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Raven</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Raven – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter H. Raven" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hamilton_Raven" title="Peter Hamilton Raven – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Hamilton Raven" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیتر اچ. راون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر اچ. راون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hamilton_Raven" title="Peter Hamilton Raven – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Hamilton Raven" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0_%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90" title="피터 해밀턴 레이븐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터 해밀턴 레이븐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيتر رافين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر رافين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Raven" title="Peter Raven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Raven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3" title="ピーター・ハミルトン・レーブン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ハミルトン・レーブン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter H. Raven" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рейвен, Питер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейвен, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter H. 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searchaux" style="display:none">American botanist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Raven</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Raven_smiling,_October_16,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Peter_Raven_smiling%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Peter Raven, after receiving the <a href="/wiki/Addison_Emery_Verrill_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Emery Verrill Medal">Addison Emery Verrill Medal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Peter Hamilton Raven</div><br />June 13, 1936<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1936-06-13</span>)</span> (age <span class="currentage"></span>88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sally Barrett</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1958; died 1968)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Tamra Engelhorn</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1995)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Kathryn Fish</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2000)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Patricia Duncan</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2001)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Awards_and_honors">See Awards and honors</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_E._Breedlove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis E. Breedlove">Dennis E. Breedlove</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warren_L._Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren L. Wagner">Warren L. Wagner</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Hamilton Raven</b> (born June 13, 1936) is an American <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalist</a>, notable as the longtime director, now President Emeritus, of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 13, 1936, Raven was born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai, China">Shanghai, China</a>, to American parents, Walter Francis Raven and Isabelle Marion Breen. His father's uncle Frank Jay Raven was, for a time, one of the wealthiest Americans in China but was later jailed in a banking scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That incident and Japanese aggression in China led the Raven family to return to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, in the late 1930s. </p><p>After becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a> while still a youth, Raven went on to graduate with a BSc in biology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in 1957 and a Ph.D. in botany from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After teaching at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, Raven went on to become Director of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a> in 1971. In 2006, his position was renamed President and Director. Raven announced his plans to retire in 2011, to coincide with his 75th birthday and his 40th year at the garden. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wyse_Jackson" title="Peter Wyse Jackson">Peter Wyse Jackson</a> was appointed as Raven's successor at the Missouri Botanical Garden in September 2010. </p><p>Raven is possibly best known for his work "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", published in the journal <i>Evolution</i> in 1964, which he coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>. Since then he has authored numerous scientific and popular papers, many on the evening primrose family, <a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a>. Raven is also an author of the widely used textbook <i>Biology of Plants</i>, now in its eighth edition, coauthored with Ray F. Evert and Susan E. Eichhorn (both of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin,_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin, Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a>). </p><p>He is a frequent speaker on the need for biodiversity and species conservation. </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Taxonomists" title="American Society of Plant Taxonomists">American Society of Plant Taxonomists</a> established the <b>Peter Raven Award</b> in his honor to be conferred to authors with outstanding contributions to plant <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> and "for exceptional efforts at outreach to non-scientists". </p><p>He serves on the advisory council of <a href="/wiki/CRDF_Global" title="CRDF Global">CRDF Global</a>. He served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Science_%26_the_Public" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Science & the Public">Society for Science & the Public</a>, from 1993 to 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raven has published more than 700 articles, books, and monographs covering topics in Evolution, Taxonomy and Systematics, Biogeography, Coevolution, Plant Conservation, Ethnobotany, and Public Policy, including several text books.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his early years he was associated with and led Sierra Club outings for several weeks at a time, after which he published "Base Camp Reports." Published from 1950 to 1956, these reports covered a wide range of subjects, including plant lists, insects, and ecology. His first such report, at the age of 14, summarized 506 plant collections representing 337 species collected in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a> Counties. <a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> was a counselor on this particular trip, identified by Raven as Prof. G. L. "Led" Stebbins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time he also published on new weed species and other plants found in and around San Francisco as well as the Sierra Nevada Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950 Raven, at the age of 14, had collected a plant called <a href="/wiki/Clarkia_rubicunda" title="Clarkia rubicunda"><i>C. rubicunda</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1950s, in the course of revising the genus <i>Clarkia</i> <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Lewis" title="Harlan Lewis">Harlan Lewis</a> and his wife Margaret Lewis discovered the herbarium specimen collected by Raven.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They visited him in 1952 when he was 16, and wanted to know where the collection was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis eventually located the new species, and in 1958 Lewis and Raven<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a botanical description of this plant, called <a href="/wiki/Clarkia_franciscana" title="Clarkia franciscana"><i>C. franciscana</i></a>, which was morphologically very closely related to <a href="/wiki/Clarkia_rubicunda" title="Clarkia rubicunda"><i>C. rubicunda</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarkia_amoena" title="Clarkia amoena"><i>C. amoena</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, Raven and <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Lewis" title="Harlan Lewis">Harlan Lewis</a> published a major paper in 1958 on the evolution of <i>C. franciscana</i>, and generalized to what was by then a general a pattern of speciation in <i>Clarkia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cates_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cates-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that <i>C. franciscana</i> had evolved from <i>Clarkia rubicunda</i>; and they asserted that <i>C. franciscana's</i> origin mirrored a recurring theme in <i>Clarkia</i> of a derived species showing a close morphological similarity to a parental species, the derived species being geographically proximal, but differing from the parent by chromosomal differences and showing interspecific sterility. Further, they hypothesized that such speciation in <i>Clarkia</i> was rapid, and perhaps occurred within the last 12,000 years. </p><p>Additionally, they hypothesized that this rapid mode of speciation seen in <i>Clarkia</i> was analogous to a mode of speciation known as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_evolution" title="Quantum evolution">quantum evolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following his early publication in 1958 on evolution of <i>C. franciscana</i>, Raven went on to publish many papers on evolutionary topics. While at Stanford University, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, he coined the term <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> after a 1964 review of butterflies and their food plants.