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id="toc-Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Plains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Compressional features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Volcanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_conditions_and_exosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_conditions_and_exosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Surface conditions and exosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_conditions_and_exosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_field_and_magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_field_and_magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Magnetic field and magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field_and_magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit,_rotation,_and_longitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit,_rotation,_and_longitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orbit, rotation, and longitude </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbit,_rotation,_and_longitude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orbit, rotation, and longitude subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orbit,_rotation,_and_longitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longitude_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longitude_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Longitude convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longitude_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin-orbit_resonance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin-orbit_resonance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Spin-orbit resonance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-orbit_resonance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_of_perihelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_of_perihelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Advance of perihelion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_of_perihelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Observation history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_astronomers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_astronomers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ancient astronomers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_astronomers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground-based_telescopic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-based_telescopic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ground-based telescopic research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-based_telescopic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_with_space_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_with_space_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Research with space probes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_with_space_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mariner_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariner_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Mariner 10 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariner_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MESSENGER" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MESSENGER"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 MESSENGER </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MESSENGER-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BepiColombo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BepiColombo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 BepiColombo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BepiColombo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perseverance_rover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perseverance_rover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Perseverance rover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perseverance_rover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mercury (planet)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 239 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-239" aria-hidden="true" > 239 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius" title="Mercurius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mercurius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(Planet)" title="Merkur (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Merkur (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ኣጣርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኣጣርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुध ग्रह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बुध ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%8Dden_(tungol)" title="Wōden (tungol) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wōden (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(planeta)" title="Mercurio (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mercurio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C3%A2)" title="Mercur (planetâ) – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mercur (planetâ)" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rcuro_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Mèrcuro (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mèrcuro (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বুধ গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বুধ গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuriu_(planeta)" title="Mercuriu (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mercuriu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुध ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बुध ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mek%C3%BArio" title="Mekúrio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mekúrio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri_(planet)" title="Merkuri (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Merkuri (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rkurius" title="Mérkurius – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mérkurius" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বুধ গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুধ গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Chúi-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Меркурый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Меркурый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Мэркурый – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэркурый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="बुध (ग्रह) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बुध (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuryo_(planeta)" title="Merkuryo (planeta) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Merkuryo (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Меркурий (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Меркурий (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(Planet)" title="Merkur (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Merkur (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%27her_(planedenn)" title="Merc'her (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Merc'her (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Һагба (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һагба (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(planeta)" title="Mercuri (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mercuri (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuryo_(planeta)" title="Merkuryo (planeta) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Merkuryo (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(planeta)" title="Merkur (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Merkur (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamatsatse" title="Nyamatsatse – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyamatsatse" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Luskaka" title="Chanya la Luskaka – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Luskaka" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercher_(planed)" title="Mercher (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mercher (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(planet)" title="Merkur (planet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Merkur (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(Planet)" title="Merkur (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Merkur (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3kiwii" title="Mókiwii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Mókiwii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(planet)" title="Merkur (planet) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Merkur (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुधग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुधग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2" title="མར་ཀུ་རི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མར་ཀུ་རི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuur" title="Merkuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merkuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Ερμής (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερμής (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%BBri" title="Mercûri – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mercûri" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(planeta)" title="Mercurio (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mercurio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuro_(planedo)" title="Merkuro (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Merkuro (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuriu_(praneta)" title="Mercuriu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mercuriu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurio_(planeta)" title="Merkurio (planeta) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkurio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhgrah" title="Budhgrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Budhgrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mercure (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercure (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuerius_(planeet)" title="Merkuerius (planeet) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Merkuerius (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mearcair_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Mearcair (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mearcair (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curain" title="Curain – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Curain" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mearcar_(planaid)" title="Mearcar (planaid) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mearcar (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(planeta)" title="Mercurio (planeta) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mercurio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="水星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiur%C4%A9" title="Makiurĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Makiurĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عۊطارد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="عۊطارد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A7_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="બુધ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બુધ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAi-s%C3%AAn" title="Súi-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Súi-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Меркурий һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Меркурий һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%84%B1" title="수성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukaliali%CA%BBi" title="Ukalialiʻi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ukalialiʻi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Մերկուրի (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերկուրի (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="बुध (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुध (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuro" title="Merkuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Merkuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurio" title="Merkurio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Merkurio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(planeta)" title="Mercurio (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mercurio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur" title="Mercur – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mercur" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%91%B0%E1%95%86" title="ᒥᕐᑰᕆ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒥᕐᑰᕆ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMercury_(iplanethi)" title="IMercury (iplanethi) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IMercury (iplanethi)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNomjubane" title="UNomjubane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNomjubane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BAr_(reikistjarna)" title="Merkúr (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Merkúr (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(astronomia)" title="Mercurio (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercurio (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="כוכב חמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב חמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9B%C9%9Brkiiri" title="Mɛɛrkiiri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɛɛrkiiri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A7" title="ಬುಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BAriu" title="Merkúriu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Merkúriu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მერკური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერკური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%84%D8%AF_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D8%AF)" title="بۄد (گرٛہُد) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بۄد (گرٛہُد)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%B9ri" title="Merkùri – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Merkùri" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Меркурий (ғаламшар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Меркурий (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merher_(planet)" title="Merher (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Merher (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaridi" title="Utaridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utaridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkure" title="Merkure – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Merkure" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niskaduz" title="Niskaduz – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Niskaduz" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ki_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Mèki (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mèki (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rkir_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Mèrkir (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mèrkir (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEr_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Tîr (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîr (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercul" title="Miercul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Miercul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ດາວພຸດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວພຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius_(planeta)" title="Mercurius (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mercurius (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurs_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Merkurs (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Merkurs (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Merkur (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Merkur (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurijus_(planeta)" title="Merkurijus (planeta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Merkurijus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%BBrio_(astronomia)" title="Mercûrio (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mercûrio (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius_(planeet)" title="Mercurius (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mercurius (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekul%C3%A9" title="Mekulé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mekulé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio" title="Mercurio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mercurio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/merkurios" title="merkurios – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="merkurios" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_(pianeta)" title="Mercurio (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mercurio (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BAr" title="Merkúr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Merkúr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Меркур (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меркур (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkiora_(planeta)" title="Merkiora (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Merkiora (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="ബുധൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurju_(pjaneta)" title="Merkurju (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Merkurju (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुध ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुध ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="მერკური (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მერკური (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utarid" title="Utarid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utarid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi-s%C4%ADng" title="Cūi-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%C3%BArio_(planeta)" title="Marcúrio (planeta) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Marcúrio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Меркури (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Меркури (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Буд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဟူးဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဟူးဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay%C4%ABnalc%C4%ABtlalli" title="Payīnalcītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Payīnalcītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekuri_(planet)" title="Mekuri (planet) – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Mekuri (planet)" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mercury" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius_(planeet)" title="Mercurius (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mercurius (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius_(planeet)" title="Merkurius (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Merkurius (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%91%96%E1%90%A2%E1%91%95%E1%90%B2%E1%90%8A%E1%90%A7%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᑖᐢᑕᐲᐊᐧᑖᕁ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᑖᐢᑕᐲᐊᐧᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुधग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुधग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="सुनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio" title="Mercurio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mercurio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9C%DF%90%DF%9E%DF%8E" title="ߜߐߞߎ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߜߐߞߎ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Merkur" title="Planeten Merkur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Merkur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rtchure" title="Mèrtchure – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mèrtchure" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurie_(planete)" title="Merkurie (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Merkurie (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(planeta)" title="Mercuri (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mercuri (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A7" title="ବୁଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୁଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkurii" title="Meerkurii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Meerkurii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuriy" title="Merkuriy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Merkuriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਬੁੱਧ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁੱਧ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerkiuri_(planit)" title="Moerkiuri (planit) – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Moerkiuri (planit)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%92_(%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96)" title="ពុធ (ភព) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពុធ (ភព)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_(pianeta)" title="Mercuri (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mercuri (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur_(Planet)" title="Merkur (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Merkur (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkury" title="Merkury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Merkury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%BArio_(planeta)" title="Mercúrio (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mercúrio (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuriy_(planeta)" title="Merkuriy (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Merkuriy (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utarit" title="Utarit – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Utarit" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81%C3%A8ro" title="Tāèro – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tāèro" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrkuur_(Planneet)" title="Merrkuur (Planneet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Merrkuur (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mercur (planetă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budor" title="Budor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Budor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(planet)" title="Mercur (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mercur (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatuylla" title="Qatuylla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatuylla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Меркур (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Меркур (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%A5%D1%8D" title="Мэндэҥэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэндэҥэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83" title="बुधः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बुधः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%B9riu_(praneta)" title="Mercùriu (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mercùriu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercur_(planet)" title="Mercur (planet) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mercur (planet)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri_(planet)" title="Merkuri (planet) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Merkuri (planet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircuriu_(pianeta)" title="Mircuriu (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mircuriu (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B0" title="බුධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mercury (planet)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BAr" title="Merkúr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Merkúr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Єрмии – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єрмии" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkury" title="Merkury – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Merkury" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusaa" title="Dusaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dusaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="زاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80" title="Меркур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Меркур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rkurius" title="Mérkurius – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mérkurius" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuryo_(planeta)" title="Merkuryo (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Merkuryo (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="புதன் (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதன் (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azwaq" title="Azwaq – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azwaq" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziwe%C9%A3_(amtiweg)" title="Aziweɣ (amtiweg) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aziweɣ (amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Меркурий (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Меркурий (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="బుధుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బుధుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98" title="ดาวพุธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวพุธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Уторид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уторид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎹᎫᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᎫᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BCr" title="Merkür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Merkür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri%C3%BD" title="Merkuriý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Merkuriý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makyuri" title="Makyuri – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Makyuri" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Меркурий – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Меркурий" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Меркурій (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меркурій (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عطارد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عطارد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%83%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="مېركۇرىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېركۇرىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqraemx" title="Ndaundeiqraemx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqraemx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merc%C3%B9rio_(astronomia)" title="Mercùrio (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mercùrio (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurii" title="Merkurii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Merkurii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Th%E1%BB%A7y" title="Sao Thủy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Thủy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuriy" title="Merkuriy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Merkuriy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuur" title="Merkuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Merkuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mierkeure_(planete)" title="Mierkeure (planete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mierkeure (planete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B0%E6%98%9F" title="辰星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="辰星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius_(planete)" title="Mercurius (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mercurius (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuryo_(planeta)" title="Merkuryo (planeta) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Merkuryo (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuur" title="Merkuur – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Merkuur" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מערקור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מערקור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rk%C3%BAr%C3%AD%C3%B9_(p%C3%A1l%C3%A1n%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%AC)" title="Mẹ́rkúríù (pálánẹ́tì) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́rkúríù (pálánẹ́tì)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merkur" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurius_(planete)" title="Mercurius (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mercurius (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkor%C4%97jos_(planeta)" title="Merkorėjos (planeta) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Merkorėjos (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekuri" title="Mekuri – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mekuri" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utarid" title="Utarid – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Utarid" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Merkurius" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri" title="Merkuri – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Merkuri" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%87" title="ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q308#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First planet from the Sun</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mercury</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/290px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/435px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/580px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1040" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mercury in <a href="/wiki/False_color#True_color" title="False color">true color</a> (by <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> in 2008)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Gainsboro">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɜːrkjʊri/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/En-us-Mercury.ogg\/En-us-Mercury.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mercury.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/En-us-Mercury.ogg/En-us-Mercury.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mercury.ogg" title="File:En-us-Mercury.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mercurian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mərˈkjʊəriən/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Mercurial <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mərˈkjʊəriəl/</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Mercury_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-horizons-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.466697 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (69.82 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.307499 AU (46.00 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.387098 AU (57.91 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.205630<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>87.9691 d</li> <li>0.240846 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>0.5 Mercury <a href="/wiki/Synodic_day" title="Synodic day">synodic days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">115.88 d<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">47.36 km/s<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">174.796°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>7.005° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a></li> <li>3.38° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a></li> <li>6.35° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">48.331°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.124°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Gainsboro">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2,439.7±1.0 km<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-7">[7]</a></li> <li>0.3829 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0009<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>7.48×107 km2<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></li> <li>0.147 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6.083×1010 km3<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></li> <li>0.056 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3.3011×1023 kg<a href="#cite_note-Mazarico2014-8">[8]</a></li> <li>0.055 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.427 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7 m/s2 (0.38 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a>)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.346±0.014<a href="#cite_note-Margot2012-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.25 km/s<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">176 d<a href="#cite_note-ESO-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>58.646 d</li> <li>1407.5 h<a href="#cite_note-nasa-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.026 m/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.04′ ± 0.08′ (to orbit)<a href="#cite_note-Margot2012-9">[9]</a> (0.034°)<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>18h 44m 2s</li> <li>281.01° <a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">61.41° <a href="#cite_note-iau2015-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>0.088 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama-12">[12]</a></li> <li>0.142 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geom.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MallamaMercury-13">[13]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">437 K (164 °C) (<a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">blackbody temperature</a>)<a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society_2013-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">0°N, 0°W <a href="#cite_note-vasa-15">[15]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">−173 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">67 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">427 °C</td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">85°N, 0°W<a href="#cite_note-vasa-15">[15]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">−193 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">−73 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">106.85 °C</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−2.48 to +7.25<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−0.4<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.5–13″<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Gainsboro">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milillo_et_al_2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berezhnoy2018-19">[19]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">trace (≲ 0.5 nPa)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>atomic <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a></li> <li>atomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>Trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen">dinitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>Mercury is the first <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the smallest in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. In English, it is named after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> god Mercurius (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>), god of commerce and communication, and the messenger of the gods. Mercury is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a>, with roughly the same surface <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The surface of Mercury is heavily <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">cratered</a>, as a result of countless <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a> that have accumulated over billions of years. Its largest crater, <a href="/wiki/Caloris_Planitia" title="Caloris Planitia">Caloris Planitia</a>, has a diameter of 1,550 km (960 mi), which is about one-third the diameter of the planet (4,880 km or 3,030 mi). Similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, Mercury's surface displays an expansive <a href="/wiki/Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a> system generated from <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> and bright <a href="/wiki/Ray_system" title="Ray system">ray systems</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">impact event remnants</a>. Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a> (88.0 Earth days) and <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> (58.65 Earth days) are in a 3:2 ratio. This relationship is called <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking#Planets" title="Tidal locking">spin–orbit resonance</a>, and sidereal here means "relative to the stars". Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts for around 176 Earth days: twice the planet's sidereal year. This means that one side of Mercury will remain in sunlight for one Mercurian year of 88 Earth days; while during the next orbit, that side will be in darkness all the time until the next sunrise after another 88 Earth days. Combined with its high <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a>, the planet's surface has widely varying <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> intensity and temperature, with the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> regions ranging from −170 °C (−270 °F) at night to 420 °C (790 °F) during sunlight. Due to the very small <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, the planet's poles are <a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">permanently shadowed</a>. This strongly suggests that <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> could be present in the craters. Above the planet's surface is an extremely tenuous <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">faint magnetic field</a> that is strong enough to deflect <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar winds</a>. Mercury has no <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a>. As of the early 2020s, many broad details of Mercury's geological history are still under investigation or pending data from space probes. Like other planets in the Solar System, Mercury was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Its <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is highly homogeneous, which suggests that Mercury had a <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma ocean</a> early in its history, like the Moon. According to current <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">models</a>, Mercury may have a solid <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> crust and mantle overlying a solid outer core, a deeper liquid core layer, and a solid inner core. There are many competing hypotheses about Mercury's origins and development, some of which incorporate collision with <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> and rock vaporization. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> Historically, humans knew Mercury by different names depending on whether it was an evening star or a morning star. By about 350 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> had realized the two stars were one.<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-20">[20]</a> They knew the planet as Στίλβων Stilbōn, meaning "twinkling", and Ἑρμής <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermēs</a>, for its fleeting motion,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> a name that is retained in modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (Ερμής Ermis).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Romans named the planet after the swift-footed Roman messenger god, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> (Latin Mercurius), whom they equated with the Greek Hermes, because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet,<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> though some associated the planet with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> instead, as detailed by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRGA_Planetae-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for Mercury is a stylized version of Hermes' <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>; a Christian cross was added in the 16th century:<a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/310px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/465px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/620px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Mercury to scale among the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">Inner Solar System</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass objects</a> beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left: Mercury, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>)</figcaption></figure> Mercury is one of four <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, which means it is a rocky body like Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System, with an <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> of 2,439.7 kilometres (1,516.0 mi).<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> Mercury is also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Solar System objects by radius">smaller</a>—albeit more massive—than the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> in the Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. Mercury consists of approximately 70% metallic and 30% <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> material.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg/350px-Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg/525px-Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg/700px-Mercury_with_magnetic_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Mercury's internal structure and magnetic field</figcaption></figure> Mercury appears to have a solid silicate <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and mantle overlying a solid, metallic outer core layer, a deeper liquid core layer, and a solid inner core.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The composition of the iron-rich core remains uncertain, but it likely contains nickel, silicon and perhaps sulfur and carbon, plus trace amounts of other elements.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The planet's density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 g/cm3, only slightly less than Earth's density of 5.515 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> If the effect of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_compression" title="Gravitational compression">gravitational compression</a> were to be factored out from both planets, the materials of which Mercury is made would be denser than those of Earth, with an uncompressed density of 5.3 g/cm3 versus Earth's 4.4 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Mercury's density can be used to infer details of its inner structure. Although Earth's high density results appreciably from gravitational compression, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, Mercury is much smaller and its inner regions are not as compressed. Therefore, for it to have such a high density, its core must be large and rich in iron.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The radius of Mercury's core is estimated to be 2,020 ± 30 km (1,255 ± 19 mi), based on interior models constrained to be consistent with a <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">moment of inertia factor</a> of 0.346±0.014.<a href="#cite_note-Margot2012-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauck_etal_2013-33">[33]</a> Hence, Mercury's core occupies about 57% of its volume; for Earth this proportion is 17%. Research published in 2007 suggests that Mercury has a molten core.<a href="#cite_note-cornell-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrao-35">[35]</a> The mantle-crust layer is in total 420 km (260 mi) thick.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Projections differ as to the size of the crust specifically; data from the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER probes suggests a thickness of 35 km (22 mi), whereas an <a href="/wiki/Airy_isostacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy isostacy">Airy isostacy</a> model suggests a thickness of 26 ± 11 km (16.2 ± 6.8 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Padovan2015-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> One distinctive feature of Mercury's surface is the presence of numerous narrow ridges, extending up to several hundred kilometers in length. It is thought that these were formed as Mercury's core and mantle cooled and contracted at a time when the crust had already solidified.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Mercury's core has a higher iron content than that of any other planet in the Solar System, and several theories have been proposed to explain this. The most widely accepted theory is that Mercury originally had a metal–silicate ratio similar to common <a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">chondrite</a> meteorites, thought to be typical of the Solar System's rocky matter, and a mass approximately 2.25 times its current mass.<a href="#cite_note-Benz-43">[43]</a> Early in the Solar System's history, Mercury may have been struck by a <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimal</a> of approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄6 Mercury's mass and several thousand kilometers across.<a href="#cite_note-Benz-43">[43]</a> The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle, leaving the core behind as a relatively major component.<a href="#cite_note-Benz-43">[43]</a> A similar process, known as the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">giant impact hypothesis</a>, has been proposed to explain the formation of Earth's Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Benz-43">[43]</a> Alternatively, Mercury may have formed from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> before the Sun's energy output had stabilized. It would initially have had twice its present mass, but as the <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protosun</a> contracted, temperatures near Mercury could have been between 2,500 and 3,500 K and possibly even as high as 10,000 K.<a href="#cite_note-CameronAGW1-44">[44]</a> Much of Mercury's surface rock could have been vaporized at such temperatures, forming an atmosphere of "rock vapor" that could have been carried away by the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CameronAGW1-44">[44]</a> A third hypothesis proposes that the solar nebula caused <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> on the particles from which Mercury was <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreting</a>, which meant that lighter particles were lost from the accreting material and not gathered by Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Each hypothesis predicts a different surface composition, and two space missions have been tasked with making observations of this composition. The first <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>, which ended in 2015, found higher-than-expected potassium and sulfur levels on the surface, suggesting that the giant impact hypothesis and vaporization of the crust and mantle did not occur because said potassium and sulfur would have been driven off by the extreme heat of these events.<a href="#cite_note-csmon20110929-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a>, which will arrive at Mercury in 2025, will make observations to test these hypotheses.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-Bepi-47">[47]</a> The findings so far would seem to favor the third hypothesis; however, further analysis of the data is needed.<a href="#cite_note-intra-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_geology">Surface geology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mercury" title="Geology of Mercury">Geology of Mercury</a></div> Mercury's surface is similar in appearance to that of the Moon, showing extensive <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">mare</a>-like plains and heavy cratering, indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years. It is more <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> than the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> or the Moon, both of which contain significant stretches of similar geology, such as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">maria</a> and plateaus.<a href="#cite_note-awst169_18_18-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a> features are areas of markedly different reflectivity, which include impact craters, the resulting ejecta, and <a href="/wiki/Ray_system" title="Ray system">ray systems</a>. Larger albedo features correspond to higher reflectivity plains.