9) imported from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California-Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California-Davis">University of California-Davis</a> was the only available clone for Australian winemakers. The first large-scale commercial planting of the grape was in the 1980s when <a href="/wiki/Penfolds" title="Penfolds">Penfolds</a> expanded their Kalimna vineyard in the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a>. As the availability of clones expanded (currently 10 available commercially as of 2011), so did plantings of Sangiovese with 517 hectares (1,280 acres) in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in California, Australian winemakers have begun seeking out the best vineyard location for the grape and being more selective in which clones are planted. Some regions that have shown promise for the grape include the <a href="/wiki/Karridale" class="mw-redirect" title="Karridale">Karridale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River" title="Margaret River">Margaret River</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Langhorne_Creek_wine_region" title="Langhorne Creek wine region">Langhorne Creek</a> , <a href="/wiki/Strathalbyn,_South_Australia" title="Strathalbyn, South Australia">Strathalbyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young (New South Wales)">Young</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales (wine)">New South Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanthorpe">Stanthorpe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (wine)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand (wine)">New Zealand</a>, the first varietal version of Sangiovese was released in 1998 and today there are 6 hectares (15 acres) of the grape planted, mostly on the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> around <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. </p><p>A small amount of Sangiovese is grown in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (wine)">South Africa</a> with 63 hectares (160 acres) reported in 2008, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darling,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Darling, Western Cape">Darling</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 10 wineries make Sangiovese<sup id="cite_ref-Platter_pp_26._23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platter_pp_26.-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wines">Wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg/220px-Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg/330px-Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg/440px-Rosso_di_Montalcino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Rosso di Montalcino made from 100% Sangiovese in the Brunello di Montalcino region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wines made from Sangiovese tend to exhibit the grape's naturally high <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a> as well as moderate to high <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannin</a> content and light color. Blending can have a pronounced effect on enhancing or tempering the wine's quality. The dominant nature of Cabernet can sometimes have a disproportionate influence on the wine, even overwhelming Sangiovese character with <a href="/wiki/Black_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cherry">black cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_currant" class="mw-redirect" title="Black currant">black currant</a>, mulberry and plum fruit. Even percentages as low as 4 to 5% of Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm the Sangiovese if the fruit quality is not high. As the wine ages, some of these Cabernet dominant flavours can soften and reveal more Sangiovese character.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pp_176-180_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pp_176-180-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different regions will impart varietal character on the wine with Tuscan Sangiovese having a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a> component of <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">violets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. In their youth, Tuscan Sangiovese can have <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>-savoriness to it that enhances its herbal component. Californian examples tend to have more bright, red fruit flavours with some <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> or darker fruits depending on the proportion of Cabernet blended in. Argentine examples showing a hybrid between the Tuscan and California Sangiovese with juicy red fruit wines that end on a bitter cherry note.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangiovese based wines have the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">potential to age</a> but the vast majority of Sangiovese wines are intended to be consumed relatively early in their lives. The wines with the longest aging potential are the Super Tuscans and Brunello di Montalcino wines that can age for upwards of 20 years in ideal <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintages</a>. These premium examples may need 5 to 10 years to develop before they drink well. The potentially lighter Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Carmignano and Rosso di Montalcino tend to open earlier (around 5 years of age) but have a shorter life span of 8 to 10 years. The aging potential of Chianti is highly variable, depending on the producer, vintage and sub-zone of the Chianti region it is produced in. Basic Chianti is meant to be consumed within 3 to 4 years after vintage while top examples of Chianti Classico Riserva can last for upwards of 15 years. New World Sangiovese has so far, shown a relatively short window of drinkability with most examples best consumed with 3 to 4 years after harvest with some basic examples of Argentine Sangiovese having the potential to only improve for a year after bottling.