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1969 paper Ehrlich and Raven were also critical of the idea that the definition of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> had very little meaning for plants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978 Sussman and Raven<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advanced the idea that nonflying mammals, such as primates and marsupials, could have been significant pollinators but were outcompeted by nectar-feeding birds and bats. Any coevolved relationships between flowering plant species and non-flying mammal pollinators that persist at the present would appear to be "living fossils, which have a great deal to tell us about the evolution of both the mammals, including some of our antecedents, and of the flowering plants." </p><p>Raven wrote a review of the plant population data as of 1979, and identified several themes that he felt had potential for future research, including the above theme of the species problem.<sup id="cite_ref-review_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to assert that developmental biology would be more important in the future He advocated another theme, that being that funding should be provided for study on a few species rather than spread amongst many in order to solve population biology problems:<sup id="cite_ref-review_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Raven continued discussing problems associated with defining species in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discussed the widespread ability of plant species to hybridize, especially in perennial plants, and the historical observations of such back to 1717. He used as examples of perennial plants in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> <a href="/wiki/Epilobium" title="Epilobium">Epilobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaevola_(plant)" title="Scaevola (plant)">Scaevola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidens" title="Bidens">Bidens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceanothus" title="Ceanothus">Ceanothus</a> as examples of plants that appeared to use hybridization as a means to adapting to new environments. He stated "If the hybrids are particularly favored in specific ecological situations, asexual reproduction, polyploidy, or simply autogamy may favor the perpetuation of specific genotypes through a narrowing of the spectrum of genetic recombination characteristic of the population. No general conclusions about the most appropriate way to treat these populations taxonomically appear to be possible." In annual plants, using examples from <a href="/wiki/Clarkia" title="Clarkia">Clarkia</a>, he asserted that several species of <i>Clarkia</i> often occur sympatrically, yet hybrids are very rare in the wild," and that much of the sterility is due to chromosomal repatterning between species." </p><p>In 1980 Raven and coauthors reviewed the literature concerning fungal symbiosis in vascular plants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reviewed two kinds of fungal-plant associations: <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza" title="Ectomycorrhiza">ectomycorrhizal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">endomycorrhizal</a>. They reported that endomycorrhizal fungi, which penetrate plant cells, are found in 80% of all vascular plants, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, and are found in forests of high species richness. On the other hand, ectomycorrhizal fungi, which do not penetrate plant cells, occur in forests of low species richness, are usually in temperate forests, or infertile soils of the tropics. Further, they hypothesized that ectomycorrhizal forests have expanded through the Middle <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> at the expense of endomycorrhizal forests. </p><p>Raven's Ph.D. thesis was on a genus within the Onagraceae, and his interest on the evolution of plants within this family as well as the <a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a> runs through his entire career.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988 he published a review of the Onagraceae, covering its taxonomy, evolution, <a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">cytogenetics</a>, anatomy, breeding systems, and geographic distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserted that the family was the best known plant family of its size, and proposed that further studies of the family would be useful in understanding of "variation and evolution of plants in the future." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogeography">Biogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raven showed an early interest in plant <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunctions</a> prior to the wide acceptance of plate tectonic theory of the late 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Amphi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was an early adopter of plate tectonics in explaining plant disjunctions by the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nothofagus_demis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nothofagus_demis.JPG/300px-Nothofagus_demis.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Nothofagus_demis.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i> plant genus illustrates Gondwanan distribution, having descended from the supercontinent and existing in present-day Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>. Fossils have also recently been found in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963 Raven published a review of <a href="/wiki/Biantitropical_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Biantitropical distribution">amphitropical</a> distributions of plant species in North and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Amphi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divided species into three groups: biopolar or high-latitude species, temperate species, and desert species. </p><p>In 1974, with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Axelrod" title="Daniel I. Axelrod">Daniel I. Axelrod</a>, Raven published an extensive article on plant and animal biogeography in the context of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated that the new plate tectonic theory "did not require any new modifications of previously established major principles of evolution...however there were new principles of biogeography..."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1978, again with Axelrod, they published on the origin and complexity of Californian flora.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reviewed that the flora of California consisted of "northern, temperate elements and xeric, southern elements, and is characterized by a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>." They proposed that the reasons for the large number of species in the state as well as the endemics is due to the favorable climate that has prevailed in California for most of the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>, as well as the recent elevation of the Sierra Nevada and other ranges, together with: "The concomitant development of a cold off-shore current which ultimately resulted in the development of a mediterranean, summer-dry climate during the past million years...The endemics of California are a mixture of relicts and newly produced species...and it is the latter that have contributed most to the size of the flora and to the high proportion of endemism in it." </p><p>Raven and Axelrod wrote a paper in 1985 on the origin of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">Cordilleran</a> flora, a region bounded by the east slope of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a> of California to the eastern front of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, north to the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> Plain-western Wyoming, and south to central Arizona-New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996 Raven, Axelrod, and Al-Shehbaz wrote a paper on the history of the modern flora of China, Europe, and the continental United States.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said that the three regions have approximately the same geographic area, yet China has two times the number of species as the United States, and three times as many as Europe. They asserted that all three regions had essentially the same flora as of 15 million years ago, but China came to possess the most species because of three reasons. First, China has a tropical rain forest. Second, there is an unbroken gradient of vegetation from the tropical rain forest to "boreal coniferous forests that has persisted and afforded habitats characterized by equable climates during the last 15 million years, when massive extinctions were taking place elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere...such continuity is interrupted in North America by the Gulf of Mexico and in Europe by the Alps, the Mediterranean, and the Sahara Desert." The third reason was due to the impact of the Indian subcontinent with Asia starting 50 million years ago, making a "highly dissected, elevated geography." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy/Systematics/Floras"><span id="Taxonomy.2FSystematics.2FFloras"></span><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a>/Floras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taxonomy/Systematics/Floras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raven has produced a wide variety of works in the area of plant systematics. Most of them are related to the plant family Onagraceae. In 1969 he published a 235-page report on <a href="/wiki/Camissonia" title="Camissonia">Camissonia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976 he, along with his wife at the time Tamara Engelhorn, published a 321-page monograph on <a href="/wiki/Epilobium" title="Epilobium">Epilobium</a> in Australasia;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an embryological analysis of species in the Myrtales;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 a 209-page monograph on the systematics of <a href="/wiki/Epilobium" title="Epilobium">Epilobium</a> in China;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1997 a 234-page monograph on the systematics of <a href="/wiki/Oenothera" title="Oenothera">Oenothera</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2007 a 240-page monograph on a reclassification of the Onagraceae.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in 1981 he published a 1,049 page monograph on the systematics of Legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has also published a number of books (Floras) devoted to the systematics of plants found in particular regions. These include a 1966 book on the native shrubs of Southern California;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 1966 flora on the Santa Monica Mountains in California;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with various editors and authors, an ongoing 33 volume set (to date) on the flora of China, organized by plant family.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany"><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raven (along with Dennis E. Breedlove) was a collaborator on a team led by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a> that published a seminal work on the classification of plants by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Tzeltal Mayan</a>-speaking people of Highland <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that plant, as well as animal, descriptions could be grouped into five different hierarchical "taxonomic ethnobiological categories"; these included 1.) "unique beginner," such as plants and animals, 2.) "life form", such as tree, vine, bird, grass, mammal, etc.; 3.) the largest category, consisting usually of ~500 taxa, is "generic", and consists of names such as oak, pine, catfish, perch, and robin. Further, some "generics" were not included with in the classification of "life forms", and were called "aberrant". These included names such as cactus, bamboo, pineapple, platypus, etc., and were often of economic value—Agave, bean, and corn as examples. Two other taxa were called "specific" and "varietal," and were generally less numerous. Examples of "specific" include blue spruce, white fir, and post oak, and examples of "varietal" included baby beans, button beans, etc. </p><p>Berlin, Breedlove and Raven later extended their analysis of plants and animals to other indigenous peoples<sup id="cite_ref-Gen_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Hanunoo</a> speaking people of the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; the Karam of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>; the Cantonese speaking <a href="/wiki/Boat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat people">boat people</a> of Castle Peak Bay, Hong Kong; the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Fore_people" title="Fore people">Fore people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní people</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> speaking people of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and concluded that their five to six taxonomic ethnobiological categories were generalizable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.aspb.org/?page=AF_Awards#leadership">American Society of Plant Biologists</a> Leadership in Science Public Service Award, 2012</li> <li>William L. Brown Award for Excellence in Genetic Resource Conservation, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arthur Hoyt Scott Medal 2009, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Arboretum" title="Scott Arboretum">Scott Arboretum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a><sup id="cite_ref-cv_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZAAS_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAAS Medal">ANZAAS Medal</a>, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a>, 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veitch_Memorial_Medal" title="Veitch Memorial Medal">Veitch Memorial Medal</a>, 2003 <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> recipient, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-cv_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Induction into the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Walk_of_Fame" title="St. Louis Walk of Fame">St. Louis Walk of Fame</a>, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a>, 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Environment_Prize" title="Volvo Environment Prize">Volvo Environment Prize</a> winner, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">The Delmer S. Fahrney Medal</a> in 1989</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1988<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Prize_for_Biology" title="International Prize for Biology">International Prize for Biology</a> winner, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">Catharine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship</a>, 1985</li> <li>Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> (FMLS)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects" title="American Society of Landscape Architects">American Society of Landscape Architects</a></li> <li>Elected as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">Corresponding Fellow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a></li> <li>Member of President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology</li> <li>Former Home Secretary of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li>Former President of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler</a> Medal winner</li> <li>Former President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li> <li>Named a Hero for the Planet by TIME magazine</li> <li>Member of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> board of trustees</li> <li>Honorary Doctor of Science Harvard University May 29, 2014</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megacorax" title="Megacorax">Megacorax</a></i> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> from Mexico, belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a> was published in his honour, in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Ocellularia_raveniana" title="Ocellularia raveniana">Ocellularia raveniana</a></i> was named in his honour<sup id="cite_ref-Weerakoon_et_al._2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weerakoon_et_al._2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">P.H.Raven</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> and Peter H. Raven (1964), "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", <i>Evolution</i>, 18: 586–608.</li> <li>Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis (1970), <i>Biology of Plants</i>, New York: Worth Publishing. [Early presentation of five-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> system.]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/about/additional-information/president-emeritus.aspx">"President Emeritus"</a>. <i>www.missouribotanicalgarden.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org&rft.atitle=President+Emeritus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2Fabout%2Fadditional-information%2Fpresident-emeritus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714093126/http://www.linnean.org/fellows/Royal+Patrons+and+Honorary+Fellows">"Royal Patrons and Honorary Fellows"</a>. <i>The Linnean Society of London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org/fellows/Royal+Patrons+and+Honorary+Fellows">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Royal+Patrons+and+Honorary+Fellows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Ffellows%2FRoyal%2BPatrons%2Band%2BHonorary%2BFellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrespondenceTIMES1936" class="citation news cs1">Correspondence, Special; TIMES, THE NEW YORK (2 February 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1936/02/02/archives/convicted-banker-was-myth-in-china-fj-raven-rose-spectacularly-in.html">"CONVICTED BANKER WAS MYTH IN CHINA; F.J. Raven Rose Spectacularly in Shanghai to Become a Financial Power. BEGAN WORK AS SURVEYOR He Branched Off Into Realty, Banking and Trust Business -- Then Came Collapse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CONVICTED+BANKER+WAS+MYTH+IN+CHINA%3B+F.J.+Raven+Rose+Spectacularly+in+Shanghai+to+Become+a+Financial+Power.+BEGAN+WORK+AS+SURVEYOR+He+Branched+Off+Into+Realty%2C+Banking+and+Trust+Business+--+Then+Came+Collapse.&rft.date=1936-02-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Correspondence&rft.aufirst=Special&rft.au=TIMES%2C+THE+NEW+YORK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1936%2F02%2F02%2Farchives%2Fconvicted-banker-was-myth-in-china-fj-raven-rose-spectacularly-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/391953">"The Frank Jay Raven Story, an Ebook by Shanghai.Manholes"</a>. <i>Smashwords</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smashwords&rft.atitle=The+Frank+Jay+Raven+Story%2C+an+Ebook+by+Shanghai.Manholes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smashwords.com%2Fbooks%2Fview%2F391953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pubs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pubs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven" class="citation web cs1">Raven, Peter H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlife.org/who/CV/Raven,_Peter.publications.pdf">"Publications of Peter H. Raven"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Discoverlife.