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mercury has "<a href="/wiki/Wrinkle-ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrinkle-ridge">wrinkle-ridges</a>" (dorsa), Moon-like <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a>, mountains (montes), plains (planitiae), escarpments (rupes), and valleys (<a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">valles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-DunneCh7-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg/220px-Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg/330px-Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg/440px-Unmasking_the_Secrets_of_Mercury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER#Scientific_instruments" title="MESSENGER">MASCS</a> spectrum scan of Mercury's surface by MESSENGER</figcaption></figure> The planet's mantle is chemically heterogeneous, suggesting the planet went through a <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma ocean</a> phase early in its history. Crystallization of minerals and convective overturn resulted in a layered, chemically heterogeneous crust with large-scale variations in chemical composition observed on the surface. The crust is low in iron but high in sulfur, resulting from the stronger early <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reduction">chemically reducing</a> conditions than is found on other terrestrial planets. The surface is dominated by iron-poor <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, as represented by <a href="/wiki/Enstatite" title="Enstatite">enstatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a>, respectively, along with sodium-rich <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> and minerals of mixed magnesium, calcium, and iron-sulfide. The less reflective regions of the crust are high in carbon, most likely in the form of graphite.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Names for features on Mercury come from a variety of sources and are set according to the <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">planetary nomenclature</a> system. Names coming from people are limited to the deceased. Craters are named for artists, musicians, painters, and authors who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field. Ridges, or dorsa, are named for scientists who have contributed to the study of Mercury. Depressions or <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossa (geology)">fossae</a> are named for works of architecture. Montes are named for the word "hot" in a variety of languages. <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plains</a> or planitiae are named for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (god)">Mercury</a> in various languages. <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">Escarpments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rup%C4%93s" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupēs">rupēs</a> are named for ships of scientific expeditions. Valleys or valles are named for abandoned cities, towns, or settlements of antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_basins_and_craters">Impact basins and craters</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg/220px-PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg/330px-PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg/440px-PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Enhanced-color image of craters <a href="/wiki/Munch_(crater)" title="Munch (crater)">Munch</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Sander_(crater)" title="Sander (crater)">Sander</a> (center), and <a href="/wiki/Poe_(crater)" title="Poe (crater)">Poe</a> (right) amid volcanic plains (orange) near <a href="/wiki/Caloris_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloris Basin">Caloris Basin</a></figcaption></figure> Mercury was heavily bombarded by comets and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> during and shortly following its formation 4.6 billion years ago, as well as during a possibly separate subsequent episode called the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> that ended 3.8 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Mercury received impacts over its entire surface during this period of intense crater formation,<a href="#cite_note-DunneCh7-52">[52]</a> facilitated by the lack of any <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> to slow impactors down.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> During this time Mercury was <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanically</a> active; basins were filled by <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, producing smooth plains similar to the maria found on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> One of the most unusual craters is <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_(crater)" title="Apollodorus (crater)">Apollodorus</a>, or "the Spider", which hosts a series of radiating troughs extending outwards from its impact site.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craters_on_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Craters on Mercury">Craters on Mercury</a> range in diameter from small bowl-shaped cavities to <a href="/wiki/Multi-ringed_impact_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ringed impact basin">multi-ringed impact basins</a> hundreds of kilometers across. They appear in all states of degradation, from relatively fresh rayed craters to highly degraded crater remnants. Mercurian craters differ subtly from lunar craters in that the area blanketed by their ejecta is much smaller, a consequence of Mercury's stronger surface gravity.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> rules, each new crater must be named after an artist who was famous for more than fifty years, and dead for more than three years, before the date the crater is named.<a href="#cite_note-Ritzel-62">[62]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mighty_Caloris_(PIA19213).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png/151px-The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png/227px-The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png/302px-The_Mighty_Caloris_%28PIA19213%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4472" data-file-height="4472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Overhead view of Caloris Basin</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg/233px-PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg/350px-PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg/466px-PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5057" data-file-height="3272" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perspective view of Caloris Basin – high (red); low (blue)</div></div></div></div></div> The largest known crater is <a href="/wiki/Caloris_Planitia" title="Caloris Planitia">Caloris Planitia</a>, or Caloris Basin, with a diameter of 1,550 km (960 mi).<a href="#cite_note-newscientist30012008-63">[63]</a> The impact that created the Caloris Basin was so powerful that it caused <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> eruptions and left a concentric mountainous ring ~2 km (1.2 mi) tall surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>. The floor of the Caloris Basin is filled by a geologically distinct flat plain, broken up by ridges and fractures in a roughly polygonal pattern. It is not clear whether they were volcanic lava flows induced by the impact or a large sheet of impact melt.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipode</a> of the Caloris Basin is a large region of unusual, hilly terrain known as the "Weird Terrain". One hypothesis for its origin is that shock waves generated during the Caloris impact traveled around Mercury, converging at the basin's antipode (180 degrees away). The resulting high stresses fractured the surface.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Alternatively, it has been suggested that this terrain formed as a result of the convergence of ejecta at this basin's antipode.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EW1027346412Gnomap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/EW1027346412Gnomap.png/220px-EW1027346412Gnomap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/EW1027346412Gnomap.png/330px-EW1027346412Gnomap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/EW1027346412Gnomap.png/440px-EW1027346412Gnomap.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoj basin is along the bottom of this image of Mercury's limb</figcaption></figure> Overall, 46 impact basins have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A notable basin is the 400 km (250 mi)-wide, multi-ring <a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoj Basin">Tolstoj Basin</a> that has an ejecta blanket extending up to 500 km (310 mi) from its rim and a floor that has been filled by smooth plains materials. <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven Basin">Beethoven Basin</a> has a similar-sized ejecta blanket and a 625 km (388 mi)-diameter rim.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> Like the Moon, the surface of Mercury has likely incurred the effects of <a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">space weathering</a> processes, including solar wind and <a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">micrometeorite</a> impacts.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plains">Plains</h4></div> There are two geologically distinct plains regions on Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-WagWolIva01-68">[68]</a> Gently rolling, hilly <a href="/wiki/Inter-crater_plains_on_Mercury" title="Inter-crater plains on Mercury">plains in the regions between craters</a> are Mercury's oldest visible surfaces,<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> predating the heavily cratered terrain. These inter-crater plains appear to have obliterated many earlier craters, and show a general paucity of smaller craters below about 30 km (19 mi) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-WagWolIva01-68">[68]</a> Smooth plains are widespread flat areas that fill depressions of various sizes and bear a strong resemblance to lunar maria. Unlike lunar maria, the smooth plains of Mercury have the same albedo as the older inter-crater plains. Despite a lack of unequivocally volcanic characteristics, the localization and rounded, lobate shape of these plains strongly support volcanic origins.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> All the smooth plains of Mercury formed significantly later than the Caloris basin, as evidenced by appreciably smaller crater densities than on the Caloris ejecta blanket.<a href="#cite_note-Spudis01-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compressional_features">Compressional features</h4></div> An unusual feature of Mercury's surface is the numerous compression folds, or <a href="/wiki/Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a>, that crisscross the plains. These exist on the Moon, but are much more prominent on Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> As Mercury's interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform, creating <a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">wrinkle ridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobate_scarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobate scarp">lobate scarps</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a>. The scarps can reach lengths of 1,000 km (620 mi) and heights of 3 km (1.9 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Choi2016.09-70">[70]</a> These compressional features can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smooth plains, indicating they are more recent.<a href="#cite_note-Dzurisin1978-71">[71]</a> Mapping of the features has suggested a total shrinkage of Mercury's radius in the range of ~1–7 km (0.62–4.35 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Watters2016-72">[72]</a> Most activity along the major thrust systems probably ended about 3.6–3.7 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Small-scale thrust fault scarps have been found, tens of meters in height and with lengths in the range of a few kilometers, that appear to be less than 50 million years old, indicating that compression of the interior and consequent surface geological activity continue to the present.<a href="#cite_note-Choi2016.09-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watters2016-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picasso_crater.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Picasso_crater.png/220px-Picasso_crater.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Picasso_crater.png/330px-Picasso_crater.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Picasso_crater.png/440px-Picasso_crater.png 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Picasso_(crater)" title="Picasso (crater)">Picasso crater</a>—the large arc-shaped pit located on the eastern side of its floor is postulated to have formed when subsurface magma subsided or drained, causing the surface to collapse into the resulting void.</figcaption></figure> There is evidence for <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> on Mercury from low-profile <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerber_2009-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volcanism_2011-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-becca-76">[76]</a> Fifty-one pyroclastic deposits have been identified,<a href="#cite_note-Groudge_2014-77">[77]</a> where 90% of them are found within impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-Groudge_2014-77">[77]</a> A study of the degradation state of the impact craters that host pyroclastic deposits suggests that pyroclastic activity occurred on Mercury over a prolonged interval.<a href="#cite_note-Groudge_2014-77">[77]</a> A "rimless depression" inside the southwest rim of the Caloris Basin consists of at least nine overlapping volcanic vents, each individually up to 8 km (5.0 mi) in diameter. It is thus a "<a href="/wiki/Compound_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound volcano">compound volcano</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rothery_2014-78">[78]</a> The vent floors are at least 1 km (0.62 mi) below their brinks and they bear a closer resemblance to volcanic craters sculpted by explosive eruptions or modified by collapse into void spaces created by magma withdrawal back down into a conduit.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery_2014-78">[78]</a> Scientists could not quantify the age of the volcanic complex system but reported that it could be on the order of a billion years.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery_2014-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_conditions_and_exosphere">Surface conditions and exosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Atmosphere of Mercury</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg/220px-North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg/330px-North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg/440px-North_pole_of_Mercury_--_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Composite of the north pole of Mercury, where NASA confirmed the discovery of a large volume of water ice, in permanently dark craters that are found there.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2012-11-28-79">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F).<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a> It never rises above 180 K at the poles,<a href="#cite_note-vasa-15">[15]</a> due to the absence of an atmosphere and a steep temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. At <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>, the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Subsolar_point" title="Subsolar point">subsolar point</a> is located at latitude 0°W or 180°W, and it climbs to a temperature of about 700 K. During <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>, this occurs at 90° or 270°W and reaches only 550 K.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K.<a href="#cite_note-vasa-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The intensity of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a> (1,370 W·m−2).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Although daylight temperatures at the surface of Mercury are generally extremely high, observations strongly suggest that ice (frozen water) exists on Mercury. The floors of deep craters at the poles are never exposed to direct sunlight, and temperatures there remain below 102 K, far lower than the global average.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This creates a <a href="/wiki/Cold_trap_(astronomy)" title="Cold trap (astronomy)">cold trap</a> where ice can accumulate. Water ice strongly reflects <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and observations by the 70-meter <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Solar_System_Radar" title="Goldstone Solar System Radar">Goldstone Solar System Radar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">VLA</a> in the early 1990s revealed that there are patches of high radar <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> near the poles.<a href="#cite_note-Slade_et_al_1992-85">[85]</a> Although ice was not the only possible cause of these reflective regions, astronomers thought it to be the most likely explanation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> was confirmed using MESSENGER images of craters at the north pole.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2012-11-28-79">[79]</a> The icy crater regions are estimated to contain about 1014–1015 kg of ice,<a href="#cite_note-Zahnle1-87">[87]</a> and may be covered by a layer of <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> that inhibits <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> ice sheet on Earth has a mass of about 4×1018 kg, and Mars's south polar cap contains about 1016 kg of water.<a href="#cite_note-Zahnle1-87">[87]</a> The origin of the ice on Mercury is not yet known, but the two most likely sources are from <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> of water from the planet's interior and deposition by impacts of comets.<a href="#cite_note-Zahnle1-87">[87]</a> Mercury is too small and hot for its <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> to retain any significant <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars).<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> It includes <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Milillo_et_al_2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berezhnoy2018-19">[19]</a> This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">Hydrogen atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium_atom" title="Helium atom">helium atoms</a> probably come from the solar wind, <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusing</a> into Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> before later escaping back into space. The <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as comets striking its surface, <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a> creating water out of hydrogen from the solar wind and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O+, OH−, and <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">H3O+</a> was a surprise.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Sodium, potassium, and calcium were discovered in the atmosphere during the 1980s–1990s, and are thought to result primarily from the vaporization of surface rock struck by micrometeorite impacts<a href="#cite_note-Killen2007-94">[94]</a> including presently from <a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Comet Encke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2008, magnesium was discovered by MESSENGER.<a href="#cite_note-McClintock2009-96">[96]</a> Studies indicate that, at times, sodium emissions are localized at points that correspond to the planet's magnetic poles. This would indicate an interaction between the magnetosphere and the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-chaikin1-97">[97]</a> According to NASA, Mercury is not a suitable planet for Earth-like life. It has a <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">surface boundary exosphere</a> instead of a layered atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and high solar radiation. It is unlikely that any living beings can withstand those conditions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Some parts of the subsurface of Mercury may have been <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Life_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Life form">life forms</a>, albeit likely primitive <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, may have existed on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200324-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-SR-20200316-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field_and_magnetosphere">Magnetic field and magnetosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">Mercury's magnetic field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg/220px-Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg/330px-Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg/440px-Mercury_Magnetic_Field_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing relative strength of Mercury's magnetic field</figcaption></figure> Despite its small size and slow 59-day-long rotation, Mercury has a significant, and apparently global, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. According to measurements taken by Mariner 10, it is about 1.1% the strength of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's</a>. The magnetic-field strength at Mercury's equator is about 300 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">nT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Like that of Earth, Mercury's magnetic field is <a href="/wiki/Dipolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipolar">dipolar</a><a href="#cite_note-chaikin1-97">[97]</a> and nearly aligned with the planet's spin axis (10° dipolar tilt, compared to 11° for Earth).<a href="#cite_note-qq-104">[104]</a> Measurements from both the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER space probes have indicated that the strength and shape of the magnetic field are stable.<a href="#cite_note-qq-104">[104]</a> It is likely that this magnetic field is generated by a <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo</a> effect, in a manner similar to the magnetic field of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This dynamo effect would result from the circulation of the planet's iron-rich liquid core. Particularly strong <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> effects caused by the planet's high orbital eccentricity would serve to keep part of the core in the liquid state necessary for this dynamo effect.<a href="#cite_note-Spohn2001-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind around the planet, creating a magnetosphere. The planet's magnetosphere, though small enough to fit within Earth,<a href="#cite_note-chaikin1-97">[97]</a> is strong enough to trap solar wind <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>. This contributes to the space weathering of the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-qq-104">[104]</a> Observations taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft detected this low energy plasma in the magnetosphere of the planet's nightside. Bursts of energetic particles in the planet's magnetotail indicate a dynamic quality to the planet's magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-chaikin1-97">[97]</a> During its second flyby of the planet on October 6, 2008, MESSENGER discovered that Mercury's magnetic field can be extremely "leaky". The spacecraft encountered magnetic "tornadoes"—twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary magnetic field to interplanetary space—that were up to 800 km wide or a third of the radius of the planet. These twisted magnetic flux tubes, technically known as <a href="/wiki/Flux_transfer_event" title="Flux transfer event">flux transfer events</a>, form open windows in the planet's magnetic shield through which the solar wind may enter and directly impact Mercury's surface via <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA060209-109">[109]</a> This also occurs in Earth's magnetic field. The MESSENGER observations showed the reconnection rate was ten times higher at Mercury, but its proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by MESSENGER.<a href="#cite_note-NASA060209-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit,_rotation,_and_longitude">Orbit, rotation, and longitude</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg/192px-ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg/288px-ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg/384px-ThePlanets_Orbits_Mercury_PolarView.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orbit of Mercury (2006)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercuryorbitsolarsystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mercuryorbitsolarsystem.gif/192px-Mercuryorbitsolarsystem.gif" decoding="async" width="192" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mercuryorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="249" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animation of Mercury's and Earth's revolution around the Sun</div></div></div></div></div> Mercury has the most <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> orbit of all the planets in the Solar System; its eccentricity is 0.21 with its distance from the Sun ranging from 46,000,000 to 70,000,000 km (29,000,000 to 43,000,000 mi). It takes 87.969 Earth days to complete an orbit. The diagram illustrates the effects of the eccentricity, showing Mercury's orbit overlaid with a circular orbit having the same <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a>. Mercury's higher velocity when it is near perihelion is clear from the greater distance it covers in each 5-day interval. In the diagram, the varying distance of Mercury to the Sun is represented by the size of the planet, which is inversely proportional to Mercury's distance from the Sun. This varying distance to the Sun leads to Mercury's surface being flexed by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal bulge">tidal bulges</a> raised by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> that are about 17 times stronger than the Moon's on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Combined with a 3:2 <a href="#Spin-orbit_resonance">spin–orbit resonance</a> of the planet's rotation around its axis, it also results in complex variations of the surface temperature.