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="With_food">With food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: With food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sangiovese's high acidity and moderate alcohol makes it a very food-friendly wine when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Food_and_wine_pairings" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and wine pairings">food and wine pairings</a>. One of the classic pairings in <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> is tomato-based pasta and pizza sauces with a Sangiovese-based Chianti. Varietal Sangiovese or those with a smaller proportion of the powerful, full-bodied Cabernet blended in, can accentuate the flavours of relatively bland dishes like <a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">meatloaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">roast chicken</a>. Herb seasoning such as <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">sage</a> play off the herbal notes of the grapes. Sangiovese that has been subject to more aggressive oak treatment pairs well with grilled and smoked food. If Cabernet, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> plays a dominant role, the food pairing option should treat the Sangiovese blend as one of those fuller-<a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">bodied</a> reds and pair with heavier dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a> and thick soups like <i><a href="/wiki/Ribollita" title="Ribollita">ribollita</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Puréed">puréed</a> <a href="/wiki/Bean_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean soup">bean soup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pp_176-180_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pp_176-180-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, Sangiovese has been known under a variety of synonyms, many of which have come to be associated with a particular clone of the grape variety. Among the synonyms recognized for the grape are: Brunelletto (in the <a href="/wiki/Grosseto" title="Grosseto">Grosseto</a> region of Tuscany), Brunello, Brunello di Montalcino, Cacchiano (in Tuscany), Calabrese (in Tuscany), Cardisco, Chiantino (in Tuscany), Cordisio, Corinto nero (on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> in Sicily), Dolcetto Precoce, Guarnacciola (in the <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> region of Campania), Ingannacane, Lambrusco Mendoza (in Tuscany), Maglioppa, Montepulciano, Morellino, Morellone, Negrello (in Calabria), Negretta, Nerello (in Sicily), Nerello Campotu (in Calabria), Nerino, Niella (in Corsica), Nielluccia, Nielluccio (in Corsica), Pigniuolo Rosso, Pignolo, Plant Romain, Primaticcio, Prugnolo, Prugnolo Dolce (in Tuscany), Prugnolo di Montepulciano, Prugnolo Gentile, Prugnolo Gentile di Montepulciano, Puttanella (in Calabria), Riminese, Rosso di Montalcino, San Gioveto, San Zoveto (in Tuscany), Sancivetro, Sangineto, Sangiogheto (in Tuscany), Sangiovese dal Cannello Lungo, Sangiovese di Lamole, Sangiovese di Romagna, Sangiovese Dolce, Sangiovese Gentile, Sangiovese Grosso, Sangiovese Nostrano, Sangiovese Piccolo, Sangiovese Toscano, Sangioveto (in Tuscany), Sangioveto dell'Elba, Sangioveto Dolce, Sangioveto Grosso, Sangioveto Montanino, Sanvincetro, Sanzoveto, Tabernello, Tignolo, Tipsa, Toustain (in <a href="/wiki/Algeria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria (wine)">Algeria</a>), Tuccanese (in Apulia), Uva Abruzzi, Uva Tosca, Uvetta, Uva brunella, Uva Canina, Vigna del Conte (in Calabria) and Vigna Maggio (in Tuscany).<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_variety" title="International variety">International variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_grape_varieties" title="List of Italian grape varieties">List of Italian grape varieties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAN</span>-joh-<span style="font-size:90%">VAY</span>-zee</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠jee-oh-, -⁠jee-ə-</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAHN</span>-, <span style="font-size:90%">SAHN</span>-joh-<span style="font-size:90%">VEEZ</span>, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">VEESS</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[sandʒoˈveːze,<span class="wrap"> </span>-eːse]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sangiovese">"Sangiovese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Sangiovese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsangiovese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529100708/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Sangiovese">"Sangiovese"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182816/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sangiovese">"Sangiovese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sangiovese">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sangiovese&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FSangiovese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Sangiovese" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Sangiovese">"Sangiovese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Sangiovese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DSangiovese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sangiovese">"Sangiovese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Sangiovese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSangiovese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_pp_150-152-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pp_150-152_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_J1986" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J (1986). <i>Vines, Grapes & Wines</i>. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 150–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6"><bdi>1-85732-999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vines%2C+Grapes+%26+Wines&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-85732-999-6&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp_606-607-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_606-607_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_J2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/606"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/606">606–607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=606-607&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2022" class="citation news cs1">Freedman, Brian (14 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianfreedman/2022/01/14/wines-of-the-week-tio-pepe-fino-en-rama-bibi-graetz-colore-and-a-winter-perfect-gin-from-revivalist-spirits/">"Wines Of The Week: Tio Pepe Fino En Rama, Bibi Graetz Colore And A Winter-Perfect Gin From Revivalist Spirits"</a>. Forbes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wines+Of+The+Week%3A+Tio+Pepe+Fino+En+Rama%2C+Bibi+Graetz+Colore+And+A+Winter-Perfect+Gin+From+Revivalist+Spirits&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbrianfreedman%2F2022%2F01%2F14%2Fwines-of-the-week-tio-pepe-fino-en-rama-bibi-graetz-colore-and-a-winter-perfect-gin-from-revivalist-spirits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_J" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713090142/http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/inside1130">"Italian grape mysteries unraveled"</a>. jancisrobinson.