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discoverlife.org&rft.atitle=Publications+of+Peter+H.+Raven&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverlife.org%2Fwho%2FCV%2FRaven%2C_Peter.publications.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1950" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1950). "Base Camp Botany". <i>Sierra Club</i>: 1–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Club&rft.atitle=Base+Camp+Botany&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1952" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1952). "Parsley for Marin County". <i>Leafl. West. Bot</i>. <b>6</b>: 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leafl.+West.+Bot&rft.atitle=Parsley+for+Marin+County&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=204&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1952" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1952). "Plant notes from San Francisco, California". <i>Leafl. West. Bot</i>. <b>6</b>: 208–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leafl.+West.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Plant+notes+from+San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=208-211&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1954" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1954). "New weeds for the Sierra Nevada, California". <i>Leafl. West. Bot</i>. <b>7</b>: 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leafl.+West.+Bot.&rft.atitle=New+weeds+for+the+Sierra+Nevada%2C+California&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1955" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1955). "A range extension for Allocarya cusickii in California". <i>Leafl. West. Bot</i>. <b>7</b>: 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leafl.+West.+Bot&rft.atitle=A+range+extension+for+Allocarya+cusickii+in+California&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=255&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1956" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1956). "The grasses of San Francisco, California". <i>Leafl. West. Bot</i>. <b>8</b>: 198–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leafl.+West.+Bot.&rft.atitle=The+grasses+of+San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=198-200&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbold2000" class="citation book cs1">Newbold, Heather, ed. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifestories00heat"><i>Life Stories: World-renowned scientists reflect on their lives and the future of life on earth</i></a></span>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifestories00heat/page/30">30–31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Stories%3A+World-renowned+scientists+reflect+on+their+lives+and+the+future+of+life+on+earth&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifestories00heat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisRaven1958" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Harlan; Raven, Peter (1958). "<i>Clarkia franciscana</i>, a new species from central California". <i>Brittonia</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 7–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2804688">10.2307/2804688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804688">2804688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19700807">19700807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brittonia&rft.atitle=Clarkia+franciscana%2C+a+new+species+from+central+California&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19700807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2804688%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2804688&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cates-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cates_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisRaven1958" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Harlan; Raven, Peter H. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1958.tb02962.x">"Rapid Evolution in Clarkia"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 319–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1958.tb02962.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1958.tb02962.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Rapid+Evolution+in+Clarkia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-336&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1958.tb02962.x&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1558-5646.1958.tb02962.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichRaven1964" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter (1964). "Butterflies and Plants: A study in Coevolution". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 586–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2406212">10.2307/2406212</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2406212">2406212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Butterflies+and+Plants%3A+A+study+in+Coevolution&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-608&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2406212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2406212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichRaven1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (1969). "Differentiation of Populations". <i>Science</i>. <b>165</b> (3899): 1228–1232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...165.1228E">1969Sci...165.1228E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.165.3899.1228">10.1126/science.165.3899.1228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5803535">5803535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206567035">206567035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+Populations&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=3899&rft.pages=1228-1232&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.165.3899.1228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206567035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5803535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...165.1228E&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussmanRaven1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sussman, Robert W.; Raven, Peter H. (1978). "Pollinatin by Lemurs and Marsupials: An Archaic Coevolutionary System". <i>Science</i>. <b>200</b> (4343): 731–736. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...200..731S">1978Sci...200..731S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.200.4343.731">10.1126/science.200.4343.731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17743224">17743224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28858423">28858423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pollinatin+by+Lemurs+and+Marsupials%3A+An+Archaic+Coevolutionary+System&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=4343&rft.pages=731-736&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.200.4343.731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28858423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17743224&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...200..731S&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-review_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-review_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1979" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1979). <i>Future Directions in Plant Population Biology. In: Topics in Plant Population Biology. O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G. B. Johnson, and P. H. Raven, (eds)</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 461–481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Directions+in+Plant+Population+Biology.+In%3A+Topics+in+Plant+Population+Biology.+O.+T.+Solbrig%2C+S.+Jain%2C+G.+B.+Johnson%2C+and+P.+H.+Raven%2C+%28eds%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=461-481&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1980" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1980). "Hybridization and the Nature of Species in Higher Plants". <i>Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 3–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Botanical+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Hybridization+and+the+Nature+of+Species+in+Higher+Plants&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallochPirozynskiRaven1980" class="citation journal cs1">Malloch, D. W.; Pirozynski, K. A.; Raven, P. H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC348662">"Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of mycorrhizal Symbioses in Vascular Plants (A Review)"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 2113–2118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PNAS...77.2113M">1980PNAS...77.2113M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.4.2113">10.1073/pnas.77.4.2113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC348662">348662</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16592806">16592806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Ecological+and+Evolutionary+Significance+of+mycorrhizal+Symbioses+in+Vascular+Plants+%28A+Review%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2113-2118&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC348662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16592806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.77.4.2113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980PNAS...77.2113M&rft.aulast=Malloch&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Pirozynski%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC348662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1988" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1988). <i>Onagraceae as a Model of Plant Evolution. In: Plant Evolutionary Biology. Leslie Gottlieb and Subodh K. Jain, eds</i>. London, New York: Chapman and Hall. pp. 85–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onagraceae+as+a+Model+of+Plant+Evolution.+In%3A+Plant+Evolutionary+Biology.