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> The resonance makes a single <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> (the length between two <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridian</a> transits of the Sun) on Mercury last exactly two Mercury years, or about 176 Earth days.<a href="#cite_note-compare-111">[111]</a> Mercury's orbit is inclined by 7 degrees to the plane of Earth's orbit (the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>), the largest of all eight known solar planets.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2019-112">[112]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Transits_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Transits of Mercury">transits of Mercury</a> across the face of the Sun can only occur when the planet is crossing the plane of the ecliptic at the time it lies between Earth and the Sun, which is in May or November. This occurs about every seven years on average.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> is almost zero,<a href="#cite_note-Cosmic1-114">[114]</a> with the best measured value as low as 0.027 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Margot2007-115">[115]</a> This is significantly smaller than that of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, which has the second smallest axial tilt of all planets at 3.1 degrees. This means that to an observer at Mercury's poles, the center of the Sun never rises more than 2.1 <a href="/wiki/Arcminutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminutes">arcminutes</a> above the horizon.<a href="#cite_note-Margot2007-115">[115]</a> By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular size</a> of the Sun as seen from Mercury ranges from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄4 to 2 degrees across.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> At certain points on Mercury's surface, an observer would be able to see the Sun peek up a little more than two-thirds of the way over the horizon, then reverse and set before rising again, all within the same <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_skies#Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial skies">Mercurian day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-angular-117">[a]</a> This is because approximately four Earth days before perihelion, Mercury's angular <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital velocity</a> equals its angular <a href="/wiki/Rotational_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational velocity">rotational velocity</a> so that the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Improper_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Improper motion">apparent motion</a> ceases; closer to perihelion, Mercury's angular orbital velocity then exceeds the angular rotational velocity. Thus, to a hypothetical observer on Mercury, the Sun appears to move in a <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">retrograde</a> direction. Four Earth days after perihelion, the Sun's normal apparent motion resumes.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> A similar effect would have occurred if Mercury had been in synchronous rotation: the alternating gain and loss of rotation over a revolution would have caused a libration of 23.65° in longitude.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> For the same reason, there are two points on Mercury's equator, 180 degrees apart in <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, at either of which, around perihelion in alternate Mercurian years (once a Mercurian day), the Sun passes overhead, then reverses its apparent motion and passes overhead again, then reverses a second time and passes overhead a third time, taking a total of about 16 Earth-days for this entire process. In the other alternate Mercurian years, the same thing happens at the other of these two points. The amplitude of the retrograde motion is small, so the overall effect is that, for two or three weeks, the Sun is almost stationary overhead, and is at its most brilliant because Mercury is at perihelion, its closest to the Sun. This prolonged exposure to the Sun at its brightest makes these two points the hottest places on Mercury. Maximum temperature occurs when the Sun is at an angle of about 25 degrees past noon due to <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation#Temperature_lag" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature lag</a>, at 0.4 Mercury days and 0.8 Mercury years past sunrise.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Conversely, there are two other points on the equator, 90 degrees of longitude apart from the first ones, where the Sun passes overhead only when the planet is at aphelion in alternate years, when the apparent motion of the Sun in Mercury's sky is relatively rapid. These points, which are the ones on the equator where the apparent retrograde motion of the Sun happens when it is crossing the horizon as described in the preceding paragraph, receive much less solar heat than the first ones described above.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Mercury attains an inferior conjunction (nearest approach to Earth) every 116 Earth days on average,<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> but this interval can range from 105 days to 129 days due to the planet's eccentric orbit. Mercury can come as near as 82,200,000 km (0.549 astronomical units; 51.1 million miles) to Earth, and that is slowly declining: The next approach to within 82,100,000 km (51 million mi) is in 2679, and to within 82,000,000 km (51 million mi) in 4487, but it will not be closer to Earth than 80,000,000 km (50 million mi) until 28,622.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Its period of retrograde motion as seen from Earth can vary from 8 to 15 days on either side of an inferior conjunction. This large range arises from the planet's high orbital eccentricity.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> Essentially, because Mercury is closest to the Sun, when taking an average over time, Mercury is most often the closest planet to the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-AIP_Publishing_2019_p.-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoreOrLess-123">[122]</a> and—in that measure—it is the closest planet to each of the other planets in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longitude_convention">Longitude convention</h3></div> The longitude convention for Mercury puts the zero of longitude at one of the two hottest points on the surface, as described above. However, when this area was first visited, by Mariner 10, this zero meridian was in darkness, so it was impossible to select a feature on the surface to define the exact position of the meridian. Therefore, a small crater further west was chosen, called <a href="/wiki/Hun_Kal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun Kal">Hun Kal</a>, which provides the exact reference point for measuring longitude.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The center of Hun Kal defines the 20° west meridian. A 1970 International Astronomical Union resolution suggests that longitudes be measured positively in the westerly direction on Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-130">[128]</a> The two hottest places on the equator are therefore at longitudes 0° W and 180° W, and the coolest points on the equator are at longitudes 90° W and 270° W. However, the MESSENGER project uses an east-positive convention.<a href="#cite_note-ArchinalA'Hearn2010-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin-orbit_resonance">Spin-orbit resonance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg/220px-Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg/330px-Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg/440px-Mercury%27s_orbital_resonance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>After one orbit, Mercury has rotated 1.5 times, so after two complete orbits the same hemisphere is again illuminated.</figcaption></figure> For many years it was thought that Mercury was synchronously <a href="/wiki/Tidally_locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidally locked">tidally locked</a> with the Sun, <a href="/wiki/Rotating" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotating">rotating</a> once for each orbit and always keeping the same face directed towards the Sun, in the same way that the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. Radar observations in 1965 proved that the planet has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, rotating three times for every two revolutions around the Sun. The eccentricity of Mercury's orbit makes this resonance stable—at perihelion, when the solar tide is strongest, the Sun is nearly stationary in Mercury's sky.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The 3:2 resonant tidal locking is stabilized by the variance of the tidal force along Mercury's eccentric orbit, acting on a permanent dipole component of Mercury's mass distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Colombo-133">[131]</a> In a circular orbit there is no such variance, so the only resonance stabilized in such an orbit is at 1:1 (e.g., Earth–Moon), when the tidal force, stretching a body along the "center-body" line, exerts a torque that aligns the body's axis of least inertia (the "longest" axis, and the axis of the aforementioned dipole) to always point at the center. However, with noticeable eccentricity, like that of Mercury's orbit, the tidal force has a maximum at perihelion and therefore stabilizes resonances, like 3:2, ensuring that the planet points its axis of least inertia roughly at the Sun when passing through perihelion.<a href="#cite_note-Colombo-133">[131]</a> The original reason astronomers thought it was synchronously locked was that, whenever Mercury was best placed for observation, it was always nearly at the same point in its 3:2 resonance, hence showing the same face. This is because, coincidentally, Mercury's rotation period is almost exactly half of its synodic period with respect to Earth. Due to Mercury's 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, a solar day lasts about 176 Earth days.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> (the period of rotation) lasts about 58.7 Earth days.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> Simulations indicate that the orbital eccentricity of Mercury varies <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotically</a> from nearly zero (circular) to more than 0.45 over millions of years due to <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> from the other planets.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Correia2009-134">[132]</a> This was thought to explain Mercury's 3:2 spin-orbit resonance (rather than the more usual 1:1), because this state is more likely to arise during a period of high eccentricity.<a href="#cite_note-Correia-135">[133]</a> However, accurate modeling based on a realistic model of tidal response has demonstrated that Mercury was captured into the 3:2 spin-orbit state at a very early stage of its history, within 20 (more likely, 10) million years after its formation.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Numerical simulations show that a future <a href="/wiki/Secular_resonance" title="Secular resonance">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonant</a> interaction with the perihelion of Jupiter may cause the eccentricity of Mercury's orbit to increase to the point where there is a 1% chance that the orbit will be destabilized in the next five billion years. If this happens, Mercury may fall into the Sun, collide with Venus, be ejected from the Solar System, or even disrupt the rest of the inner Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Laskar2008-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laskar2009-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advance_of_perihelion">Advance of perihelion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_precession_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion precession of Mercury">Perihelion precession of Mercury</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg/220px-Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg/330px-Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg/440px-Drehung_der_Apsidenlinie_light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">Apsidal precession</a> of Mercury's orbit</figcaption></figure> In 1859, the French mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> reported that the slow <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> of Mercury's orbit around the Sun could not be completely explained by <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a> and perturbations by the known planets. He suggested, among possible explanations, that another planet (or perhaps instead a series of smaller "corpuscules") might exist in an orbit even closer to the Sun than that of Mercury, to account for this perturbation.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Other explanations considered included a slight oblateness of the Sun. The success of the search for <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> based on its perturbations of the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> led astronomers to place faith in this possible explanation, and the hypothetical planet was named <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a>, but no such planet was ever found.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The observed <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_precession" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion precession">perihelion precession</a> of Mercury is 5,600 <a href="/wiki/Arcseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcseconds">arcseconds</a> (1.5556°) per century relative to Earth, or 574.10±0.65 arcseconds per century<a href="#cite_note-Clemence-141">[139]</a> relative to the inertial <a href="/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_Frame" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celestial Reference Frame">ICRF</a>. Newtonian mechanics, taking into account all the effects from the other planets and including 0.0254 arcseconds per century due to the oblateness of the Sun, predicts a precession of 5,557 arcseconds (1.5436°) per century relative to Earth, or 531.63±0.69 arcseconds per century relative to ICRF.<a href="#cite_note-Clemence-141">[139]</a> In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a> provided the explanation for the observed precession, by formalizing gravitation as being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. The effect is small: just 42.980±0.001 arcseconds per century (or 0.43 arcsecond per year, or 0.1035 arcsecond per orbital period) for Mercury; it therefore requires a little over 12.5 million orbits, or 3 million years, for a full excess turn. Similar, but much smaller, effects exist for other Solar System bodies: 8.6247 arcseconds per century for Venus, 3.8387 for Earth, 1.351 for Mars, and 10.05 for <a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury.jpg/220px-Mercury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury.jpg/330px-Mercury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury.jpg/440px-Mercury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Image mosaic by Mariner 10, 1974</figcaption></figure> Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> is calculated to vary between −2.48 (brighter than <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>) around <a href="/wiki/Superior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior conjunction">superior conjunction</a> and +7.25 (below the limit of naked-eye visibility) around <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-16">[16]</a> The mean apparent magnitude is 0.23 while the standard deviation of 1.78 is the largest of any planet. The mean apparent magnitude at superior conjunction is −1.89 while that at inferior conjunction is +5.93.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-16">[16]</a> Observation of Mercury is complicated by its proximity to the Sun, as it is lost in the Sun's glare for much of the time. Mercury can be observed for only a brief period during either morning or evening twilight.<a href="#cite_note-Menzel1964P292-293-144">[142]</a> Ground-based telescope observations of Mercury reveal only an illuminated partial disk with limited detail. The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> cannot observe Mercury at all, due to safety procedures that prevent its pointing too close to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Because the shift of 0.15 revolutions of Earth in a Mercurian year makes up a seven-Mercurian-year cycle (0.15 × 7 ≈ 1.0), in the seventh Mercurian year, Mercury follows almost exactly (earlier by 7 days) the sequence of phenomena it showed seven Mercurian years before.<a href="#cite_note-elongation-146">[144]</a> Like the Moon and Venus, Mercury exhibits <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">phases</a> as seen from Earth. It is "new" at <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a> and "full" at superior conjunction. The planet is rendered invisible from Earth on both of these occasions because of its being obscured by the Sun,<a href="#cite_note-Menzel1964P292-293-144">[142]</a> except at its new phase during a transit. Mercury is technically brightest as seen from Earth when it is at a full phase. Although Mercury is farthest from Earth when it is full, the greater illuminated area that is visible and the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition effect">opposition brightness surge</a> more than compensates for the distance.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-147">[145]</a> The opposite is true for Venus, which appears brightest when it is a <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>, because it is much closer to Earth than when <a href="/wiki/Gibbous" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbous">gibbous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg/220px-PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg/330px-PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg/440px-PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>False-color map showing the maximum temperatures of the north polar region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png/220px-Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png/330px-Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png/440px-Mercury_Venus_Moon_over_San_Jose_08_Jan_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Mercury (lower left) as seen from <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> with Venus and the Moon.</figcaption></figure> Mercury is best observed at the first and last quarter, although they are phases of lesser brightness. The first and last quarter phases occur at greatest <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongation</a> east and west of the Sun, respectively. At both of these times, Mercury's separation from the Sun ranges anywhere from 17.9° at perihelion to 27.8° at aphelion.<a href="#cite_note-elongation-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-MercHorizons-149">[147]</a> At greatest western elongation, Mercury rises at its earliest before sunrise, and at greatest eastern elongation, it sets at its latest after sunset.<a href="#cite_note-RASC2007-150">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg/220px-PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg/330px-PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg/440px-PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>False-color image of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Rupes" title="Carnegie Rupes">Carnegie Rupes</a>, a tectonic landform—high terrain (red); low (blue).</figcaption></figure> Mercury is more often and easily visible from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> than from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a>. This is because Mercury's maximum western elongation occurs only during early autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas its greatest eastern elongation happens only during late winter in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-RASC2007-150">[148]</a> In both of these cases, the angle at which the planet's orbit intersects the horizon is maximized, allowing it to rise several hours before sunrise in the former instance and not set until several hours after sundown in the latter from southern mid-latitudes, such as Argentina and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-RASC2007-150">[148]</a> An alternate method for viewing Mercury involves observing the planet with a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> during daylight hours when conditions are clear, ideally when it is at its greatest elongation. This allows the planet to be found easily, even when using telescopes with 8 cm (3.1 in) apertures. However, great care must be taken to obstruct the Sun from sight because of the extreme risk for eye damage.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> This method bypasses the limitation of twilight observing when the ecliptic is located at a low elevation (e.g. on autumn evenings). The planet is higher in the sky and less atmospheric effects affect the view of the planet. Mercury can be viewed as close as 4° to the Sun near superior conjunction when it is almost at its brightest. Mercury can, like several other planets and the brightest stars, be seen during a total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eclipse-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_history">Observation history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_astronomers">Ancient astronomers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-bonatti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercury-bonatti.png/220px-Mercury-bonatti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercury-bonatti.png/330px-Mercury-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercury-bonatti.png/440px-Mercury-bonatti.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Mercury, from Liber astronomiae, 1550</figcaption></figure> The earliest known recorded observations of Mercury are from the <a href="/wiki/MUL.APIN" title="MUL.APIN">MUL.APIN</a> tablets. These observations were most likely made by an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> astronomer around the 14th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> name used to designate Mercury on the MUL.APIN tablets is transcribed as UDU.IDIM.GU\U4.UD ("the jumping planet").<a href="#cite_note-Cuneiform_MUL-154">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian records</a> of Mercury date back to the 1st millennium BC. The <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> called the planet <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> after the messenger to the gods in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian mythology">their mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JHU_history-156">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath1921-157">[154]</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> wrote about the possibility of planetary transits across the face of the Sun in his work Planetary Hypotheses. He suggested that no transits had been observed either because planets such as Mercury were too small to see, or because transits were too infrequent.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatir500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shatir500.jpg/220px-Shatir500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shatir500.jpg/330px-Shatir500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shatir500.jpg/440px-Shatir500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a>'s model for the appearances of Mercury, showing the multiplication of <a href="/wiki/Epicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycles">epicycles</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a>, thus eliminating the Ptolemaic eccentrics and <a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">equant</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, Mercury was known as "the Hour Star" (Chen-xing 辰星). It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Phases" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Phases">Five Phases</a> system of metaphysics.