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/inside1130">the original</a> on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+grape+mysteries+unraveled&rft.pub=jancisrobinson.com&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jancisrobinson.com%2Farticles%2Finside1130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winepros-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winepros_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winepros_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/sangiovese.htm">"Sangiovese"</a>. 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Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz, <i>Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i>, pp. 942-946, Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2">978-1-846-14446-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSET-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSET_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wine & Spirits Education Trust, <i>Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality</i>, pp. 6-9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905819157" title="Special:BookSources/9781905819157">9781905819157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespan_2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crespan_2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitis-vea.de/admin/volltext/w1%2008%20895.pdf"><i>‘Sangiovese’ and ‘Garganega’ are two key varieties of the Italian grapevine assortment evolution</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112637/http://www.vitis-vea.de/admin/volltext/w1%2008%20895.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, M. Crespan, A. Calò, S. Giannetto, A. Sparacio, P. Storchi and A. Costacurta, Vitis <b>47</b> (2), pp. 97–104 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pp_209-216-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_209-216_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz Clarke, <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i>, pp. 209-216, Harcourt Books 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4">0-15-100714-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIVC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulEibach,_R.1999" class="citation web cs1">Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427134038/http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"</a>. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">the original</a> on 2007-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitis+International+Variety+Catalogue&rft.pub=Information+and+Coordination+Centre+for+Biological+Diversity+%28IBV%29+of+the+Federal+Agency+for+Agriculture+and+Food+%28BLE%29%2C+Deichmanns+Aue+29%2C+53179+Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Maul&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Eibach%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genres.de%2Fidb%2Fvitis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intowine.com/italian-wine-journeys-chianti">"Italian Wine Journeys:Chianti"</a>. IntoWine.com. 26 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Wine+Journeys%3AChianti&rft.pub=IntoWine.com&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intowine.com%2Fitalian-wine-journeys-chianti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dummies_pp_159-163-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dummies_pp_159-163_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy, <i>Italian Wines for Dummies</i>, p. 159-161 Hungry Minds 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-5355-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-5355-0">0-7645-5355-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pp_423-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pp_423_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Johnson, <i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i>, pp. 423, Simon and Schuster 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6">0-671-68702-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregutt_pp_74-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_74_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gregutt, <i>Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide</i>, p. 74, University of California Press 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4">0-520-24869-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appellation America <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Sangiovese.html">Sangiovese</a>"</i> Accessed: January 4, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Arizona/Publications/Special_Interest_Reports/2014_AZ_Vineyard_Report_Final_09192014.pdf">"ARIZONA VINEYARD SURVEY - 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARIZONA+VINEYARD+SURVEY+-+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nass.usda.gov%2FStatistics_by_State%2FArizona%2FPublications%2FSpecial_Interest_Reports%2F2014_AZ_Vineyard_Report_Final_09192014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/grapeswines.htm">State Library of South Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807005112/http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/grapeswines.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platter_pp_26.-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Platter_pp_26._23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Zyl,_P2009" class="citation book cs1">van Zyl, P, ed. (2009). <i>Platter's South African Wines 2009</i>. Newsome McDowall. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9584506-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9584506-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9584506-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platter%27s+South+African+Wines+2009&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Newsome+McDowall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9584506-7-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASangiovese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein_pp_176-180-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pp_176-180_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pp_176-180_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Goldstein, <i>Perfect Pairings</i>, pp. 176-180, University of California Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4">978-0-520-24377-4</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangiovese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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