+Leslie+Gottlieb+and+Subodh+K.+Jain%2C+eds.&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=85-107&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amphi_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amphi_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1963" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1963). "Amphitropical Relationships in the Floras of North and South America". <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 151–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F403797">10.1086/403797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85310607">85310607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Amphitropical+Relationships+in+the+Floras+of+North+and+South+America&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-177&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F403797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85310607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1972" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/17618">"Plant Species Disjunctions: A Summary"</a>. <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 234–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2394756">10.2307/2394756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2394756">2394756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=Plant+Species+Disjunctions%3A+A+Summary.&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234-246&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2394756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2394756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F17618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaoMinZheKun2007" class="citation journal cs1">HaoMin, Li; ZheKun, Zhou (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engine.scichina.com/downloadPdf/qKgZDCyoGFgyNaybi">"Fossil Nothofagaceous Leaves from the Eocene of Western Antarctica and their Bearing on the Origin, Dispersal and Systematics of Nothofagus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences</i>. <b>50</b> (10): 1525–1535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ScChD..50.1525H">2007ScChD..50.1525H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11430-007-0102-0">10.1007/s11430-007-0102-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130395392">130395392</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+China+Series+D%3A+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fossil+Nothofagaceous+Leaves+from+the+Eocene+of+Western+Antarctica+and+their+Bearing+on+the+Origin%2C+Dispersal+and+Systematics+of+Nothofagus&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1525-1535&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130395392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-007-0102-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ScChD..50.1525H&rft.aulast=HaoMin&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=ZheKun%2C+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengine.scichina.com%2FdownloadPdf%2FqKgZDCyoGFgyNaybi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenAxelrod1974" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H.; Axelrod, Daniel I. (1974). "Angiosperm Biogeography and Past Continental Movements". <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 539–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2395021">10.2307/2395021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2395021">2395021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=Angiosperm+Biogeography+and+Past+Continental+Movements&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-673&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2395021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2395021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+Daniel+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenAxelrod1978" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Peter H.; Axelrod, Daniel I. (1978). "Origin and Relationships of the Californian Flora". <i>Univ. Of California. Publ. Bot</i>. <b>72</b>: 1–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Univ.+Of+California.+Publ.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Origin+and+Relationships+of+the+Californian+Flora&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=1-134&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+Daniel+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodRaven1985" class="citation journal cs1">Axelrod, Daniel I.; Raven, Peter H. (1985). "Origins of the Cordilleran Flora". <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 21–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2845027">10.2307/2845027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845027">2845027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Cordilleran+Flora&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-47&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2845027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2845027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodAl-ShehbazRaven1996" class="citation journal cs1">Axelrod, Daniel I.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan; Raven, Peter H. (1996). "History of the Modern Flora of China". <i>Proceedings of the IFCD</i>: 43–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IFCD&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Modern+Flora+of+China&rft.pages=43-55&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft.au=Al-Shehbaz%2C+Ihsan&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1969" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, P. H. (1969). "A revision of the genus Camissonia (Onagraceae)". <i>Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb</i>. <b>37</b>: 161–396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contrib.+U.S.+Natl.+Herb.&rft.atitle=A+revision+of+the+genus+Camissonia+%28Onagraceae%29&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=161-396&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenRaven1976" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, P. H.; Raven, T. E. (1976). "The Genus Epilobium (Onagraceae) in Australasia: A Systematic and Evolutionary Study". <i>New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin</i>. <b>216</b>: 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Department+of+Scientific+and+Industrial+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Genus+Epilobium+%28Onagraceae%29+in+Australasia%3A+A+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Study&rft.volume=216&rft.pages=321&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft.au=Raven%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobeRaven1983" class="citation journal cs1">Tobe, H.; Raven, P. H. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf3/007068100054746.pdf">"An embryological analysis of Myrtales: its definition and characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2399008">10.2307/2399008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399008">2399008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Missouri+Bot.+Gard.&rft.atitle=An+embryological+analysis+of+Myrtales%3A+its+definition+and+characteristics.&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2399008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2399008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tobe&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpdf3%2F007068100054746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHochRaven1992" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, C. J.; Hoch, P. C.; Raven, P. H. (1992). "Systematics of Epilobium (Onagraceae) in China". <i>Syst. Bot. Monogr</i>. <b>34</b>: 1–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25027806">10.2307/25027806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25027806">25027806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89989636">89989636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syst.+Bot.+Monogr.&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Epilobium+%28Onagraceae%29+in+China&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=1-209&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89989636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25027806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25027806&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Hoch%2C+P.+C.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrichWagnerRaven1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dietrich, W.; Wagner, W. L.; Raven, P. H. (1997). "Systematics of Oenothera Section Oenothera Subsection Oenothera (Onagraceae)". <i>Syst. Bot. Monogr</i>. <b>50</b>: 1–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25027870">10.2307/25027870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25027870">25027870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syst.+Bot.+Monogr.&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Oenothera+Section+Oenothera+Subsection+Oenothera+%28Onagraceae%29&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=1-234&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25027870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25027870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+W.+L.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerHochRaven2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Warren L.; Hoch, Peter C.; Raven, Peter H. (2007). "Revised Classification of the Onagraceae". <i>Syst. Bot. Monogr</i>. <b>83</b>: 1–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syst.+Bot.+Monogr.&rft.atitle=Revised+Classification+of+the+Onagraceae&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=1-240&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Warren+L.&rft.au=Hoch%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolhillRaven1981" class="citation journal cs1">Polhill, R. M.; Raven, P. H. (1981). "Advances in Legume Systematics". <i>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</i>. <b>1, 2</b>: 1–1049.