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean culture">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese culture">Vietnamese</a> cultures refer to the planet literally as the "water star" (水星), based on the <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">Five elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> used the name <a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> for Mercury, and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> (or Woden) of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> may have represented Mercury as an owl (or possibly four owls; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening) that served as a messenger to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Islamic astronomy">medieval Islamic astronomy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī</a> in the 11th century described the <a href="/wiki/Deferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferent">deferent</a> of Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">geocentric orbit</a> as being oval, like an egg or a <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pignon</a>, although this insight did not influence his astronomical theory or his astronomical calculations.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah</a> observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun", which was later suggested as the transit of Mercury and/or Venus by the <a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragha</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Qotb_al-Din_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qotb al-Din Shirazi">Qotb al-Din Shirazi</a> in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Most such medieval reports of transits were later taken as observations of <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> In India, the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a> in the 15th century developed a partially heliocentric planetary model in which Mercury orbits the Sun, which in turn orbits Earth, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tychonic_system" title="Tychonic system">Tychonic system</a> later proposed by <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> in the late 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground-based_telescopic_research">Ground-based telescopic research</h3></div> The first telescopic observations of Mercury were made by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> from 1610. In 1612, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> observed the brightness of Mercury varied with the planet's orbital position and concluded it had phases "in the same way as Venus and the Moon".<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> In 1631, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> made the first telescopic observations of the transit of a planet across the Sun when he saw a transit of Mercury predicted by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. In 1639, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Zupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Zupi">Giovanni Zupi</a> used a telescope to discover that the planet had orbital phases similar to Venus and the Moon. The observation demonstrated conclusively that Mercury orbited the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-strom-27">[27]</a> A rare event in astronomy is the passage of one planet in front of another (<a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>), as seen from Earth. Mercury and Venus occult each other every few centuries, and the event of May 28, 1737, is the only one historically observed, having been seen by <a href="/wiki/John_Bevis" title="John Bevis">John Bevis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The next occultation of Mercury by Venus will be on December 3, 2133.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The difficulties inherent in observing Mercury meant that it was far less studied than the other planets. In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Schröter">Johann Schröter</a> made observations of surface features, claiming to have observed 20-kilometre-high (12 mi) mountains. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> used Schröter's drawings to erroneously estimate the rotation period as 24 hours and an axial tilt of 70°.<a href="#cite_note-sao188r-174">[171]</a> In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> mapped the planet more accurately, and suggested that Mercury's rotational period was 88 days, the same as its orbital period due to tidal locking.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous rotation</a>. The effort to map the surface of Mercury was continued by <a href="/wiki/Eugenios_Antoniadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenios Antoniadi">Eugenios Antoniadi</a>, who published a book in 1934 that included both maps and his own observations.<a href="#cite_note-chaikin1-97">[97]</a> Many of the planet's surface features, particularly the <a href="/wiki/List_of_albedo_features_on_Mercury" title="List of albedo features on Mercury">albedo features</a>, take their names from Antoniadi's map.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> In June 1962, Soviet scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio-engineering_and_Electronics" title="Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics">Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Academy of Sciences">USSR Academy of Sciences</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kotelnikov" title="Vladimir Kotelnikov">Vladimir Kotelnikov</a>, became the first to bounce a radar signal off Mercury and receive it, starting radar observations of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Three years later, radar observations by Americans <a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Pettengill" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon H. Pettengill">Gordon H. Pettengill</a> and Rolf B. Dyce, using the 300-metre-wide (330 yd) <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_radio_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo radio telescope">Arecibo radio telescope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, showed conclusively that the planet's rotational period was about 59 days.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> The theory that Mercury's rotation was synchronous had become widely held, and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced. If Mercury were tidally locked, its dark face would be extremely cold, but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected. Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat-distributing winds to explain the observations.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In 1965, Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Colombo" title="Giuseppe Colombo">Giuseppe Colombo</a> noted that the rotation value was about two-thirds of Mercury's orbital period, and proposed that the planet's orbital and rotational periods were locked into a 3:2 rather than a 1:1 resonance.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Data from Mariner 10 subsequently confirmed this view.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> This means that Schiaparelli's and Antoniadi's maps were not "wrong". Instead, the astronomers saw the same features during every second orbit and recorded them, but disregarded those seen in the meantime, when Mercury's other face was toward the Sun, because the orbital geometry meant that these observations were made under poor viewing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-sao188r-174">[171]</a> Ground-based optical observations did not shed much further light on Mercury, but radio astronomers using interferometry at microwave wavelengths, a technique that enables removal of the solar radiation, were able to discern physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface layers to a depth of several meters.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Not until the first space probe flew past Mercury did many of its most fundamental morphological properties become known. Moreover, technological advances have led to improved ground-based observations. In 2000, high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Lucky_imaging" title="Lucky imaging">lucky imaging</a> observations were conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a> 1.5-metre (4.9 ft) Hale telescope. They provided the first views that resolved surface features on the parts of Mercury that were not imaged in the Mariner 10 mission.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Most of the planet has been mapped by the Arecibo radar telescope, with 5 km (3.1 mi) resolution, including polar deposits in shadowed craters of what may be water ice.<a href="#cite_note-Harm06-188">[185]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Transit_Of_Mercury,_May_9th,_2016.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Transit of Mercury. Mercury is visible as a black dot below and to the left of center. The dark area above the center of the solar disk is a sunspot."><img alt="Transit of Mercury. Mercury is visible as a black dot below and to the left of center. The dark area above the center of the solar disk is a sunspot." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png/200px-Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png/300px-Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png/400px-Transit_Of_Mercury%2C_May_9th%2C_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2990" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transit of Mercury. Mercury is visible as a black dot below and to the left of center. The dark area above the center of the solar disk is a <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspot</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_Elongation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elongation is the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. Mercury appears close to the Sun."><img alt="Elongation is the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. Mercury appears close to the Sun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Planet_Elongation.jpg/200px-Planet_Elongation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Planet_Elongation.jpg/300px-Planet_Elongation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Planet_Elongation.jpg/400px-Planet_Elongation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="223" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">Elongation</a> is the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. Mercury appears close to the Sun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water ice (yellow) at Mercury's north polar region"><img alt="Water ice (yellow) at Mercury's north polar region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg/200px-PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg/300px-PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg/400px-PIA19411-Mercury-WaterIce-Radar-MDIS-Messenger-20150416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2179" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water ice (yellow) at Mercury's north polar region</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_with_space_probes">Research with space probes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Exploration of Mercury</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg/220px-MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg/330px-MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg/440px-MESSENGER_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>MESSENGER being prepared for launch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/220px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/330px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/440px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Mercury transiting the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> as viewed by the Mars rover <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> (June 3, 2014).<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140610-189">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> Reaching Mercury from Earth poses significant technical challenges, because it orbits so much closer to the Sun than Earth. A Mercury-bound spacecraft launched from Earth must travel over 91 million kilometres (57 million miles) into the Sun's gravitational <a href="/wiki/Potential_well" title="Potential well">potential well</a>. Mercury has an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a> of 47.4 km/s (29.5 mi/s), whereas Earth's orbital speed is 29.8 km/s (18.5 mi/s).<a href="#cite_note-Williams2019-112">[112]</a> Therefore, the spacecraft must make a larger change in <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a>) to get to Mercury and then enter orbit,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> as compared to the delta-v required for, say, <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars planetary missions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> liberated by moving down the Sun's potential well becomes <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, requiring a delta-v change to do anything other than pass by Mercury. Some portion of this <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">delta-v budget</a> can be provided from a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> during one or more fly-bys of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> To land safely or enter a stable orbit the spacecraft would rely entirely on rocket motors. <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">Aerobraking</a> is ruled out because Mercury has a negligible atmosphere. A trip to Mercury requires more rocket fuel than that required to <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape</a> the Solar System completely. As a result, only three space probes have visited it so far.<a href="#cite_note-JPLprofile1-192">[189]</a> A proposed alternative approach would use a <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sail</a> to attain a Mercury-synchronous orbit around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariner_10">Mariner 10</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariner_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mariner_10.jpg/220px-Mariner_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mariner_10.jpg/330px-Mariner_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mariner_10.jpg/440px-Mariner_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Mariner 10, the first probe to visit Mercury</figcaption></figure> The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA's Mariner 10 (1974–1975).<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-20">[20]</a> The spacecraft used the gravity of Venus to adjust its orbital velocity so that it could approach Mercury, making it both the first spacecraft to use this gravitational "slingshot" effect and the first NASA mission to visit multiple planets.<a href="#cite_note-DunneCh4-194">[191]</a> Mariner 10 provided the first close-up images of Mercury's surface, which immediately showed its heavily cratered nature, and revealed many other types of geological features, such as the giant scarps that were later ascribed to the effect of the planet shrinking slightly as its iron core cools.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Unfortunately, the same face of the planet was lit at each of Mariner 10's close approaches. This made close observation of both sides of the planet impossible,<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> and resulted in the mapping of less than 45% of the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-USATMessenger-197">[194]</a> The spacecraft made three close approaches to Mercury, the closest of which took it to within 327 km (203 mi) of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-AtlasM10-198">[195]</a> At the first close approach, instruments detected a magnetic field, to the great surprise of planetary geologists—Mercury's rotation was expected to be much too slow to generate a significant <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> effect. The second close approach was primarily used for imaging, but at the third approach, extensive magnetic data were obtained. The data revealed that the planet's magnetic field is much like Earth's, which deflects the solar wind around the planet. For many years after the Mariner 10 encounters, the origin of Mercury's magnetic field remained the subject of several competing theories.<a href="#cite_note-Ness1-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> On March 24, 1975, just eight days after its final close approach, Mariner 10 ran out of fuel. Because its orbit could no longer be accurately controlled, mission controllers instructed the probe to shut down.<a href="#cite_note-DunneCh8-201">[198]</a> Mariner 10 is thought to be still orbiting the Sun, passing close to Mercury every few months.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg/220px-Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg/330px-Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg/440px-Details_of_MESSENGER%27s_Impact_Location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Estimated details of the impact of MESSENGER on April 30, 2015</figcaption></figure> A second NASA mission to Mercury, named MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging), was launched on August 3, 2004. It made a fly-by of Earth in August 2005, and of Venus in October 2006 and June 2007 to place it onto the correct trajectory to reach an orbit around Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> A first fly-by of Mercury occurred on January 14, 2008, a second on October 6, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-MessCountdown-204">[201]</a> and a third on September 29, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Most of the hemisphere not imaged by Mariner 10 was mapped during these fly-bys. The probe successfully entered an elliptical orbit around the planet on March 18, 2011. The first orbital image of Mercury was obtained on March 29, 2011. The probe finished a one-year mapping mission,<a href="#cite_note-MessCountdown-204">[201]</a> and then entered a one-year extended mission into 2013. In addition to continued observations and mapping of Mercury, MESSENGER observed the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">solar maximum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extended2013-206">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MercuryTopo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MercuryTopo.png/220px-MercuryTopo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MercuryTopo.png/330px-MercuryTopo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MercuryTopo.png/440px-MercuryTopo.png 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Mercury based on MDIS (Mercury Dual Imaging System) data</figcaption></figure> The mission was designed to clear up six key issues: Mercury's high density, its geological history, the nature of its magnetic field, the structure of its core, whether it has ice at its poles, and where its tenuous atmosphere comes from. To this end, the probe carried imaging devices that gathered much-higher-resolution images of much more of Mercury than Mariner 10, assorted <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometers</a> to determine the abundances of elements in the crust, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> and devices to measure velocities of charged particles. Measurements of changes in the probe's orbital velocity were expected to be used to infer details of the planet's interior structure.<a href="#cite_note-messenger_faq-207">[204]</a> MESSENGER's final maneuver was on April 24, 2015, and it crashed into Mercury's surface on April 30, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-results_2015-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150427-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150430-210">[207]</a> The spacecraft's impact with Mercury occurred at 3:26:01 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a> on April 30, 2015, leaving a crater estimated to be 16 m (52 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Space Agency">Japanese Space Agency</a> developed and launched a joint mission called BepiColombo, which will orbit Mercury with two probes: one to map the planet and the other to study its magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-ESAColumboGoAhead-212">[209]</a> Launched on October 20, 2018, BepiColombo is expected to reach Mercury in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> It will release a magnetometer probe into an elliptical orbit, then chemical rockets will fire to deposit the mapper probe into a circular orbit. Both probes will operate for one terrestrial year.<a href="#cite_note-ESAColumboGoAhead-212">[209]</a> The mapper probe carries an array of spectrometers similar to those on MESSENGER, and will study the planet at many different wavelengths including <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> BepiColombo conducted three of its six planned Mercury flybys from October 1, 2021<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> to June 19, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perseverance_rover">Perseverance rover</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance (rover)</a></div> On March 5, 2024, NASA released images of transits of the moon <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>, the moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and the planet Mercury as viewed by the Perseverance rover on the planet Mars. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:547px;max-width:547px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Transits viewed from Mars by the Perseverance rover</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm/200px--PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="200" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="512" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm/PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transit of <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> (January 19, 2024)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm/200px--PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="200" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="512" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm/PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transit of <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> (February 8, 2024)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA26250-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitMercury-GIF-20231028.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PIA26250-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitMercury-GIF-20231028.gif/135px-PIA26250-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitMercury-GIF-20231028.gif" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/PIA26250-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitMercury-GIF-20231028.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="296" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transit of Mercury (October 28, 2023)</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mercury" title="Astronomy on Mercury">Astronomy on Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Mercury">Colonization of Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (astrology)">Mercury in astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fiction" title="Mercury in fiction">Mercury in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mercury_(planet)" title="Outline of Mercury (planet)">Outline of Mercury (planet)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-angular-117"><a href="#cite_ref-angular_117-0">^</a> The Sun's total angular displacement during its apparent retrograde motion as seen from the surface of Mercury is ~1.23°, while the Sun's angular diameter when the apparent retrograde motion begins and ends is ~1.71°, increasing to ~1.73° at perihelion (midway through the retrograde motion). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> In astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often means "the two planets that approach each other most closely". In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does not mean that the two planets are closest over a long period of time. For example, essentially because Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time". However, it turns out that using this time-average definition of 'closeness', Mercury can be the "closest planet" to all other planets in the solar system. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuneiform_MUL-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Cuneiform_MUL_154-0">^</a> Some sources precede the cuneiform transcription with "MUL". "MUL" is a cuneiform sign that was used in the Sumerian language to designate a star or planet, but it is not considered part of the actual name. The "4" is a reference number in the Sumero–Akkadian transliteration system to designate which of several syllables a certain cuneiform sign is most likely designating. </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327132540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mercurian">"Mercurian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Mercurian">the original</a> on March 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercurian&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FMercurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222132107/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mercurial">"Mercurial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Mercurial">the original</a> on December 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercurial&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FMercurial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-3"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2008" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans, Donald K. (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%271%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Mercury Major Body"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818120425/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%271%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Mercury+Major+Body&rft.pub=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%25271%2527%26TABLE_TYPE%3D%2527ELEMENTS%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272000-01-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272000-01-02%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%2527200%2520years%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%40Sun%2527%26OUT_UNITS%3D%2527AU-D%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> – Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Mercury" and "Center: Sun" should be defaulted to.) Results are instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> epoch. </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html">"Mercury Fact Sheet"</a>. 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Retrieved January 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Atmospheres+and+Planetary+Temperatures&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fclimatescience%2Fenergybalance%2Fplanetarytemperatures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vasa-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vasa_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasa_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasa_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasa_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasavadaPaigeWood1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Paige, David A.; Wood, Stephen E. 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Figure 3 with the "TWO model"; Figure 5 for pole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113124427/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge151/references/vasavada_et_al_1999.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Near-Surface+Temperatures+on+Mercury+and+the+Moon+and+the+Stability+of+Polar+Ice+Deposits&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-193&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6175&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..141..179V&rft.aulast=Vasavada&rft.aufirst=Ashwin+R.&rft.au=Paige%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2Fclasses%2Fge151%2Freferences%2Fvasavada_et_al_1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallamaHilton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. 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Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01973">1808.01973</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&C....25...10M">2018A&C....25...10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002">10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:69912809">69912809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Computing&rft.atitle=Computing+apparent+planetary+magnitudes+for+The+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=10-24&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1808.01973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A69912809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018A%26C....25...10M&rft.aulast=Mallama&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCCE-17"><a href="#cite_ref-IMCCE_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html">"Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies"</a>. IMCCE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724225002/https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMCCE&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+-+the+brightest+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpromenade.imcce.fr%2Fen%2Fpages5%2F572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milillo_et_al_2005-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milillo_et_al_2005_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milillo_et_al_2005_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMililloWurzOrsiniDelcourt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Milillo, A.; Wurz, P.; Orsini, S.; Delcourt, D.; Kallio, E.; Killen, R. M.; Lammer, H.; Massetti, S.; Mura, A.; Barabash, S.; Cremonese, G.; Daglis, I. A.; Angelis, E.; Lellis, A. M.; Livi, S.; Mangano, V.; Torkar, K. (April 2005). "Surface-Exosphere-Magnetosphere System Of Mercury". Space Science Reviews. 117 (3–4): 397–443. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SSRv..117..397M">2005SSRv..117..397M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-005-3593-z">10.1007/s11214-005-3593-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122285073">122285073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Surface-Exosphere-Magnetosphere+System+Of+Mercury&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=397-443&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122285073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-005-3593-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SSRv..117..397M&rft.aulast=Milillo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wurz%2C+P.&rft.au=Orsini%2C+S.&rft.au=Delcourt%2C+D.&rft.au=Kallio%2C+E.&rft.au=Killen%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Lammer%2C+H.&rft.au=Massetti%2C+S.&rft.au=Mura%2C+A.&rft.au=Barabash%2C+S.&rft.au=Cremonese%2C+G.&rft.au=Daglis%2C+I.+A.&rft.au=Angelis%2C+E.&rft.au=Lellis%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Livi%2C+S.&rft.au=Mangano%2C+V.&rft.au=Torkar%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berezhnoy2018-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berezhnoy2018_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berezhnoy2018_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerezhnoy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Berezhnoy, Alexey A. (January 2018). "Chemistry of impact events on Mercury". Icarus. 300: 210–222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..300..210B">2018Icar..300..210B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.08.034">10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+impact+events+on+Mercury&rft.volume=300&rft.pages=210-222&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.08.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Icar..300..210B&rft.aulast=Berezhnoy&rft.aufirst=Alexey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunneBurgess1978" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, James A.; Burgess, Eric (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117190025/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/">"Chapter One"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/">The Voyage of Mariner 10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury</a>. NASA History Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch1.htm">the original</a> on November 17, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+Mariner+10+%E2%80%93+Mission+to+Venus+and+Mercury&rft.pub=NASA+History+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-424%2Fch1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sti/lbwn">Στίλβων</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*(ermh=s">Ἑρμῆς</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">"Greek Names of the Planets"</a>. April 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164917/http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2012. <q>Ermis is the Greek name of the planet Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun. It is named after the Greek God of commerce, Ermis or Hermes, who was also the messenger of the Ancient Greek gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> See also the <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" class="extiw" title="el:Ερμής (πλανήτης)">Greek article about the planet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniadi1974" class="citation book cs1">Antoniadi, Eugène Michel (1974). The Planet Mercury. Translated from French by Moore, Patrick. Shaldon, Devon: Keith Reid Ltd. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904094-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904094-02-2"><bdi>978-0-904094-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Mercury&rft.place=Shaldon%2C+Devon&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Keith+Reid+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-904094-02-2&rft.aulast=Antoniadi&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRGA_Planetae-24"><a href="#cite_ref-DRGA_Planetae_24-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dplanetae-cn">"Planetae"</a>, in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, pp. 922, 923. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1946" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, John Charles (1946). Astronomy: A Textbook. Harper & Brothers. p. 125. <q>The symbol for Mercury represents the Caduceus, a wand with two serpents twined around it, which was carried by the messenger of the gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+A+Textbook&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-1999-26"><a href="#cite_ref-jones-1999_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alexander (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC&pg=PA62">Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus</a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692337" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692337"><bdi>9780871692337</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411141114/https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023. <q>It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ <a href="/wiki/P.Oxy." class="mw-redirect" title="P.Oxy.">P.Oxy.</a> ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+papyri+from+Oxyrhynchus&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780871692337&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MokzymQ43IC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-strom-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strom_27-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromSprague2003" class="citation book cs1">Strom, Robert G.; Sprague, Ann L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringmercury00stro">Exploring Mercury: the iron planet</a>. 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Science. 316 (5825): 710–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316..710M">2007Sci...316..710M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1140514">10.1126/science.1140514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17478713">17478713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8863681">8863681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Large+Longitude+Libration+of+Mercury+Reveals+a+Molten+Core&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=5825&rft.pages=710-714&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1140514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8863681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17478713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...316..710M&rft.aulast=Margot&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Peale%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Jurgens%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Slade%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Holin%2C+I.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaler2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Kaler" title="James B. 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Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College. 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301162153/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePc-AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2016. <q>although in the case of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> the libration in longitude due to the eccentricity of the orbit amounts to only 47' on either side of the mean position, in the case of Mercury it amounts to 23° 39'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Astronomy%3A+A+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.pub=Goodsell+Observatory+of+Carleton+College&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePc-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cseligman.com/text/planets/mercuryrot.htm">"The Rotation of Mercury"</a>. cseligman.com. NASA Flash animation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806213722/http://cseligman.com/text/planets/mercuryrot.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rotation+of+Mercury&rft.pages=NASA+Flash+animation&rft.pub=cseligman.com&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fplanets%2Fmercuryrot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hemerlrijck1983" class="citation journal cs1">van Hemerlrijck, E. (August 1983). "On the Variations in the Insolation at Mercury Resulting from Oscillations of the Orbital Eccentricity". The Moon and the Planets. 29 (1): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983M&P....29...83V">1983M&P....29...83V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00928377">10.1007/BF00928377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122761699">122761699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moon+and+the+Planets&rft.atitle=On+the+Variations+in+the+Insolation+at+Mercury+Resulting+from+Oscillations+of+the+Orbital+Eccentricity&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122761699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00928377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983M%26P....29...83V&rft.aulast=van+Hemerlrijck&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Mercury Closest Approaches to Earth generated with: 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Solex 10</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Archived</a> December 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMerc.txt">Text Output file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309120624/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMerc.txt">Archived</a> March 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbitsimulator.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1235936812">Gravity Simulator charts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912091426/http://www.orbitsimulator.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1235936812">Archived</a> September 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt">JPL Horizons 1950–2200</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106172707/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt">Archived</a> November 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <div class="noprint">(3 sources are provided to address <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original research</a> concerns and to support general long-term trends)</div> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIP_Publishing_2019_p.-122"><a href="#cite_ref-AIP_Publishing_2019_p._122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Venus is not Earth's closest neighbor". Physics Today (3). AIP Publishing. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044935/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0001y9p">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019. <q>Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to <a href="/wiki/David_A._Rothery" class="mw-redirect" title="David A. Rothery">David A. Rothery</a>, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+More+or+Less%2C+Sugar%2C+Outdoors+Play+and+Planets&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm0001y9p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmanMonroeCordner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stockman, Tom; Monroe, Gabriel; Cordner, Samuel (March 12, 2019). "Venus is not Earth's closest neighbor". 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"Existence of collisional trajectories of Mercury, Mars and Venus with the Earth". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 459 (7248): 817–819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..817L">2009Natur.459..817L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08096">10.1038/nature08096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19516336">19516336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4416436">4416436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Existence+of+collisional+trajectories+of+Mercury%2C+Mars+and+Venus+with+the+Earth&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7248&rft.pages=817-819&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4416436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19516336&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..817L&rft.aulast=Laskar&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Gastineau%2C+Micka%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Verrier1859" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Verrier, Urbain (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/comptesrendusheb49acad#page/378/mode/2up">"Lettre de M. Le Verrier à M. Faye sur la théorie de Mercure et sur le mouvement du périhélie de cette planète"</a>. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 49. Paris: 379–383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Lettre+de+M.+Le+Verrier+%C3%A0+M.+Faye+sur+la+th%C3%A9orie+de+Mercure+et+sur+le+mouvement+du+p%C3%A9rih%C3%A9lie+de+cette+plan%C3%A8te&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=379-383&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Le+Verrier&rft.aufirst=Urbain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcomptesrendusheb49acad%23page%2F378%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> (At p. 383 in the same volume Le Verrier's report is followed by another, from Faye, enthusiastically recommending to astronomers to search for a previously undetected intra-mercurial object.) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumSheehan1997" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Richard; Sheehan, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofplanet0000baum">In Search of Planet Vulcan, The Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Machine</a>. New York: Plenum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45567-4"><bdi>978-0-306-45567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Planet+Vulcan%2C+The+Ghost+in+Newton%27s+Clockwork+Machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45567-4&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofplanet0000baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clemence-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clemence_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clemence_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemence1947" class="citation journal cs1">Clemence, Gerald M. (1947). "The Relativity Effect in Planetary Motions". Reviews of Modern Physics. 19 (4): 361–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947RvMP...19..361C">1947RvMP...19..361C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.19.361">10.1103/RevModPhys.19.361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Relativity+Effect+in+Planetary+Motions&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-364&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.19.361&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947RvMP...19..361C&rft.aulast=Clemence&rft.aufirst=Gerald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilvarry1953" class="citation journal cs1">Gilvarry, John J. (1953). "Relativity Precession of the Asteroid Icarus". Physical Review. 89 (5): 1046. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953PhRv...89.1046G">1953PhRv...89.1046G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.89.1046">10.1103/PhysRev.89.1046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Relativity+Precession+of+the+Asteroid+Icarus&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1046&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.89.1046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953PhRv...89.1046G&rft.aulast=Gilvarry&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm">"6.2 Anomalous Precession"</a>. Reflections on Relativity. MathPages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803235349/https://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reflections+on+Relativity&rft.atitle=6.2+Anomalous+Precession&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathpages.com%2Frr%2Fs6-02%2F6-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menzel1964P292-293-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menzel1964P292-293_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menzel1964P292-293_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzel1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Howard_Menzel" title="Donald Howard Menzel">Menzel, Donald H.</a> (1964). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets. <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Field_Guides" title="Peterson Field Guides">The Peterson Field Guide Series</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Co.">Houghton Mifflin Co.</a> pp. 292–293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+the+Stars+and+Planets&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Peterson+Field+Guide+Series&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Menzel&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgardnerMendilloWilson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Baumgardner, Jeffrey; Mendillo, Michael; Wilson, Jody K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F301323">"A Digital High-Definition Imaging System for Spectral Studies of Extended Planetary Atmospheres. I. Initial Results in White Light Showing Features on the Hemisphere of Mercury Unimaged by Mariner 10"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2458–2464. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AJ....119.2458B">2000AJ....119.2458B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F301323">10.1086/301323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17361371">17361371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Digital+High-Definition+Imaging+System+for+Spectral+Studies+of+Extended+Planetary+Atmospheres.+I.+Initial+Results+in+White+Light+Showing+Features+on+the+Hemisphere+of+Mercury+Unimaged+by+Mariner+10&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2458-2464&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17361371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F301323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000AJ....119.2458B&rft.aulast=Baumgardner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Mendillo%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jody+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F301323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elongation-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elongation_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elongation_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker" class="citation web cs1">Walker, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/3planets/elongation.html">"Mercury Chaser's Calculator"</a>. Fourmilab Switzerland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802110601/http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/3planets/elongation.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Chaser%27s+Calculator&rft.pub=Fourmilab+Switzerland&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fimages%2F3planets%2Felongation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> (look at 1964 and 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-MallamaSky-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaSky_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaSky_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallama2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mallama, Anthony (2011). "Planetary magnitudes". 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817181616/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TYPE/venus2.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved May 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twelve+Year+Planetary+Ephemeris+Directory&rft.atitle=NASA+Reference+Publication+1349%3B+Venus%3A+Twelve+year+planetary+ephemeris%2C+1995%E2%80%932006&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FTYPE%2Fvenus2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MercHorizons-149"><a href="#cite_ref-MercHorizons_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511073623/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt">"Mercury Elongation and Distance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt">the original</a> on May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Elongation+and+Distance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMercury.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> – Numbers generated using the Solar System Dynamics Group, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=1">Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707172324/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=1">Archived</a> July 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RASC2007-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RASC2007_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RASC2007_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RASC2007_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2007" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Patrick, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/observershandboo00raji_0">Observer's Handbook 2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Astronomical Society of Canada">Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738109-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738109-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9738109-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observer%27s+Handbook+2007&rft.pub=Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9738109-3-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobservershandboo00raji_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1972" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, A. C. (October 1972). "Finding Venus or Mercury in daylight". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 82: 438–439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972JBAA...82..438C">1972JBAA...82..438C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Finding+Venus+or+Mercury+in+daylight&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=438-439&rft.date=1972-10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972JBAA...82..438C&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eclipse-152"><a href="#cite_ref-eclipse_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTezel2003" class="citation web cs1">Tezel, Tunç (January 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~aat/TSE2006/TSE2006.html">"Total Solar Eclipse of 2006 March 29"</a>. Department of Physics at Fizik Bolumu in Turkey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912153809/http://www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~aat/TSE2006/TSE2006.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Solar+Eclipse+of+2006+March+29&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics+at+Fizik+Bolumu+in+Turkey&rft.date=2003-01-22&rft.aulast=Tezel&rft.aufirst=Tun%C3%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.metu.edu.tr%2F~aat%2FTSE2006%2FTSE2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, Bradley E. (2007). "The Latitude and Epoch for the Origin of the Astronomical Lore in MUL.APIN". American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, #42.05. 38: 157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AAS...210.4205S">2007AAS...210.4205S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Astronomical+Society+Meeting+210%2C+%2342.05&rft.atitle=The+Latitude+and+Epoch+for+the+Origin+of+the+Astronomical+Lore+in+MUL.APIN&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AAS...210.4205S&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungerPingree1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hunger, Hermann; Pingree, David (1989). "MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform". Archiv für Orientforschung. 24: 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Orientforschung&rft.atitle=MUL.APIN%3A+An+Astronomical+Compendium+in+Cuneiform&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hunger&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Pingree%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHU_history-156"><a href="#cite_ref-JHU_history_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://btc.montana.edu/messenger/elusive_planet/ancient_cultures_2.php">"MESSENGER: Mercury and Ancient Cultures"</a>. NASA JPL. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001225/http://www.messenger-education.org/elusive_planet/ancient_cultures_2.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MESSENGER%3A+Mercury+and+Ancient+Cultures&rft.pub=NASA+JPL&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbtc.montana.edu%2Fmessenger%2Felusive_planet%2Fancient_cultures_2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath1921-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Heath1921_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1921" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Sir Thomas (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofgreekma029268mbp/historyofgreekma029268mbp_djvu.txt">A History of Greek Mathematics</a>. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. vii, 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=vii%2C+273&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofgreekma029268mbp%2Fhistoryofgreekma029268mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1996" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1996). "The Pre-telescopic Treatment of the Phases and Apparent Size of Venus". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 27: 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JHA....27....1G">1996JHA....27....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869602700101">10.1177/002182869602700101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117218196">117218196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Pre-telescopic+Treatment+of+the+Phases+and+Apparent+Size+of+Venus&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117218196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869602700101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JHA....27....1G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyMiloneAveni2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, David H.; Milone, E. F.; Aveni, Anthony F. (2004). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy. Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6"><bdi>978-0-387-95310-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Skies%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Survey+of+Archaeoastronomy&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95310-6&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Milone%2C+E.+F.&rft.au=Aveni%2C+Anthony+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groot1912" class="citation book cs1">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300">"Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism"</a>. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226150305/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&rft.btitle=American+lectures+on+the+history+of+religions&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump1992" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Thomas (1992). The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan. Routledge. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05609-0"><bdi>978-0-415-05609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05609-0&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1909" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog">The passing of Korea</a>. Doubleday, Page & company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog/page/n538">426</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassingkorea01hulbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujariKolheKumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Pujari, R. M.; Kolhe, Pradeep; Kumar, N. R. (2006). Pride of India: A Glimpse Into India's Scientific Heritage. Samskrita Bharati. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87276-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87276-27-2"><bdi>978-81-87276-27-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pride+of+India%3A+A+Glimpse+Into+India%27s+Scientific+Heritage&rft.pub=Samskrita+Bharati&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-87276-27-2&rft.aulast=Pujari&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Kolhe%2C+Pradeep&rft.au=Kumar%2C+N.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakich2000" class="citation book cs1">Bakich, Michael E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeplaneta00baki">The Cambridge Planetary Handbook</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63280-5"><bdi>978-0-521-63280-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Planetary+Handbook&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63280-5&rft.aulast=Bakich&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeplaneta00baki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbrath1999" class="citation book cs1">Milbrath, Susan (1999). Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore and Calendars. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75226-9"><bdi>978-0-292-75226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Gods+of+the+Maya%3A+Astronomy+in+Art%2C+Folklore+and+Calendars&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75226-9&rft.aulast=Milbrath&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsóMielgo1994" class="citation journal cs1">Samsó, Julio; Mielgo, Honorino (1994). "Ibn al-Zarqālluh on Mercury". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 25 (4): 289–96 [292]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JHA....25..289S">1994JHA....25..289S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869402500403">10.1177/002182869402500403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118108131">118108131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Zarq%C4%81lluh+on+Mercury&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-96+292&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118108131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869402500403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JHA....25..289S&rft.aulast=Sams%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft.au=Mielgo%2C+Honorino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartner1955" class="citation journal cs1">Hartner, Willy (1955). 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Vistas in Astronomy. 1 (1): 84–138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955VA......1...84H">1955VA......1...84H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0083-6656%2855%2990016-7">10.1016/0083-6656(55)90016-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vistas+in+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Mercury+Horoscope+of+Marcantonio+Michiel+of+Venice&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-138&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0083-6656%2855%2990016-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955VA......1...84H&rft.aulast=Hartner&rft.aufirst=Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> at pp. 118–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2002" class="citation conference cs1">Ansari, S. 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Centaurus. 14 (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Cent...14...49G">1969Cent...14...49G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x">10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=Some+Medieval+Reports+of+Venus+and+Mercury+Transits&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Cent...14...49G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamasubramanianSrinivasSriram1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ramasubramanian, K.; Srinivas, M. S.; Sriram, M. S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223145939/http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/kerala-astronomy.pdf">"Modification of the Earlier Indian Planetary Theory by the Kerala Astronomers (c. 1500 AD) and the Implied Heliocentric Picture of Planetary Motion"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 66: 784–790. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/kerala-astronomy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Modification+of+the+Earlier+Indian+Planetary+Theory+by+the+Kerala+Astronomers+%28c.+1500+AD%29+and+the+Implied+Heliocentric+Picture+of+Planetary+Motion&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=784-790&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ramasubramanian&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Srinivas%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Sriram%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.iitm.ac.in%2F~labs%2Famp%2Fkerala-astronomy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaab2018" class="citation book cs1">Gaab, Hans (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miaeDwAAQBAJ">Simon Marius and His Research</a>. Springer. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92620-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92620-9"><bdi>978-3-319-92620-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411141118/https://books.google.com/books?id=miaeDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. <q>Marius noted in the dedication from June 30, 1612, in the Prognosticon auf 1613 "that Mercury is illuminated by the Sun in the same way as the Venus and the Moon" and reports his observations of the brightness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+Marius+and+His+Research&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-92620-9&rft.aulast=Gaab&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiaeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnottMeeus1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_W._Sinnott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger W. 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Retrieved October 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=messenger.jhuapl.edu&rft.atitle=Best+Determination+of+MESSENGER%27s+Impact+Location&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmessenger.jhuapl.edu%2FExplore%2FScience-Images-Database%2Fgallery-image-1605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESAColumboGoAhead-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESAColumboGoAhead_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESAColumboGoAhead_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html">"ESA gives go-ahead to build BepiColombo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. February 26, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331042423/http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+gives+go-ahead+to+build+BepiColombo&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaSC%2FSEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/bepicolombo/47346-fact-sheet/">"BepiColombo Fact Sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. December 1, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520023104/http://sci.esa.int/bepicolombo/47346%2Dfact%2Dsheet/">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BepiColombo+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fbepicolombo%2F47346-fact-sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31350">"Objectives"</a>. European Space Agency. February 21, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928055507/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31350">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Objectives&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2006-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D31350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2021" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Haygen (October 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/bepicolombo-first-mercury-flyby/">"BepiColombo completes first Mercury flyby, science provides insight into planet's unique environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA Spaceflight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008121521/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/bepicolombo-first-mercury-flyby/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Spaceflight&rft.atitle=BepiColombo+completes+first+Mercury+flyby%2C+science+provides+insight+into+planet%27s+unique+environment&rft.date=2021-10-24&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Haygen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fbepicolombo-first-mercury-flyby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/A_trio_of_images_highlight_BepiColombo_s_third_Mercury_flyby">"A trio of images highlight BepiColombo's third Mercury flyby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. June 20, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729214034/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/A_trio_of_images_highlight_BepiColombo_s_third_Mercury_flyby">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+trio+of+images+highlight+BepiColombo%27s+third+Mercury+flyby&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FSpace_Science%2FBepiColombo%2FA_trio_of_images_highlight_BepiColombo_s_third_Mercury_flyby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Second_helpings_of_Mercury">"Second helpings of Mercury"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. June 24, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820102618/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Second_helpings_of_Mercury">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+helpings+of+Mercury&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FSpace_Science%2FBepiColombo%2FSecond_helpings_of_Mercury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mercury at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" 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Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" class="extiw" title="q:Mercury (planet)">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" 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title="d:Q308">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/sp423.htm">Atlas of Mercury</a>. NASA. 1978. SP-423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Mercury&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-423%2Fsp423.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+%28planet%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MERCURY/target">Mercury nomenclature</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217190331/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mercuryQuadMap">map with feature names</a> from the USGS/IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html">Equirectangular map of Mercury</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520025929/http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html">Archived</a> May 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Applied Coherent Technology Corp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/mercury/">3D globe of Mercury</a> by Google</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm">Mercury</a> at Solarviews.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/08/episode-49-mercury/">Mercury</a> by Astronomy Cast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/">MESSENGER mission web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/bepicolombo">BepiColombo mission web site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercury_(planet)" title="Template:Mercury (planet)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercury_(planet)" title="Template talk:Mercury (planet)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercury_(planet)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercury (planet)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mercury_(planet)" title="Outline of Mercury (planet)">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_albedo_features_on_Mercury" title="List of albedo features on Mercury">Albedo features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Mercury" title="List of geological features on Mercury">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mercury" title="List of quadrangles on Mercury">Quadrangles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mercury" title="List of quadrangles on Mercury">Quadrangles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_quadrangle" title="Bach quadrangle">Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_quadrangle" title="Beethoven quadrangle">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borealis_quadrangle" title="Borealis quadrangle">Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debussy_quadrangle" title="Debussy quadrangle">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derain_quadrangle" title="Derain quadrangle">Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_quadrangle" title="Discovery quadrangle">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminescu_quadrangle" title="Eminescu quadrangle">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_quadrangle" title="Hokusai quadrangle">Hokusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_quadrangle" title="Kuiper quadrangle">Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_quadrangle" title="Michelangelo quadrangle">Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neruda_quadrangle" title="Neruda quadrangle">Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_quadrangle" title="Shakespeare quadrangle">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raditladi_quadrangle" title="Raditladi quadrangle">Raditladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_quadrangle" title="Tolstoj quadrangle">Tolstoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_quadrangle" title="Victoria quadrangle">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mountains and volcanoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloris_Montes" title="Caloris Montes">Caloris Montes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Plains and plateaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%81rangi_Planitia" title="Apārangi Planitia">Apārangi Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borealis_Planitia" title="Borealis Planitia">Borealis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budh_Planitia" title="Budh Planitia">Budh Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloris_Planitia" title="Caloris Planitia">Caloris Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mearcair_Planitia" title="Mearcair Planitia">Mearcair Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_Planitia" title="Odin Planitia">Odin Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobkou_Planitia" title="Sobkou Planitia">Sobkou Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbon_Planitia" title="Stilbon Planitia">Stilbon Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_Planitia" title="Suisei Planitia">Suisei Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tir_Planitia" title="Tir Planitia">Tir Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utaridi_Planitia" title="Utaridi Planitia">Utaridi Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Canyons and valleys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Catena" title="Arecibo Catena">Arecibo Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Catena" title="Arecibo Catena">Arecibo Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Catena" title="Goldstone Catena">Goldstone Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Catena" title="Goldstone Catena">Goldstone Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_Catena" title="Haystack Catena">Haystack Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_Catena" title="Haystack Catena">Haystack Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeiz_Vallis" title="Simeiz Vallis">Simeiz Vallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ridges and rupes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoniadi_Dorsum" title="Antoniadi Dorsum">Antoniadi Dorsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Rupes" title="Adventure Rupes">Adventure Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_Rupes" title="Beagle Rupes">Beagle Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Rupes" title="Discovery Rupes">Discovery Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Rupes" title="Enterprise Rupes">Enterprise Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_Rupes" title="Hero Rupes">Hero Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_Rupes" title="Resolution Rupes">Resolution Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Rupes" title="Santa María Rupes">Santa María Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rupes" title="Victoria Rupes">Victoria Rupes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Basins and fossae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloris_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloris Basin">Caloris Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Fossae" title="Pantheon Fossae">Pantheon Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raditladi_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Raditladi Basin">Raditladi Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_(crater)" title="Rembrandt (crater)">Rembrandt Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinakas_(hypothetical_basin)" title="Skinakas (hypothetical basin)">Skinakas (hypothetical basin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mercury" title="List of craters on Mercury">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abedin_(crater)" title="Abedin (crater)">Abedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas_(crater)" title="Abu Nuwas (crater)">Abu Nuwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanus_Horton_(crater)" title="Africanus Horton (crater)">Africanus Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_(crater)" title="Ahmad Baba (crater)">Ahmad Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailey_(crater)" title="Ailey (crater)">Ailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksakov_(crater)" title="Aksakov (crater)">Aksakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akutagawa_(crater)" title="Akutagawa (crater)">Akutagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhtal_(crater)" title="Al-Akhtal (crater)">Al-Akhtal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alencar_(crater)" title="Alencar (crater)">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadhani_(crater)" title="Al-Hamadhani (crater)">Al-Hamadhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-J%C4%81hiz_(crater)" title="Al-Jāhiz (crater)">Al-Jāhiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alver_(crater)" title="Alver (crater)">Alver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaral_(crater)" title="Amaral (crater)">Amaral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amru_Al-Qays_(crater)" title="Amru Al-Qays (crater)">Amru Al-Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andal_(crater)" title="Andal (crater)">Andal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneirin_(crater)" title="Aneirin (crater)">Aneirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelou_(crater)" title="Angelou (crater)">Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguissola_(crater)" title="Anguissola (crater)">Anguissola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyte_(crater)" title="Anyte (crater)">Anyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_(crater)" title="Apollodorus (crater)">Apollodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus_(crater)" title="Aristoxenus (crater)">Aristoxenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a_(crater)" title="Aśvaghoṣa (crater)">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atget_(crater)" title="Atget (crater)">Atget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_(crater)" title="Bach (crater)">Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balagtas_(crater)" title="Balagtas (crater)">Balagtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanchine_(crater)" title="Balanchine (crater)">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranauskas_(crater)" title="Baranauskas (crater)">Baranauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balzac_(crater)" title="Balzac (crater)">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k_(crater)" title="Bartók (crater)">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barma_(crater)" title="Barma (crater)">Barma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash%C5%8D_(crater)" title="Bashō (crater)">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beckett_(crater)" title="Beckett (crater)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_(crater)" title="Beethoven (crater)">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bek_(crater)" title="Bek (crater)">Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinskij_(crater)" title="Belinskij (crater)">Belinskij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bello_(crater)" title="Bello (crater)">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_(crater)" title="Benoit (crater)">Benoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkel_(crater)" title="Berkel (crater)">Berkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernini_(crater)" title="Bernini (crater)">Bernini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjornson_(crater)" title="Bjornson (crater)">Bjornson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio_(crater)" title="Boccaccio (crater)">Boccaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius_(Mercurian_crater)" title="Boethius (Mercurian crater)">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botticelli_(crater)" title="Botticelli (crater)">Botticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_(crater)" title="Brahms (crater)">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_(crater)" title="Bramante (crater)">Bramante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_(Mercurian_crater)" title="Brontë (Mercurian crater)">Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruegel_(crater)" title="Bruegel (crater)">Bruegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi_(crater)" title="Brunelleschi (crater)">Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_(crater)" title="Burns (crater)">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_(crater)" title="Byron (crater)">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicrates_(crater)" title="Callicrates (crater)">Callicrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es_(crater)" title="Camões (crater)">Camões</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carducci_(crater)" title="Carducci (crater)">Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolan_(crater)" title="Carolan (crater)">Carolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvino_(crater)" title="Calvino (crater)">Calvino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervantes_(crater)" title="Cervantes (crater)">Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne_(crater)" title="Cézanne (crater)">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaikovskij_(crater)" title="Chaikovskij (crater)">Chaikovskij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Meng-Fu_(crater)" title="Chao Meng-Fu (crater)">Chao Meng-Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chekov (crater)">Chekov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_K%CA%BBui_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kʻui (crater)">Chiang Kʻui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Ch%CA%BC%C5%8Fl_(crater)" title="Chŏng Chʼŏl (crater)">Chŏng Chʼŏl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopin_(crater)" title="Chopin (crater)">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ta_(crater)" title="Chu Ta (crater)">Chu Ta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge_(crater)" title="Coleridge (crater)">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(crater)" title="Copland (crater)">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_(crater)" title="Copley (crater)">Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couperin_(crater)" title="Couperin (crater)">Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(crater)" title="Cunningham (crater)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_(crater)" title="Dali (crater)">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dario (crater)">Dario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Graft_(crater)" title="De Graft (crater)">De Graft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debussy_(crater)" title="Debussy (crater)">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degas_(crater)" title="Degas (crater)">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delacroix_(crater)" title="Delacroix (crater)">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derain_(crater)" title="Derain (crater)">Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzhavin_(crater)" title="Derzhavin (crater)">Derzhavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desprez_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desprez (crater)">Desprez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_(crater)" title="Dickens (crater)">Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominici_(crater)" title="Dominici (crater)">Dominici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donne_(crater)" title="Donne (crater)">Donne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dostoevskij_(crater)" title="Dostoevskij (crater)">Dostoevskij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowland_(crater)" title="Dowland (crater)">Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durer_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durer (crater)">Durer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvorak (crater)">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_(crater)" title="Eastman (crater)">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitoku_(crater)" title="Eitoku (crater)">Eitoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminescu_(crater)" title="Eminescu (crater)">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enheduanna_(crater)" title="Enheduanna (crater)">Enheduanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwonwu_(crater)" title="Enwonwu (crater)">Enwonwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equiano_(crater)" title="Equiano (crater)">Equiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faulkner_(crater)" title="Faulkner (crater)">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fet_(crater)" title="Fet (crater)">Fet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdousi_(crater)" title="Firdousi (crater)">Firdousi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaubert_(crater)" title="Flaubert (crater)">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaiano_(crater)" title="Flaiano (crater)">Flaiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futabatei_(crater)" title="Futabatei (crater)">Futabatei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_(crater)" title="Gainsborough (crater)">Gainsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauguin_(crater)" title="Gauguin (crater)">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geddes_(crater)" title="Geddes (crater)">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiberti_(crater)" title="Ghiberti (crater)">Ghiberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibran_(crater)" title="Gibran (crater)">Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(crater)" title="Giotto (crater)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinka_(crater)" title="Glinka (crater)">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluck_(crater)" title="Gluck (crater)">Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Basin" title="Goethe Basin">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogol_(crater)" title="Gogol (crater)">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goya_(crater)" title="Goya (crater)">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grieg_(crater)" title="Grieg (crater)">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_d%27Arezzo_(crater)" title="Guido d'Arezzo (crater)">Guido d'Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hals_(crater)" title="Hals (crater)">Hals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kan_(crater)" title="Han Kan (crater)">Han Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_(crater)" title="Handel (crater)">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harunobu_(crater)" title="Harunobu (crater)">Harunobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann_(crater)" title="Hauptmann (crater)">Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_(crater)" title="Hawthorne (crater)">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydn_(crater)" title="Haydn (crater)">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heine_(crater)" title="Heine (crater)">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(crater)" title="Hemingway (crater)">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod_(crater)" title="Hesiod (crater)">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshige_(crater)" title="Hiroshige (crater)">Hiroshige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomaro_(crater)" title="Hitomaro (crater)">Hitomaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkins_(crater)" title="Hodgkins (crater)">Hodgkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_(crater)" title="Hokusai (crater)">Hokusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbein_(crater)" title="Holbein (crater)">Holbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holberg_(crater)" title="Holberg (crater)">Holberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holst_(crater)" title="Holst (crater)">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_(crater)" title="Homer (crater)">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_(crater)" title="Horace (crater)">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovnatanian_(crater)" title="Hovnatanian (crater)">Hovnatanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_(crater)" title="Hugo (crater)">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Kal_(crater)" title="Hun Kal (crater)">Hun Kal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurley_(crater)" title="Hurley (crater)">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_(crater)" title="Ibsen (crater)">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus_(crater)" title="Ictinus (crater)">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(crater)" title="Imhotep (crater)">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_(crater)" title="Ives (crater)">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izquierdo_(crater)" title="Izquierdo (crater)">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_(crater)" title="Janáček (crater)">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokai_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokai (crater)">Jokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Ha-Levi_(crater)" title="Judah Ha-Levi (crater)">Judah Ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidasa_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalidasa (crater)">Kalidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsh_(crater)" title="Karsh (crater)">Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats_(crater)" title="Keats (crater)">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenko_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenko (crater)">Kenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert%C3%A9sz_(crater)" title="Kertész (crater)">Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khansa_(crater)" title="Khansa (crater)">Khansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipling_(crater)" title="Kipling (crater)">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_(crater)" title="Kōshō (crater)">Kōshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_Han-Ch%CA%BBing_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuan Han-Chʻing (crater)">Kuan Han-Chʻing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_(crater_on_Mercury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper (crater on Mercury)">Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulthum_(crater)" title="Kulthum (crater)">Kulthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunisada_(crater)" title="Kunisada (crater)">Kunisada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurosawa_(crater)" title="Kurosawa (crater)">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_(crater)" title="Lange (crater)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrocha_(crater)" title="Larrocha (crater)">Larrocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardi_(crater)" title="Leopardi (crater)">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lermontov_(crater)" title="Lermontov (crater)">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing_(crater)" title="Lessing (crater)">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ch%CA%BBing-Chao_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Chʻing-Chao (crater)">Li Chʻing-Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Po_(crater)" title="Li Po (crater)">Li Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_K%CA%BBai_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Kʻai (crater)">Liang Kʻai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liszt_(crater)" title="Liszt (crater)">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_(crater)" title="Lovecraft (crater)">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Hsun_(crater)" title="Lu Hsun (crater)">Lu Hsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysippus_(crater)" title="Lysippus (crater)">Lysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chih-Yuan_(crater)" title="Ma Chih-Yuan (crater)">Ma Chih-Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaut_(crater)" title="Machaut (crater)">Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(crater)" title="Mahler (crater)">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansart_(crater)" title="Mansart (crater)">Mansart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_(crater)" title="Mansur (crater)">Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(crater)" title="March (crater)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain_(crater)" title="Mark Twain (crater)">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_(crater)" title="Martí (crater)">Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_(crater)" title="Martial (crater)">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matabei_(crater)" title="Matabei (crater)">Matabei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matisse_(crater)" title="Matisse (crater)">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_(crater)" title="Melville (crater)">Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mena_(Mercurian_crater)" title="Mena (Mercurian crater)">Mena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendes_Pinto_(crater)" title="Mendes Pinto (crater)">Mendes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_(crater)" title="Michelangelo (crater)">Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickiewicz_(crater)" title="Mickiewicz (crater)">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_(crater)" title="Milton (crater)">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(crater)" title="Mistral (crater)">Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofolo_(crater)" title="Mofolo (crater)">Mofolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(crater)" title="Molière (crater)">Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monet_(crater)" title="Monet (crater)">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteverdi_(crater)" title="Monteverdi (crater)">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_(crater)" title="Moody (crater)">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_(crater)" title="Mozart (crater)">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munch_(crater)" title="Munch (crater)">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munk%C3%A1csy_(crater)" title="Munkácsy (crater)">Munkácsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasaki_(crater)" title="Murasaki (crater)">Murasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussorgskij_(crater)" title="Mussorgskij (crater)">Mussorgskij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_(crater)" title="Myron (crater)">Myron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabokov_(crater)" title="Nabokov (crater)">Nabokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampeyo_(crater)" title="Nampeyo (crater)">Nampeyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navoi_(crater)" title="Navoi (crater)">Navoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawahi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawahi (crater)">Nawahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neruda_(crater)" title="Neruda (crater)">Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureyev_(crater)" title="Nureyev (crater)">Nureyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervo_(crater)" title="Nervo (crater)">Nervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumann_(crater)" title="Neumann (crater)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizami (crater)">Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okyo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okyo (crater)">Okyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskison_(crater)" title="Oskison (crater)">Oskison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid_(crater)" title="Ovid (crater)">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch_(crater)" title="Petrarch (crater)">Petrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidias_(crater)" title="Phidias (crater)">Phidias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_(crater)" title="Picasso (crater)">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_(crater)" title="Poe (crater)">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygnotus_(crater)" title="Polygnotus (crater)">Polygnotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles_(crater)" title="Praxiteles (crater)">Praxiteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokofiev_(crater)" title="Prokofiev (crater)">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Baishi_(crater)" title="Qi Baishi (crater)">Qi Baishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachmaninoff_(crater)" title="Rachmaninoff (crater)">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh_(crater)" title="Raden Saleh (crater)">Raden Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raditladi_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Raditladi Basin">Raditladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameau_(crater)" title="Rameau (crater)">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(crater)" title="Raphael (crater)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_(crater)" title="Rembrandt (crater)">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renoir_(crater)" title="Renoir (crater)">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivera_(crater)" title="Rivera (crater)">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_(crater)" title="Rizal (crater)">Rizal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_(crater)" title="Rodin (crater)">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudaki (crater)">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_(crater)" title="Sander (crater)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlatti_(crater)" title="Scarlatti (crater)">Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schubert_(crater_on_Mercury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert (crater on Mercury)">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_(Mercurian_crater)" title="Shakespeare (Mercurian crater)">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem_(crater)" title="Sholem Aleichem (crater)">Sholem Aleichem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_(crater)" title="Sinan (crater)">Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravinsky_(crater)" title="Stravinsky (crater)">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_(crater_on_Mercury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan (crater on Mercury)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveinsd%C3%B3ttir_(crater)" title="Sveinsdóttir (crater)">Sveinsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian_(crater)" title="Titian (crater)">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Ngoc_Van_(crater)" title="To Ngoc Van (crater)">To Ngoc Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_(crater)" title="Tolstoj (crater)">Tolstoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez_(crater)" title="Velázquez (crater)">Velázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdi_(crater)" title="Verdi (crater)">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa-Lobos_(crater)" title="Villa-Lobos (crater)">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(crater)" title="Vivaldi (crater)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasa (crater)">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zhao_(crater)" title="Xiao Zhao (crater)">Xiao Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeats_(crater)" title="Yeats (crater)">Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zola_(crater)" title="Zola (crater)">Zola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mercury" title="Geology of Mercury">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_craters_on_Mercury" title="Ghost craters on Mercury">Ghost craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-crater_plains_on_Mercury" title="Inter-crater plains on Mercury">Inter-crater plains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Hypothetical moon of Mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury-crossing asteroids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current and past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> (1973–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> (2004–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a> (~2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Mercury">Colonization of Mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fiction" title="Mercury in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mercury_(planet)" title="Category:Mercury (planet)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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