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Legume+Systematics&rft.volume=1%2C2&rft.pages=1-1049&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Polhill&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1966" class="citation book cs1">Raven, P. H. (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeshrubsofso00rave"><i>Native Shrubs of Southern California</i></a></span>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeshrubsofso00rave/page/n143">132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Shrubs+of+Southern+California&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeshrubsofso00rave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonPriggeRaven1986" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, H. H.; Prigge, B. A.; Raven, P. H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floraofsantamoni00rave"><i>Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, California</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floraofsantamoni00rave/page/n194">185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+the+Santa+Monica+Mountains%2C+California&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft.au=Prigge%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffloraofsantamoni00rave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng-yiRaven1994" class="citation book cs1">Zheng-yi, Wu; Raven, P. H. (1994). <i>Flora of China. Verbenaceae through Solanaceae, Vol. 17</i>. Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis). p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China.+Verbenaceae+through+Solanaceae%2C+Vol.+17.&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Science+Press+%28Beijing%29+and+Missouri+Botanical+Garden+%28St.+Louis%29&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Zheng-yi&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng-yiRaven1994" class="citation book cs1">Zheng-yi, Wu; Raven, P. H. (1994). <i>Flora of China. Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae, Vol. 16</i>. Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis). p. 479.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China.+Gentianaceae+through+Boraginaceae%2C+Vol.+16&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Science+Press+%28Beijing%29+and+Missouri+Botanical+Garden+%28St.+Louis%29&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Zheng-yi&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng-yiRaven1996" class="citation book cs1">Zheng-yi, Wu; Raven, P. H. (1996). <i>Flora of China. Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae, Vol. 15</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Patrons+and+Honorary+Fellows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Ffellows%2FRoyal%252bPatrons%252band%252bHonorary%252bFellows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20008750-1">"<i>Megacorax</i> S.González & W.L.Wagner | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Megacorax+S.Gonz%C3%A1lez+%26+W.L.Wagner+%7C+Plants+of+the+World+Online+%7C+Kew+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A20008750-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weerakoon_et_al._2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weerakoon_et_al._2014_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeerakoonLückingLumbsch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weerakoon, Gothamie; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2014). "Thirteen new species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Sri Lanka". <i>Phytotaxa</i>. <b>189</b> (1): 331–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.189.1.24">10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=Thirteen+new+species+of+Graphidaceae+%28lichenized+Ascomycota%3A+Ostropales%29+from+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=331-347&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.189.1.24&rft.aulast=Weerakoon&rft.aufirst=Gothamie&rft.au=L%C3%BCcking%2C+Robert&rft.au=Lumbsch%2C+H.+Thorsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=P.H.Raven"><i> P.H.Raven</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+P.H.Raven&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DP.H.Raven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+H.+Raven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/raven.shtml">Raven page at MOBOT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/FacultyPage.php?IDProf=28">Raven page at Washington University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122202752/http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/FacultyPage.php?IDProf=28">Archived</a> 22 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619044419/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research/raven.html">Bio at National Geographic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622114520/http://www.time.com/time/reports/environment/heroes/heroesgallery/0,2967,raven,00.html">1999 story at time.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/peter-and-the-wolf/Content?oid=2475798">PETER AND THE WOLF. Why Missouri Botanical Garden's Peter Raven, world-renowned environmentalist, courts Monsanto's favor, boosts its biotech and takes its money</a> Riverfront Times, 3 November 1999, retrieved 27 October 2015</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Raven&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sullivan, R. & J. Eaton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/HOO712C9TS.DTL">Peter Raven's botanical roots come from S.F.</a> <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i> August 20, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231528/http://www.expo-cosmos.or.jp//jusyou/2003_e.html">Profile</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a> website</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peter_H._Raven" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Peter H. 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title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_America" title="Template:Presidents of the Botanical Society of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_America" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Botanical Society of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Botanical Society of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America" title="Botanical Society of America">Botanical Society of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1894–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Trelease" title="William Trelease">William Trelease</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Bessey" title="Charles Edwin Bessey">Charles Edwin Bessey</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Merle_Coulter" title="John Merle Coulter">John Merle Coulter</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton" title="Nathaniel Lord Britton">Nathaniel Lord Britton</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Marcus_Underwood" title="Lucien Marcus Underwood">Lucien Marcus Underwood</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln_Robinson" title="Benjamin Lincoln Robinson">Benjamin Lincoln Robinson</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Halsted" title="Byron Halsted">Byron Halsted</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Charles_Arthur" title="Joseph Charles Arthur">Joseph Charles Arthur</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Thomas_Galloway" title="Beverly Thomas Galloway">Beverly Thomas Galloway</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reid_Barnes" title="Charles Reid Barnes">Charles Reid Barnes</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Almer_Harper" title="Robert Almer Harper">Robert Almer Harper</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ashbrook_Kellerman" title="William Ashbrook Kellerman">William Ashbrook Kellerman</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Sumner_Earle" title="Franklin Sumner Earle">Franklin Sumner Earle</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Atkinson" title="George Francis Atkinson">George Francis Atkinson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Ganong" title="William Francis Ganong">William Francis Ganong</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Thaxter" title="Roland Thaxter">Roland Thaxter</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Frink_Smith" title="Erwin Frink Smith">Erwin Frink Smith</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Ralph_Jones" title="Lewis Ralph Jones">Lewis Ralph Jones</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton_Campbell" title="Douglas Houghton Campbell">Douglas Houghton Campbell</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Hitchcock" title="A. S. Hitchcock">A. S. Hitchcock</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Merle_Coulter" title="John Merle Coulter">John Merle Coulter</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Almer_Harper" title="Robert Almer Harper">Robert Almer Harper</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Newcombe" title="Frederick Charles Newcombe">Frederick Charles Newcombe</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trelease" title="William Trelease">William Trelease</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Charles_Arthur" title="Joseph Charles Arthur">Joseph Charles Arthur</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton" title="Nathaniel Lord Britton">Nathaniel Lord Britton</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elmer_Allen" title="Charles Elmer Allen">Charles Elmer Allen</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chandler_Cowles" title="Henry Chandler Cowles">Henry Chandler Cowles</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Minge_Duggar" title="Benjamin Minge Duggar">Benjamin Minge Duggar</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_Coker" title="William Chambers Coker">William Chambers Coker</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_R._Schramm" title="Jacob R. Schramm">Jacob R. Schramm</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Harris_Bartlett" title="Harley Harris Bartlett">Harley Harris Bartlett</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Reginald_Buller" title="Arthur Henry Reginald Buller">Arthur Henry Reginald Buller</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clay_Ferguson" title="Margaret Clay Ferguson">Margaret Clay Ferguson</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_W._Sharp" title="Lester W. Sharp">Lester W. Sharp</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Charles Joseph Chamberlain">Charles Joseph Chamberlain</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_James_Peirce" title="George James Peirce">George James Peirce</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Jacob_Kraus" title="Ezra Jacob Kraus">Ezra Jacob Kraus</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="E. D. Merrill">E. D. Merrill</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aven_Nelson" title="Aven Nelson">Aven Nelson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Stuart_Gager" title="C. Stuart Gager">C. Stuart Gager</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ware_Sinnott" title="Edmund Ware Sinnott">Edmund Ware Sinnott</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Johnson_Eames" title="Arthur Johnson Eames">Arthur Johnson Eames</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_McKay_Wiegand" title="Karl McKay Wiegand">Karl McKay Wiegand</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Transeau" title="Edgar Nelson Transeau">Edgar Nelson Transeau</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Buchholz" title="John Theodore Buchholz">John Theodore Buchholz</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Lyndon_Fernald" title="Merritt Lyndon Fernald">Merritt Lyndon Fernald</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jacob_Robbins" title="William Jacob Robbins">William Jacob Robbins</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Morgan_Smith" title="Gilbert Morgan Smith">Gilbert Morgan Smith</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Widmer_Bailey" title="Irving Widmer Bailey">Irving Widmer Bailey</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Everett_Stevens" title="Neil Everett Stevens">Neil Everett Stevens</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_Cleland" title="Ralph Erskine Cleland">Ralph Erskine Cleland</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Gleason_(botanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Gleason (botanist)">Henry Allan Gleason</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Ivey Foreman Lewis</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Francis_Blakeslee" title="Albert Francis Blakeslee">Albert Francis Blakeslee</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Wetmore" title="Ralph H. Wetmore">Ralph H. Wetmore</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriance_S._Foster" title="Adriance S. Foster">Adriance S. Foster</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Tippo" title="Oswald Tippo">Oswald Tippo</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Creighton" title="Harriet Creighton">Harriet Creighton</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sherman_Avery,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Sherman Avery, Jr.">George Sherman Avery, Jr.</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Warmolt_Went" title="Frits Warmolt Went">Frits Warmolt Went</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Steere" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell Steere">William Campbell Steere</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_V._Thimann" title="Kenneth V. Thimann">Kenneth V. Thimann</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Cheadle" title="Vernon Cheadle">Vernon Cheadle</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_John_Alexopoulos" title="Constantine John Alexopoulos">Constantine John Alexopoulos</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kramer" title="Paul J. Kramer">Paul J. Kramer</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_John_Sharp" title="Aaron John Sharp">Aaron John Sharp</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Charles_Bold" title="Harold Charles Bold">Harold Charles Bold</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Emerson_(botanist)" title="Ralph Emerson (botanist)">Ralph Emerson</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Galston" title="Arthur Galston">Arthur Galston</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Parker_Banks" title="Harlan Parker Banks">Harlan Parker Banks</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Constance" title="Lincoln Constance">Lincoln Constance</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Starr" title="Richard C. Starr">Richard C. Starr</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Heimsch" title="Charles Heimsch">Charles Heimsch</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Arthur Cronquist</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Delevoryas" title="Theodore Delevoryas">Theodore Delevoryas</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter H. Raven</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Frances_Palser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Frances Palser (page does not exist)">Barbara Frances Palser</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Wagner" title="Warren H. Wagner">Warren H. Wagner</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_August_Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William August Jensen (page does not exist)">William August Jensen</a> ( 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_George_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert George Baker">Herbert George Baker</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bixler_Heiser" title="Charles Bixler Heiser">Charles Bixler Heiser</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kern_Holmgren" title="Patricia Kern Holmgren">Patricia Kern Holmgren</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_M._Gifford,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. (page does not exist)">Ernest M. Gifford, Jr.</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Webster" title="Barbara D. Webster">Barbara D. Webster</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Esther_Mathias" class="mw-redirect" title="Mildred Esther Mathias">Mildred Esther Mathias</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Louis_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Louis Stern (page does not exist)">William Louis Stern</a> (1985–86)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Franklin_Evert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Franklin Evert (page does not exist)">Ray Franklin Evert</a> (1986–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Cotter_Tucker" title="Shirley Cotter Tucker">Shirley Cotter Tucker</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Hardy_Eshbaugh" title="W. Hardy Eshbaugh">W. Hardy Eshbaugh</a> (1988–89)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Leonard_Dilcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Leonard Dilcher (page does not exist)">David Leonard Dilcher</a> (1989–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_B._Simpson" title="Beryl B. Simpson">Beryl B. Simpson</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Louis_Culberson" title="William Louis Culberson">William Louis Culberson</a> (1991–92)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Joseph_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Joseph Anderson (page does not exist)">Gregory Joseph Anderson</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_Webster" title="Grady Webster">Grady Webster</a> (1993–94)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_T._Horner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry T. Horner (page does not exist)">Harry T. Horner</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_A._Schaal" title="Barbara A. Schaal">Barbara A. Schaal</a> (1995–96)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Crawford_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Crawford (botanist) (page does not exist)">Daniel Crawford</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Dengler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Dengler (page does not exist)">Nancy Dengler</a> (1997–98)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_C._Baskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol C. Baskin (page does not exist)">Carol C. Baskin</a> (1998–99)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Douglas E. Soltis</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_G._Gensel" title="Patricia G. Gensel">Patricia G. Gensel</a> (2000–1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judy_Jernstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judy Jernstedt (page does not exist)">Judy Jernstedt</a> (2001–2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_D._Russell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott D. Russell (page does not exist)">Scott D. Russell</a> (2002–3)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_E._Graham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda E. Graham (page does not exist)">Linda E. Graham</a> (2003–4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allison_A._Snow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allison A. Snow (page does not exist)">Allison A. Snow</a> (2004–5)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_L._Schneider_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward L. Schneider (botanist) (page does not exist)">Edward L. Schneider</a> (2005–6)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_H._Haufler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher H. Haufler (page does not exist)">Christopher H. Haufler</a> (2006–7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" title="Pamela S. Soltis">Pamela S. Soltis</a> (2007–8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas" title="Karl J. Niklas">Karl J. Niklas</a> (2008–9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kent_Holsinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kent Holsinger (page does not exist)">Kent Holsinger</a> (2009–10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_Skog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith Skog (page does not exist)">Judith Skog</a> (2010–11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_G._Weller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen G. Weller (page does not exist)">Stephen G. Weller</a> (2011–12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Kellogg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Kellogg (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Kellogg</a> (2012–13)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Diggle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela Diggle (page does not exist)">Pamela Diggle</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Ranker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Ranker (page does not exist)">Tom Ranker</a> (2014–15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Olmstead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Olmstead (page does not exist)">Richard Olmstead</a> (2015–16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Uno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Uno (page does not exist)">Gordon Uno</a> (2016–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Rieseberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Loren Rieseberg">Loren Rieseberg</a> (2017–18)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Wolfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Wolfe (page does not exist)">Andrea Wolfe</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Watson_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Watson (botanist) (page does not exist)">Linda Watson</a> (2019–20)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_S._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynthia S. Jones (page does not exist)">Cynthia S. Jones</a> (2020–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Donoghue" title="Michael Donoghue">Michael Donoghue</a> (2021–22)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivian_Negron-Ortiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivian Negron-Ortiz (page does not exist)">Vivian Negron-Ortiz</a> (2022–23)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Molano-Flores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Molano-Flores (page does not exist)">Brenda Molano-Flores</a> (2023–24)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Xiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Xiang (page does not exist)">Jenny Xiang</a> (2024–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2002" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2002" title="Template:FRS 2002"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2002" title="Template talk:FRS 2002"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2002" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2002"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2002" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2002" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2002">in 2002</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bradley" title="Allan Bradley">Allan Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Carrell" title="Robin Carrell">Robin Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Crawley" title="Mick Crawley">Michael John Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cull-Candy" title="Stuart Cull-Candy">Stuart Cull-Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dainton" title="John Dainton">John Dainton</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165803" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165803">Roger John Davis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dell" title="Anne Dell">Anne Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dolphin" title="David Dolphin">David Henry Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fowler_(physicist)" title="David Fowler (physicist)">David Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Goodwin" title="Graham Goodwin">Graham Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Hansen" title="Jean-Pierre Hansen">Jean-Pierre Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hastie" title="Nicholas Hastie">Nicholas Hastie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hawkesworth" title="Christopher Hawkesworth">Christopher Hawkesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Howard" title="Judith Howard">Judith Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ingham" title="Philip Ingham">Philip Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ish-Horowicz" title="David Ish-Horowicz">David Ish-Horowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Jackson" title="James A. Jackson">James A. Jackson</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165436" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165436">Bruce Ernest Kemp</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166265" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166265">John Vincent Kilmartin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165856" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165856">David Malcolm James Lilley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Lyons_(mathematician)" title="Terry Lyons (mathematician)">Terry Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Mace" title="Georgina Mace">Georgina Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCanny" title="John McCanny">John McCanny</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165418" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165418">Brian Cecil Joseph Moore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parker_(chemist)" title="David Parker (chemist)">David Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Poliakoff" title="Martyn Poliakoff">Martyn Poliakoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Priest" title="Eric Priest">Eric Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Quinn" title="Terence Quinn">Terence Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rees" title="Mary Rees">Mary Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Reid" title="Miles Reid">Miles Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_William_Rhind" title="David William Rhind">David William Rhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Maurice_Rice" title="Thomas Maurice Rice">Thomas Maurice Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Sambles" title="Roy Sambles">Roy Sambles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sarnak" title="Peter Sarnak">Peter Sarnak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sinclair_(biologist)" title="Tony Sinclair (biologist)">Tony Sinclair</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507502" class="extiw" title="d:Q507502">Andrew Benjamin Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165231" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165231">Anthony John Stace</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Strausfeld" title="Nicholas Strausfeld">Nicholas Strausfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Welland" title="Mark Welland">Mark Welland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Ian Wilmut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_All%C3%A8gre" title="Claude Allègre">Claude Allègre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Andersen" title="Per Andersen">Per Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Markl" title="Hubert Markl">Hubert Markl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pines" title="Alexander Pines">Alexander Pines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter H. Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wunsch" title="Carl Wunsch">Carl Wunsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society">List of fellows of the Royal Society</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851890#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/140783601">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80087687">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123287963">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123287963">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01040085">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35443349">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602263&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1083344">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068715234">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90064717">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000021711&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000317924&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200804134">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596618205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274801505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523821206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14622399">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00819093?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=P.H.Raven">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8536-2646">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7102584170">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/954680">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd140783601.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/140783601">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085827576">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63g730g">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/6286">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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